48 results
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2. A Newly diagnosed advanced HIV infection in an older female in Poland
- Author
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Wojciech Homa, Joanna Wanat, Piotr Homa, Adam Kobiernik, Jakub Rezmer, Inga Wasilewska, and Justyna Stempkowska‑Rejek
- Subjects
HIV ,AIDS ,Fever of Unknown Origin ,Education ,Sports ,GV557-1198.995 ,Medicine - Abstract
This paper presents the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges encountered in an older woman with advanced HIV infection. Upon admission, the patient exhibited severe symptoms of interstitial pneumonia and cachexia. During hospitalization, the patient was diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection and a wide spectrum of opportunistic pulmonary infections, including Pneumocystis jiroveci, Candida krusei, and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Another major diagnostic challenge posed the patient’s prolonged fever, which persisted despite comprehensive treatment. This report underscores the importance of considering new HIV infections in older patients presenting complex clinical pictures, its significant mortality risk in older individuals, and the need for timely initiation and adjustment of antiretroviral therapy.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. International Cooperation, Homosexuality and AIDS in Mozambique
- Author
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Francisco Paolo Vieira Miguel
- Subjects
international relations ,cooperation ,Africa ,Mozambique ,AIDS ,ethnography ,anthropology ,International relations ,JZ2-6530 - Abstract
Abstract The current paper is an ethnographic study of an international cooperation project between an international organisation for the fight against the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the organisation LAMBDA, the largest LGBT NGO in Mozambique. The objectives of this paper are, firstly, to demonstrate how due to the international flow of financial resources attached to certain concepts and agendas, these projects end up somehow institutionalising a homosexuality project in Mozambique, in addition to reviving potentially neo-colonial practices. It also seeks to demonstrate how external bureaucratic practices can clash with local cultural practices, in what has been called ‘NGOisation.’
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. The Interstitial Status of Irish Gayness in Colm Tóibín’s The Blackwater Lightship and The Master
- Author
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José M. Yebra
- Subjects
Interstitiality ,Irishness ,Gayness ,AIDS ,Abjection ,“Chora”. ,History of Great Britain ,DA1-995 ,Language and Literature - Abstract
This paper explores the liminal status of Irish gayness in the aftermath of its decriminalization in 1993. Colm Tóibín’s The Blackwater Lightship (1999) tries to reconcile Irish Catholicism and traditional family with new models of Irishness. Declan, the protagonist of the novel, goes back home when he is about to die of AIDS. His return reveals a dysfunctional family which only his disease brings together. His grandmother, mother and sister mourn Declan’s corpse-like body. Making reference to Julia Kristeva’s concepts of “abjection” and “the chora” (1982, 1984), I contend that the hero’s disease is a necessary sacrifice for the family and Ireland as a whole to resurface. The second part of the paper addresses Tóibín’s The Master (2004), whose fictional Henry James counterbalances Declan’s overt homosexuality and AIDS-related death. The Master delves into James’s hybridity as a closeted American of Irish descent opposed to Oscar Wilde’s flamboyant gay Irishness. The restraint of the former and the traumatic downfall of the latter make up the late-Victorian framework through which Declan’s late-twentieth-century sacrifice becomes meaningful.
- Published
- 2014
5. Sexual rights and sexual cultures: reflections on 'the Zuma affair' and 'new masculinities' in the South Africa
- Author
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Steven Robins
- Subjects
Aids ,direitos sexuais ,estupro ,masculinidades alternativas ,alternative masculinities ,AIDS ,rape ,sexual rights ,Anthropology ,GN1-890 - Abstract
The paper is divided into three sections. The first section focuses on the contested nature of the sexual politics that surrounded the Jacob Zuma rape trial. This sexual politics was not simply the background to the "real" politics of the leadership succession battle between pro-Mbeki and pro-Zuma factions. The rise of sexual politics after apartheid, this paper argues, has largely been due to the politicization of sexuality and masculinity in response to HIV/AIDS. Section two examines the ways in which ideas about "traditional" Zulu masculinity were represented and performed in the Zuma trial, introducing the tension between universalistic sexual rights and particularistic sexual cultures. The third section of the paper is concerned with innovative attempts by a group of young men in Cape Town to create "alternative masculinities" (Connell, 1996) in a time of HIV and AIDS.Este artigo encontra-se dividido em três partes: a primeira enfoca a contestada natureza da política sexual que esteve no entorno do julgamento do estupro cometido por Jacob Zuma. Essa política sexual não foi simplesmente a sustentação da "verdadeira" política da luta pela sucessão na liderança das facções pró-Mbeki e pró-Zuma. Este artigo argumenta que o aumento das políticas sexuais depois do apartheid deve-se amplamente à politização da sexualidade e masculinidade em resposta ao HIV e à Aids; a segunda parte examina as formas pelas quais as idéias sobre masculinidade zulu tradicional foram representadas e demonstradas no julgamento de Zuma, apresentando a tensão entre os direitos sexuais universais e as culturas sexuais particulares; a terceira parte preocupa-se com as tentativas inovadoras por parte de grupos de homens jovens na Cidade do Cabo de criar "masculinidades alternativas" (Connel, 1996) nos tempos de HIV e Aids.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Sexual rights and sexual cultures: reflections on 'the Zuma affair' and 'new masculinities' in the South Africa
- Author
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Steven Robins
- Subjects
Aids ,direitos sexuais ,estupro ,masculinidades alternativas ,Anthropology ,GN1-890 - Abstract
The paper is divided into three sections. The first section focuses on the contested nature of the sexual politics that surrounded the Jacob Zuma rape trial. This sexual politics was not simply the background to the "real" politics of the leadership succession battle between pro-Mbeki and pro-Zuma factions. The rise of sexual politics after apartheid, this paper argues, has largely been due to the politicization of sexuality and masculinity in response to HIV/AIDS. Section two examines the ways in which ideas about "traditional" Zulu masculinity were represented and performed in the Zuma trial, introducing the tension between universalistic sexual rights and particularistic sexual cultures. The third section of the paper is concerned with innovative attempts by a group of young men in Cape Town to create "alternative masculinities" (Connell, 1996) in a time of HIV and AIDS.
- Published
- 2007
7. Mortality from AIDS and tuberculosis-HIV coinfection in the Chilean AIDS Cohort of 2000-2017
- Author
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Carlos Sanhueza-Sanzana, Ligia Kerr, and Carl Kendall
- Subjects
HIV ,AIDS ,Tuberculosis ,Adult ,Mortality ,Medicine ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract: This article aims to assess the sociodemographic and epidemiological factors associated with AIDS and tuberculosis-HIV coinfection mortality in the Chilean adult population between 2000 and 2017. This is a retrospective observational study, evaluating the incidence density of TB-HIV coinfection mortality in the population over 14 years of age. We used data from the Chilean AIDS Cohort database, 17,512 people enrolled in highly active antiretroviral therapy in the public health system in Chile. The Kaplan-Meier survival function and Cox regression were applied. Incidence density of 0.05 for 39,283 person-years for mortality with TB-HIV coinfection was recorded, with an increase in new cases in people living with AIDS among Aymara and Mapuche indigenous populations. Risk factors included CD4 < 500 cells/mm3 (HR = 3.2; 95%CI: 2.2-4.9), viral load at the start of treatment > 10,000 copies/uL (HR = 1.3; 95%CI: 1.2-1.6). Having high school or higher education (HR = 0.76; 95%CI: 0.6-0.9) is a protective factor for mortality for coinfection. Mortality was concentrated in TB-HIV coinfected people with increasing mortality among women and indigenous populations. The paper contributes to the growing recognition of the role of social determinants in disease outcomes, and the requirement to improve community-focused and community-based testing, sex education in schools, and structural interventions to reduce the adult mortality in Chilean population.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Un modelo Casi Ideal de Demanda de Combustibles para la Industria de Transporte
- Author
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García, John J., Pérez, Daniel, Orrego, Marcela, and Castaño, John Mauro
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Microeconometría ,SUR ,Microeconometrics ,Transport ,Colombia ,Fuels ,Natural Gas ,Fuels elasticities ,combustibles líquidos ,sector transporte ,ecuaciones aparentemente no relacionadas ,AIDS ,Diesel ,Modelo casi ideal de demanda - Abstract
Este paper utilizando el Modelo Casi Ideal de Demanda (AIDS) por medio de ecuaciones aparentemente no relacionadas para la industria de combustibles en el sector transporte en Colombia, analiza las elasticidades precio de la demanda, precio cruzada de la demanda y gasto de la demanda de la Gasolina motor, Diesel y Gas Natural Vehicular (GNV), dada la recomposición que ha presentado esta industria entre el 2003 y 2012, con el objetivo de determinar si estos combustibles se comportan como sustitutos o complementarios y se trata de bienes necesarios o no. Los principales resultados indican que la elasticidad precio de la demanda de la Gasolina y el Diesel son bienes inelásticos, mientras que el GNV se comporta como un bien elástico. Por su parte, por medio de la elasticidad precio cruzada de la demanda, se encuentra que solo el Diesel y el GNV se comportan como bienes sustitutos, mientras que para el resto de relaciones (Gasolina-Diesel y Gasolina- GNV) se observa un comportamiento de complementariedad. Además desde la elasticidad gasto de la demanda se encontró que la Gasolina y el Diesel se comportan como bienes normales, mientras que el GNV resulta ser un bien inferior., This article presents an Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) for different types of fuels in Colombia, focusing specifically on the transport industry. Estimates of price, expenditure and cross elasticities are computed using a Seemingly Unrelated Regressions (SUR) model and based on 10 years observations (2003-2012). Results show that diesel and regular gas behave as inelastic goods while natural gas is more elastic. Also, diesel fuels and natural gas seem to behave as substitutes while there’s a complementary relation among the others (regular gas-Diesel; regular fuels-Natural Gas). Regarding the expenditures elasticities, this paper concludes that regular gas and diesel behave as normal goods while natural gas seems be an inferior type of fuel for the transport sector.
- Published
- 2016
9. Review of the Book Tras los rastros de un corpus seropositivo: VIH y sida en la poesída costarricense (1983-2017), by Ronald Campos López (2022)
- Author
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Rojas González, José Pablo
- Subjects
AIDS ,VIH ,HIV ,Costa Rican poetry ,literatura seropositiva ,sida ,seropositive literature ,poesía costarricense - Abstract
Resumen En este trabajo se reseña el libro Tras los rastros de un corpus seropositivo: VIH y sida en la poesída costarricense (1983-2017), de Ronald Campos López (2022). Primero, se expone su importancia para los estudios sobre la literatura «VIH-positiva» costarricense; además, se señala la relevancia de su tema, «olvidado» en el ámbito académico literario, y de los aportes teóricos que apoyan todo el trabajo de análisis. Luego, se ofrece una síntesis de algunos capítulos del libro de Campos López, donde se comentan las aproximaciones a los distintos poemas seleccionados por el autor. Finalmente, se concluye que el libro ofrece mucho material para la reflexión académica, pero también para la política, ya que el estudio de la literatura VIH-positiva implica también el análisis de los saberes que han construido la «enfermedad». Abstract This paper reviews the book Tras los rastros de un corpus seropositivo: VIH y sida en la poesída costarricense (1983-2017), by Ronald Campos López (2022). First, its importance for the studies on Costa Rican HIV-positive literature is exposed; in addition, the relevance of its theme - ''forgotten” in the literary academic field- and of the theoretical contributions that support the analysis of Campos López are pointed out. Then, a synthesis of some chapters of the book is offered, where the approaches to the different poems selected by the author are commented. Finally, it is concluded that the book offers a lot of material for an academic, but also for a political reflection, since the study of HIV-positive literature also implies the analysis of the different kinds of knowledge that has built the ''disease”.
- Published
- 2023
10. Retóricas de la pandemia. Derivas y resistencias en torno al arte argentino frente a la crisis del sida
- Author
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Francisco Lemus
- Subjects
Homosexuality ,visual arts ,Micropolitics ,AIDS ,Arts in general ,NX1-820 ,History of the arts ,NX440-632 ,Visual arts ,N1-9211 - Abstract
This paper investigates the political-discourse relations between Grupo de Acción Gay (1984-1985) and the aesthetic and curatorial model devised by Jorge Gumier Maier in the Gallery of Visual Arts of Centro Cultural Rojas (1989-1997) in order to reflect on gay subjectivity processes generated from the impact of AIDS in Buenos Aires and resistance strategies into the art scene of the nineties. From these ideas, this work analyzes a group of images produced by Marcelo Pombo between 1982 and 1989 that introduce some questions about the troubled socio-sexual identity of homosexuality and the rhetoric of elimination on the AIDS pandemic.
- Published
- 2015
11. Sexuality and HIV/AIDS in Third Age
- Author
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Suzana Carielo da Fonseca, Alessandra Thomazini, Alexandre Rosafa Gavioli, Fabiana J. Mariza Martos, Ilvana Severo Alves, Juliana Rocha Barroso, Roberto Galassi Amaral, and Silvana Aparecida Baroni Goulart
- Subjects
Terceira Idade ,AIDS ,Sexualidade ,Gestão social da velhice ,Envelhecimento Populacional ,Velhice ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
This paper is specifically targeted at bringing up a reflection involving the articulation between the elderly and sexuality. Such theme has been motivated as from the verification, based on epidemiological data, that Brazil currently is facing an increasing number of new cases of AIDS among the over 60 age group. If, on the one hand, said data serves to cast off beliefs (stigmatized ones) toward the idea that "the elderly do not have sexual intercourses", on the other hand, it shows the need to question the reasons for such state of things. Therefore, attention has been paid to approaching "sexuality", "Third age" and “HIV/AIDS” as concepts and then explore how their association allows reading the reality mentioned above. At the end, there is a discussion about how, in Brazil, the State and nongovernmental organizations have been facing the elderly health problem so as to see, more specifically, the social protection system available to face AIDS in this segment of population.
- Published
- 2013
12. Edukacja zdrowotna w zakresie HIV/AIDS prowadzona przy pomocy portali społecznościowych = Health education on HIV/AIDS carried out using social networks
- Author
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Monika Roberta Korczyńska, Joanna Skonieczna, Aleksandra Kielan, Ilona Cieślak, and Dominik Olejniczak
- Subjects
edukacja zdrowotna ,kampanie prozdrowotne ,portale społecznościowe ,HIV ,AIDS ,health education ,Education ,Sports ,GV557-1198.995 ,Medicine - Abstract
Korczyńska Monika Roberta, Skonieczna Joanna, Kielan Aleksandra, Cieślak Ilona, Olejniczak Dominik. Edukacja zdrowotna w zakresie HIV/AIDS prowadzona przy pomocy portali społecznościowych = Health education on HIV/AIDS carried out using social networks. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(2):267-274. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.46657 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3399 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/717150 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.01.2016. Revised 12.02.2016. Accepted: 21.02.2016. Edukacja zdrowotna w zakresie HIV/AIDS prowadzona przy pomocy portali społecznościowych Health education on HIV/AIDS carried out using social networks Monika Roberta Korczyńska1, Joanna Skonieczna2, Aleksandra Kielan3, Ilona Cieślak3, Dominik Olejniczak2 1 Zakład Epidemiologii, Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego – Państwowy Zakład Higieny 2 Zakład Zdrowia Publicznego, Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny 3 Studenckie Koło Naukowe Zdrowia Publicznego, sekcja Promocji Zdrowia, Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny Słowa kluczowe: edukacja zdrowotna, kampanie prozdrowotne, portale społecznościowe, HIV, AIDS. Key words: health education, health education campaigns, social networks, HIV, AIDS. Streszczenie Pierwsze zalecenia dotyczące profilaktyki HIV/AIDS zostały stworzone przez amerykański Ośrodek Kontroli Chorób (ang. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC) w 1981 roku [1]. Do dnia dzisiejszego stanowią one fundament działań mających na celu ograniczenie liczby zakażonych, lecz przez ostatnie ponad 30 lat uległy zmianie formy i środki, które można wykorzystywać do osiągnięcia tego celu. Działania profilaktyczne są skuteczne, gdy są dostosowane do ich odbiorcy [2]. Młodzi dorośli (w wieku 20-39 lat) stanowią jedną z grup szczególnie narażonych na wystąpienie nowych zakażeń HIV [3], dlatego w dobie szybko rozwijających się nowych technologii, w szczególności dużego wpływu Internetu i portali społecznościowych na tę grupę wiekową, należy rozważyć skuteczność i efektywność prowadzenia edukacji zdrowotnej w zakresie HIV/AIDS przy użyciu tych środków masowego przekazu. Abstract The first recommendation about HIV/AIDS prevention was created by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 [1]. Up to now they provide the foundation of actions aimed at reducing the number of infected people, but during the last 30 years, forms and means which can be used to achieve this goal have changed. Prevention actions are effective when they are adapted to the recipient [2]. Young adults (in age between 20-39 years old) constitute one of the most exposed group to new HIV infections [3], so in the era of rapidly development of new technologies, especially the large impact of the Internet and social networks on this age group, the effectiveness and the efficiency of health education on HIV carried out using this mass media should be considered.
- Published
- 2016
13. Sexuality and AIDS in the Third Age
- Author
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Suzana Carielo da Fonseca, Alessandra Thomazini, Alexandre Rosafa Gavioli, Fabiana J. Mariza Martos, Ilvana Severo Alves, Juliana Rocha Barroso, Roberto Galassi Amaral, and Silvana Aparecida Baroni Goulart
- Subjects
Terceira Idade ,AIDS ,Sexualidade ,Gestão social da velhice ,Envelhecimento Populacional ,Velhice. ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
This paper aims to send a reflection that involves the relationship between age and sexuality. This theme was motivated by the realization, through epidemiological data, that Brazil assists, currently, an increasing number of new AIDS cases in the This theme was motivated by the realization, through epidemiological data, that Brazil assists, currently, an increasing number of new AIDS cases in the age group older than 60 years. If, on the one hand, this data serves to deconstruct the imagery (stigmatized) that "old does not have sex" on the other, it indicates that we must question the reasons that account for this state of affairs. Therefore, we sought to address "sexuality", "third age" and "HIV / AIDS" as concepts to then explore how their association allows you to read the reality referred to above. Finally, there is a discussion about how, in Brazil, the state and non-governmental organizations are facing the problem of health care for the elderly, more specifically, let see the social protection system available for coping with AIDS in this population segment.
- Published
- 2012
14. Alteraciones cardiovasculares en pacientes con infección por VIH Cardiovascular disorders in patients with HIV infection
- Author
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María Virginia Gómez Padrón and Enrique Ivo Gómez Padrón
- Subjects
VIH ,SIDA ,miocardiopatía dilatada ,derrame pericárdico ,miocarditis ,pericarditis ,HIV ,AIDS ,dilated cardiomyopathy ,pericardial effusion ,myocarditis ,Medicine - Abstract
El presente trabajo constituye una revisión bibliográfica donde se reflejan los posibles mecanismos de producción de las afecciones cardíacas en pacientes con VIH positivo y con SIDA, donde se concluyó que el VIH podría ser considerado como una infección viral capaz de generar riesgo de afecciones cardíacas, al nivel del endocardio valvular y mural y desencadenar la aparición de endocarditis. El miocardio es una de las estructuras cardíacas más afectadas con la aparición de miocarditis intersticial, miocardiopatía dilatada, neoplasias cardíacas como el sarcoma de Kaposi y el linfoma inmunoblástico de células B. De todas las estructuras cardíacas la más afectada, según estudios de necropsias, es el pericardio con la presencia de pericarditis aguda, derrame pericárdico ligero, moderado y severo, el taponamiento cardíaco y la pericarditis constrictiva. Por último, al nivel del endotelio coronario se ha visto el desarrollo de aterosclerosis coronaria, secundaria a hiperlipidemias, que se atribuyen a la introducción del tratamiento antirretroviral el cual induce la aparición de un síndrome metabólico, el que podría provocar una disfunción del endotelio coronario.This paper is a bibliographic revision of the possible mechanisms of heart disease generation in HIV positive and AIDS patients, which concluded that HIV could be considered as a viral infection capable of generating risk of heart disease at the level of the valvular and mural endocardium and triggering the onset of endocarditis. The myocardium is one of the cardiac structures most frequently affected by the emergence of interstitial myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, cardiac neoplasms such as Kaposi's sarcoma and immunoblastic B-cell lymphoma. Of all cardiac structures, the most frequently affected, according to autopsy studies, is the pericardium, with the presence of acute pericarditis; mild, moderate and severe pericardial effusion; cardiac tamponade and constrictive pericarditis. Finally, the development of coronary atherosclerosis secondary to hyperlipidemia has been observed at the level of the coronary endothelium, which is attributed to the introduction of antiretroviral treatment leading to the emergence of a metabolic syndrome, which could cause coronary endothelial dysfunction.
- Published
- 2010
15. Control de la tuberculosis en relación con la epidemia de infección por VIH/sida
- Subjects
Aids ,Sida ,HIV ,Tuberculosis ,VIH - Abstract
El día 7 de abril de 1999 tuvo lugar la Reunión monográfica sobre infección por VIH y tuberculosis en la Secretaría del Plan Nacional sobre el Sida (SPNS), con el objetivo de establecer recomendaciones clínicas y de política sanitaria sobre el control de la tuberculosis (TB), en relación con la epidemia de infección por VIH, cuyos asistentes están recogidos en el Anexo I. La reunión se estructuró mediante una serie ponencias (Anexo II) agrupadas en cuatro áreas temáticas, que fueron seguidas de sus correspondientes debates. Estas cuatro áreas fueron las siguientes: 1. Epidemiología de la coinfección VIH y TB; 2. Tratamientos frente a la TB; 3. Profilaxis frente a la TB; y 4. Programas asistenciales y de control de la TB. Las ponencias sobre revisión de la literatura se centraron en la búsqueda de evidencias científicas en relación con el tratamiento y la profilaxis de la TB en los pacientes infectados por VIH. El resto de las ponencias fueron: 1) de contenido epidemiológico, 2) sobre resultados de diversos programas de control de la TB, y 3) de análisis de las recomendaciones internacionales y nacionales sobre los tratamientos y las profilaxis de la TB en los pacientes infectados por VIH. Con posterioridad a la reunión se ha elaborado este informe como resumen de la misma, que fue revisado por todos los asistentes a ella, y cuya meta es establecer unas recomendaciones para el control sanitario y el manejo clínico de la coinfección por Mycobacterium tuberculosis y VIH. Este informe no realiza una revisión sistemática ni suficientemente detallada de los diversos temas analizados, optando, por ello, en relación con la bibliografía, por recomendar un conjunto breve de artículos y libros de referencia como fuente general de consultas posteriores1-20. En este informe se utiliza, en ocasiones, el término de "coinfección" TB-VIH de forma genérica y, en otras, el más específico de "coenfermedad TB-sida", en función de la presencia de infección o enfermedad por M. Tuberculosis, y también de sida, por tanto, en la última situación. On April 7, 1999, the Monographic Meeting on HIV Infection and Tuberculosis was held at the Secretariat of the National AIDS Plan for the purpose of setting out certain clinical and health care policy recommendations concerning the control of tuberculosis (TB) with regard to the HIV infection epidemic, those in attendance being listed in Appendix I. This meeting was organized into a number of presentations of papers (Appendix I) grouped into four subject areas, which were followed by the pertinent debates. These four areas were as follows: 1. Epidemiology of the Dual HIV-TB Infection. 2. Treatments to Combat TB. 3. TB Prevention. 4. Health Care/TB Control Programs. The papers presented regarding a review of current literature focused on the search for scientific evidence with regard to treating and preventing TB among HIV-positive patients. The rest of the papers presented were: 1) regarding epidemiological topics 2) regarding results of different TB control programs and 3) regarding the analysis of the international and national recommendations concerning TB treatments and prevent among HIV-positive patients. Following the meeting, this report has been prepared as a summary thereof and was revised by all those who were in attendance at the meeting, the goal of which is that of setting out some recommendations for health care control and clinical handling of the dual Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV infection. This report provides no systematic or sufficiently detailed review of the different topics analyzed, therefore opting with regard to the bibliography to recommend a number of brief articles and reference books as a general source for further consultation 1-20. In this report, the term of "dual" TB-HIV infection is used generally and, in others the more specific "dual TB-AIDS disease", depending upon the presence of infection or disease caused by M. Tuberculosis and also AIDS, therefore, in the latter case.
- Published
- 1999
16. Aplicación de modelos estructurales marginales para estimar los efectos de la terapia antirretroviral en 5 cohortes de seroconvertores al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana Marginal structural models application to estimate the effects of antiretroviral therapy in 5 cohorts of HIV seroconverters
- Author
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Santiago Pérez-Hoyos, Inmaculada Ferreros, and Miguel A. Hernán
- Subjects
Modelos estructurales marginales ,Análisis de supervivencia ,Eficacia de los tratamientos ,Sida ,Marginal structural models ,Survival analysis ,Treatment efficacy ,AIDS ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Los métodos convencionales tienen limitaciones para ajustar por factores de confusión dependientes del tiempo para evaluar la efectividad poblacional de tratamientos en estudios observacionales. En este trabajo se muestra un nuevo tipo de metodología, los modelos estructurales marginales (MEM), y se estima la efectividad de la terapia antirretroviral de gran actividad (TARGA) sobre la incidencia de sida o muerte. Sujetos y métodos: Se identificaron los sujetos sin TARGA seguidos a partir de 1997 en las cohortes de seroconvertores al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) del proyecto GEMES (Grupo de Estudio Multicéntrico Español de Seroconvertores). Para estimar el efecto sobre la incidencia de sida o muerte, se obtuvieron los parámetros de un MEM mediante una regresión logística ponderada por probabilidad inversa. La estimación de los pesos se basó en el recuento de CD4, el tiempo desde la seroconversión, el sexo, la edad, la categoría de trasmisión y el tratamiento previo. Resultados: Los 917 sujetos elegibles se siguieron durante una media de 3,4 años, durante los cuales se observaron 139 desenlaces de interés. El 42,1% de los participantes recibió TARGA durante el estudio. La tasa relativa fue de 1,01 (intervalo de confianza &(IC&) del 95%, 0,68-1,49) mediante un modelo de Cox convencional sin covariables, y de 0,90 (IC del 95%, 0,61-1,32) mediante un modelo de Cox convencional con covariables cambiantes en el tiempo. La tasa relativa causal estimada por un MEM fue de 0,74 (IC del 95%, 0,49-1,12). Conclusiones: El efecto beneficioso del TARGA encontrado por los MEM está bien establecido, pero los modelos convencionales no pudieron detectarlo. El uso de un MEM permitió ajustar apropiadamente por la variable CD4, que es a la vez una variable de confusión dependiente del tiempo y está afectada por el uso previo de tratamiento.Objectives: Standard methods to evaluate population effectiveness of treatments in observational studies have important limitations to appropriately adjust for time-dependent confounders. In this paper, we describe a recently developed methodological approach, marginal structural models (MSM), and use it to estimate the effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on AIDS or death incidence. Subjects and methods: We analyzed all subjects followed after 1997 as part of the GEMES project (comprised by several cohorts of HIV seroconverters in Spain) and who had not used HAART before the start of follow-up. To estimate the effect of HAART on AIDS or death incidence, we estimated the parameters of a marginal structural Cox model by fitting an inverse probability weighted logistic regression model. The estimation of the weights was based on CD4 count, time since seroconversion, sex, age, transmission category and previous treatment. Results: 917 eligible subjects were followed for an average of 3.4 years and we observed 139 events. 42.1% of the participants received HAART during the study. The estimated rate ratio was 1.01 (95% confidence interval &(CI&), 0.68-1.49) using a Cox model without covariates and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.61-1.32) using a Cox model with time-dependent covariates. The causal rate ratio estimated for MSM was 0.74, (95% CI, 0.49-1.12). Conclusions: The beneficial effect of HAART estimated by the MSM, but largely missed by conventional methods, is consistent with the findings of previous randomized studies. The MSM appropriately adjusted for the time-dependent covariate CD4 count, which is both a time-varying confounder and is affected by prior treatment.
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- 2007
17. Diferentes como só nós. O associativismo GLBT português em três andamentos
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António Fernando Cascais
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sexual identity ,homosexuality ,LGBT movement ,associations ,Portugal – 1974-2006 ,AIDS ,Social Sciences ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
This paper centers on the way in which the specific difference of the Portuguese social formation has determined and manifested itself in the socio-genesis of LGBT associations in the last three decades. It is possible to establish a three-stage periodization which has primarily a heuristic value: the first stage, from 1974 to 1991, can be divided into two phases, before and after the appearance of the AIDS epidemic in Portugal; the second, between 1990-1991 and 1995-1997; and the third, from 1997 until now. The production of knowledge on LGBT associations has to be interconnected with two further lines of enquiry: one on its old and new detractors and opponents, and the other on the community that the associations represent or that emerges from them, with a history, an identity and a culture that explain the reasons for adherence or resistance to them.
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- 2006
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18. Complications in HIV-AIDS and its relationship with the increase in health spending; approximation from a PSM (Propensity Score Matching) model
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Carvajal de los Rios, Yilmar Eduardo, Arango Bobadilla, Sergio Andres, and Diaz Escobar, Ana María
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Complications ,Relación ,Maestría en economía de la salud - Tesis y disertaciones académicas ,VIH ,HIV ,Costo ,Propensity Score Matching ,Gastos en salud ,Complicaciones ,Health Expenditure ,AIDS ,Gasto salud ,Modelo PSM ,Enfermedades crónicas - Abstract
El objetivo del presente trabajo es establecer la relación entre el gasto en salud de una cohorte de pacientes con diagnóstico de VIH-SIDA y las complicaciones directas de su patología presentadas durante el periodo de 2016. La principal fuente de información proviene de los reportes realizados por las Empresas Administradoras de Planes de Beneficios – EAPB que contienen las atenciones recibidas por los usuarios afiliados con su fecha de ocurrencia, así como el costo y la institución de salud donde se prestó el servicio Esta información es analizada mediante un propensity score matching PSM con diferentes algoritmos de emparejamiento. Los resultados indican que las complicaciones asociadas con el diagnóstico de VIH-SIDA implican un aumento de 29.17% en los costos promedio con un error estándar de 2.89% manteniendo todo lo demás constante. Pacientes VIH - SIDA The objective of this paper is to establish the relationship between the health expenditure of a cohort of patients diagnosed with HIV-AIDS and the direct complications of their pathology presented during the period 2016. The main source of information comes from the reports made by the Empresas Administradoras de Planes de Beneficios – EAPB (payer) that contain the care received by the affiliated users with their date of occurrence, as well as the cost and the health institution where the service was provided. Information is analyzed using a Propensity Score Matching PSM with different matching algorithms. The results indicate that complications associated with the diagnosis of HIV-AIDS imply a 29.17% increase in average costs with a standard error of 2.89% keeping everything else constant. Magíster en Economía de la Salud Maestría
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- 2021
19. HIV/AIDS, Population and Sustainable Development
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Victor Angelo
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Sub-Saharan Africa ,sustainable development ,socio-economic impact ,AIDS ,History of Africa ,DT1-3415 ,Social Sciences - Abstract
The wide-ranging impact of HIV/AIDS on demographic trends and socio-economic development of African countries deserves renewed attention and additional research. HIV/AIDS severely undermines the development prospects of many African countries, most of which have recorded shockingly high prevalence rates of the epidemic. In the years to come, Sub-Saharan Africa is far more certain to experience further demographic changes that would continue to impact negatively on development trends. The epidemic is decimating human capital and institutions, perpetuating intergenerational poverty and inequality, and threatening the security of populations and countries. In this regard, it has become one of the most serious challenges facing African countries. This paper asserts that in high HIV prevalence countries, the majority of which are in Sub-Saharan Africa, the size, composition, structure and distribution of populations have experienced profound mutations. The new demographic structure has a direct and significant bearing on all facets of sustainable development. It is therefore essential to examine how these demographic modifications affect efforts towards socio-economic progress.
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- 2003
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20. Homossexualidade e saúde: desafios para a terceira década de epidemia de HIV/AIDS
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Veriano Terto Jr.
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AIDS ,homossexualidade ,prevenção da AIDS ,homosexuality ,AIDS prevention ,Anthropology ,GN1-890 - Abstract
Neste artigo aponto alguns desafios que a epidemia de AIDS vem apresentando àqueles envolvidos com a promoção da saúde de homens com práticas homossexuais. Apesar de os homossexuais destacarem-se no empenho para enfrentar a epidemia, com uma mobilização que gerou ONGs, manuais sobre sexo seguro e promoção dos direitos humanos, continuam sofrendo com a associação AIDS-homossexualidade. Divido os desafios a serem enfrentados em três campos: epidemiologia, prevenção e assistência. Saliento a importância da interdisciplinaridade dos diferentes saberes, da solidariedade entre pesquisadores e ativistas e da integralidade das ações de prevenção e assistência. As lições aprendidas indicam que as relações entre homossexualidade e saúde devem se definir a partir da solidariedade e da promoção da felicidade.In this paper I discuss some challenges posed by the AIDS epidemic to those involved in the promotion of health among men with homosexual practices. Although homosexuals are at the forefront of the struggle against the epidemic, with a mobilization that has generated the creation of NGOs, safe sex manuals and the promotion of human rights, they are still suffering with the association AIDS-homosexuality. I divide the challenges into three fields: epidemiology, prevention and care. I highlight the importance of interdisciplinarity among the different fields of knowledge, solidarity among researchers and activists and the integration of prevention and care actions. The lessons learned indicate that solidarity and the promotion of happiness should be the basis upon which the relations between homosexuality and health should be determined.
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- 2002
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21. Percepção de risco para HIV/AIDS de mulheres faveladas segundo o modelo de crenças em saúde Women living in a slum and their perception about HIV/AIDS analised through the health belief model
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Neide de Souza Praça and Dulce Maria Rosa Gualda
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Saúde da mulher ,AIDS ,Assistência de enfermagem ,Woman health ,Nursing care ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,Nursing ,RT1-120 ,Mental healing ,RZ400-408 ,Education (General) ,L7-991 - Abstract
Este estudo, com abordagem qualitativa, teve como referenciais a Antropologia Cultural e o método etnográfico. Objetivou identificar a percepção de risco de infecção pelo HIV de mulheres moradoras em uma favela. Constou de entrevistas e observação participante do contexto. Os constructos do Modelo de Crenças em Saúde foram utilizados para análise dos dados. Nesta ótica, verificou-se que as mulheres não se vêem com suscetibilidade para infectar-se pelo HIV pelos seus parceiros, situação que se modifica diante da informação da infidelidade destes, Diante desta descoberta, motivam-se a exigir medidas de proteção para evitar infecção pelo HIV no relacionamento com o companheiro.This paper deals with a qualitative study theoretically based on Cultural Anthropology and in the ethnographic methodology. The investigation had the aim to identify the perception of women living in a slum about the risk of HIV infection. Participant observation and interview were used for data collection. Using the concepts of the Health Belief Model the analysis showed that the women do not feel susceptibility to get HIV from their partners. They change this behavior when they have knowledge that their partner has an other woman. For this reason, they ask them to use condon in the sexual intercourse.
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- 2001
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22. Atuação de estudantes de enfermagem em um centro de orientação e aconselhamento (COAS) para HIV: relato de experiência Actuación de estudiantes de enfermería en un centro de orientación y consejería (COAS) para HIV: relato de experiencia Describes the experience of nursing students in a center of testing na counseling that offers anti-HIV test
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Denise Raquel de Souza Cappi, Juliana Giovannetti de Jesus, Lúcia Yasuko Izumi Nichiata, and Renata Ferreira Takahashi
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HIV ,AIDS ,consejería ,enfermería ,aconselhamento ,enfermagem ,counseling ,nursing ,Nursing ,RT1-120 - Abstract
Relata-se a experiência de graduandos de enfermagem num Centro de Orientação e Apoio Sorológico (COAS) para a realização do teste anti-HIV. Objetivos: descrever a experiência; identificar fatores dificultadores e facilitadores na realização do aconselhamento. As dificuldades: o preparo insuficiente para abordar aspectos sobre a sexualidade, a insegurança na tomada de condutas, o preconceito frente a diferentes práticas sexuais, o tempo exíguo para o estabelecimento de vínculos e a ansiedade ao comunicar os resultados positivos. As facilidades: a receptividade da equipe, sua disponibilidade para descrever o funcionamento do serviço, orientar e esclarecer dúvidas surgidas durante o desenvolvimento do trabalho; a realização das palestras, bem como a existência de impressos utilizados no aconselhamento pré e pós teste e a disponibilidade de recursos educativos, como as fitas de vídeo.Se relata la experiencia de estudiantes de enfermería en un Centro de Orientación y Apoyo (COAS) para la realización de la prueba anti-HIV. Objetivos: Describir la experiencia, identificar factores limitantes y facilitadores en la realización de la consejería. Las dificultades: La preparación insuficiente para abordar aspectos sobre la sexualidad, la inseguridad en la toma de conductas, el preconcepto frente a diferentes prácticas sexuales, el poco tiempo para el establecimiento de vínculos y la ansiedad al comunicar los resultados positivos. Las facilidades: La receptividad del equipo, su disponibilidad para describir el funcionamiento del servicio, orientar y establecer dudas surgidas durante el desarrollo del trabajo; la realización de las charlas educativas, así como también la existencia de material impreso utilizado en la consejería antes y después de la prueba y la disponibilidad de recursos educativos, tales como, películas de vídeo.The paper describes the experience of undergraduated nursing students in a Center of Testing and Counseling (CTA), that offers anti-HIV test. There were identifed the facilities and the difficulties faced in the accomplishment of the counseling before and after-test, for five months, aiming to propose strategies to surmount them.
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- 2001
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23. Gênero e sexualidade: fragmentos de identidade masculina nos tempos da Aids Gender and sexuality: fragments of male identity in the Aids era
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Murilo Peixoto da Mota
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Aids ,Adolescentes ,Sexo ,Identidade Sexual ,Adolescents ,Gender ,Gender Identity ,Medicine ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Este trabalho busca entender alguns aspectos da sexualidade masculina, bem como as formas como se organiza a construção da identidade sexual no contexto da epidemia de Aids, a partir da fala de jovens de baixa renda entre 14 e 21 anos, moradores da área metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Nossa proposta consiste em articular alguns aspectos do gênero masculino, subsidiados pela identidade sexual revelada pelos sujeitos, estabelecendo um confronto com os relatos sobre a prática sexual, procedimento que se tornou possível a partir de entrevista qualitativa com uso de um roteiro semi-estruturado. Julgamos de fundamental importância a análise das maneiras como se dá a escolha do objeto sexual em relação à construção da identidade, tendo como referência aquele que foi considerado o pivô no que diz respeito à transmissão da Aids: o homem. Neste sentido, nossa investigação se pautou nas categorias gênero e identidade sexual. Como resultado, observamos que, na concepção destes jovens, ser homem é desempenhar a prática sexual, cumprindo, assim, os papéis destinados ao gênero masculino, reproduzindo um estereótipo que os coloca em situação de risco.This paper focuses on specific aspects of male sexuality and how this sexual identity is built in the Aids era, based on conversations with low-income youth, ages 14-21 years, living in Greater Metropolitan Rio de Janeiro. We examine how Aids is perceived and investigate sexuality in this epidemic context. The goal is to provide concrete data to support a prevention campaign and contribute to preventive policies in Brazilian society. The proposal is based on the sexual identity of this gender/age group, comparing their reports on sexual practice. We used a partially open-ended interview protocol. We focus on the way young males choose their sexual identity under the premise that this is how men can become the channel for Aids transmission. Our research was thus based on gender and sexual identity as categories. Our results indicate that for a young man, "being a man" means having an active sexual life, thus creating a stereotype placing them at risk for HIV transmission.
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- 1998
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24. Acessibilidade de indivíduos infectados pelo HIV aos serviços de saúde: uma revisão de literatura Accessibility to health services by HIV-infected patients: a literature review
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Francisco de Assis Acurcio and Mark Drew Crosland Guimarães
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HIV ,AIDS ,Serviços de Saúde ,Qualidade ,Saúde Pública ,Health Services ,Quality ,Public Health ,Medicine ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar uma revisão de estudos que enfocam o tema da acessibilidade a ações e serviços de saúde. Tem-se demonstrado que indivíduos infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) podem apresentar uma melhor sobrevida dependendo do tipo de acesso que tenham às ações e serviços de saúde, como, por exemplo, acesso a medicamentos profiláticos (por exemplo, zidovudina, pentamidina). Desta forma, o presente trabalho enfatiza e utiliza dados da epidemia do HIV como forma de abordar o tema proposto. O artigo inicia-se com uma exposição do marco teórico sobre acessibilidade, seguida de uma revisão bibliográfica estruturada em quatro tópicos, a saber: 1) aspectos epidemiológicos da AIDS; 2) avaliação de qualidade dos serviços de saúde; 3) acessibilidade às ações e serviços de saúde e 4) estudos de acessibilidade em pacientes infectados pelo HIV. Considerações finais sobre o tema enfocado apontam para a necessidade de se compreender as implicações das diversas barreiras de acesso aos serviços, levando-se em conta os custos sociais e humanos da infecção pelo HIV, as necessidades e demandas dos indivíduos infectados e as conseqüências que o não-atendimento em tempo hábil pode ter para estes indivíduos.The aim of this paper is to provide a review of studies on accessibility to health care. It has been shown that patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may present better survival estimates depending upon their access to adequate health care, such as the availability of prophylactic therapy (e.g. zidovudine, pentamidine). The present review has emphasized access to health care in light of data from the current HIV epidemic. Theorical aspects pertaining to accessibility are presented, followed by a brief literature review on four main topics: 1. epidemiological aspects of HIV; 2. evaluation of health service quality; 3. accessibility to health care; and 4. accessibility studies on HIV-infected patients. Final considerations indicate the need to understand the various consequences of barriers to health care, taking into account the social and human costs of HIV infection, the needs and demands of HIV-infected patients, and the consequences of delays in care for these individuals.
- Published
- 1996
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25. Grau de informação, atitudes e representações sobre o risco e a prevenção de AIDS em adolescentes pobres do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Information, attitudes, perceptions, and symbolic representations of AIDS risk and prevention among poor adolescents in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Edgar Merchán-Hamann
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AIDS ,Adolescente ,Atitudes ,Percepções ,Adolescents ,Attitudes ,Perceptions ,Medicine ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Com o objetivo de avaliar a situação do adolescente brasileiro com respeito ao risco e prevenção ,da AIDS/HIV, foram entrevistados 416 estudantes, dentro do marco institucional-assistencial do Centro Brasileiro da Infância e Adolescência. Os adolescentes pertenciam a duas categorias institucionais: escolas abertas à comunidade ou instituições fechadas para menores infratores. As entrevistas semiestruturadas foram voluntárias, anônimas e sigilosas. As fontes de informação sobre AIDS/HIV mais freqüentemente identificadas foram os meios de comunicação de massa, e em particular a televisão. Os entrevistados manifestaram dúvidas e desconfiança na informação oficial mostrando uma escassa compreensão sobre certos aspectos do contágio e prevenção: quase 70% acreditam na transmissão via picada de mosquito e, em torno de 40%, em formas de contágio casual como o contato direto com ferimentos, cicatrizes e com utencílios de banheiro. Houve diferenças entre as respostas dos alunos e as das alunas, sendo que os primeiros mostraram um nível de preparo melhor ao tempo que pareciam deter maior autonomia nas iniciativas referentes à sexualidade. Atitudes de segregação e exclusão de pessoas corn AIDS persistem. A falta de prevenção foi atribuída à impossibilidade de prever que os encontros sexuais iriam a ocorrer. Os aspectos simbólicos relacionados com as causas de AIDS/HIV revelaram grande variabilidade: embora a maioria veja a doença "como qualquer outra", 80% a associam com excessos na conduta sexual e 40% com comportamento homossexual. As imagens causais variam desde um ponto de vista predominante da AIDS como "castigo injusto" (algo introduzido deliberadamente por estrangeiros) a discursos menos freqüentes de culpabilização (AIDS como punição justificada por "conduta pecaminosa"). Há várias metáforas referidas ao corpo: a "sujeira" (manchas escuras, feridas, tumores); o seu deterioramento irreversível; a usurpação por forças externas mais potentes. A atitude positiva à iniciação sexual não é influenciada por cogitações sobre os riscos de doença, a possibilidade de gestação, e imperativos religiosos. Uma atitude ambígua com respeito à transgressão (estereotipada na figura do "malandro" do Rio), pode ter influência na percepção do risco e da prevenção. Analisam-se as informações coletadas à luz da interpretação dos discursos dos meios de comunicação, do estudo de outros contextos e das pesquisas sobre a especificidade da construção cultural da sexualidade no Brasil. Enfatiza-se a necessidade de implementação de ações mais claras e diretas na veiculação de informação. Também busca-se uma compreensão mais abrangente da noção de risco baseada na colocação dos fenômenos relativos ao processo saúde-doença nos seus contextos sócio-econômicos e culturais, o que pode ser útil para implementar medidas de controle culturalmente adequadas mediante o redimensionamento dos símbolos da AIDS. Enfatizamos a necessidade de uma melhor compreensão dos determinantes sociais e econômicos do risco de doença, e o apoio aos discursos que conferem poder e dignidade aos adolescentes pobres por meio do reconhecimento pleno de sua cidadania.Four hundred and sixteen poor adolescents of both sexes in Rio de Janeiro were interviewed to study both their level of information and symbolic representations concerning AIDS risk and prevention. The most common source of information on HIV/AIDS was the mass media, particularly television broadcasts. There were doubts and lack of trust regarding official government information on HIV/AIDS. Nearly 70% of the adolescents interviewed believe in HIV transmission through mosquito bites and some 40% through casual contact with wounds or scars or sharing of bathroom utensils. Men seemed to show a greater awareness and autonomy vis-à-vis taking initiatives in sex encounters. Attitudes of segregation and exclusion of people with AIDS persist. Lack of prevention was attributed to the impossibility of predicting sexual encounters. The study of symbolic aspects concerning causes of HIV/AIDS displayed broad variability: 80% of the interviewees associated AIDS with excesses in sexual behavior and 40% with homosexual practices. Causal images vary from the predominant view of AIDS as unfair punishment to the less frequent stance considering AIDS as fair punishment (due to sinful behavior). An ambiguous attitude towards transgression (taking as its sterotype the figure of Rio's "malandro", or "streetwise dude") may influence perception of risk and prevention. The paper calls attention to the need for implementing clearer and more direct educational programs. This could be useful for the implementation of culturally sensitive control measures through a reshaping of AIDS symbols. The author recommends a better understanding of the social and economic determinants of disease and reinforcement of the kinds of discourse which empower and raise the self-esteem of poor adolescents by endorsing their civil rights.
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- 1995
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26. Aids em crianças: considerações sobre a transmissão vertical Aids in children: observations on vertical transmission
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Maria Beatriz Ortigão
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AIDS ,Infecção HIV ,Crianças ,Epidemiologia ,Transmissão Vertical ,HIV ,Infection ,Children ,Epidemiology ,Vertical Transmission ,Medicine ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Trata-se de uma revisão sobre os aspectos epidemiológicos da síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida em crianças e sobre a transmissão vertical do vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV). Discutem-se as diversas vias pelas quais o HIV pode transmitir-se de mãe para filho, abordando questões inerentes à fisiopatologia da infecção intra-útero, periparto e/ou pós-parto.This paper seeks to review the epidemiological aspects of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in children and the vertical transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The modes of mother-to-infant transmission are discussed, including physiopathological aspects of HIV infection in utero, during, and/or after delivery.
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- 1995
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27. Aids e a Aids das ciências Aids and aids according to the sciences
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Kenneth R. de Camargo Jr.
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Aids ,formação de discurso ,caixa-preta ,paradigmas ,discourse formation ,black boxes ,paradigms ,History of medicine. Medical expeditions ,R131-687 - Abstract
Este trabalho visa apresentar parte dos desenvolvimentos de uma pesquisa sobre a construção das doenças no discurso biomédico, partindo de uma abordagem ligada à sociologia do conhecimento, aqui definida como antiessencialista. Com o intuito de demonstrar algumas das questões teórico-metodológicas apontadas, os dados da pesquisa referentes ao estabelecimento do HIV como agente etiológico da Aids, obtidos a partir da revisão de textos médicos, são analisados através do recurso a categorias de análise propostas originalmente por Foucault (formação discursiva), Latour (caixa-preta) e Kuhn (paradigma). Este estudo pretende apontar como as construções teóricas passam a ser percebidas pelos médicos como objetos naturais; como conseqüência, perde-se de vista todo o seu processo de elaboração, o que dificulta acentuadamente o exercício da crítica dos médicos sobre seu próprio saber.The purpose of this work is to present part of the results of a study on the construction of diseases uithin biomedical discourse, where the point of departure is an approach akin to the sociology of knowledge, one which I refer to here as anti-essentialist. The research data presented, describing how the etiological theory of HIV as a causative agent of Aids was settled, intends to demonstrate some of the theoretical and methodological issues raised in the first part of the paper. These data, obtained from a review of medical texts, are examined with the help of analytical categories originally proposed try Foucault (discoursive formation), Latour (black boxes), and Kuhn (paradigm). This study is intended to show how theoretical constructions become natural objects as perceived by medical doctors; as a result, the process of construction is obscured, thus severely limiting the degree of criticism physicians are able to apply to their own knowledge.
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- 1994
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28. Sexual life in subjects with intellectual disability La vida sexual de las personas con discapacidad intelectual
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Loïse Conod and Laurent Servais
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sexualidad ,anticoncepción ,esterilización ,retraso mental ,discapacidad intelectual ,abuso sexual ,infecciones de transmisión sexual ,SIDA ,manejo de la higiene ,sexuality ,contraception ,sterilization ,mental retardation ,intellectual disability ,sexual abuse ,sexually transmitted infections ,AIDS ,hygiene management ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
During the last decades, the expectancies towards sexual life of people with intellectual disability have been more and more recognized by researchers, clinicians, caregivers and parents. These expectancies, that largely depend on socio-cultural and personal factors, such as the level of disability, must be supported in order to help people with intellectual disability to reach the best quality of life as possible. Therefore, it is important to identify every patient’s and resident’s personal expectancies towards sexuality and which medical and educative support he/she needs according to his/her disability and co-morbidity. The aim of the present paper is to review the different research works conducted in this area.En décadas recientes los investigadores, médicos, personal de salud y padres de las personas con discapacidad intelectual han venido reconociendo cada vez más la expectativa de una vida sexual para éstas últimas. Estas expectativas, que en gran medida dependen de factores personales y socioculturales, como por ejemplo, el grado de discapacidad, merecen apoyarse a fin de que las personas con discapacidad intelectual alcancen la mejor calidad de vida posible. Por lo tanto, es importante identificar las expectativas individuales de cada paciente con respecto a su sexualidad, para así poder saber qué clase de apoyo médico o educativo necesita de acuerdo a su discapacidad y comorbilidad. La finalidad del presente estudio será revisar las diversas investigaciones efectuadas en este campo.
- Published
- 2008
29. STOCHASTIC MODEL FOR THE HIV INFECTION OF T CD4+ CELLS IN IMMUNE SYSTEM
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Toro-Zapata, Hernán Dario, Roa-Vásquez, Enmanuel, and Mesa-Mazo, Mónica Jhoana
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AIDS ,estabilidad Local ,local stability ,sistemas dinámicos ,SIDA ,lcsh:Mathematics ,procesos estocásticos ,HIV ,Quantitative Biology::Populations and Evolution ,VIH ,stochastic processes ,lcsh:QA1-939 ,dynamical system - Abstract
In this paper we study the dynamics of HIV infection through the stochastic birth and death processes and ordinary differential equations representing a real system. For this specific case, a stochastic process is described to interpret the dynamics of HIV infection within a person’s organism in the initial stages of infection (post exposure or window period); that is to say, the initial time for the model corresponds with the very moment the virus enters the organism, and from then on the process of replication is taken into account and the incidences that the virus generates when it attacks the CD4+ T cells, which are integral parts of the patient’s immune system. The stochastic process allows one to deduce from first principles and create a basic model for HIV infection. The model is similar to those studied in the literature. It is a system based on ordinary differential equations with stochastic states. The state variables correspond to expected values (averages). We also find differential equations for the variance of the stochastic state of the variables, which provides additional information about the system. Finally, we present the local analytical study of the complete model and a numerical study of the system solutions using values of the parameters. The values of the parameters were obtained from secondary sources and were used to illustrate the analytical results. En este trabajo se estudia la dinámica de infección por VIH, a través de los procesos estocásticos de nacimiento y muerte y los sistemas de ecuaciones diferenciales que representan un sistema real. Para éste caso en específico, se describe un proceso estocástico que interpreta la dinámica de infección del VIH al interior del organismo de una persona en sus etapas iniciales de infección (post exposición o periodo de ventana); es decir, se considera que el momento mismo en que el virus ingresa en el organismo corresponde al tiempo inicial para el modelo, y a partir de entonces se tiene en cuenta el proceso de replicación y las incidencias que el virus genera cuando ataca las células T CD4+, las cuales, son pieza fundamental en el sistema inmunológico del paciente. El proceso estocástico permite deducir a partir de primeros principios, un modelo básico para la infección por VIH, similar a los estudiados en la literatura; es decir, un sistema basado en ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias de variable estocástica, donde las variables de estado corresponden a valores esperados (promedios) y en ese sentido se encuentran también ecuaciones diferenciales para la varianza de esas variables de estado, lo que proporcionará información adicional sobre el sistema. Finalmente se presenta el estudio analítico local del modelo completo y un estudio numérico de las soluciones del sistema usando valores de los parámetros obtenidos de fuentes secundarias, con el fin de ilustrar los resultados analíticos.
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- 2017
30. Late diagnosis of HIV/AIDS in rural patients due to low diagnostic suspicion among the medical community. Case reports
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Saint-Pierre-Contreras, Gustavo, Valencia-Castillo, Melissa, and Conei-Valencia, Daniel
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SIDA, Diagnóstico ,Diagnóstico tardío (DeCS) ,AIDS ,Diagnosis ,VIH ,HIV ,Late Diagnosis (MeSH) - Abstract
Resumen Introducción. La prevalencia de la infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en Latinoamérica no ha sido estudiada de forma adecuada, pero se calcula que en Chile la mitad de los pacientes que están infectados no han sido diagnosticados y no están bajo control ni tratamiento. Presentación de los casos. Se presentan dos casos clínicos de pacientes masculinos de 22 y 33 años, sin antecedentes mórbidos, con múltiples consultas en diversos servicios clínicos. El diagnóstico se hizo en etapa sida (síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida), con las complicaciones que se asocian cuando se diagnostica de manera tardía. Conclusiones. El VIH es una patología subdiagnosticada, en su mayoría por falta de sospecha y por los prejuicios de la población respecto a la realización del test de VIH. El cuerpo médico debe tomar la responsabilidad de pesquisar los casos de manera temprana para disminuir el impacto de la enfermedad, en especial en lugares con población vulnerable. Abstract Introduction: The prevalence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Latin America has not been adequately studied, but it is estimated that in Chile half of the patients who are infected have not been diagnosed and are not controlled or receiving treatment. Case presentation: This paper presents two clinical cases of male patients aged 22 and 33, without a medical history, and with multiple consultations for different reasons in various clinical services. The diagnosis was made at the AIDS stage (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), with the complications associated with late diagnosis. Conclusions: HIV is an underdiagnosed pathology, mostly due to lack of suspicion and prejudiced attitudes towards HIV testing. The medical staff should take responsibility for the early study of these cases to reduce the impact of the disease, especially in places where vulnerable populations live.
- Published
- 2019
31. Impacts distributifs d’une taxe carbone en Colombie: un lien entre les modèles de microsimulation et d’équilibre général
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Romero, Germán, Álvarez-Espinosa, Andrés, Calderón, Silvia, and Ordóñez, Alejandro
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microsimulaciones ,AIDS ,carbon tax ,mitigation ,changement climatique ,climate change ,mitigación ,taxe carbone ,atténuation ,impuesto al carbono ,microsimulations ,cambio climático ,QAIDS - Abstract
Resumen Este trabajo evalúa las implicaciones distributivas de un impuesto a las emisiones de dióxido de carbono sobre el bienestar de los hogares, a través de cambios en los precios de la canasta consumida. Para ello, se integran secuencialmente los resultados de un modelo de equilibrio general computable con un análisis a nivel de hogares a partir de modelos de microsimulaciones (MSM). Además, el análisis realizado compara los efectos de utilizar MSM aritméticas y comportamentales. Los resultados permiten concluir que el impuesto al carbono tiene efectos negativos en el bienestar de toda la población, siendo los hogares de mayores ingresos los más afectados y los de clase media los menos afectados. Finalmente, se presenta una serie de recomendaciones de política para lograr los efectos deseados, tanto en reducción de emisiones como en la incorporación de criterios de bienestar en las medidas de mitigación. JEL: H20, Q50. Abstract This paper examines the redistributive effects of taxing carbon dioxide emissions on household welfare through changes in prices of consumer goods. To this end, the results of a computable general equilibrium model are sequentially integrated with a household-level analysis based on microsimulation models (MSM). The analysis also allows for comparisons between the effects of using arithmetic and behavioral MSMs. Results show that a carbon tax has negative effects on population welfare, with higher-income households being the most affected and middle-class households the least. Finally, a number of policy recommendations for reducing emissions and including well-being criteria in mitigation measures are presented. JEL: H20, Q50. Resumé Cet article évalue les implications distributives d’une taxe sur les émissions de dioxyde de carbone sur le bien-être des ménages, à travers les changements dans les prix dans un panier de consommation. Les résultats d’un modèle d’équilibre général calculable sont séquentiellement intégrés à une analyse au niveau des ménages, basée sur des modèles de microsimulations (MSM). L’analyse effectuée compare les effets de l’utilisation de MSM arithmétique et comportementale. Les résultats permettent de conclure que la taxe carbone a des effets négatifs sur le bien-être de l’ensemble de la population, les ménages à revenu élevé étant les plus touchés et les ménages de la classe moyenne les moins touchés. Enfin, une série de recommandations politiques sont présentées pour attein. JEL: H20, Q50.
- Published
- 2018
32. Prevenção da infeção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (VIH) na Colômbia: fendas e realidades
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Mora-Rojas, Ruth Beatriz, Alzate-Posada, Marta Lucia, and Rubiano-Mesa, Yurian Lida
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vulnerabilidade ,vulnerabilidad ,SIDA ,Prevention ,vulnerability ,HIV ,VIH ,AIDS ,health public ,Prevención ,salud pública ,saúde pública ,VIH, SIDA ,discriminación ,Prevenção ,discriminação ,discrimination - Abstract
Resumen Este artículo pretende analizar cómo ha sido la prevención de la infección por el VIH en Colombia, desde la década de los ochenta hasta la actualidad, por ser una de las principales medidas para el control de la infección. Presenta el contexto epidemiológico en el mundo y en Colombia, el desarrollo de la prevención de la infección y finaliza con reflexiones sobre brechas y realidades de lo que ha caracterizado la prevención del VIH en nuestro medio. Metodología: se analizaron documentos y artículos científicos en español, inglés y portugués del año 2000 al 2016, disponibles en PubMed Lilacs, Ebsco, Medline, Justor y Scielo. Se revisaron setenta y cinco artículos y se seleccionaron veintinueve. Conclusiones: la prevención del VIH debe avanzar del enfoque asistencialista a políticas que promuevan el desarrollo humano, social y económico, sin olvidar que la población en general se encuentra en riesgo de adquirir la infección. Abstract This article aims to analyze how the prevention of HIV infection in Colombia -from the 1980s until now- has taken place, given that it is one of the main measures to control infection. We present the epidemiological context in the world and in Colombia, the development of the prevention of infection, and conclude with some reflections on the gaps and realities of what has characterized HIV prevention in our environment. Methodology: we analyzed papers and scientific articles in Spanish, English, and Portuguese from 2000 to 2016, available in PubMed Lilacs, Ebsco, Medline, Justor, and Scielo. Seventy-five articles were reviewed out of which twenty-nine selected. Conclusions: HIV prevention must move from the assistance-based approach to policies that promote human, social, and economic development, without leaving aside the fact that the general population is at risk of acquiring the infection. Resumo Este artigo visa analisar como foi a prevenção da infeção pelo VIH na Colômbia, desde a década de oitenta para hoje, por ser uma das principais medidas para o controle da infeção. Apresenta o contexto epidemiológico no mundo e na Colômbia, o desenvolvimento da prevenção da infeção e finda com reflexões sobre fisgas e realidades do que já caracterizou a prevenção do VIH no nosso meio. Metodologia: analisaram-se documentos e artigos científicos em espanhol, inglês e português do ano 2000 para 2016, disponíveis em PubMed Lilacs, Ebsco, Medline, Justor e Scielo. Revisaram-se setenta e cinco artigos e selecionaram-se vinte e nove. Conclusões: a prevenção do VIH deve avançar do enfoque assistencialista para políticas promovendo o desenvolvimento humano, social e económico, sem esquecer que a população em geral encontra-se em risco de adquirir a infeção.
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- 2017
33. Modelo estocástico para la epidemia del VIH/SIDA
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ERICK MANUEL DELGADO MOYA and AYMÉE MARRERO SEVERO
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AIDS ,matriz de transición ,control strategy ,SIDA ,lcsh:Mathematics ,HIV ,VIH ,transition matrix ,lcsh:QA1-939 ,estrategia de control - Abstract
The HIV/AIDS has cost humanity countless material and human losses. Study its dynamics has become a priority for the global scientific community, with the idea of establishing an effective control policy and subsequently analyzing its eradication. This paper presents a model based on transition matrix of Markov chains with the objective to design a future strategy to reduce the appearance of new cases and decrease the lethality of this epidemic. La epidemia del VIH/SIDA le ha costado a la humanidad innumerables pérdidas tanto materiales como humanas, su estudio se ha convertido en una prioridad para la comunidad científica mundial, con la idea de establecer una política efectiva de control y posteriormente de erradicación. En este trabajo se propone un modelo con Cadenas de Markov basado en el análisis de la matriz de transición con vista a diseñar una estrategia futura para reducir la aparición de nuevos casos y disminuir la letalidad de esta epidemia.
- Published
- 2017
34. VIH/Sida en el establecimiento penitenciario de mediana seguridad carcelario de Apartadó entre los años 2010 y 2015: un análisis sobre la forma de enfrentarlo
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Zapata Jaramillo, Luis Horacio and Ruiz Gutiérrez, Adriana María
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AIDS ,Establecimiento penitenciario ,Prisiones ,Sida ,Establishment prison ,Política criminal ,VIH ,HIV ,Criminal policy ,Sistema penitenciario ,Salud sexual y reproductiva ,Presos ,Apartadó - Abstract
This research deals with the HIV (AIDS) in the prison of medium security prison Apartadó and specifically how the administrative part of the center in question has faced this problem. HIV (AIDS) has been discovered inside the penalty specific number of inmates, some because they entered with the disease, and others because the discovered or acquired within the prison. In this research paper cases filed between 2010 and 2015. This composition has different parts, namely be analyzed: 1. A brief history of the prison establishment of Apartadó, referring to the geographical situation, the number of inmates who were infected with HIV (AIDS), like those who have managed to survive with the disease as those who have died. 2. The establishment of administrative failures due care of AIDS patients in prison Apartadó; 3. Analysis of the patterns of change for sexual practices and contact with these people living with HIV / AIDS develop within normal behaviors, respecting the guidelines of "prevention" as a social group, this intruded and related to all people that surround them within the establishment as the other inmates not carriers of the disease, officials of the national and penitentiary institute (INPEC), visitors and others who are correlated with them are. Methodologically different documentary sources, both literature and oral as interviews with inmates infected with HIV / AIDS, who voluntarily answered some well planned questions, in addition to complying with the protocol by the Bioethics Committee is required to be analyzed San Buenaventura University Organization of the United Nations for education, science and culture (UNESCO). Also, managers of health within the establishment, logistics, human, part locative establishment was investigated. Finally, among the findings of this work it is important to note that, taking into account the difficulties faced by the prison system in Colombia, the urgent requirements in health requires a quick solution to the problems in the prison system, as well as diagnosis and improvement plan. Este trabajo de investigación versa sobre el VIH (sida) en el establecimiento penitenciario de mediana seguridad carcelaria de Apartadó y, específicamente, la forma como la parte administrativa del centro en mención ha afrontado esta problemática. El VIH (sida) se ha descubierto dentro del penal en número específico de internos, algunos porque ingresaron con la enfermedad, y otros porque la descubrieron o la adquirieron dentro del penal. En este trabajo investigativo se analizarán los casos presentados entre los años 2010 y 2015. Esta composición cuenta con distintas partes, a saber: 1. Una breve reseña histórica del establecimiento carcelario de Apartadó, aludiendo a la situación geográfica, el número de internos que fueron contagiados con VIH (sida), igual que los que han logrado sobrevivir con la enfermedad como los que han fallecido. 2. El establecimiento de las fallas administrativas en la debida atención de los enfermos de Sida en la cárcel de Apartadó; 3. El análisis de las pautas de cambio para que las prácticas sexuales y el contacto con estas personas portadoras del VIH/Sida se desarrollen dentro de conductas normales, respetando las pautas de “prevención” que como grupo social, esta inmiscuido y relacionado con todas las personas que los circundan dentro del establecimiento como son los demás internos no portadores de esta enfermedad, los funcionarios del instituto nacional y penitenciario (INPEC), los visitantes y las demás personas que están correlacionadas con ellos. Metodológicamente se analizaron distintas fuentes documentales, tanto bibliográficas como orales, puesto que se realizaron entrevistas con los internos infectados con el VIH/SIDA, quienes voluntariamente respondieron algunas preguntas debidamente planificadas, además de cumplir con el protocolo exigido por el comité de Bioética de la Universidad San Buenaventura la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la educación, la cultura y la ciencia (UNESCO). Así mismo, se indagó a los encargados de la sanidad dentro del establecimiento, la parte logística, humana, locativa del establecimiento. Finalmente, entre los hallazgos de este trabajo es importante destacar que, y teniendo en cuenta las dificultades atravesadas por el sistema penitenciario en Colombia, los requerimientos urgentes en materia sanitaria exigen una pronta solución a los problemas en el sistema carcelario, así como un diagnóstico y plan de mejora.
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- 2017
35. Therapies and clinical trials with vaccine candidates against HIV-1
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Enrique Iglesias
- Subjects
antiretroviral treatment ,aids ,therapeutic vaccine ,hiv-1 ,Biotechnology ,TP248.13-248.65 - Abstract
Antiretroviral therapies combining three or more compounds frequently diminish the viral load (VL) in blood to undetectable levels (< 50 copies of RNA/mL), being considered as optimal. In contrast, more than 100 clinical studies with different vaccine candidates have barely achieved modest results and some studies have been discouraging. Therapies are, however, unable to eliminate viral infection. At the same time, they are a threat to the health of patients because of the accumulated toxicity derived from their prolonged use. Many researchers, therefore, believe that an effective (or even partially effective) vaccine might substitute therapies, eliminating the virus or at least controlling the VL through immune-mediated mechanisms. However, immune correlates for protection remain unknown requiring a strategy to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of vaccine candidates. Hence, the experience accumulated with therapies is highly valuable. This paper gives an update on some of the main results of antiretroviral therapies and therapeutic vaccination, giving recommendations in the field of vaccination against HIV-1.
36. Constructing publics, preventing diseases and medicalizing bodies: HIV, AIDS, and its visual cultures
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Fabrizzio Mc Manus and Agustin Mercado-Reyes
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HIV ,AIDS ,Medicalização ,Estudos de Mídia ,Culturas Visuais ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,The family. Marriage. Woman ,HQ1-2044 - Abstract
Abstract: In this paper we analyze the visual cultures surrounding HIV and AIDS; we are especially interested in tracking the actors, discourses and visual cultures involved in AIDS prevention in Mexico for a period of twenty years: from 1985 to 2005. We use media studies to better comprehend how HIV and AIDS further medicalized human bodies by mobilizing specific discourses, metaphors and visual resources that, though promoting a better understanding of how HIV could be acquired and how it could be prevented, also generated new representations of sexuality, bodies and persons living with HIV or AIDS often biased in favor of different systems of value. Moreover, we try to offer a general characterization of the different publics that were targeted and preconceptions involving ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, geography and membership in different sociocultural groups.
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37. Actitud de los docentes de licenciatura en educación hacia el VIH/SIDA
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Méndez Pérez, Marco A., Mejia de Díaz, María Arnolda, and D' Avila de Oliveira, María Cristina
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Revistas ,Sida ,VIH ,Actitud ,Docentes universitarios ,HIV ,Aids ,Attitude ,Medicina y Salud ,Facultad de Medicina ,Revista MedULA ,ITS ,STD ,University teachers - Abstract
En esta investigación se determinó la actitud de los docentes de Licenciatura en Educación hacia el VIH/sida, en la Universidad de Los Andes en sus tres sedes: Mérida, Táchira y Trujillo; a través de un cuestionario elaborado por la UNESCO (2006). Es un estudio descriptivo, comparativo, estratificado en una muestra de 155 docentes. Se encontró que la principal fuente de información fueron los folletos, la actitud en el componente cognoscitivo en las tres sedes fue desfavorable y la conductual entre medianamente favorable y desfavorable, mientras que la afectiva fue favorable. En Mérida hubo significancia entre la edad de los docentes y la actitud cognoscitiva (p = 0.007). La mayoría no posee suficiente información ni están capacitados para trabajar el tema de prevención (p=0.012). Más de la mitad de los docentes (52.3%) perciben que el plan curricular de la licenciatura no contempla temas sobre infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) ni de VIH / sida. Para las Universidades formadoras de docentes debería ser una tarea pendiente el actuar con celeridad y seriedad si se quiere contribuir a contener de alguna manera esta pandemia. This pàper shows the attitude of teachers graduated in Education towards HIV/AIDS at the University of Los Andes, including its three campuses: Mérida, Táchira, and Trujillo, through a questionnaire made by UNESCO (2006). This is a descriptive, comparative, stratified study based on a sample of 155 teachers. It was found that (a) the main source of information was brochures, (b) the cognitive component of attitude at the three campuses was unfavorable, (c) the behavioural component was moderately favourable and unfavourable, and (d) the affective component was favourable. In Mérida, there was a statistically significant difference between the age of the teachers and the cognitive attitude (p=0.007). Most of them do not have enough information and are not prepared to work on prevention subject (p=0.012). More than half of the teachers (52.3%) notice that the Education curriculum does not consider topics about sexual transmitted diseases (STD), or HIV/AIDS. Universities that graduate teachers must cooperate promptly and seriously to stop somehow this pandemic disease. 87-93 marcridao@ula.ve mariarno@hotmail.com, mariani@yahoo.com semestral
- Published
- 2011
38. The CAP 2020: interpretating the Communication of the European Commission, COM (2010) 672 from 18.11.2010
- Author
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Massot Martí, Albert
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Ayudas ,Desarrollo rural ,Aids ,Mercados agrarios ,Agricultural markets ,Rural development ,Reforma de la PAC ,CAP reform - Abstract
[EN] The purpose of this paper is to analyse the content of the European Commission’s Communication of 18th November 2010 on the future of the CAP. It discusses the key issues of interest that will be tackled during the CAP reform process and it also provides some suggestions in order to support the debate before the presentation of the legislative proposals from the Commission in 2011., [ES] El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el contenido de la Comunicación de la Comisión Europea de 18 de noviembre de 2010 sobre el futuro de la PAC. Resalta los principales temas de interés que serán abordados durante el proceso de reforma y al mismo tiempo esboza algunas ideas con vistas a facilitar el debate previo a la presentación de las propuestas legislativas por la Comisión en 2011.
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- 2011
39. Tribuna de debate. La PAC 2020: claves interpretativas de la comunicación de la CXomisión Europea
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Compes López, Raúl
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Ayudas ,Desarrollo rural ,Aids ,Mercados agrarios ,Agricultural markets ,Rural developmen ,ECONOMIA, SOCIOLOGIA Y POLITICA AGRARIA ,Reforma de la PAC ,CAP reform - Abstract
[EN] The purpose of this paper is to analyse the content of the European Commission¿s Communication of 18th November 2010 on the future of the CAP. It discusses the key issues of interest that will be tackled during the CAP reform process and it also provides some suggestions in order to support the debate before the presentation of the legislative proposals from the Commission in 2011., [ES] El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el contenido de la Comunicación de la Comisión Europea de 18 de noviembre de 2010 sobre el futuro de la PAC. Resalta los principales temas de interés que serán abordados durante el proceso de reforma y al mismo tiempo esboza algunas ideas con vistas a facilitar el debate previo a la presentación de las propuestas legislativas por la Comisión en 2011.
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- 2011
40. Políticas públicas, sistema de saúde e mulheres com VIH/SIDA na Colômbia: uma análise crítica
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Arrivillaga Quintero, Marcela, Alzate Posada, Martha Lucía, and Useche Aldana, Bernardo
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sistemas de saúde ,sistemas de salud ,política de salud ,sistema de salud ,sistema de saúde ,Public policies ,gênero ,Política de saúde ,Políticas públicas ,gender ,salud de la mujer ,health care system ,SIDA ,VIH ,HIV ,health policy ,women's health ,AIDS ,mujeres ,acquired immune deficiency syndrome - prevention and control ,mulheres ,síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida - prevención y control ,women ,saúde da mulher ,health systems ,género - Abstract
Este artículo estudia las políticas públicas y los componentes del sistema de salud relacionados con el VIH/SIDA que afectan a las mujeres colombianas. Si bien existe un interés nacional por el control de la epidemia, las formulaciones no se traducen en líneas de acción específicas, con enfoque de género, para garantizar la atención integral. Los lineamientos se enmarcan en las políticas económicas vigentes y en la reforma de salud desde la Ley 100 de 1993. Las políticas de salud en VIH/SIDA requieren el apoyo de políticas económicas que faciliten a la población más vulnerable superar las condiciones de inequidad social; se requiere también un sistema de salud que garantice el pleno acceso a los servicios de las mujeres que más lo necesitan. This paper studies the public policies and components of the healthcare system affecting Colombian women with HIV/AIDS. Although there is national interest in controlling the HIV/ AIDS epidemic, current policies are not linked to specific lines of action and do not include a coherent gender approach that can guarantee comprehensive healthcare. HIV/AIDS policies are formulated within the frame of current economic policies and health reform implemented as part of Law 100 of 1993. These policies must be supported by economic plans that make it possible for the most vulnerable population to overcome the conditions of social inequity and by a healthcare system which guarantees complete access to appropriate healthcare. Este artigo estuda as políticas públicas e os componentes do sistema de saúde relacionados com o VIH/SIDA que afeitam as mulheres colombianas. Se bem existe um interesse nacional pelo controle da epidemia, as formulações não se traduzem em linhas de ação específicas, com enfoque de gênero, para garantir a atenção integral. Os lineamentos se enquadram nas políticas econômicas vigentes e na reforma de saúde da lei 100 de 1993. As políticas de saúde em VIH/ SIDA requerem o apoio de políticas econômicas que facilitem para a população mais vulnerável poder superar as condições de desigualdade social. Também é necessário um sistema de saúde que possa garantir o acesso aos serviços para as mulheres que mais o precisam.
- Published
- 2009
41. La perspectiva del interaccionismo estructural para el análisis de redes sociales
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Ainhoa de Federico de la Rua
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Interactionism ,Social Sciences ,Social networks ,Xarxes socials ,lcsh:Social Sciences ,Model d'actor ,Theory ,Sociology ,lcsh:Social sciences (General) ,Redes sociales ,H1-99 ,Teoría ,Interaccionisme estructural ,Teoria ,SIDA ,Communication ,Modelo de actor ,Social sciences (General) ,AIDS ,lcsh:H ,Interaccionismo estructural ,Structural interactionism ,redes sociales ,lcsh:H1-99 ,Humanities ,teoría ,Model of action ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,modelo de actor - Abstract
This paper presents the theoretical model of the "structural interactionism" approach for the analysis of social networks. The implications of this theoretical approach on methods of data gathering and data analysis are explored. Two general methods derived from the historical tradition of the study of social networks (Moreno and Barnes) are distinguished: sociocentric and egocentric methods. To illustrate the "structural interactionist" approach and its implications, the model is applied to the comprehension of the diffusion of AIDS and its prevention., El presente texto detalla el modelo teórico de actor de la aproximación llamada "interaccionismo estructural" para el análisis de redes sociales, así como sus implicaciones de cara al método de obtención de datos y de análisis de los mismos. Se distinguen los dos grandes métodos: sociocéntrico y egocéntrico, derivados de la tradición histórica del estudio de las redes sociales (Moreno y Barnes). A modo de ilustración, se aplica dicha aproximación a los modelos de comprensión de la difusión y prevención del sida.
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- 2009
42. Inequidades en salud relacionadas con el VIH/SIDA
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Deossa Restrepo, Gloria Cecilia
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AIDS ,social inequity ,SIDA ,pobreza ,poverty ,inequidades en salud ,health inequities ,VIH ,HIV ,social determinants ,determinantes sociales - Abstract
Tres perspectivas teóricas explican el origen de las desigualdades en salud entre los grupos sociales: perspectiva teórica psico-social, producción social de la enfermedad y ecosocial. Mediante la exploración de literatura publicada en los últimos años sobre los determinantes sociales y las inequidades en VIH/SIDA, se establecen unos postulados y se resaltan algunos elementos claves de las inequidades sociales que se deben tener en cuenta para abordar esta pandemia. There are three theories that could explain the origin of health inequities between population groups. These theories integrated proximal and distal social factors, so-called social determinants on health, which are related to the causes of diseases. The main purpose of this article is to review and analyze some reflections and published papers about social determinants of HIV-AIDS in order to identify some issues related to the pandemic in Colombia.
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- 2009
43. Inequities in health related to HIV-AIDS
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Gloria Cecilia Deossa Restrepo
- Subjects
social inequity ,Determinantes sociales ,poverty ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Human immunodeficiency virus - HIV ,HIV ,social determinants ,lcsh:TX341-641 ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,AIDS ,Síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida - SIDA ,Inequidades en salud ,Virus de inmunodeficiencia humana - VIH ,health inequities ,Social determinants ,lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Inequities in health - Abstract
There are three theories that could explain the origin of health inequities between population groups. These theories integrated proximal and distal social factors, so-called social determinants on health, which are related to the causes of diseases. The main purpose of this article is to review and analyze some reflections and published papers about social determinants of HIV-AIDS in order to identify some issues related to the pandemic in Colombia. RESUMEN: Tres perspectivas teóricas explican el origen de las desigualdades en salud entre los grupos sociales: perspectiva teórica psico-social, producción social de la enfermedad y ecosocial. Mediante la exploración de literatura publicada en los últimos años sobre los determinantes sociales y las inequidades en VIH/SIDA, se establecen unos postulados y se resaltan algunos elementos claves de las inequidades sociales que se deben tener en cuenta para abordar esta pandemia.
- Published
- 2009
44. Aplicación de modelos estructurales marginales para estimar los efectos de la terapia antirretroviral en 5 cohortes de seroconvertores al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana
- Author
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Pérez-Hoyos, Santiago, Ferreros, Inmaculada, and Hernán, Miguel A.
- Subjects
AIDS ,Análisis de supervivencia ,Treatment efficacy ,Sida ,Modelos estructurales marginales ,Marginal structural models ,Survival analysis ,Eficacia de los tratamientos - Abstract
Los métodos convencionales tienen limitaciones para ajustar por factores de confusión dependientes del tiempo para evaluar la efectividad poblacional de tratamientos en estudios observacionales. En este trabajo se muestra un nuevo tipo de metodología, los modelos estructurales marginales (MEM), y se estima la efectividad de la terapia antirretroviral de gran actividad (TARGA) sobre la incidencia de sida o muerte. Sujetos y métodos: Se identificaron los sujetos sin TARGA seguidos a partir de 1997 en las cohortes de seroconvertores al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) del proyecto GEMES (Grupo de Estudio Multicéntrico Español de Seroconvertores). Para estimar el efecto sobre la incidencia de sida o muerte, se obtuvieron los parámetros de un MEM mediante una regresión logística ponderada por probabilidad inversa. La estimación de los pesos se basó en el recuento de CD4, el tiempo desde la seroconversión, el sexo, la edad, la categoría de trasmisión y el tratamiento previo. Resultados: Los 917 sujetos elegibles se siguieron durante una media de 3,4 años, durante los cuales se observaron 139 desenlaces de interés. El 42,1% de los participantes recibió TARGA durante el estudio. La tasa relativa fue de 1,01 (intervalo de confianza &(IC&) del 95%, 0,68-1,49) mediante un modelo de Cox convencional sin covariables, y de 0,90 (IC del 95%, 0,61-1,32) mediante un modelo de Cox convencional con covariables cambiantes en el tiempo. La tasa relativa causal estimada por un MEM fue de 0,74 (IC del 95%, 0,49-1,12). Conclusiones: El efecto beneficioso del TARGA encontrado por los MEM está bien establecido, pero los modelos convencionales no pudieron detectarlo. El uso de un MEM permitió ajustar apropiadamente por la variable CD4, que es a la vez una variable de confusión dependiente del tiempo y está afectada por el uso previo de tratamiento. Objectives: Standard methods to evaluate population effectiveness of treatments in observational studies have important limitations to appropriately adjust for time-dependent confounders. In this paper, we describe a recently developed methodological approach, marginal structural models (MSM), and use it to estimate the effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on AIDS or death incidence. Subjects and methods: We analyzed all subjects followed after 1997 as part of the GEMES project (comprised by several cohorts of HIV seroconverters in Spain) and who had not used HAART before the start of follow-up. To estimate the effect of HAART on AIDS or death incidence, we estimated the parameters of a marginal structural Cox model by fitting an inverse probability weighted logistic regression model. The estimation of the weights was based on CD4 count, time since seroconversion, sex, age, transmission category and previous treatment. Results: 917 eligible subjects were followed for an average of 3.4 years and we observed 139 events. 42.1% of the participants received HAART during the study. The estimated rate ratio was 1.01 (95% confidence interval &(CI&), 0.68-1.49) using a Cox model without covariates and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.61-1.32) using a Cox model with time-dependent covariates. The causal rate ratio estimated for MSM was 0.74, (95% CI, 0.49-1.12). Conclusions: The beneficial effect of HAART estimated by the MSM, but largely missed by conventional methods, is consistent with the findings of previous randomized studies. The MSM appropriately adjusted for the time-dependent covariate CD4 count, which is both a time-varying confounder and is affected by prior treatment.
- Published
- 2007
45. Aspectos biopsicológicos de la infección por virus inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH)
- Author
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Aparicio Ágreda, María Lourdes, Cuevas Jiménez, Carlos Pablo, Universidad Pública de Navarra. Departamento de Psicología y Pedagogía, Universidad Pública de Navarra. Departamento de Física, Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa. Psikologia eta Pedagogia Saila, and Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa. Fisika Saila
- Subjects
AIDS ,Quality of life ,Health psychology ,SIDA ,Calidad de vida ,VIH ,HIV ,Salud ,Psicología - Abstract
El objetivo de este artículo es ofrecer una comprensión global de la infección por VIH. Si bien es un proceso inicialmente asintomático, el avance de la infección produce consecuencias a nivel de funcionamiento, en gran medida por las implicaciones psicológicas que conlleva. Por ello, se destaca la necesidad de una comprensión que abarque la evaluación e intervención psicológica de la persona con VIH y sus cuidadores como medio de mejorar la calidad de vida de todos ellos. The aim of this paper is to offer a comprehensive understanding about HIV. Although the beginning of process has not sympton, the infection progress and generates consequences al level of functioning that are carried bay psycological implications. Because of that, the need of a comprehensión that includes psicologycal evaluation and intervention with a person suffering from HIV/AIDS and his personal support is emphasized like the best method to improve their quality of life.
- Published
- 2006
46. Statistical studies of age – specific hiv - prevalence data
- Author
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Knolle, Helmut
- Subjects
AIDS ,umbral ,infectividad ,Infectivity ,Threshold ,riesgo de salud ,Health risk ,distribución de edad ,Branching process ,Colombia ,sida ,Age distribution ,proceso ramificado - Abstract
The infectivity function is a function giving a measure of how infectious a given individual is t time units after becoming infected. Today, no feasible and ethically acceptable study design is known, which would lead to estimates of HIV-infection probability within steady heterosexual partnerships, using standard statistical methodology. In this paper a transmission model is used as a link between the infectivity function and data sets which already exist or can be generated with standard methods and moderate expenses. This model suggests that the distribution of HIV-infections by age and sex depends on the infectivity function as well as on age-dependent patterns of sexual partner choice. Application of the model requires population based data of age-specific HIV-incidences in men and women of the general heterosexual population. At present, the only known data set suitable for this purpose is a set of HIV-test results from a sample of 8690 Colombian women in pregnancy who attended prenatal care. The prevalence of HIV was 0.33% in the group of 12-24 years, but only 0.16% in the group of 25-34 years. The model can explain this strange result. A data set of age-specific HIV-prevalences in heterosexual Colombian men would be useful, but is not known. Therefore, further research and data collecting is required in order to arrive at well founded conclusions. La función de infectividad es una función que dice qué tan infecciosa es una persona transcurrido un tiempo t después de haberse infectado. Hoy en día no se conoce ningún diseño de estudio, que sea factible y éticamente aceptable y que conduzca a estimados de la infectividad del VIH entre uniones heterosexuales estables, usando los métodos estadísticos corrientes. Por eso, aquí se utiliza un modelo de transmisión como puente entre la función de infectividad y datos que ya existen o pueden ser generados con pocos gastos. El modelo sugiere que la distribución según sexo y edad de la infección por VIH en la población heterosexual de bajo riesgo depende de la función de infectividad así como de los patrones de mezcla entre diferentes grupos de edad. La aplicación del modelo requiere datos poblacionales sobre la incidencia de la infección en los grupos de edad de hombres y mujeres heterosexuales. Actualmente el único conjunto de datos adecuado consiste en los resultados de pruebas por VIH en 8690 mujeres colombianas en embarazo que asistieron a consulta de control prenatal. La prevalencia del VIH era 0.33% en el grupo de 12-24 años, y 0.16% en el grupo de 25-34 años. El modelo puede explicar esta diferencia. Pero no existen datos sobre prevalencias del VIH en hombres heterosexuales de diferentes edades que se necesitan en este contexto. Por eso, se requieren otras investigaciones y recolecciones de datos para llegar a conclusiones seguras.
- Published
- 2006
47. Sarcoma De Kaposi Epidémico: 1. Polimorfismo Genético Del Virus Herpes Humano 8. 2. Actividad Farmacológica Diferencial De La Doxorubicina Liposomal
- Author
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Hernández, Dimas E
- Subjects
AIDS ,Kaposi’s sarcoma ,liposomal doxorubicin ,SIDA ,genetic polymorphism ,polimorfismo genético ,doxorubicina liposomal ,Sarcoma de Kaposi - Abstract
OBJETIVOS: Los objetivos del presente trabajo son: 1. Estudiar el polimorfismo genético del virus herpes humano tipo 8 en un grupo de pacientes con sarcoma de Kaposi de "bajo riesgo". 2. Demostrar la actividad farmacológica diferencial de la doxorubicina liposomal en pacientes con sarcoma de Kaposi de "alto riesgo", gastrointestinal y cutáneo. MÉTODOS: Nueve pacientes homo o bisexuales masculinos, con sarcoma de Kaposi de "bajo riesgo" se incluyeron en el estudio. El ADN fue extraído de las lesiones cutáneas y amplificados. 2. Quince pacientes homo o bisexuales masculinos con sarcoma de Kaposi de "alto riesgo", gastrointestinal y cutáneo se incluyeron en el estudio. Fueron tratados con 6 ciclos de doxorubicina liposomal. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo el subtipo B en 5 (56 %) pacientes, el subtipo C en 3 (33 %) y el subtipo A en 1 (11 %). Once (73 %) pacientes obtuvieron una respuesta completa de las lesiones gastrointestinales y 4 (27 %) una respuesta parcial; 2 (13 %) pacientes lograron una respuesta completa de las lesiones cutáneas, 6 (40 %) una respuesta parcial y 7 (47 %) estabilizaron la enfermedad (P< 0,00035). CONCLUSIONES: Existe un polimorfismo genético del virus herpes humano tipo 8 en pacientes venezolanos, parecido a los reportes brasileros y africanos. Los subtipos B y C se relacionaron con una evolución benigna de la enfermedad. La doxorubicina liposomal es muy efectiva en las lesiones gastrointestinales extensas en comparación con las lesiones cutáneas. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the present paper are: 1. The study of the genetic polymorphism of the human herpes virus 8 in a group of patients with "low risk" Kaposi’s sarcoma. 2. The study of differential pharmacologic activity of liposomal doxorubicin in patients with "high risk" Kaposi’s sarcoma, gastrointestinal and cutaneous. methods: Nine homo or bisexual male patients with "low risk" Kaposi’s sarcoma were included in the study. The DNA was extracted from cutaneous biopsies and amplified through the PCR using specific primers for the HHV8 ORF26. 2. Fifteen homo or bisexual male patients with "high risk" Kaposi’s sarcoma, gastrointestinal and cutaneous were included. They were treated with 6 cycles of doxorubicina liposomal. RESULTS: 1. Subtype B was found in 5 (56 %) patients, subtype C in 3 (33 %) and subtype A in 1 (11 %). 2. Eleven (73 %) patients achieved a complete response of the gastrointestinal lesions and 4 (27%) a partial response; 2 (13 %) patients showed a complete response of the cutaneous lesions, 6 (40 %) a partial response and 7 (47 %) stabilized the disease (P< 0.00035). CONCLUSIONS: There is a genetic polymorphism of the human herpes virus 8 in venezuelan patients and looks like similar to the brazilian and african reports. The B and C subtypes are correlated with a benign evolution of the disease. The doxorubicina liposomal is very effective in extensive gastrointestinal Kaposi’s sarcoma lesions in comparison with cutaneous ones.
- Published
- 2005
48. El modelo de creencias de salud. Un enfoque teórico para la prevención del sida
- Author
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Soto Mas, Francisco, Lacoste Marín, Jesús A., Papenfuss, Richard L., and Gutiérrez León, Aida
- Subjects
Aids ,Sida ,Prevention ,Promotion ,Educacion para la salud ,Prevencion ,Modelo de creencias de salud ,Health Belief Model - Abstract
A pesar de los últimos avances farmacológicos, la mejor arma de que disponemos hoy día en la lucha contra el VIH/SIDA sigue siendo la educacion preventiva. Dado que un cambio voluntario de comportamiento a largo plazo es difícil de conseguir, incluso bajo las mejores circunstancias, las intervenciones educativo/preventivas deben considerar toda estrategia que pueda facilitar ese proceso de cambio deseado. Aunque el objetivo final es conseguir una determinada conducta, ciertos modelos teóricos que incorporan componentes cognitivo-perceptivos, podrían resultar de gran utilidad en la consecución de ese objetivo ya que cierta cantidad de información, aunque no suficiente para mantenerlos, sí ha mostrado ser un importante elemento predisponente para la iniciación de cambios conductuales. Este artículo examina el papel del Modelo de Creencias de Salud (MCS) como herramienta educativa en intervenciones preventivas contra el VIH/SIDA y defiende la utilización de teorías cognitivo-sociales en educación de salud. Despite recent drug developments, the best available strategy we have today against HIV/AIDS is still preventive education. Since a voluntary behavioral change is difficult to achieve, even under the best possible conditions, preventive-education interventions should consider any strategy that facilitates the process of change. Although the final objective is to adopt a specific behavior, theoretical models that include cognitive-perceptive components can be useful in achieving that objective. It has been proven that a certain amount of information, even if not sufficient for sustaining behavior change, is an important predisposing component of initiating behavior changes. This paper examines the role of the Health Belief Model (HBM) as an educational tool for HIV/AIDS preventive interventions, and supports the use of social-cognitive theories in health education.
- Published
- 1997
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