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Introduction The current evidence from 2022 published by European Atherosclerosis Society brings the importance of the level of lipoprotein(a) and its influence on the human health. Especially atherosclerotic cardio-vascular events such as myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, atherosclerosis are taken into account. They prove, that the associations between the level of Lp(a) is linear with the occurrence of cardio-vascular events. High level of Lp(a), may contribute to the aortic stenosis, cause has pro-inflammatory and pro-atherosclerotic properties. The newest finding demonstrate that Lp(a) has no link with venous thrombosis. Nonetheless, very low level of may contribute with type 2 diabetes. It is recommended to measure the level of lipoprotein(a) at least once in adults to search the patients with higher value than norm. Even at low level of LDL, high Lp(a) is a risk factor for ASCVD. It brings the clinical importance of early detection of potential cardio-vascular diseases and introduction of management. The newest statement form EAS also brings promising possibilities due to specific Lp(a)-lowering therapies is in phase II/III trials. Aim of the study The following paper aims to present a review of the current knowledge about the influence of the level of Lp(a) on cardio-vascular disease and seeks to enhance knowledge and promote effective management of this prevalent condition. The primary goal is to promote the current problem to health care workers with up-to-date information to facilitate early recognition of cardiovascular events. Materials and methods This article presents the current state of knowledge of lipoprotein(a) found in various scientific articles. The following English keywords and its Polish equivalents were used to search Google Scholar's medical databases: lipoprotein(a), cardio-vascular disease, cardiovascular risk, aortic stenosis. The articles most pertinent to the subject have been chosen.

Introduction and purpose of the work: The purpose of this article is to determine the potential for the application of exosomes in modern medicine, inferring from research directions in world literature. Among other things, this paper considers some of the most recent work in the fields of aesthetic medicine, dermatology and transplantation. Methodology and materials: The search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholarship, Scopus and Web of Science databases. The search strategy was based on the following terms: exosomes, regenerative medicine, dermatology. The variety of available scientific works on exosomes raises the question in which of the fields of medicine they will be used the fastest and/or most commonly. Given that a significant part of research focuses on their use in skin treatments, it can be expected that it will be dermatology and/or aesthetic medicine, given its exceptional openness to the implementation of new techniques and the constant search for new solutions that allow physiologically or optically to oppose aging. In addition, the use of exosomes is characterized by a relatively low risk of life-threatening complications or permanent damage to health. However, the potential applications of exosomes in other fields of medicine should not be underestimated. Therefore, it can be expected that procedures and therapies using exosomes will also be developed and implemented independently in transplantology, cardiology, or other fields that can use exosomes as drug carriers or markers for early detection of complications or diseases.

Introduction: Hypertension is most important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CD) and stroke, two of the leading causes of death in adults worldwide. Even though over last decade there has been improvement in increasing the awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension, undiagnosed and uncontrolled hypertension remain one of main public health challenges. In order to make progress in dealing with this problem it important to understand in which areas of the treatment strategy appropriate changes have not yet been implemented. First step to do this is to improve our understanding of the factors that affect the treatment and control of hypertension. International Guidelines for hypertension recommend the same hypertension management for both sexes, however studies reveal that there are actual differences in hypertension management. Purpose of the study: The aim of this study was to conduct a paper review to provide most comprehensive contemporary estimates of sex differences in the awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension. Material and method: A literature review was conducted in English language databases, based only on original articles, regarding awareness, control and treatment of hypertension, using key words: ‘hypertension’, ‘sex- differences’, ‘hypertension treatment’, ‘gender gap’, ‘public health’. Results and conclusions: Based on researched studies we can state that woman have higher awareness, treatment and control rates for hypertension than men worldwide [4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. This suggests that, the guidelines for the treatment and management of hypertension should be gender specific.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are in a majority of health issues worldwide. Dietary habits have been extensively studied in the cardiovascular area since they are responsible for improvement or deterioration of that system condition. One of the most commonly mentioned product is red meat, both processed and unprocessed. Brief description of the state of knowledge: The aim of this review was to present currently available knowledge in the online database PubMed about consumption of red meat and cardiovascular health. The article covers scientific papers which indicate to the risk factor, which is intake of processed and unprocessed meat, and eventually incidents of CVD. It is also claimed that effects of consumption that group of protein may be dependent of its dosage. Conclusions: The review support an assumption that dietary patterns, in this case red meat, processed and unprocessed, play a significant role in being CVD risk factors. Besides, that influence should be measured more precisely and new scientific tools for tracking dietary habits should be input.

Introduction: The factors that favor and can trigger cardiovascular diseases are of great interest given their high morbidity and mortality in the population. In this paper, a literature review is carried out to verify whether sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) acts as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in adults. It is important to show if there is a correlation because sleep apneas are very prevalent in the population, increase with age and their diagnosis and treatment are simple. Objectives: To verify if SAHS is a cardiovascular risk factor in adults. Results: The association of SAHS with hypertension, cerebrovascular, cardiovascular, arrhythmia and sudden death in adults has been studied. It has been shown that apneas act as a risk factor independently for these pathologies and that CPAP treatment improves the clinical and decreases the risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases. Conclusions: Although an abnormal respiratory pattern predisposes to cardiovascular disease, SAHS is not confirmed as a cardiovascular risk factor

Several clinical studies had investigated the possible relationship between periodontal disease (PD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Some studies prove an epidemiological association between PD and CVD, that from the biological viewpoint may be linked to both chronic inflammation triggered by microbes and persistent microbial infection by periodontal pathogens. In that sense, individuals presenting deep periodontal pockets without periodontal treatment, increased number of missing teeth and other periodontal markers like clinical attachment level and bleeding on probing, seem to be important risk factors markers for cardiovascular disease. Both, EP and cerebrovascular diseases are frequent, and those association is important in Public Health setting. EP and CVD share risk factors such as age, tobacco, stress, socioeconomic status and fat metabolism, so that the chances of introducing confusion into the studies is high. Few population studies have examined the effect of periodontal treatment on the risk of developing cardiovascular events (either primary or secondary prevention), however, it must be noted that the evidence in human studies suggest a possible beneficial effect of periodontal treatment of cardiovascular function index. In this paper, we review the literature that enables the general dentist and specialist an approach to this problem and better understanding of this phenomenon to patient benefit.

Savitskiy I. V., Sliusar A. A., Miastkovskaja I. V. Мультифакторное моделирование атеросклероза на крысах = Multifactorial modeling of atherosclerosis in rats. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(3):233-240. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.55402 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3577 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.03.2016. Revised 20.03.2016. Accepted: 23.03.2016. УДК 616-092.9 Мультифакторное моделирование атеросклероза на крысах И. В. Савицкий, А. А. Слюсарь, И. В. Мястковская Одесский национальный медицинский университет, Одесса, Украина Реферат В статье рассмотрена новая методика экспериментального атеросклероза на крысах линии Wistar, которая берет в своем начале полиэтиологическую теорию развития заболевания. Был проведен эксперимент и полученные результаты оценивали степень взаимодействия факторов нагрузки, которые заключались в одновременной постановке экспериментального гипотиреоза при помощи Мерказолила, иммуносупрессии Метилпреднизолоном на фоне гепатотоксического действия раствора этилового спирта и классической атерогенной диеты. В работе приведены предварительные данные за две недели, которые достигли границы верхней нормы у одной из групп, а так же значительное достоверное повышение уровня ЛПоНП выше нормы. Ключевые слова: экспериментальный атеросклероз, патогенез заболевания, сердечно-сосудистая патология. Multifactorial modeling of atherosclerosis in rats I. V. Savitskiy, A. A. Sliusar, I. V. Miastkovskaja Odessa National Medical University, Odessa, Ukraine Summary The article describes a new method of experimental atherosclerosis in rats of Wistar line, which originates in the theory that disease has a multifactorial ethiology. Experiment and the results can show the interaction of atherogenic factors, which consisted in the simultaneous staging of experimental hypothyroidism using Mercazolilum, methylprednisolone immunosuppression on the background of hepatotoxic action of ethyl alcohol solution and atherogenic diet. This work shows the preliminary data for two weeks, in which the upper border of biochemical rate was reached in one of the groups, as well as a significant increase in the level of VLDL above normal. Keywords: experimental atherosclerosis, the pathogenesis of the disease, cardiovascular disease.

El óxido nítrico (NO) juega un papel importante en la regulación de la homeostasis vascular. La producción endotelial de NO está regulada por la óxido nítrico sintasa endotelial (NOSe), por lo tanto variaciones genéticas en el gen NOS3 podrían influir en la producción de NO. Tres polimorfismos (Glu298Asp, intrón-4 y -786T>C) en el gen NOS3, han sido asociados de forma inconsistente con enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV). Estas variantes genéticas se han asociado con disminución de RNAm, concentración séricas bajas de nitritos/nitratos y disminución de la reactividad endotelial. A pesar de la amplia investigación de estos polimorfismos en ECV y de las aproximaciones para evaluar el papel funcional, no existe evidencia suficiente que permita esclarecer el papel causal y funcional de dichos polimorfismos sobre la enfermedad. Se requiere de nuevas estrategias que permitan seleccionar polimorfismos funcionales para determinar el riesgo atribuido al genotipo sobre la enfermedad. En la presente revisión se discute el posible efecto sobre la expresión de la actividad de la NOSe de esto tres polimorfismos genéticos descritos como de alta relevancia clínica en enfermedades cardiovasculares. Salud UIS 2010; 42: 66-77Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role on vascular homeostasis regulation. NO endothelial production is regulated by endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS), reason for which genetic variations in NOS3 gene could influence NO production. Three polymorphisms (Glu298Asp, intron-4, and -786T>C) in NOS3 gene have been inconsistently associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). These genetic variables have been linked to diminishment mRNA, nitrites/nitrate low serum levels, and low endothelial reactivity. Despite wide research on these polymorphisms in CVD and several approaches to evaluate their functional role, not enough evidence is available to clarify their functional and causal participation over the disease. New strategies are required to select functional polymorphisms and to determine genotype-attributable risk over disease. In this paper, we review and discuss the possible effect on NOSe activity expression of these genetic polymorphisms with high clinical relevance in CVD diseases. Salud UIS 2010; 42: 66-77.

Oliynik S. M. Cerebrovascular disease in Odessa region: epidemiology and prognosis. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(8):236-242. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.28211 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.28211 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%288%29%3A236-242 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/608388 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.06.2015. Revised 15.07.2015. Accepted: 12.08.2015. Cerebrovascular disease in Odessa region: epidemiology and prognosis Oliynik S. M. Odessa National Medical University, Odessa, Ukraine Abstract Cerebrovascular disease in Odessa region: epidemiology and prognosis. Oliynik S. M. Odessa National Medical University, Odessa, Ukraine The study was aimed to assess the incidence and prevalence of cerebrovascular diseases in Odessa Region. There was demonstrated that Odessa region has higher rates of CVD incidence and prevalence. The areas of high risk include Bessarabia and Dunabe districts belonging to the southern districts of Odessa region which are characterized with high environmental pollution and unfavorable mineral composition of drinking waters. The preventive strategies which could cut the current rate of CVD incidence are discussed. Key words: cardiovascular disease, stroke, epidemiology, Odessa region.

Los frutos secos han formado parte de la alimentación del hombre desde tiempo inmemorial, siendo muy apreciados e incorporándose a multitud de platos, preferentemente dulces y postres. Sin embargo el interés por este tipo de alimentos se ha incrementado de forma espectacular en las últimas décadas. Así numerosos estudios epidemiológicos han demostrado los efectos protectores del consumo de frutos secos disminuyendo el riesgo de padecer enfermedades cardiovasculares en distintos grupos de personas. Hasta el momento se han realizado ensayos clínicos con todos los tipos de frutos secos (almendras, nueces, pistachos, nueces de Macadamia, cacahuetes) que han producido un efecto positivo en el perfil lipoproteico, disminuyendo el colesterol total y las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL) en plasma. No obstante, aún no ha sido demostrado si estos efectos se deben únicamente a su contenido y composición en ácidos grasos o a otros componentes minoritarios de los frutos secos como tocoferoles, fitosteroles y fitoestrógenos. Además las investigaciones que relacionan enfermedades cerebrovasculares y consumo de nueces son escasas. En este trabajo se revisan aspectos comparativos de la composición de los frutos secos, así como los posibles efectos de su consumo sobre peso corporal, metabolismo lipoproteico y protección frente a enfermedades cerebro y cardiovasculares. Teniendo en cuenta estos estudios, se recomienda la inclusión de 25 g/día de frutos secos, en el marco de una dieta prudente. Se proponen algunas líneas futuras de actuación en el estudio de los frutos secos.Nuts, cardio and cerebrovascular risks. A Spanish perspective. Nuts have been included in human diets for ages. They are very appreciated and used as a central component of sweets and desserts. However, during the last decades, scientific interest in those foods has increased enormously as many epidemiologic studies show protective effects of nut consumption on coronary heart disease in different population groups. To date, many clinical trials have analyzed the positive effects of nuts consumption (almond, walnut, pistachio, Macadamia nut, and pecan) on the lipid profile, decreasing total and low density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol. However, whether these effects are only due to their fatty acid composition or to any other bioactive compounds, such as tocopherols, phytosterols and phytoestrogens, it is still unknown. This paper, aims to reviewcomparative composition aspects of nuts, such as the positive effects on body weight, lipoprotein metabolism, and protection against cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The inclusion of 25 g/day of nuts, mainly raw, into a prudent diet seems to be recommended. Further investigations, as actual information is still scarce, in order to dilucidate the relationship between nuts consumption and vascular diseases are proposed.

Este primeiro artigo (de uma série de dois) tem como finalidade apresentar os principais aspectos da metodologia empregada em um estudo de população para determinar a prevalência de Hipertensão Arterial na Ilha do Governador (região administrativa do município do Rio de Janeiro), e estudar sua relação com outros fatores de risco, inclusive para doenças cardiovasculares, assim como conhecer o seu estado de controle. São descritos com detalhes o delineamento amostral (amostragem de aglomerados em estratos, segundo renda média domiciliar) e os instrumentos de coleta de dados. São apresentados, ainda, indicadores de desempenho no trabalho de campo e do controle de qualidade.The aim of this paper (first of a series of two) is to present the main methodological aspects used in a cross-sectional study whose proposals were to establish the prevalence of arterial hypertension in adults in Ilha do Governador (a district of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), and to examine its relationship to other risk factors, including those for cardiovascular diseases, so as to establish its control status. Sampling design (of clusters in strata, according to mean household income) is described in detail, in addition to measurement methods, and training of observers. Indicators of performance in field work and quality control are also presented as results of the application of the metodology of study.