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Chile es un caso emblemático en la apertura de la educación superior al libre mercado y en la reformulación de las lógicas que regulan la producción científica en las universidades. Esto se traduce en un sistema de gestión del personal académico orientado por bonos de productividad asociados a las publicaciones de alto impacto, distribución de fondos de investigación condicionados a la productividad de investigadores y jerarquización de las tareas académicas. En este artículo presentamos los resultados de un estudio que buscó explorar y comprender cómo académicas y académicos de ciencias sociales, altamente productivas y productivos, describen la escritura científica desde la práctica laboral cotidiana enmarcada en nuevas regulaciones de la producción científica. A partir del análisis de 20 entrevistas, proponemos que hay facetas fundamentales para definir la escritura científica: la afectividad, la fragilidad y la estrategia. Éstas dan cuenta de aspectos cotidianos, así como de tensiones y conflictos presentes en el proceso de escritura científica

A general academic networks view is presented. This network has been build from the author’s interaction through their scientific papers, indexed by Thomson Reuters (previously ISI Thomson). Accent is place in the interaction of main academic subsystems: Scientific Research; Schools and Faculties; Humanities Research and General Secretary Office. The data base under analysis encompass 71878 papers with one Mexico’s coauthor at least, all papers are indexed by ISI Thomson. Papers publication date goes from 1981 to 2003.

This paper was written under the research project CRiCity: “Children and their Right to the City: Tackling urban inequity through the participatory design of child-friendly cities” developed in Lisbon and Porto and funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through national funds (PTDC/SOC-SOC/30415/2017). We focus on two case-studies developed in Porto. Our aim is to present some of the findings of the focus groups and drawing activities developed with children in two institutions. During this research, it was evident that children from middle and high classes are more subjected to institutionalization, domestication and hyper-protection processes than those from lower social classes. Also, we conclude that the phenomena of insularization and specialization contributes to aggravating restrictions on public spaces by producing forms of socio-spatial segregation depending not only on age, but also on class and social status.

En este artículo se aborda el problema del lugar de la filosofía en la educación universitaria actual a través del análisis de una cuestión concreta: la estandarización de la escritura académica y sus efectos sobre la práctica de la filosofía y su enseñanza. A partir del análisis formal del “paper” académico como patrón único de producción y de valoración de la investigación actual, se valoran sus consecuencias sobre la relación entre pensamiento, escritura y educación. Se llega a la conclusión de que la estandarización de la escritura en la universidad globalmente homologada actual conduce a una asfixia del pensamiento no sólo en la filosofía sino en todos los ámbitos del saber. A la vez, nos da la clave para diagnosticar y localizar, en cada uno de estos ámbitos, cuáles son los espacios de lo innegociable a partir de lo cual debemos repensar nuestra relación con la educación y el pensamiento dentro y fuera de la universidad.This article addresses the problem of the place of philosophy in higher education today through the analysis of a single issue: the standardization of academic writing and its effects on the practice of philosophy and teaching. From the formal analysis of the academic "paper", as the unique pattern of production and evaluation of current research, this article evaluates its impact on the relationship between thinking, writing and education. It concludes that standardization of writing in the globally homologated university, leads to a stifling of thought not only in philosophy but in all areas of knowledge. At the same time gives us the key to diagnose and locate, in each of these areas, what are the spaces of the non-negotiable from which we must rethink our relationship with education and thinking inside and outside the university.

According to some definitions, the introduction of a paper, apart from exposing its objectives, should be the stimulant that generates interest in a deeper reading and a wider appraisal. With this definition in mind, I submit for this issue of Athena the text that introduces my discussion on the Scientific/Colonial Logics of Knowledge: Writing, images and borderline issues. The keys and the roadmap which represent the basis of this paper are contained within, as also a simple overview of some of its strongest theses. Hopefully, this introduction will worthily fulfill its task.Según algunas definiciones, la introducción de un trabajo además de plantear los objetivos del mismo, debe ser la incitadora de un interés que conduzca a una lectura más amplia. Con esta definición en mente, presento para esta entrega de la tesiteca de Athena, un texto que introduce mi discusión sobre las Lógicas científico/coloniales del conocimiento: Escritura, imágenes y territorios de frontera. En él se encuentran las claves y el mapa de escritura con el que este trabajo fue construido, así como un sencillo recorrido por algunas de sus tesis más fuertes. Ojala esta introducción cumpla cabalmente su tarea.

En este artículo pretendo explorar la política en el Gran Buenos Aires a partir de un análisis de las elecciones legislativas de 2009 desde mi etnografía en una villa de La Matanza en proceso de urbanización. A partir de allí, intentaré dar cuenta de una serie de perspectivas que quedan opacadas en los análisis centrados en procesos electorales. Mientras éstos enfocan hacia las estrategias de campaña de los candidatos y los entramados políticos desde los cuales construyen apoyos para explicar los resultados electorales (o intentar predecirlos), el punto central de este artículo consiste en mostrar cómo las elecciones se imponen y son apropiadas localmente a partir de una perspectiva centrada en la urbanización de la villa. The purpose of this paper is to explore Great Buenos Aires's politics analyzing midterm elections (2009) from my ethnography in a shantytown of La Matanza under a process of urbanization. I will try to show some outlooks which are usually darkened by electoral analyses. While these researches usually focus on campaign strategies and political networks in order to explain (or predict) electoral results, the main contribution of this paper is to show how elections are generally imposed and locally appropriated from a local perspective oriented towards the urbanization of the shantytown.

En este artículo propongo revisar el dilema de la ciudadanía que Wollstonecraft planteó en su libro Vindicación de los derechos de la mujer, de 1792. Defiendo que este dilema cae en la misma trampa en que la misma teoría feminista cayó al proponer dos modelos diferentes de feminismo, el de la igualdad y el de la diferencia. Lo que planteo es que los dos son en realidad la misma paradoja, que remite, a su vez, al binarismo igualdad versus diferencia que opera estructurando los términos del debate liberal-patriarcal respecto a la equidad en el contrato social. El feminismo ha de salir de esa trampa para ofrecer un concepto de ciudadanía nuevo, en el que las mujeres no tengamos que decidir entre igualdad o diferencia, o entre justicia y cuidado. This paper sets out to review the dilemma of citizenship Wollstonecraft raised in A Vindication of the Rights of Women, published in 1792. I argue that this dilemma falls into the same trap feminist theory does by proposing two different (and opposed) models of feminism: equality and difference. In this paper I suggest that the two are in fact the same paradox, which in turn refers to the equality-difference binarism that operates by structuring the liberal-patriarchal debate on equity in the social contract. Feminism must climb out of this trap in order to offer a new concept of citizenship in which women do not have to decide between equality and difference, or between justice and care.

This paper critically assesses the discourse that justifies the latest educational reforms in European and Spanish higher education. It is presented as a techno-scientific discourse that attempts to support one of the most important current practices of subjectivity -the educational one- using a particular definition of psychology that forget the fact of the irreducible plurality of psychological practices and knowledges. This paper aims thus to make a double critical assessment. On the one hand, about the rhetorical use of psycopedagogic knowledge as scientific (indisputable) support for the reforms. On the other hand, about the assumption that there is a well definite discipline -psychology- which is unified, scientifically established and able to offer that support. The paper consider also the current socio-cultural scenario of globalization and neoliberalism as a context that makes sense, within the ideology of entrepreneurship, such use of psychology as a scientific guarantor of education reform. Special emphasis is placed on the promotion of subjectivity linked to that ideology, which requires individuals gifted with flexibility, self-monitoring skills and full responsibility for their fate.En este trabajo se valora críticamente el discurso que arropa las últimas reformas educativas de la enseñanza superior europea y española. Se lo presenta como un discurso que intenta justificar tecnocientíficamente una de las más importantes prácticas de subjetivación actuales -la educativa- recurriendo a una determinada definición de la psicología que deja en un segundo plano el hecho de la pluralidad irreductible de las prácticas y saberes psicológicos. Se hace, así, una valoración crítica conjugada de, por un lado, el uso retórico de los saberes psicopedagógicos como respaldo científico -indiscutible- de las reformas, y por otro lado, de la asunción de que existe uma disciplia bien definida -la psicología- unificada, asentada científicamente y en la cual cabe buscar ese respaldo. La crítica toma en consideración, además, el escenario sociocultural actual de la globalización y el neoliberalismo como contexto en que cobra sentido, dentro de la ideología del emprendedorismo, dicho uso de la psicología como garante científico de la reforma de la enseñanza. Se hace especial hincapié en el fomento de la subjetividad ligado a esa ideología, que exige individuos dotados de flexibilidad, capacidad de autorregulación y responsabilidad total sobre su destino.

Este texto es una presentación del monográfico Diásporas y transiciones en la teoría del actor-red. Sus páginas presentan las principales características de esta teoría, una manera de entender sus orígenes y una descripción de su presente estableciendo un paralelismo con la etnometodología. El texto finaliza con una valoración del estado de la teoría del actor-red en España y un comentario sobre un congreso que llevó el título de Presente y futuro de la teoría del actor-red y que constituye el embrión del presente monográfico. En el texto se defiende una tesis muy simple: la teoría del actor-red nace con cierta relevancia para el pensamiento social en el momento en que se difracta en una miríada de usos y aplicaciones diferentes. El principal corolario de este hecho también es muy sencillo: la gran diferencia entre la teoría del actor-red y otras propuestas del pensamiento social es su permanente estado de diáspora y transición. This paper is an introduction to the monograph titled Diasporas and Transitions in the Actor-Network Theory. Drawing a parallel with ethnomethodology, its pages present the main features of this theory, a way to figure out its origins and a description of its present. The text ends with a brief look at the state of art of actor-network theory in Spain and an appraisal of a meeting titled Present and Future of Actor-Network Theory, which is the origin of our monograph. In this paper we put forward a very simple idea: Actor-Network Theory was born with certain relevance in Social Sciences when it diffracted in a myriad of different uses and applications. The main corollary of such an idea is also straightforward: the very difference between Actor-Network Theory and other perspectives in Social Sciences resides in the permanent diaspora and transition of the former.

The present paper attempts to show how rape is represented in a variety of historical and contemporary discourses. Examples of rapes in Greek mythology, in the Bible, in medieval iconography, in literature, and in scientific theories, are compared and contrasted. Analysis suggests that such discourses tend to make sexual aggression (and specifically the rape of women) legitimate, be it by minimizing the harm done; by normalizing and naturalizing sexual violence; or by aesthetisizing rape as art. Finally, the paper argues that putting modern legal accounts of rape into their historical perspective brings into sharper focus the persistence of ancient myths and discourses

From a sociocultural constructivist perspective, this paper analyses the sociocultural processes involved in children's participation in criminal organizations in Rio de Janeiro, and in other violent and armed environments. The analysis is based on the work of Dowdney (2003, 2005), and the work of the Slum Monitoring Center (Observatorio de Favelas, 2006). The article discusses the concept of childhood, and identifies the major factors affecting child development within such contexts: the strategies used by adults to induct children into a criminal organization and to keep them there. It highlights the role of school and work, two environments universally present in the research participants' own narratives. To study the topic demands a systematic approach so as to account for the variety of factors at work, from the historico-social forces revealed in the social practices and the collective culture of gangs, to issues such as autonomy and social responsibility. The paper stresses the need to create collective spaces for expressing and co-constructing meanings, which may encourage social and personal reflection, and so promote healthy developmental contexts for both the individual and society.

Pentecostal religious beliefs and practices consist of a complex set of strategies of transformation and personal renewal. Among other aspects of their experiences in the Church of Philadelphia, the social construction of Gypsy reality turns on the reform of the body. The present paper lies on aspects such as the body as object and subject of biopolitical and religious practices; the relationships between religious experience and body management; new social and community interactions; and autobiographical discourse as the ideological vehicle of personal conversion and transformation. All these processes reveal how social practices remake and shape bodily behaviour and its meaning. Pentecostal charismatic practices channel and express the community and individual demands of Church of Philadelphia converts, and represent central issues in the Pentecostal management of body and spirit. Our aim in this paper is to analyze the bodily practices which provide for believers´ transformation, and which shape community rituals and the congregation's interactions.

This paper draws on an ethnographic study with teenage mothers. It discusses how the research incorporated feminist political goals and ethical concerns. The paper focuses in particular on one key concern for feminist researchers, that of hierarchical power in the research setting in order to demonstrate the challenges and advantages of feminist research. A number of approaches were taken to mitigate power relationships and these are discussed and reflected upon here. The paper then goes on to interrogate the author’s position as an ‘insider researcher’. It is demonstrated here how feminist research enabled the position of the researcher to be acknowledged, analysed and critiqued thus ensuring that research which challenges conventional notions of objectivity is robust.

The broad aim of this paper is to look into the implications of applying two different methods of research and analytical assumptions to the study of social movements. In order to develop and discuss this aim, I focus my analysis on the emergence of a social movement that impacted Spanish society in 2011: the ‘indignados’ movement 15M. Particularly, in this case, I confront the main conclusions of two different methodological approaches that analyze the emergence of the movement, focusing my interest in the ideological roots of its collective identity. The first approach is mainly based on ethnographic data (Laraña & Díez, 2012a; 2012b) and the second one consists of a statistical macro-analysis. Whereas in the two first works we highlighted the most micro and intersubjective aspects of the social action, through ethnographic techniques, that allowed us to study how the activists organize the actions of the movement, spread their frames and construct its collective identity, this paper mainly focuses on macro statistical data in order to: i) analyze the ideological bases of the movement, ii) compare the results obtained regarding this issue from the both aforementioned approaches, and iii) look at their complementarities.

This paper aims to reflect upon the principal difficulties, challenges or ‘headaches’ that doing feminist research in conflict and post-conflict contexts can involve. Each of the two authors has conducted a very different study. One, on the role of local women’s organizations and activists in peacebuilding; the other, on the disarmament and reintegration of combatants and the impact of this process on the reproduction of violence. While one of us is a woman, the other is a man. While one studies feminist activism, the other focuses mainly on masculinities in the military. While one has researched in Kosovo, the other has done so in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Based on these two research processes, we reflect on debates over epistemological and practical issues such as reflexivity, positionality of the researcher, access, secrecy and silence in the research process, power relations in the field and ethical dilemmas.

This paper wants to look into the back room of social theorisation of political action. We take as a starting point the impossibility of basing political action on modern Rationalism and Humanism's 'universal subject'. Nevertheless this paper tries to make compatible some critiques of Rationalism and Humanism, on the one hand, with, on the other hand, a version of some of the emancipatory promises of modernity. In order to think about politics, we will present two ways of broaching the tensions caused by the privileging of the subject in modernity. One will be focused on its radical politization, introducing the subject as a site for, and consequence of, political action itself. The other takes the notion of agency as the privileging of connections and movements over (id)entities to explain political action.

By relating Bakhtin’s work and the theory of intertextuality to a discussion of the idea of subjectivity as an individual self (i.e. isolated and isolable from its context), this paper seeks to apply some of Bakhtin’s concepts to the reading –term that comprises a sense of everlasting interpretation and production- of the interviews we conducted to psychotherapists. Doing so helped us explore the way therapists’ subjectivity is constituted within institutional contexts that are instilled ideologically and passionately by manifold voices. In order to account for this process, we bring in the notion of located biography. Such a term denotes an underway-produced multiplicity. Therefore, through its utterance it synthesizes a collective experience. The paper concludes thinking of the potentiality for qualitative research of the approach developed.

Investigações realizadas com duas associações de moradores de Porto Alegre evidenciaram que as distâncias estruturais e relacionais entre os indivíduos se reproduzem na conformação das redes associativas. Desse modo, o objetivo deste artigo é identificar e analisar mecanismos que permitem explicar a associação entre as distâncias estrutural e relacional – ou seja, a homofilia – observada no associativismo urbano. Frente à impossibilidade de abordar adequadamente os diversos mecanismos causais da homofilia, optou-se por focalizar um que, hipoteticamente, parece desempenhar papel central num contexto de profunda desigualdade como o brasileiro: o mecanismo de invisibilização. Assim, são investigadas as relações e os deslocamentos de indivíduos como um recurso metodológico para analisar os padrões homofílicos observados na atuação das organizações às quais eles pertencem. A análise realizada possibilita sustentar empiricamente a presença e importância do mecanismo invisibilização. De um lado, a invisibilização se expressa na tendência de que indivíduos em posições subalternizadas estejam ausentes dos espaços e relações que estruturam o cotidiano dos indivíduos pesquisados. Tal ausência diminui (e, no limite, impede) a possibilidade de que relações significativas e duradouras se estabeleçam entre desiguais. Por outro, mesmo quando aquela tendência é rompida e os entrevistados interagem com indivíduos e organizações em posições inferiorizadas, observa-se que tal interação tende a não produzir vínculos relevantes. Abstract: Previous researches conducted on two neighborhood associations in Porto Alegre have shown that structural and relational distances between individuals are reproduced in the conformation of the associative networks. The purpose of this paper is to identify and analyze the mechanisms that explain the association between structural and relational distances – i.e. the homophily – observed in the urban associations. Faced with the impossibility of covering adequately the various causal mechanisms of homophily, we chose to address a mechanism that appears to play a central role in contexts of profound inequality as in Brazil: the mechanism of invisibility. Therefore, the paper focuses on the relationships and the urban displacements of two individuals as a methodological resource to analyze the homophylic patterns observed in organizations in which they participate. The research findings enables support empirically the presence and importance of the mechanism of invisibility. On one hand, the invisibility is expressed in the propensity of individuals in subordinated positions are absent from the spaces and relationships that structure the daily lives of individuals surveyed. This absence decreases (and, ultimately, prevent) the possibility that meaningful and lasting relationships are established between unequals. On the other hand, even when that propensity is overcome and the respondents interact with individuals and organizations in inferior positions, it is observed that such interaction tends not to produce relevant links.

Este artículo explora la aplicabilidad del programa informático VennMaker para la investigación histórica. El artículo se apoya en dos casos de estudio de investigaciones históricas actuales orientadas a estudiar las redes y que cubren diferentes periodos de tiempo y distintas fuentes. La mayor ventaja de VennMaker es que invierte el proceso de recolección de datos. Mientras que los programas tradicionales utilizan datos pre-codificados para producir el mapa de una red, VennMaker genera los datos mientras que el investigador dibuja los nodos y crea el mapa de una red. Las bases de datos de matrices prefabricadas ya no son necesarias; por lo tanto, el programa puede ser utilizado fácilmente por historiadores que no se han formado en las ciencias sociales. Los dos casos incluyen el análisis de una estructura familiar en la historia antigua y las redes ego-centradas de judíos que se escondían durante el Nacional-Socialismo. Artumentamos que una representación visual de las relaciones sociales ayuda a revelar modelos invisibles y caracerísticas de las redes que ofrecen a los investigadores nuevas perspectivas sobre sus temas de investigación. El programa ofrece una variedad de herramientas para representar las relaciones sociales y su desarrollo a lo largo del tiempo y del espacio. Abstract: This paper explores the applicability of the software VennMaker to historical research. The paper draws on two case studies from current network-oriented historical research projects, covering different time periods and sources. VennMaker’s biggest advantage is that it inverts the process of data collection. While traditional software uses pre-coded data to produce a network map, VennMaker generates data while the researcher draws nodes and creates a network map. Prefabricated data matrices are no longer necessary; therefore, the software can easily be used by historians lacking training in the social sciences. Our two cases include an analysis of a family structure in ancient history and ego-networks of Jews in hiding during National Socialism. We argue that a visual representation of social relations helps to reveal unseen patterns and characteristics of networks therefore offering scholars new perspectives on their research subjects. The software offers a variety of tools to represent social relations and their development over time and space.

Este texto, derivado de una ponencia en una conferencia, es un informe preliminar de un proyecto a larga escala para trazar las transformaciones en las estructuras de las redes de la élite florentina a lo largo de dos siglos. En este artículo me limito únicamente a la descripción de tendencias anteriores, desconocidas en modelos amplios, de los matrimonios cruzados florentinos. Los lectores informados verán inmediatamente que dichas tendencias tienen implicaciones importantes para los debates en la historiografía florentina (que desarrollaré más adelante). En último término, estoy interesado en las implicaciones políticas de las tendencias aquí descritas. Pero por ahora no entro en una interpretación, explicación o argumentación. Trataré únicamente de mostrar hechos nuevos. Abstract: This conference paper is an interim report from a large-scale project to trace transformations in Florentine elite network structures over two centuries. In this paper, I confine myself solely to a description of previously unknown trends in broad patterns of Florentine inter-marriage. Knowledgeable readers will immediately see that these trends have important implications for debates in Florentine historiography (which I will develop in the future). Ultimately, I am primarily interested in the political implications of the trends I herein describe. But for now I do not engage in interpretation, explanation, or argumentation. I intend simply to lay out some new facts.

Este texto pretende mostrar cómo la utilización de métodos, de conceptos y de análisis sobre las redes sociales pueden ser útiles en el estudio del principio de la Edad Media. Para reconstruir una « red personal » en este periodo, este artículo pone de manifiesto primero varias dificultades : la falta de fuentes, la selección y uso de documentos adecuados, la identifiacion clara de redes aristocráticas así como consideraciones sobre la construcción de redes que evolucionan en el tiempo. Se propone utilizar teorías y métodos tomados prestados de la sociología y se muestra un estudio de caso: la red personal de Odon de Cluny, un miembro importante de la aristocracia que también era abad del monasterio francés de Cluny entre 926 y 942. Ese caso sirve de ejemplo significativo para ilustrar como funcionaban las redes sociales en la sociedad de la Alta Edad Media. Abstract: This paper intends to show how the use of methods, concepts and analysis pertaining to social networks may be relevant to the study of early Middle Ages. In order to retrace a “personal network” for this period, the study first points out several difficulties: the lack of sources, the selection and use of proper documents, the sole identification of aristocratic networks, and the long-term considerations of the networks’ construction. The paper then uses sociological theories and methods in a case study, that of the personal network of Odo of Cluny, an important member of the aristocracy who was also abbot of the French monastery of Cluny, between 926 and 942. This case serves as a perfect example of how social networks worked in the early medieval society.

This conference paper is an interim report from a large-scale project to trace transformations in Florentine elite network structures over two centuries. In this paper, I confine myself solely to a description of previously unknown trends in broad patterns of Florentine inter-marriage. Knowledgeable readers will immediately see that these trends have important implications for debates in Florentine historiography (which I will develop in the future). Ultimately, I am primarily interested in the political implications of the trends I herein describe. But for now I do not engage in interpretation, explanation, or argumentation. I intend simply to lay out some new facts.

This paper explores the applicability of the software VennMaker to historical research. The paper draws on two case studies from current network-oriented historical research projects, covering different time periods and sources. VennMaker’s biggest advantage is that it inverts the process of data collection. While traditional software uses pre-coded data to produce a network map, VennMaker generates data while the researcher draws nodes and creates a network map. Prefabricated data matrices are no longer necessary; therefore, the software can easily be used by historians lacking training in the social sciences. Our two cases include an analysis of a family structure in ancient history and ego-networks of Jews in hiding during National Socialism. We argue that a visual representation of social relations helps to reveal unseen patterns and characteristics of networks therefore offering scholars new perspectives on their research subjects. The software offers a variety of tools to represent social relations and their development over time and space.

High school students can select class mates for new friendships using a repertoire of patterns. They can actively pursue new friendships, make use of the existing network structure, and/ or use the scarce and often erroneous information about candidates. In this theoretical paper, we argue that such selection patterns should not be studied as the result of general rules, as is usually done in social network studies. Specifically, we state that network size preferences, the level of information about individual attributes of fellow classmates, and group membership are likely to differ among high school students, and that as a result, also their selection patterns are likely to be different. In this paper we sketch the theoretical articulations between these.

El presente trabajo analiza los patrones de colaboración en España, de los investigadores en historia de la ciencia, a través de un análisis de coautoría en las publicaciones científicas del área, recogidas en las bases de datos Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) y Science Citation Index (SCI) durante el período 1990-2009. Los resultados permiten detectar un aumento de la producción científica a lo largo del periodo y una escasa colaboración científica, ya que solamente el 18,61% del total de los trabajos han sido firmados por más de un autor. Abstract: This paper analyzes the patterns of cooperation in Spain researchers in history of science, through an analysis of co-authorship in scientific publications in the area, contained in the databases Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) and Science Citation Index (SCI) for the period 1990-2009. The results show an increase in scientific output over a limited period and scientific collaboration, as only 18,61% of the papers have been signed by more than one author.

Resumen El artículo analiza comparativamente las redes personales de los inmigrantes argentinos, dominicanos, marroquíes y senegaleses/gambianos en Cataluña, España. Su objetivo es identificar los vínculos entre las variables de estructura y composición de estas redes, con los procesos de integración de los inmigrantes en la sociedad receptora. Finalmente, se analiza las dinámicas que desarrollan las redes personales y la relación de sus procesos de cambio interno con los procesos de transnacionalismo con la sociedad de origen. Abstract This paper analyzes, in comparative way, the personal networks of Argentinian, Dominican, Moroccan and Senegambian immigrants in Catalonia, Spain. The main objetive is to analyze relations structure and composition, and their relatios with the process of insertion of the immigrants in the destination society. This is possible by the development of new indicator. In the same way, this paper it also analyzes the strong processes of change in the structure and composition of the personal networks of the immigrants.

Resumen Este artículo pretende retomar los planteamientos de Giddens de la doble hermenéutica como fundamento epistemológico para resolver la tensión entre metodologías estructurales cuantitativas como el análisis de redes sociales y el uso de representaciones sociales y lenguaje para entender la realidad social desde metodologías cualitativas. Esto involucra la discusión de la relación entre análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo. Estos debates no han resuelto esta tensión más allá de la complementariedad en la aplicación técnica de instrumento para la recolección de información. Este artículo prentende realizar un aporte a estos planteamientos. Abstract This paper pretends to get Giddens concept’s double hermenutic. This will solve the tension between structural methodologies like network analysis and the use of social representations and language to understand the social reality. This involves the discussion of relationship between qualitative and quantitative analysis. These debates don’t have resolve that tension beyond the complementary thecnical aplication of instruments for recolect information. This paper pretends to make a new output way for that discussion.

Resumen En este trabajo se presenta una metodología de análisis de las relaciones industriales y de los sistemas productivos basada en el análisis de redes sociales, y en los conceptos de embeddedness (Granovetter, 1973), sistema productivo (Wilkinson, 1985) y capital social. Tras el examen y discusión de esta perspectiva metodológica, se realiza una aplicación al estudio de las relaciones industriales en el País Vasco (España). La aplicación del análisis de redes sociales en la investigación económica se encuentra todavía en una fase mucho menos avanzada que en otros ámbitos de las ciencias sociales, como la psicología, la antropología o la sociología. Esto obedece, principalmente, a que el paradigma neoclásico, que es la corriente dominante de la economía, no considera relevantes ni el carácter social ni el carácter relacional de los agentes, a pesar de que todas las corrientes de la economía asumen su pertenencia al campo de las ciencias sociales. En este trabajo las relaciones constituyen el centro del análisis y son consideradas en un sistema productivo concreto, delimitado desde la perspectiva geográfica, económica e histórica. El concepto de sistema productivo contempla no sólo las relaciones mercantiles que tienen lugar entre las empresas, que son utilizadas para identificar los sistemas de producción, sino también las no mercantiles. Estas relaciones también se establecen con otros tipos de instituciones tales como parques tecnológicos, institutos de investigación o universidades. También las relaciones informales entre los actores deben ser incluidas, junto a las relaciones formales, para analizar un sistema productivo completo. El análisis de la estructura relacional se realiza considerando su contexto, es decir, contemplando sus características geográficas, históricas y sociales, que ayudan a comprender mejor sus características. Abstract This paper discuss a methodology to analyse industrial relationships based on social network analysis and on the concepts of embeddedness (Granovetter, 1973), productive system (Wilkinson, 1985) and social capital. Once the perspective is discussed it is applied to study industrial relationships in the Basque Country (Spain). The application of the social network analysis to economic research is at the moment at its initial stages, although it has been widely applied in sociology and psychology. The dominance of the neoclassical mainstream paradigm in economics, based on principles and developing theories that do not consider as relevant the social and relational character of agents and systems, is among the main reasons. However, all the perspectives, even the neoclassical, assume that economics is a social science. In this paper relationships are the focus of the analysis and they are considered for a particular productive system, geographically and historically specified. The concept of productive system is understood by considering mercantile and non-mercantile relationships among the firms constituting a particular industrial sector. Moreover, relationships are linking firms, and economic sectors at a more macro level, with other types of institutions such as technology parks, research institutes and universities. At the same time, informal relationships among actors should also be included, together with the formal links, to analyse a complete productive system. The whole relational structure is analysed considering its context, and therefore allowing for the consideration of geographical, historical and social peculiarities, that are necessary for a better understanding of its characteristics.

¿What is it that moves into researching? ¿Why do we conduct it and what is such effort worth? These are the main questions underlying this paper: a tour into several of the topics involved in the "ought to's" of social sciences -objectivity, knowledge, transformation. His claim is that "pleasure is precisely what we count on to found our commitment for researching". Such claim does not imply in any way rather soft or pleasing criteria, for only the studies of great quality, implacable rigour, conscious elaboration and sustained effort, manage to reach the place of a beautiful objects of thought, capable of modifying their authors as well as those who enter in contact with them. To replace that old barometer of objectivity by the hetherodox barometer of pleasure -the main subject of this paper- is not to lowen any of the levels that a good social practice demands. Quite the contrary.

This paper analyzes the patterns of cooperation in Spain researchers in history of science, through an analysis of co-authorship in scientific publications in the area, contained in the databases Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) and Science Citation Index (SCI) for the period 1990-2009. The results show an increase in scientific output over a limited period and scientific collaboration, as only 18,61% of the papers have been signed by more than one author.

High school students can select class mates for new friendships using a repertoire of patterns. They can actively pursue new friendships, make use of the existing network structure, and/ or use the scarce and often erroneous information about candidates. In this theoretical paper, we argue that such selection patterns should not be studied as the result of general rules, as is usually done in social network studies. Specifically, we state that network size preferences, the level of information about individual attributes of fellow classmates, and group membership are likely to differ among high school students, and that as a result, also their selection patterns are likely to be different. In this paper we sketch the theoretical articulations between these.

This paper maps the intersection of affect theory with literature and art through the revision of the question of representation and its crisis, which has been central in theorizing literary and art concerns. I propose that affect theory reinvigorates the problematic of representation by turning it into a debate about mediation, producing two main gestures in criticism when it gets in contact with literary and art works. On the one hand, some scholarship has stayed “between representation” by looking at affect as excessive of cognitive processes to analyze and expand how affect influences our representations of these processes, both when reading and doing literary criticism, and when elaborating epistemological paradigms. On the other, criticism has also attempted to step “beyond representation” by looking at affect as an autonomous third entity in mediation with capacities to affect and surpass human cognition. In treating affect as a new capacious entity when approaching the issue of representation, the critical concerns informing this gesture revolve around ontological questions, and they prioritize what affect is and does to bodies more than what it means.

Frankenstein is not an exclusive character belonging to the realm of the Gothic narrative, but a vivid element that has evolved and adapted to diverse social contexts and geographies. Mary Shelley's work has endured the passing of time and now is a symbol of the popular culture. In this paper, I look to understand Mary Shelley's Frankenstein influence on people’s attitudes regarding technology and science, particularly artificial intelligence and robots. How the negative visions and fears about the misuse of science to break traditional moral and religious boundaries are still present in popular culture. Fieldwork will be focused on reviewing several Latin American newspapers and magazine articles in Spanish and Portuguese published on the Internet. As final outcomes will show, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein still continues influencing people’s imagination about science and technology, even in technically less developed regions.

This paper analyzes, in comparative way, the personal networks of Argentinian, Dominican, Moroccan and Senegambian immigrants in Catalonia, Spain. The main objetive is to analyze relations structure and composition, and their relatios with the process of insertion of the immigrants in the destination society. This is possible by the development of new indicator. In the same way, this paper it also analyzes the strong processes of change in the structure and composition of the personal networks of the immigrants

This paper presents three different types of tendencies about third sector. This tendencies could be deduce in a network analysis based on interorganizational theories and resource dependence theory. This paper presents two study cases made at Medellin-Colombia. This show some categories that constitute characteristic tendencies of the sector.

This paper pretends to get Giddens concept’s double hermenutic. This will solve the tension between structural methodologies like network analysis and the use of social representations and language to understand the social reality. This involves the discussion of relationship between qualitative and quantitative analysis. These debates don’t have resolve that tension beyond the complementary thecnical aplication of instruments for recolect information. This paper pretends to make a new output way for that discussion.

Traditionally the school of Sagres is considered as an initiative of scientific research and training under the command of Henry the Navigator, which played a key role in his exploration and expansion project through the Atlantic Ocean. Until the 20th century, it has not been investigated under the lens of the professional historian, whom has unraveled the truth and has questioned its existence. The intention of this paper is to study the school in depth, establishing a historiographic trajectory from its origins until the present. The goal is to understand where historical reality begins, and the myth ends.

This paper discuss a methodology to analyse industrial relationships based on social network analysis and on the concepts of embeddedness (Granovetter, 1973), productive system (Wilkinson, 1985) and social capital. Once the perspective is discussed it is applied to study industrial relationships in the Basque Country (Spain).The application of the social network analysis to economic research is at the moment at its initial stages, although it has been widely applied in sociology and psychology. The dominance of the neoclassical mainstream paradigm in economics, based on principles and developing theories that do not consider as relevant the social and relational character of agents and systems, is among the main reasons. However, all the perspectives, even the neoclassical, assume that economics is a social science.In this paper relationships are the focus of the analysis and they are considered for a particular productive system, geographically and historically specified. The concept of productive system is understood by considering mercantile and non-mercantile relationships among the firms constituting a particular industrial sector. Moreover, relationships are linking firms, and economic sectors at a more macro level, with other types of institutions such as technology parks, research institutes and universities. At the same time, informal relationships among actors should also be included, together with the formal links, to analyse a complete productive system. The whole relational structure is analysed considering its context, and therefore allowing for the consideration of geographical, historical and social peculiarities, that are necessary for a better understanding of its characteristics.

Actualment, la Teràpia cognitivoconductual (TCC) gaudeix d’un fort període d’expansió i reconeixement, esdevenint la teràpia de referència. En el present article prenc una posició crítica davant aquesta realitat, plantejant la TCC com una pràctica hegemònica i analitzant les implicacions sociopolítiques que això comporta. Per tal de dur-ho a terme, he realitzat un estudi de cas de la teràpia, analitzant el model de subjecte sobre el qual la TCC opera. Una vegada analit-zat, m’he centrat en relacionar aquest subjecte amb el concepte foucaultià de l’”empresari de si mateix”, establint que el model de subjecte que es construeix amb la teràpia és proper al model de subjecte neoliberal, plantejant així les re-percussions d’aquesta relació en termes de relacions de poder i hegemonia. Finalment, em qüestiono el paper de la universitat en aquest procés.

This paper deals with the problem of identifying cultural replicators and providing a plausible replication model for culture. Depending on what kind of information is considered to be replicated, the different evolutionary models of cultural transmission are clustered into three main groups which are referred to as externalism, internalism and multi-substratism. From these, internalism is argued to be the most plausible position, but it fails in explaining how cultural information can be faithfully replicated in our species despite essentially depending on individual processes of intentional inference. It is concluded that no author seems to have fittingly adopted a categorization model stemmed from a usage-based perspective, and such a model would entail a feedback dynamic in category formation which could allow for an a posteriori purification of the input information flow. This way, categorization would partially equate the role of DNA in genetic transmission cycles.

The aim of the research we present in this article is to offer a general overview of the situation in the Basque Country concerning gender equality/inequality among young people. This paper is based on qualitative research conducted with young Basque people (15-30 years old). In the first part, a portrait of the young Basque population is presented with regard to formal equality and changes occurring in Spanish and Basque society over the last three decades, as well as a brief review of youth studies focusing on gender analysis. In the second part, the main results of this research are outlined, following three main lines of enquiry in relation to the maintenance or transformation of asymmetrical gender models: continuities, conflicts and ruptures.

In this paper we approached a study about masculinities imaginaries significations in eastern Cuba. Firstly, we rescued relevant moments of the masculinities studies in the country and some theoretical contributions to understand the social production of the masculinities. Besides, we show the qualitative results from the groups with men.En este artículo abordamos un estudio sobre significaciones imaginarias en torno a las masculinidades en la región oriental de Cuba. Primeramente, rescatamos momentos relevantes del desarrollo de los estudios de masculinidades en el país y algunas contribuciones teóricos que consideramos necesarias para comprender la producción de las masculinidades. Presentamos, además, los resultados cualitativos que emergieron de grupos de discusión realizados con hombres.En este artículo abordamos un estudio sobre significaciones imaginarias en torno a las masculinidades en la región oriental de Cuba. Primeramente, rescatamos momentos relevantes del desarrollo de los estudios de masculinidades en el país y algunas contribuciones teóricos que consideramos necesarias para comprender la producción de las masculinidades. Presentamos, además, los resultados cualitativos que emergieron de grupos de discusión realizados con hombres.

The paper discusses the feminization of occupations and professions of the health sector and presents trends and implications in the Brazilian context. Emphasizes dentistry, which is one of the professions in which feminization occurs sharply in the country. In Brazil, data from the 2000 census shows that women constitute the majority of students in higher education in health, even in the historically male as medicine and dentistry. Discuss the feminization of health professions implies thinking about the health and quality of life for professionals in their work contexts and training, in addition to questions relating to gender roles in the lives of these women.Este texto analiza la feminización de las ocupaciones y profesiones que abordan las tendencias de salud y sus implicaciones en el contexto brasileño. En Brasil, los datos del censo de 2000 reveló que las mujeres constituyen la mayoría de los estudiantes de educación superior en el área de salud, incluso en las tradicionalmente masculinas medicina y odontología. Discutir la feminización de las profesiones de la salud implica reflexionar sobre la salud y la calidad de vida en sus contextos de trabajo profesionales y en la formación, además de las cuestiones relativas a los roles de género en la vida de estas mujeres.O trabalho discute a feminilização das ocupações e profissões de saúde abordando tendências e implicações no contexto brasileiro. No Brasil, dados do censo de 2000 revelam que as mulheres constituem a maior parte dos estudantes de nível superior na área da saúde, mesmo nas historicamente masculinas, como a medicina e odontologia. Discutir a feminilização nas profissões de saúde implica refletir sobre a saúde e a qualidade de vida de profissionais nos seus contextos de trabalho e de formação, além das indagações referentes aos papeis de gênero na vida destas mulheres.

En el artículo presentamos reflexiones teórico-metodológicas surgidas de dos proyectos de investigación. El objetivo general de ambos es analizar los procesos de individuación en jóvenes cuyos principales espacios de sociabilidad se encuentran en barrios marginalizados del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Para la construcción de los datos empíricos utilizamos como herramienta metodológica el relato biográfico. Los relatos fueron construidos a partir de cinco o seis entrevistas semiestructuradas, realizadas en forma individual a 10 jóvenes de entre 19 y 26 años. La articulación entre las propuestas analíticas de la sociología de la individuación de Danilo Martuccelli y la estrategia metodológica de los relatos biográficos resulta productiva para captar simultáneamente las heterogeneidades y las regularidades presentes en las pruebas, los soportes y las reflexividades que participan en los procesos de construcción de las subjetividades juveniles en el contexto actual de nuestra sociedad.In this paper we present theoretical and methodological reflections from two research projects. The main objective of both is to analyze the individuation processes in young people whose sociability spaces are in marginalized neighborhoods of the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires. The empirical data was constructed using the life story as methodological tool. The life stories were constructed from five or six individual semi structured interviews of about an hour and a half to 10 young people, 19 to 26 years old. The articulation between the analytical proposals of the sociology of individuation of Danilo Martuccelli and the methodological strategy of the life stories proves to be productive to capture simultaneously the heterogeneities and regularities found in the trials, supports and reflexivities that take part in the construction processes of young subjectivities in the current context of our society.

Medical practice is driven by technology, discourses, and knowledge about health and illness. This has resulted in its gaining a dominating position in power relations achieved by means of diagnosis, medicalization, and habit and conduct creation and maintenance. Interaction at primary care centres is built on mainstream biomedical views of both the medical discourse and the social practices related to health, illness and the human body. Moreover, it is also rooted on the ideologies conveyed by those social concepts, which in turn, permeate interaction all through with power relations. The present paper takes ethnographic data and in-depth interviews as a departing point to analyse how diagnosis, medicalization, and biopolicies for health prevention and improvement carried out in primary care centres in Barcelona make up a control apparatus. Furthermore, this essay also explores how the apparatus is developed in the medical encounter and turns the body into an organism.Las prácticas de asistencia médica están orientadas por tecnologías, discursos y conocimientos sobre salud/enfermedad produciendo efectos de dominación, mediante la elaboración de diagnósticos, farmacologización, creación y mantenimiento de pautas, hábitos y conductas de vida. La interacción en el dispositivo médico de Atención Primaria, construida con relación a la existencia de un discurso médico y unas prácticas sociales alrededor de la salud, la enfermedad y el cuerpo desde la visión biomédica dominante y el contenido ideológico que éstos contienen, está atravesada por relaciones de poder. A partir de datos etnográficos y entrevistas en profundidad, analizamos en este artículo los diagnósticos, la medicalización y las estrategias biopolíticas de prevención y mejora de la salud desarrolladas desde la consulta de un Centro de Atención Primaria de Barcelona como dinámicas de control producidas en el encuentro médico, que convierten el cuerpo en organismo.