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The aim of this paper is to present an analytical reflection on the practice of translation in the Spanish-speaking world, particularly in Colombia, based on professional experience in the publishing industry during the last 10 years. It is also an attempt to draw theoretical guidelines from translation practice and, hopefully, to address specific difficulties of a translation process undertaken in the peripheries of a transnational language. This paper atternpts to collect research data from experience, as one of the problems for conducting research in the Third World countries is the unavailability of information already processed according to standards of scientificity, Research in the Third World may require devising a way for collecting data, and devising new conceptual grids.The aim of this paper is to present an analytical reflection on the practice of translation in the Spanish-speaking world, particularly in Colombia, based on professional experience in the publishing industry during the last 10 years. It is also an attempt to draw theoretical guidelines from translation practice and, hopefully, to address specific difficulties of a translation process undertaken in the peripheries of a transnational language. This paper attempts to collect research data from experience, as one of the problems for conducting research in the Third World countries is the unavailability of information already processed according to standards of scientificity, Research in the Third World may require devising a way for collecting data, and devising new conceptual grids.

En este artículo formulo una relación teórica de fundamento microeconómico entre un Banco privado monopólico y la tasa óptima de inflación. La relación propuesta es la base para establecer una condición suficiente para la independencia de la Banca Central. La parte central del artículo lo consti tuye un modelo que expone las condiciones que se requieren para igualar las tasas óptimas, social y privada, de la inflación. A pesar de la sencillez del argumento, se pueden deducir algunas proposiciones de "Economía Constitucional".In this paper I propose a microeconomic based theoretical relation between a private monopolist bank and the optimal intlation rateo The proposed relation is the basis to establish a sutficient condition for the central bank independence. The core of this paper is a model showing the conditions required to equalize the optimal social and private rates of inflation. Notwithstanding the very simple nature of the argument, we can deduce from it some propositions of "Constitutional Economics".

This paper analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the student’s academic performance in the School of Engineering at Universidad Nacional de Colombia – Bogota Campus. The impact is assessed from a quantitative approach based on (i) student’s grades, (ii) student’s progress in their curriculum and (iii) dropped courses. In addition, results from a faculty survey (qualitative approach) are presented to expand some explanatory perspectives on the main academic changes during the pandemic. Results show a significant increase in the average numerical grade as well as in the probability of a course being dropped during the pandemic conditions. Furthermore, the student’s average curriculum progress per semester grew approximately 18%. A differentiated academic impact, depending on sex and family income was observed which may be included in future post-pandemic programs. The survey reflects a new faculty’s perspective on evaluation tools and methodologies.

The purpose of this paper is to establish a conceptual difference between healt promotion and illness prevention by means of reconsidering health and illness concepts. Complexity and integrality of the human being and his relationships are starting points for our approach. Moreover, the human being is understood as one amongst other living beings that inhabit this planet (plants, animals, micro-organisms and others). Health and illness concepts involve some components which are almost never discussed in the existing definitions, such as:- Time: timing plays a significant part in illness prevention.- Relativity regarding health-illness processes.- Life dynamics, including cycles that fluctuate from extensive satisfaction to pain.- Difference, conflicts and problems acceptance in the course of health-illness processes. Thereafter this approach differs from conceptualizations inspired by idealism, positivism/denial, linear or static standpoints that govern health or illness prevailing definitions. Through this approach, we inted to discriminate health promotion from illness prevention. Promotion is rather realted to health ensuring factors and prevention preferably related to illness or death hazards. This paper concludes with a recommendation: healt promotion and illness prevention should be part of the everyday routine.El artículo tiene el propósito esencial de diferenciar conceptualmente la promoción de la salud de la prevención de la enfermedad con una visión integral y compleja. Esto implica también repensar los conceptos de salud y de enfermedad. Para lograr ese propósito desarrolla una propuesta novedosa a partir de concebir al ser humano como parte de esa población. Además enfatiza en la integralidad y complejidad del ser humano en sus dimensiones individual y social. Hace aportes no contemplados en todas las proposiciones teóricas y es el papel que juega el tiempo en los procesos de salud, enfermedad, promoción y prevención. Se acepta que hay cierta relatividad en la salud y la enfermedad, puesto que parte de ver la dinámica de la vida donde se tienen etapas y momentos que se caracterizan por situaciones ideales y no ideales, es decir que hay contradicciones, diferencias, problemas y otras dificultades. De esta manera se rompe la idea de linealidad, idealismo y positivismo o viceversa de los conceptos. Termina el artículo con una especie de guía aplicable individualmente en un taller invitando a hacer práctica la promoción de la salud y la prevención de la enfermedad.

This paper shows a general model of rectangular footings to obtain the soil minimum contact area (optimal surface) that support from 1 to n columns aligned on a longitudinal axis. The proposed model considers that the soil pressure varies linearly. The recently published models have been presented individually to obtain the soil contact area for rectangular isolated footings, rectangular combined footings that support two columns, these models present the equations, but it is not guaranteed to be the minimum area. The present research complies with the models mentioned above and can be applied to footings that support 3 or more columns, and also the minimum area is guaranteed. Also, numerical problems are shown the soil minimum contact surface for rectangular isolated footings, and rectangular combined footings that support two and three columns (unrestricted on its sides, one side restricted and two opposite sides restricted).

Currently, one of the methods to improve the properties of materials in construction is the use of nanomaterials. The objective of this paper is to review the technological advances in the application of nanomaterials, which improve mechanical properties when used in concrete, soils, pavements, among others. A total of 86 articles corresponding to the Scopus, Ebsco, Science Direc and IOP Science databases were reviewed. The studies show that with the application of nanomaterials, positive results are obtained in the improvement of the compressive and flexural strength of concrete, improvement in the stabilization of soils and in asphalt, avoiding the formation of grooves and cracks. The studies conclude that the applicability of nanomaterials in the construction industry is a good alternative from a sustainable point of view, in order to reduce the indiscriminate use of non-renewable resources

The economic discipline is characterised by hierarchical dualisms. This paper examines formal/informal and productive/reproductive binary categories by means of a dialogue between the social reproduction theory and the popular economy. A starting point is the wealth of feminist contributions that highlight both reproduction and work as the heart of socioeconomic phenomena. Based on formalization processes in Latin America, the article explores how public policy interventions focus on the productive sphere. However, upon closer examination, these policies seem to neglect reproductive activities, as well as the demands of popular sectors. We argue that the contributions of feminism are necessary to broaden the economic field.

This paper presents a numerical model of an integrated 3D casing-cement-formation system, to evaluate the mechanical tensile and shear failure of the cement at the casing-cement interface as the pressure and temperature conditions of the formation and borehole vary during production. The model which includes the formation pressure, unlike others proposed, was developed by stages under finite element discretization and compared to analytical models. Results show that increasing the formation temperature increases the probability of tensile and shear failure in the cement, while increasing the wellbore temperature decreases these probabilities. On the other hand, the decrease in the well pressure reduces the probability of shear failure and increases the tensile failure. In the case of formation pressure, the opposite occurs.

This paper shows a study about nonattendance to medical appointments in the Colombian health system to determine which strategies have the greatest effect on the response variable (nonattendance) of scheduled medical appointments. Three factors were considered (calling the patient, reconfirming on the eve of the appointment, confirming understanding of the procedure), each with two or three levels randomly selected from a population. Two replicates were taken for each combination of treatments. The experimental runs were donerandomly to guarantee the absence of bias in data collection. With the above, a total of 180 experimental runs were carried out. This study aims to determine the factors that influence the population when they do not attend their medical appointments to propose a strategy that reduces this phenomenon. A design of experiments (DoE) was performed, specifically a completely randomized design (CRD) and a 3k factorial design

This paper analyses seismic noise from broadband seismic stations within the Cuban National Seismic Service, focusing on location sites, soil or rock quality at installation sites and the impact of various factors on the noise signature of these seismic stations. A brief technical description of deployed equipment is provided and the methodology for data selection and analysis is presented.The study provides annual performance assessment for each station, considering specific details for each particular case. Likewise, the effect of diurnal/nocturnal and seasonal variations on noise power spectral density (PSD) is analyzed. In addition, plotted graphs show the relationship between the occurrence of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes and cold fronts through Cuban eastern and western regions, respectively, and the increase of noise level, specifically for marine microseisms period band. Finally, the influence of instrumental variations in noise level of seismic stations is characterized.

Regardless of the advances in intelligent control the analysis and use of the human capacity to control are far from exhausted. For instance, industrial applications could be too fast or too slow for a human to control. The proposed solution in this paper starts by scaling the model of the system in time, so that it results comfortable to control. The control actions of the human are learned by a Neural Network, which is blind to the changes in the time scale, thus the Neural Network controls the scaled model and the real plant as well. The Time Scaling Controller is evaluated by controlling the angular position of a motor and the result is contrasted with a fuzzy controller and a piecewise linear controller. Time Scaling Control resulted better than the other two controllers because it has the lowest effort and the highest effectiveness among the three controllers.

Sand production is a common phenomenon in oil and gas reservoirs, which occurs when reservoir fluids exert a sufficient drag force on reservoir rocks to erode the matrix. Numerical models for sand production have been used to understand the sanding mechanisms and forecast sand-production potential of formations to design well completion, optimize production, and prevent setbacks in future operations. This paper presents a mathematical model for defining the conditions of sanding onset as well as to predict and quantify the sand rate. We also introduce fluid-flow coupling and a geomechanical and sand-production model. By using the proposed model and a set of experimental data, sanding-related variables are analyzed, and a matching process for the simulated results and forecast analysis are performed. The results show that elastoplastic constitutive models are indispensable, and a clear relationship exists between the sanding and plastic strains.

A recurring problem in Geographic-Object Based Image Analysis (GEOBIA) is the need to tune each one of the three phases involved in the process, segmentation, feature selection, and classification. This paper presents the optimization of a GEOBIA-based urban land-cover classification workflow using very-high-resolution imagery. Two classification workflows are evaluated: (i) a non-optimized workflow; and (ii) an optimized workflow. In the segmentation and classification phases, both workflows used the multi-resolution segmentation algorithm and the random forest classification algorithm. In addition, important spectral, geomorphometric, and textural features are identified as significant predictor variables for the final classification. It is shown that the classification accuracy of every land-cover category increases with optimization, resulting in an overall accuracy increase of 9.34% compared with no optimization. The results show the substantial impact that optimization has on final classification output and suggest the importance of its adoption as a good practice in GEOBIA-based land-cover classification.

Este artículo presenta, fundamentado en fuentes primarias, una imagen de la forma como se ejerció el poder por parte de los funcionarios reales a fines del siglo XVIII. En este caso, los capitanes a guerra nombrados en poblaciones nuevas, resultado de la política borbónica de organización de territorio y población, o en zonas en franca decadencia en las que habían desaparecido los cabildos. Estos funcionarios, en su mayoría sin preparación y sin salarios, aprovecharon sus cargos para explotar y abusar de la población. El artículo también ilustra cómo los vecinos libres (mestizos, zambos negros y pardos), denunciaron mediante quejas y reclamaciones estas situaciones e incluso, como ejercieron acciones políticas tales como las asonadas, los desordenes y —en casos extremos— el uso de la violencia para protegerse del mal gobierno. Palabras clave: Capitanes a Guerra, plebe, libres, desacato, corrupción, despotismo. Corruption, Power and Abuse: The Capitains of War during the late colonial period in Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada Abstract In this paper it is shown, based on primary sources, an image of how power was exerted by Royal servants at the end of XVIIIth century. In this case, they were the war captains named in new settlements as a result of the Bourbon policy of territory and people organization, or in zones in clear decadence in which councils had disappeared. Most of those Royal servants, having no preparation or salaries, would take advantage of their position to exploit and abuse the people. This paper also illustrates how free residents (mestizo, half-breed and mulatto) denounce these situations with complains, and also how they exert a political experience which uses the riots, disturbance and —in extreme cases— violence to protect themselves from bad government. Keywords: captains of war, free people, rabble, disrepect, corruption, despotism.

En este trabajo abordamos las transformaciones del universo hospitalario de la provincia de Córdoba durante el peronismo (1946-1955), a partir de la articulación entre fuentes primarias y aportes bibliográficos especializados. Para ello, abandonamos una tradición historiográfica dominante, tributaria de estudios de las dinámicas de la ciudad de Buenos Aires o de análisis de procesos que involucran, como principal protagonista, cuando no único, al nivel federal. Ponemos en perspectiva las limitaciones y los alcances en las intervenciones articuladas por las instancias estatales, nacional y provincial, en el plano local, y la institucionalidad formal entre nación y provincias a lo largo del período. Mostramos que los ritmos de las políticas públicas y sus resultados fueron radicalmente distintos a los vaivenes identificados al nivel de las políticas nacionales orientadas al ámbito hospitalario. En esta línea, consideramos las novedades e inercias materiales y las complejidades en el proceso de avance estatal, en relación a las tradicionales atribuciones que las asociaciones de beneficencia tenían sobre la administración de un vasto conjunto de nosocomios existentes en la provincia. Finalmente, buscamos dar cuenta de dicha especificidad, abordando un conjunto de variables ligadas a complejos procesos sociopolíticos de afirmación y consolidación de un peronismo local que nació sin la huella de la industrialización. Palabras claves:historia social, Estado, sistema hospitalario, políticas públicas, peronismo, Córdoba, Argentina. Public Health Care Policies During Peronism: The Case of the Province of Córdoba, Argentina (1946-1955) Abstract From primary sources and specialized academic literature this paper analyzes changes that have occurred in the hospital system of the province of Córdoba during Peronism (1946-1955). It leaves both a historiographical tax-based tradition view focused on the city of Buenos Aires and an analysis of the process occurred at the federal level. The paper puts in perspective the scope and limitations of national and provincial governmental interventions at the local level as well as the formal institutional relationships between the national state and the Argentinean provinces. It shows that the dynamics of the public health care policies and changes at the provincial hospital system were radically different from what happened at the national level. For this purpose, it takes into account the actions taken by the state regarding the several attributions that the charities had on the administration of numerous hospitals in the province of Córdoba. Finally, it shows this specificity through the analysis of a set of variables associated with the consolidation of a local Peronism which was originated without the trace of the industrialization system. Keywords: social history, state, hospital system, public policies, Peronism, Córdoba, Argentina.

El artículo examina y describe las reacciones que tuvo el Centro de Historia de Santander (CHS), tras el inicio del conflicto con el Perú en 1932. En la primera parte del trabajo se caracteriza sucintamente la llamada Guerra con el Perú (1932-1933) con el fin de ubicar al lector en los acontecimientos que generaron la movilización de un grupo de hombres de letras en Bucaramanga (Colombia) en la defensa simbólica de su Patria. En la segunda, se procura mostrar cómo una entidad cultural dedicada a la creación del pasado regional, como fue el CHS, desarrolló una serie de eventos, actividades y publicaciones que dan cuenta de un uso político del pasado nacional. Con ello, sus miembros cumplieron el objetivo misional de defender la integridad territorial de Colombia y difundir el sentimiento patriótico en la sociedad santandereana. Palabras Claves: conflicto, historiografía, patria, intelectual, Centro de Historia de Santander, Colombia, Perú. The Colombian-Peruvian Conflict and the Reactions of the Centro de Historia de Santander (Center of History of Santander) (CHS), 1932-1937 Abstract This paper examines and describes the reactions which took the Centre of history of Santander (CHS) after the start of the conflict with Peru in 1932. In the first part of the paper, the so-called war with Peru (1932-1933) is described succinctly to place the reader on the events which generated the mobilization of a group of men of letters in Bucaramanga (Colombia) in the symbolic defense of their homeland. The second part seeks to show how a cultural entity dedicated to the creation of the regional past as it was the CHS, developed a series of events, activities and publications that reflect a political use of the national past. With this, its members met the missionary aim of defending the territorial integrity of Colombia and disseminate patriotic sentiment in the society of Santander. Keywords: conflict, historiography, country, intellectual, Center of History of Santander, Colombia, Peru.

Este paper intenta dar cuenta del concepto de filosofía elaborado por Hegel, en los primeros años de Jena, como instancia más acabada de reconciliación de las escisiones propias de la cultura moderna. Se intenta mostrar que, a pesar de las diferencias existentes entre el Hegel jenense y el Hegel sucesivo a la Fenomenología del espíritu, la idea de la filosofía como lugar de conciliación se mantiene, lo que no implica, un pactar con la realidad ni un pensar la actividad intelectual como refugio incontaminado, sino como lugar de transfiguración unitaria del mundo efectivamente existente.

El artículo analiza la influencia de los discursos políticos expuestos por Juan Nepomuceno Niño y José Joaquín Camacho y que circularon en forma pública a través de la prensa nacional y regional durante la primera experiencia republicana entre 1810 y 1815. El estudio se orienta en función de comprender cómo desde la región se intentó construir nación. Es evidente que la clausura de la prensa por el gobierno de Cundinamarca provocó, que las ideas circularan a través de las redes de amigos y familiares en un ámbito más cerrado, lo que permitió hacer extensivo el pensamiento político. Por otra parte, el enfoque evidencia la radicalización de los discursos con los que se pretendía construir un proyecto de estado, y que polarizó la relación entre los criollos en defensa del Federalismo o del Centralismo, tratando de imponer un proyecto de nación tal y como se observa en el caso de la Provincia de Tunja. Palabras clave: proyecto político, patria, centralismo, federalismo, provincia, gobierno. Independence of the Province of Tunja seen from Juan Nepomuceno Niño and José Joaquín Camacho’s Ideology, 1810-1815 Abstract In this paper, we analyze the influence of political discourses made by Nepomuceno Niño and José Joaquín Camacho that publicly circulated through the national and regional press during the first republican experience from 1810 to 1815. This study focuses on understanding how the region tried to build nation. It is clear that the press closure by the government of Cundinamarca caused ideas to circulate through friends and family circles in a closer environment, which allowed to extend that political thinking. On the other hand, the approach of this paper shows the radicalization of the discourses with which it was expected to build a State project, and which polarized the relationship between nationals in defense of Federalism or Centralism, trying to impose a project of nation as it is observed in the case of the Province of Tunja. Keywords: political project, homeland, centralism, federalism, province, government.

El cuidado de los menores considerados en riesgo moral y material en la Argentina de principios del siglo XX queda muchas veces a cargo de instituciones de caridad en las cuales las benefactoras adquieren especial protagonismo. El objetivo del presente artículo es identificar las funciones asumidas por las mujeres en el periodo de surgimiento y afianzamiento del Patronato de la Infancia de Bahía Blanca, caracterizándolas en el marco de las relaciones que establecen con las personas que las rodean, así como de las representaciones de género emergentes de las mismas. Cabe preguntarse de qué manera se definen, a partir de las prácticas y los discursos vinculados con el caso analizado, los lugares ocupados por las benefactoras en relación a los hombres de su círculo social y a otras mujeres de distintos estratos y ocupaciones que se involucran con la institución, como las amas de leche y las religiosas. Se plantea que la actuación de las propulsoras de este emprendimiento representa en muchos sentidos una transgresión a los modelos imperantes de femineidad pero que, sin embargo, tanto los discursos de los hombres como los de las mujeres asocian sus actividades con esos presupuestos dominantes. Palabras clave: mujeres, beneficencia, Patronato de la Infancia, Bahía Blanca. Benefactor Women in Southwestern Buenos Aires: the Case of Child Board of Bahía Blanca, 1906-1931 Abstract The care of minors considered to be in moral and material hazard in Argentina in early XXth century is often left in charge of charity institutions, in which benefactor women obtain a special leading role. The aim of this paper is to identify the duties assumed by women in emergence and growth period of Bahia Blanca’s Child Board, portraying them in the framework of the relationships they establish with people close to them, and in the gender representation that emerge from those relationships. Based on experiences and speeches related to the mentioned case, it is worth considering how the places held by benefactor women are defined regarding men from their social circle, and other women from different occupations and social strata, who get involved with the institution such as wet nurses and nuns. In this paper, it is explained that the performance of promoters of these entrepreneurship represents -in many ways- a transgression of prevailing models of femininity. Nevertheless, this performance is associated by both women and men with their activities with those dominant assumptions. Keywords: women, charity, Child Board, Bahia Blanca.

Se trata de retomar un planteamiento que había hecho el historiador inglés Eric Hobsbawm, en el sentido de reelaborar la tipología del bandolero social. Según él, para reelaborarlo era necesario contar con muchos más estudios de casos. A partir de algunos de ellos, el artículo se centra en dar cuenta del debate que ha generado el modelo del bandolerismo de Hobsbwm desde mediados del siglo XX. En primer lugar, doy cuenta, cómo sus discípulos y críticos han interpretado su modelo, principalmente el del bandolero social. Un segundo aspecto tiene que ver con algunos casos de bandolerismo mediterráneo, principalmente el catalán, el que se ha dado en el Magreb y el itálico. Por último, doy cuenta de un caso particular de bandolerismo social en el Tolima, Colombia: el del “Palomo” Aguirre. Palabras clave: historia, bandolerismo social, Colombia, Tolima. Social Banditry. The Case of Northen Tolima (Colombia) Abstract This paper is about retaking an approach made by the English historian Eric Hobsbawm, in the sense of reworking social bandit’s typology. According to him, in order to rework it, many more case studies were needed. Based on some of them, this paper focuses on accounting for the debate generated by Hobsbwm banditry’s model since mid-20th century. First, I account for the way his disciples and critics have interpreted his model, mainly that of the social bandit. A second aspect deals with some cases of Mediterranean banditry, especially the Catalan, the Italic and the one that took place in Maghreb. Finally, I account for a particular case of social banditry in Tolima, Colombia: the one of “Palomo Aguirre”. Keywords: history, social banditry, Colombia, Tolima.

El artículo hace un breve análisis de los flujos de capital hacia América Latina durante el último lustro, atraídos por economías menos intervenidas por el Estado, más abiertas al comercio internacional, más estables y equilibradas en sus variables macroeconómicas fundamentales. Seguidamente se examina la economía colombiana en los aspectos de crecimiento, inflación, agregados externos, monetarios y fiscales para concluir la apreciación del peso causada por la repatriación de capitales y las expectativas sobre una nueva bonanza petrolera hacen más difícil el desarrollo de la producción de bienes transables en el país.This paper analyses briefly capital inflows in Latin America duringthe last five years which were attracted by less state intervention,more openness to international trade and more stable economies in their macro variables.Next, the paper examines the Colombian economy in themes such asgrowth, inflation, external and fiscal balances, to conclude that the appreciation of the peso, caused by the capital inflow and the expectations of a new oil boom, makes it more difficult to developthe development of tradable within the country.

Gregory Rabassa is noted for his translations of famous Latin American authors (García Márquez, Vargas Llosa, Clarice Lispector, Jorge Amado, etc.). Less known are his views on translating. In this paper I aim at presenting and discussing his viewpoints as to the definition of translation (with a key discussion of the concept of equivalence), the role of the translator (a model speaker-listener of the target text), and some of the translation strategies he applies in his translational work (original's pre-eminence, problem solving, foreignizing, fictionalizing, and semantic networking). I argue that most of Rabassa's stances towards translating can be explained and are still valid within the framework of a modern translation approach. Examples from the English, French, German, Portuguese and Russian translations of García Márquez's Cien años de soledad are taken from a multilingual parallel corpus collected by the author of this paper.

Currie, Lauchlin, " The Theory of Growth", Cuadernos de Economía, Vol. XIII, numbers 18-19, Bogota, 1993, pp. 377-390. This paper is an attempt to develop an hypothesis on what Lucas has called the "mechanics" of growth. It is largely an endogenous theory, modelled on Allyn Young's famous paper, but also attempts to incorporate the impact of exogenous phenomena on growth. It treats business investment as following rather than as a leading sector. If valici, the hypothesis has important implications for both theory and policy.Currie, Lauchlin, "La teoría del crecimiento", Cuadernos de Economía, Vol. XIII, números 18-19, Bogotá, 1993, pp. 377-390. Con este artículo se pretende desarrollar una hipótesis con base en la cual Lucas se refirió al "mecanismo" del crecimiento. Esta es una vasta teoría endógena del crecimiento, cuyos esbozos originales se encuentran en los famosos trabajos de Allyn Young, pero que a la vez se propone incorporar el impacto de los fenómenos exógenos sobre el crecimiento. La teoría trata de la inversión comercial como un resultado más que como un sector líder. De ser válida esta hipótesis, sus implicaciones serán importantes tanto para la teoría como para la política económica.

Personnel selection represents a valuable decision-making process that determines, in some way, the competitiveness and performance of an organization. The essential elements of the personnel selection task are the position requirements and the accessible information related to candidates. In this paper, the personnel selection task is modeled as a multicriteria decision-making problem, considering varied competencies and skills to assess the applicants for a specific position. We used this multicriteria model to solve personnel selection cases using sadgage, a decision support system that solves examples of the multicriteria ranking problem in decreasing order based on the preferences of the decision-maker. The electre-iii method is embedded in the software in order to construct a fuzzy outranking relation and a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm to exploit such relation and generate a ranking as a recommendation. This work presents a practical application to a personnel selection problem that evaluates a group of applicants to a software developer job in an enterprise based in northwestern Mexico. We show how the proposed multicriteria procedure offers a recommendation to the decision-maker about the applicants in decreasing order of preferences.

Significant deterioration of public space in contemporary Latin American cities raises a question about reasons of massive social polarization and segregation. Apart from constant desire from the Municipal level to improve and enlarge public domain, quality of regulative- planned spaces did not manage to assemble all social actors. At the same time, as a product of structural changes in economy, self- generated and spontaneous public spaces appear at unusual locations, being not recognized as a collectively accessible sphere. This paper tries to see “El Hueco”, bazaar- like space in the centre of Medellin, /Colombia, as an interesting public arena and naturally formed public space where commercial activities represent a background for vibrant exchange interface for all urban inhabitants. By using the methodology of Milton Santos, urban space of “El Hueco” is analyzed as a complex process. Then, a set of interventions is proposed, the so- called “software” solutions, in order to preserve “El Hueco” as an authentic generic space. In addition, this paper concludes by asking for moderation processes between City Authorities, local entrepreneurs, informal sector and customers, so that innovation- based development and cost- reduction infrastructure are stimulated.

In this first paper we examine the formal mathematical description of the postulates for the General Theory of Relativity (GTR), Like it was formulated in the sixties years. These abstract formulation -in contrast to the common one allows to obtain new results, like the existence of singularities. In a next paper we will discuss the physlcal meaning of such postulates.

The development of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in surgical patients is a serious public health problem since it increases morbidity and mortality rates, as well as the costs associated with in-hospital care for this population. Notwithstanding the above, and although their effectiveness has been demonstrated, prophylactic measures are not properly used in these patients in Colombia. A possible cause of this situation is the poor adherence of health professionals to clinical practice guidelines (CPG) addressing the prevention of VTE. In this regard, several methodological approaches to achieve an adequate implementation of thromboprophylaxis by transforming physicians' behaviors have been described. However, to accomplish this, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the multifactorial barriers and sociological conditions that underlie this problem. Better adherence to VTE prophylaxis CPGs is known to lead to better clinical practice. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to carry out a reflective analysis of the causes and possible solutions to the low adherence of Colombian health professionals to these guidelines.

Fungi, with all their biological and enzymatic qualities, could have great potential being implemented in industrial processes. In this study, filamentous fungi from Sonsón-Antioquia region were isolated and characterized. A morphological characterization was carried out using taxonomic keys and additionally a biochemical characterization qualitatively evaluated the amylolytic, cellulolytic, lipolytic, proteolytic, catalase, peroxidase, and laccase capacity of the strains. Furthermore, isolated fungi were molecularly identified using the LSU region of the rDNA (28S). Among the strains identified, Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp., Mucor sp. Aspergillus sp. and Lecythophora sp. genera were found and it was observed that the analyzed fungi present at least one of the seven enzymatic activities evaluated and some genera such as Trichoderma sp. and Aspergillus sp. present even six of them. Therefore, the isolated strains show desirable characteristics in food, paper, cosmetic, and textile industries, and in areas such as bioremediation and biological control.

This paper analyses the regional economic differences in the impact of lockdown measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19 ordered by Colombia’s national gov­ernment. Using an input-output model, we estimate regional economic losses by extracting a group of formal and informal workers from different sectors of the economy. Results show regional differences in the impact of lockdown measures on their labour markets, local economies, and productive sectors. We also find that peripheral regions consolidate a higher number of informal workers in isolation than the interior regions. Regarding the economic impact, regional losses range between 5,4% of the GDP (Amazonia) and 6,3% (the Coffee Area and Antioquia).

Este trabajo se pregunta por qué los habitantes y líderes de la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia) perciben la ausencia de un festival desde hace más de 150 años. Argumenta que desde hace unos 40 años la ciudad tiene una fiesta popu- lar: el Halloween. A través de su seguimiento en la prensa, muestra la forma como se importó y se popularizó hasta constituirse en una celebración in- tergeneracional e interclasista a finales de los años 70. Analiza la manera en que distintos sectores sociales han intentado apropiarse de ella y defi- nir su sentido, pero cómo conserva su carácter polisémico y abierto. A partir de un trabajo de campo realizado desde 1997, intenta una interpretación del Halloween en Bogotá como ritual y carnaval del consumo capitalista y muestra los cambios de la fiesta en relación con las transformaciones socio- espaciales de la ciudad en estos últimos 30 años. Finalmente, se pregunta por el intento de apropiación de dicha fiesta por parte de la actual adminis- tración distrital en su esfuerzo por inventar una fiesta popular para la ciudad. Palabras clave: fiesta, carnaval, Halloween, antropología urbana, Bogotá (Colombia). Abstract This paper questions why the inhabitants and government of the city of Bogotá (Colombia) perceive that they have been lacking a festival for more than 150 years. It argues that for the past 40 years the city has been celebrating a really popular festival: Halloween. Using a survey study of print periodical media, this paper examines how Halloween was imported and popula- rized, becoming institutionalized as an intergenerational and interclass celebration by the end of the 1970s. It analyzes how different sectors of society have tried to appropriate the festival and define its meaning, and how Halloween has maintained its polysemic and open-ended charac- ter. The study furthermore examines fieldwork on Halloween celebrations in Bogotá undertaken since 1997, and interprets the festival as a capitalist consumer ritual and carnival, and shows how the celebration has changed in keeping with the socio-spatial transformations that have taken place in the city over the past 30 years. Finally, it analyzes the city administration’s attempt to appropriate this festival and turn it into a carnival for the city. Keywords: festival, carnival, Halloween, urban anthropology, Bogotá (Colombia).

Esta ponencia busca la génesis de un discurso sobre urbanismo (planeación de ciudades) en Brasil y Argentina entre 1894 y 1945, usando las ideas de Michel Foucault sobre disciplina y el concepto de bio-poder. También se examinan el esquema demográfi co de las mayores ciudades de ambos países de 1890 en adelante y la renovación de los centros de éstas. Otras secciones están dedicadas a los planes propuestos para las mismas ciudades en los años 1920 y a las representaciones urbanas, como son las ideas sobre reforma social, el papel de la higiene como punto de partida para la planeación, y la relación de ideas sobre taylorismo (administración científi ca) y la ciudad. La tesis discute también la oposición de los urbanistas a las elecciones, cuando afi rmaban que eran ellos los únicos califi cados para abordar los problemas urbanos y por lo tanto debían ser empleados en el aparato del Estado. Otros temas de la ponencia son el uso del urbanismo como elemento constructivo de las naciones y las ideas que defi nen eugenesia (mejoría de raza) como un aspecto importante del urbanismo. Concluyo argumentando que, si se implementara, el urbanismo sería una forma de crear una cultura industrial, disciplinando a la sociedad a través de la ciudad, aún cuando el proletariado industrial nunca ha sido la mayoría de la población en Brasil o Argentina. Aún si muchos aspectos de los planes propuestos para ambos países no se implementaran, el discurso de los urbanistas puede considerarse como un deseo de disciplinar a la sociedad por medio de la ciudad, Esta disciplina posiblemente afectaría la libertad de movilidad de los cuerpos humanos, y por eso se enfoca a través de los conceptos de bio-poder y disciplina de Foucault. This paper looks at the genesis of a discourse on urbanismo (city planning) in Brazil and Argentina between 1894 and 1945 using the ideas of Michel Foucault on discipline and his concept of bio-power. The demographic pattern of the major cities in both countries from 1890 onwards and the renewals of the centers of these cities are also discussed. Other sections are dedicated to the plans proposed for the same cities in the 1920s and to urban representations, such as ideas about social reform, the role of hygiene as a point of departure for planning, and the relationship of ideas on Taylorism (scientifi c management) and the city. The paper also discusses the planner’s opposition to elections, when they claimed that they were the only ones qualifi ed to deal with urban problems and therefore they should be employed in the state apparatus. Other concerns of the paper are the use of planning as an element of nation building and ideas defi ning eugenics (race betterment) as an important aspect of city planning. I conclude by arguing that, if implemented, city planning was a way of creating an industrial culture, disciplining society through the city, although the industrial proletariat has never made up the majority of the population in Brazil or Argentina. Even if many aspects of the plans proposed for both countries were not implemented, the discourse of planners can be seen as a will to discipline society through the city. This discipline would affect the freedom of movement of human bodies, and is therefore approached through Foucault’s concepts of bio-power and discipline.

RESUMEN Los polinizadores altamente especializados en su dieta, no hacen escogencias florales, ellos visitan un recurso específico siguiendo el dictado de la información almacenada en sus genes. En contraste, para la abeja social Apis mellifera una escogencia floral implica, la toma de una decisión, usualmente con criterio económico, basada en información aprendida y almacenada en alguna forma de memoria. Aunque existen numerosos estudios y modelos sobre la escogencia floral en abejas, la gran mayoría de éstos, han derivado sus conclusiones a partir de condiciones temporalmente fijas de la interacción. Muy pocos estudios han abordado la dinámica propia del contexto ecológico, en el cual el mercado floral de las abejas cambia con las estaciones del año y con los patrones diarios de antesis floral. Este cambio en la disponibilidad de especies florales enfrenta a los polinizadores, a realizar escogencias secuenciales acerca del alimento a explotar. En este trabajo abordo el tema del forrajeo secuencial en parches florales heterospecíficos, enfocándome en el uso que la abeja melífera hace de la información previamente aprendida en un contexto, cuando se enfrenta a la explotación de alimento en un contexto ecológicamente diferente. He realizado experimentos sobre escogencia floral simulando las condiciones de cambio del paisaje floral, exponiendo abejas individuales de A. mellifera a decidir sobre cuales especies forrajear en cada parche. Los resultados indican que la abeja invierte en procesos de aprendizaje en un muestreo inicial, pero una vez almacenada la información, utiliza una pieza de la información previamente aprendida (color) para explotar parches florales heteroespecíficos siguiendo una imagen de búsqueda de color. En esta revisión discuto situaciones biológicas de la interacción planta-abeja, las cuales apoyan la idea que en la naturaleza el uso de imágenes de búsqueda de color por parte de abejas sociales puede ser más común de lo que hasta ahora se ha pensado. Beneficios y costos se derivan de este comportamiento. Palabras clave: Memoria y aprendizaje en abejas, imagen de búsqueda, escogencia floral, forrajeo heteroespecifico, Apis mellifera. ABSTRACT Pollinators highly specialized in their diet do not make food choices by means of cognitive processes; they just follow the dictate writing in their genes. Contrary, for the social bee Apis mellifera a floral choice implies to make a decision, usually following an economic criterion, based on information acquired from the environment and stored in some form of memory. Although there are numerous studies and models about floral choice in bees, most of them have derived their conclusions from ‘static’ conditions of the interaction. Rarely those studies have considered the dynamics of the ecological context, in which seasonality and daily rhythms in floral anthesis change the floral market for the bees. The change in flower species composition faces the pollinators to make sequential choices about what plant species to exploit in each case. In this paper I enter the subject about sequential foraging on heterospecific floral patches, focusing on the use that the bee A. mellifera makes of the information previously learned in a context, when the same bee face food exploitation in a completely different ecological context. I have done some experiments simulating two different floral patches, and exposing individuals of A. mellifera to decide about what floral resource to forage in each patch. The results indicate that the bee initially samples alternatives and they do invest on cognitive process to learn about the best flower species, but once this information is stored in the bee’s memory, the bee takes a piece of the learned information (color), to use it as a search image while exploiting heterospecific floral patches. In this paper I discuss biological situations, which support the idea that in nature the use of a color search images by social bees, can be more common than it was thought initially. Cost and benefits are derived from this behavior. Key words: Memory and learning in bees, search image, floral choice, heterospecific foraging, Apis mellifera.

Significant deterioration of public space in contemporary Latin American cities raises a question about reasons of massive social polarization and segregation. Apart from constant desire from the Municipal level to improve and enlarge public domain, quality of regulative- planned spaces did not manage to assemble all social actors. At the same time, as a product of structural changes in economy, self- generated and spontaneous public spaces appear at unusual locations, being not recognized as a collectively accessible sphere. This paper tries to see “El Hueco”, bazaar- like space in the centre of Medellin, /Colombia, as an interesting public arena and naturally formed public space where commercial activities represent a background for vibrant exchange interface for all urban inhabitants. By using the methodology of Milton Santos, urban space of “El Hueco” is analyzed as a complex process. Then, a set of interventions is proposed, the so- called “software” solutions, in order to preserve “El Hueco” as an authentic generic space. In addition, this paper concludes by asking for moderation processes between City Authorities, local entrepreneurs, informal sector and customers, so that innovation- based development and cost- reduction infrastructure are stimulated.

This paper examines how liberal discourses and moral sensibilities concerning the management of life turn into a war against life in the name of life itself. In particular it asks, under what conditions is the right to make killable, to allow to live, or to expose to death exercised in relation to rural landscapes and populations in southern Colombia. This paper is interested in thinking-with and living-with those landscapes whose human and non-human populations find themselves the object of, as well as inadvertently confronted by and entangled with, emergent forms of death. It also poses questions about what modes of resilience, embedded in struggle rather than transcendence, may be emerging out of ‘wounded spaces’ that have been fractured by violence, and that are pitted with sites where life (in its largest sense) has been irretrievably torn.

It has become a commonplace to believe that deconstructionist and poststructuralist views on translation have opened new perspectives in Translation Studies. In this paper, I attempt to show what the main tenets by the main authors in these theories are (Benjamin, Derrida, Berman, Venuti). I also try to show the line of thought that goes from Benjamin to Berman and Derrida and then to Venuti. Likewise, I focus my attention especially on a well-known controversy between Derrida and Searle on key aspects of language meaning. In the second part of the paper, I present the main criticisms made by Newmark, Pym, Searle, Arrojo, and Tymoczko, among others, to the deconstructionist and poststructuralist translation views of interpretation. Finally, I draw some conclusions.

The electronics industry in Guadalajara, Mexico, experienced significant growth dur­ing the 1990s. However, the development of electronic design technological capabilities in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area (GMA) is reduced compared to the growth of the electronics sector. Furthermore, in local small and medium-sized businesses (SMBS) performing electronic design activi­ties the number of employees working in this type of work is low, compared to the size of the local electronics sector. This paper tries to understand how social capital and core competencies contrib­ute to developing electronic design capabilities in SMBS in this region. A multiple case study of seven local businesses that execute or provide electronic design services in the GMA was conducted. The findings include the role social capital plays in attracting talent, acquiring knowledge and creating a network of customers, along with its longevity; they also include the importance of identifying core capabilities that generate sustained technological advantage and the role played by Regional Innovation Systems (RIS).

Organic solar cells (OSCs) are one of the best alternatives in the photovoltaic area. These devices convert directly sunlight into electrical current with reasonable efficiencies. The most important component of an OSC is the photoconductive active layer which can be made of small organic molecules. In this theoretical study, a quantum chemical approach was applied to calculate the properties such as the energy of Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) and the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO), LUMO-HOMO energy gap, and the theoretical 1H NMR chemical shifts (the latter only for one molecule) for four organic molecules that exist in the literature. The geometry optimization of the four small molecules and the corresponding calculations were performed using Gaussian 09 software by means of the Density Functional Theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) theoretical level. All the reported experimental values given in the papers were compared with the obtained theoretical values via a linear regression analysis. Our computational study showed good agreement with the experimental data as the regression analysis showed a coefficient of determination greater than 0.99.

Este trabajo se pregunta por qué los habitantes y líderes de la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia) perciben la ausencia de un festival desde hace más de 150 años. Argumenta que desde hace unos 40 años la ciudad tiene una fiesta popu- lar: el Halloween. A través de su seguimiento en la prensa, muestra la forma como se importó y se popularizó hasta constituirse en una celebración in- tergeneracional e interclasista a finales de los años 70. Analiza la manera en que distintos sectores sociales han intentado apropiarse de ella y defi- nir su sentido, pero cómo conserva su carácter polisémico y abierto. A partir de un trabajo de campo realizado desde 1997, intenta una interpretación del Halloween en Bogotá como ritual y carnaval del consumo capitalista y muestra los cambios de la fiesta en relación con las transformaciones socio- espaciales de la ciudad en estos últimos 30 años. Finalmente, se pregunta por el intento de apropiación de dicha fiesta por parte de la actual adminis- tración distrital en su esfuerzo por inventar una fiesta popular para la ciudad. Palabras clave: fiesta, carnaval, Halloween, antropología urbana, Bogotá (Colombia). Abstract This paper questions why the inhabitants and government of the city of Bogotá (Colombia) perceive that they have been lacking a festival for more than 150 years. It argues that for the past 40 years the city has been celebrating a really popular festival: Halloween. Using a survey study of print periodical media, this paper examines how Halloween was imported and popula- rized, becoming institutionalized as an intergenerational and interclass celebration by the end of the 1970s. It analyzes how different sectors of society have tried to appropriate the festival and define its meaning, and how Halloween has maintained its polysemic and open-ended charac- ter. The study furthermore examines fieldwork on Halloween celebrations in Bogotá undertaken since 1997, and interprets the festival as a capitalist consumer ritual and carnival, and shows how the celebration has changed in keeping with the socio-spatial transformations that have taken place in the city over the past 30 years. Finally, it analyzes the city administration’s attempt to appropriate this festival and turn it into a carnival for the city. Keywords: festival, carnival, Halloween, urban anthropology, Bogotá (Colombia).

Esta ponencia busca la génesis de un discurso sobre urbanismo (planeación de ciudades) en Brasil y Argentina entre 1894 y 1945, usando las ideas de Michel Foucault sobre disciplina y el concepto de bio-poder. También se examinan el esquema demográfi co de las mayores ciudades de ambos países de 1890 en adelante y la renovación de los centros de éstas. Otras secciones están dedicadas a los planes propuestos para las mismas ciudades en los años 1920 y a las representaciones urbanas, como son las ideas sobre reforma social, el papel de la higiene como punto de partida para la planeación, y la relación de ideas sobre taylorismo (administración científi ca) y la ciudad. La tesis discute también la oposición de los urbanistas a las elecciones, cuando afi rmaban que eran ellos los únicos califi cados para abordar los problemas urbanos y por lo tanto debían ser empleados en el aparato del Estado. Otros temas de la ponencia son el uso del urbanismo como elemento constructivo de las naciones y las ideas que defi nen eugenesia (mejoría de raza) como un aspecto importante del urbanismo. Concluyo argumentando que, si se implementara, el urbanismo sería una forma de crear una cultura industrial, disciplinando a la sociedad a través de la ciudad, aún cuando el proletariado industrial nunca ha sido la mayoría de la población en Brasil o Argentina. Aún si muchos aspectos de los planes propuestos para ambos países no se implementaran, el discurso de los urbanistas puede considerarse como un deseo de disciplinar a la sociedad por medio de la ciudad, Esta disciplina posiblemente afectaría la libertad de movilidad de los cuerpos humanos, y por eso se enfoca a través de los conceptos de bio-poder y disciplina de Foucault. This paper looks at the genesis of a discourse on urbanismo (city planning) in Brazil and Argentina between 1894 and 1945 using the ideas of Michel Foucault on discipline and his concept of bio-power. The demographic pattern of the major cities in both countries from 1890 onwards and the renewals of the centers of these cities are also discussed. Other sections are dedicated to the plans proposed for the same cities in the 1920s and to urban representations, such as ideas about social reform, the role of hygiene as a point of departure for planning, and the relationship of ideas on Taylorism (scientifi c management) and the city. The paper also discusses the planner’s opposition to elections, when they claimed that they were the only ones qualifi ed to deal with urban problems and therefore they should be employed in the state apparatus. Other concerns of the paper are the use of planning as an element of nation building and ideas defi ning eugenics (race betterment) as an important aspect of city planning. I conclude by arguing that, if implemented, city planning was a way of creating an industrial culture, disciplining society through the city, although the industrial proletariat has never made up the majority of the population in Brazil or Argentina. Even if many aspects of the plans proposed for both countries were not implemented, the discourse of planners can be seen as a will to discipline society through the city. This discipline would affect the freedom of movement of human bodies, and is therefore approached through Foucault’s concepts of bio-power and discipline.

This paper presents a detailed implementation of a current source inverter using unipolar sinusoidal pulse width modulation. This method is uncommon in these types of inverters and the semiconductor devices, integrated circuits, sensors, and filters used in conjunction with the TMS320F28379D microcontroller will be discussed. The inverter was tested in both an open and closed loop with a proportional resonant controller. Satisfactory results in terms of the harmonic distortion factor at the voltage output and the regulation indices for lineal loads were obtained. The response circuit demonstrated its viability for the subsequent connection to an electrical distribution network.

The SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant has become one of the greatest public health challenges worldwide since, after being first identified in India in December 2020, it has spread rapidly, affecting mainly countries with low vaccination rates and those that have relaxed the public health and social measures implemented to control the COVID-19 pandemic. The Delta variant has a higher replication capacity and is associated with viral loads up to 1 260 times higher than those of infections caused by the original strain, which may be associated with an increased likelihood of hospitalization, ICU admission, need for oxygen therapy, pneumonia, or even death. Fully vaccinated individuals have almost similar protection against both Delta and Alpha variants. Given the impact of Delta in countries where it is the dominant variant, it is necessary for all countries to develop systematic action plans focused on implementing strict public health and social measures in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and on increasing vaccination coverage. Bearing this in mind, the objective of this reflection paper is to describe the main characteristics of the Delta variant, its impact on the dynamics of the pandemic in some of the countries where it has been detected, the effectiveness of vaccines against this variant, and its implications for public health in Colombia.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a strong impact on education, forcing the implementation of distance learning methodologies using information and communication technologies (ICT). The digital textbook is a didactic resource used to guide the training process of students; besides, its interactivity allows systematic work, favoring metacognition and the construction of self-learning. The aim of this paper is to describe, through a descriptive cross-sectional design, the design, review, digitalization and implementation phases of a digital textbook about physical agents as a learning resource to support distance education in the training process of physical therapy students enrolled in the physical agents course offered by Universidad Andres Bello in Santiago, Chile, in the context of the human mobility restriction measures implemented due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The textbook consists of thirteen thematic sections and once it was reviewed and validated by peers and by the editorial committee of the university it was digitalized and indexed into the digital resource database of the university, where it was made available to the entire cohort of students enrolled in the physical agents course during the first semester of 2020 (n=115).The digital textbook was successfully implemented as a didactic resource to guide the autonomous and distance learning of students during the time human mobility restriction measures were established in Chile due to the pandemic. Future studies should focus on reporting the students’ satisfaction and perception of this tool and its effect on learning outcomes in order to obtain effective feedback.

This paper analyses the dynamics related to the representation of African Americans and Hispanics in every level of economics within U.S. post-secondary institutions from 1995 to 2019. I show that there is underrepresentation of Hispanics and African Americans in economics and evaluate some of the possible reasons for the persistence of socioeconomic barriers, including discrimination and attitudes of self-isolation, which block minorities from advancing in academia and professional areas. I discuss some of the advances in economics that address the discrimination problem and some models that try to explain its existence. I present ways in which each member of the economics community could help to alleviate the underrepresentation of minorities in the field and relate some of the posible effects of this problem to non-U.S. institutions that teach economics. Finally, I discuss why addressing underrepresentation and discrimination in economics is important.

In this paper, we study the underrepresentation of women in economics in Brazil by analysing the evolution of their academic careers and their participation in two leading national economics conferences. To depict the path of women in the profession, we use novel data collected from annual surveys carried out by the Brazilian Women in Economics research group, data from the ANPEC exam, the unified admission exam for graduate programmes in economics and secondary data provided by the two main economics associations in Brazil. We find that it is more difficult for women to progress to tenure, and, therefore, there are “leaks in the academic career pipeline”. There are also persistent gender differences in the choice of research fields, as women mostly research on applied microeconomics.

There is a socially constructed perception that people with mental illnesses do not have the resilience to endure the pressures of the capitalist model of work. Solidarity economy (SE) appears as an alternative for the inclusion of mentally ill people in the realm of work and productivity, enabling them to (re)produce their subjectivities. In this study, we develop a critical reflection on the possibilities of entrepreneuring, solidarity economy, and financial/accounting literacy as tools towards a health promotion strategy that empowers and allows the emancipation of the individuals, so that they may (re)write their stories and give society an account of themselves other than their mental illness. This paper starts from the analysis of the experience of two Brazilian se ventures engaged in mental health promotion, in which we proposed and conducted a financial education program aimed at providing SE worker-members with tools to actively participate in discussions about financial and accounting-related decisions. Afterwards, we engaged in an action research exercise, building on lessons learned: the importance of abandoning preconceived ideas of mental illness and relying on sharing experiences and participation; and how real-life struggles are a source of knowledge, as discussed through the concept of “learning by doing.”

This paper investigates the dynamics of complexity and expertise in the context of compensation committees (ccs). Drawing on semi-structured interviews, mostly with cc members and consultants, we bring to light two axes of subordination that impact the mindset of corporate governance participants, and may ultimately undermine directors’ degree of accountability to shareholders. The first axis involves cc members’ subordination to consultant expertise, which tends to be considered as an indispensable ally in dealing appropriately with the webs of complexity that allegedly characterize executive compensation. Nourished partially by the first axis, the second implies subservience to these webs of complexity, which are widely presumed and naturalized by cc members and the consulting experts they employ. One of our main contributory statements is to question the ascendancy of complexity in the boardroom, casting doubt on one of the key assumptions upon which practices and expertise in contemporary corporate governance institutions are built and promoted. We also question the extent of epistemic dependency in many compensation committees, where much of the knowledge necessary to properly operate the repertoire of practices (deemed necessary to address the problem of executive compensation determination) is not primarily in the hands of cc members, but rather in those of consultants.

Plants have mechanisms to perceive and transmit information between their organs and tissues to respond quickly to abiotic and biotic external stimuli from the environment, producing different electrical potential types. It is reported on the generation and conduction of electrochemical impulses within different tissues and organs of the plant, which have been acquired using different methods to use them in various applications in the improvement of the agro-industrial sector and the development of different types of phytosensors. In this review paper, the various studies that have been carried out since Pfeffer, Burdon-Sanderson, Darwin, Haberlandt, and Bose discovered electrical activity in plants until today are reported. Plants provide mechanisms to perform biosensors based on responding to environmental changes, opening a great path for the design of low-cost and highly sensitive sensors and sensor networks, the current trend is towards experimental analysis using various stimuli.

This paper corresponds to the results of an experimental research that to led to the design of a useful prototype for quality control of measurements in the field of tonometry to diagnose and check glaucoma. All tonometry techniques are based on Goldmann ́s tonometers (GT) and the Imbert-Fick principle. Taking into account the principles and techniques of industrial metrology, the prototype could be used as a standard to calibrate the pressure readings of this class of tonometers. The developed protoype eliminates the indirect measurement that is required with current standards and facilitates a greater control of the sources of error in the measurement. The model is based on the integration of a sensor to a hydraulic model to measure pressures from 0 to 80 mmHg range, whose precision was validated through R&R studies. The precision of the prototype was validated according to the Rigel UNI-SIM standard and was complemented by calibrating 15 tonometers.