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This paper aims to inquire for the sociodemographic structure of the Venezuelan occupied labour force and its differences in comparison to the national occupied labour force in the city of Bogotá, Colombia. To achieve this purpose, this research relies on data for the year 2021 from the Integrated Great Survey of Households (Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares - GEIH), a monthly socio demographic survey GEIH that captures information related to the main characteristics of the studied population. In this sense, comparisons in terms of educational levels, income, occupational status, family structure, gender and age groups were done in order to determine differences and common patterns. Finally, a hierarchical cluster analysis strategy was proposed to identify possible sociodemographic typologies of the Venezuelan labour force.

This paper compares Léon Walras’ and Augustin Cournot’s views on monetary regulation. It shows that whereas Cournot believed discretionary monetary regulation to be convenient and acceptable, Walras held that the only acceptable monetary system is based exclusively on the stability of the value of money under a monetary rule following a strict equivalence between metallic reserves and a pure medium of exchange form of money. The paper also advances Cournot understood more clearly than Walras the evolution of the monetary system of their days because Walras was trying to guarantee the coherence of his pure theory with his applied theory, which made him unable to accept the evolution toward a monetary system based on fiat money.

In the context of Judiciary or Forensic Linguistics, this paper shows the results of a study on rhotic consonants in prepausal position (in the spontaneous speech of central peninsular Spanish) in order to assess their forensic value for identifying speakers. The variables that have been analysed are the number of components and the acoustic features of the first and second components of the consonant, which correspond to the closure and opening phases, respectively. The results have shown some significant differences amongst speakers, which is why the rhotics are considered a useful segmental element in comparing speech samples on judiciary purposes

Iconographic and iconological analysis of an early XX century costa rican piece of paper money. Research conducted using primary and secondary sources, following the iconographic method and by respecting the gradual implementation. Achieving the iconographic origin of the greek god Hermes, his artistic and symbolic link with the costa rican elite of the time, the theme of the engraving and the engraver’s artistic style. On the other hand, close relations between costa rican liberal political thought and the French social philosophy known as positivism are plotted; taking and headline thinker Auguste Comte, more influential among Latin American elites in the second half of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century theorist. Positive thinking is identified as the source of the Costa Rica liberal project, which sought to moralize and civilize the population through cultural transformation, aspiring to be approved with the culture, they argued more developed: the European. On the high social notions of Order and Progress, the liberal project drew various means to implement its program of international social ascent, and between these pathways used paper money as visual and conceptual support, wherein the printed costa rican elite culture of their time, their dreams, ideologies and paradigms. Thus, the process of costa rican cultural imposition led by leaders who despised national culture and kept their goals in Europe. Thus the study of this historical moment is as vital to understand the first official project for the construction of a costa rican national identity.

In our paper we present and make a brief discussion of the issuing of paper money (1781) in Puerto Rico under the reign of Charles III (Carlos III), in response to the lack of the “Situado Mexicano” and the war between Spain and England. There was a previous issue of paper money in 1766, due to the lack of the “Situado Mexicano” which was supposed to be received annually in Puerto Rico. Very little is known about the history of both issues, but the issue of paper money in 1766 and this issue of 1781, entitles Puerto Rico to be listed as the first country in Latin America (still under Spanish rule) to issue paper money; also, evidence suggests that rudimentary printing existed on the island 25 years before the commonly accepted date among historians in Puerto Rico (1806).

Among the archival documents of the Real Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País de Valencia (RSEAPV), there is a very interesting set regarding the strike of a medal by this society honouring Manuel Godoy, the so-called “Prince of the Peace”. It was in January 1807 when the RSEAPV decided to appoint him supporting member of this Royal Society and, in appreciation for his acceptance and to commemo-rate his recent appointment to the Great Admiralty of Spain and the In-dies, to strike the medal that I’m introducing with this review. The de-tailed study of this documentation allows us to go beyond the images depicted on the reverse of the medal and to set its significance in the historical context of its time.

Fluxus and Zaj issue a challenge to the Historiography of Art as pioneers of Performance Art. Born in the beginning of the sixties, both experimental Neo-Avant-Gardes inaugurated this new kind of artistic practice, which emphasizes eventuality and multiplicity, and thus excludes the creation of concluded, closed, lasting works of art. The present paper deals with the difficulties that such a practice poses to Art Historians. It does so by means of a methodological approach of historiographical reconstruction, to which a critical analysis is applied, allowing for new ways of interpreting and understanding this challenge. Moreover, being carried out as a comparative analysis between both Zaj and Fluxus, this article points out relevant affinities and differences between them, helping outline the character and singularity of each one.