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This paper synthesizes, analyses and organizes the factors that can be decisive in a battle for a dominant design. The result is the construction of a rational decision-making model, where the relevant factors are grouped into three blocks – market, technology, and complementary assets. First, the firm must decide on the strategic manoeuvres that it is going to deploy to be able to capture the market that it has created or invaded. Second, technologically, it must decide whether to compete with its design made public or private, open or closed. Finally, it must plan its access to complementary assets without which it would be impossible to exploit the new design in a mainstream market. The proposed model is integrative in character and practical in approach, and it helps in forming a strategy and decision-making in the usual design wars today. It is aimed to contribute to a literature in which the analysis of factors is usually done in a fragmented form, without the systematic approach that would facilitate rational and dynamic decision making. JEL classification: O31, O33, Keywords: Dominant design, New design, Battle for the standard, Mainstream market

Resumen: La ecografía musculoesquelética (EME) es una técnica que se ha extendido en los últimos años a la práctica totalidad de las especialidades médicas que abarcan esta parte de la patología. El médico de familia (MF) no ha sido ajeno a este proceso por su amplísimo espectro de competencias, usándola en gran cantidad de situaciones de su práctica habitual en las cuales obtiene rentabilidad de ella de modo fiable, eficiente y eficaz.La dotación de ecografía en los centros de Atención Primaria (AP) es una realidad creciente, aportando elevadas cotas de accesibilidad, inmediatez y capacidad de manejo clínico, lo que, unido a la elevada prevalencia de problemas del aparato locomotor en este ámbito, convierten a la EME en una acción estratégica de mejora de la capacidad resolutiva y de la calidad de la atención sanitaria.Para asegurar la competencia de quienes la practican, se hace necesario definir los beneficios y los potenciales riesgos que su uso puede generar, así como sus escenarios de aplicación, evitar exploraciones innecesarias y optimizar la inversión que supone dotar de este recurso al nivel de AP. Este artículo pretende resumir el estado actual de la ecografía clínica musculoesquelética y su utilidad para el MF en aquellos escenarios en los que resulta fiable y eficaz. Abstract: Musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSU) is a technique which has been extended to practically all medical specialties that comprise this pathology. Family Doctor (FD) has not been away from this process due to its great wide of competences, using it in different scenarios inside his common practice in which he can get profits in a reliable, efficient and effective way.Ultrasound equipment incorporation in Primary Care (PC) centers is an increasing reality, contributing to high ranges of accessibility, immediacy and clinic handle capability, and thus, together with the high prevalence in this area in locomotor apparatus, turns MSU into an strategic action for the improvement of the resolving capacity and consequently for the health care.To ensure proficiency among users, it's being necessary to define the benefits and potential risks its use can cause, as well as its different scenarios, avoiding unnecessary explorations and optimizing the investment of this resource at PC level. This paper pretends to summarize the state of the art of the musculoskeletal ultrasound and its benefits for the FD into this efficient and effective scenarios. Palabras clave: Ecografía clínica, Medicina familiar, Utilidad, Fiabilidad, Keywords: Point of care ultrasound, Family practice, Usefulness, Reliability

Pairs trading is one of the most commonly used market neutral strategies. Over the last few years, several hedge funds have used different ways to successfully implement this trading strategy. The most extensively used techniques (correlation, distance, stochastic, stochastic differential residual and cointegration) use different methodologies and statistical tools to determine the two key elements of the strategy: pairs selection and the establishment of the long-term relationship between them. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the process of selecting pairs and determining the residual series using each one of the different techniques and comparing the outputs. Results indicate that far from being differentiated systems, relationships exist between the various techniques in terms of pairs selection and residual series creation. However, some techniques are more efficient at creating residual series than others, which then means that these techniques would have the highest probabilities of generating profits. The analysis concludes that cointegration is the most efficient method of structuring a pairs trading strategy. JEL classification: C02, C40, C50, Keywords: Pairs trading, Market neutral, Mean reversion, Co-integration

In this paper a methodology for the stochastic management of groundwater quality problems is presented, which can be used to provide agricultural advisory services. A stochastic algorithm to solve the coupled flow and mass transport inverse problem is combined with a stochastic management approach to develop methods for integrating uncertainty; thus obtaining more reliable policies on groundwater nitrate pollution control from agriculture. The stochastic inverse model allows identifying non-Gaussian parameters and reducing uncertainty in heterogeneous aquifers by constraining stochastic simulations to data. The management model determines the spatial and temporal distribution of fertilizer application rates that maximizes net benefits in agriculture constrained by quality requirements in groundwater at various control sites. The quality constraints can be taken, for instance, by those given by water laws such as the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). Furthermore, the methodology allows providing the trade-off between higher economic returns and reliability in meeting the environmental standards. Therefore, this new technology can help stakeholders in the decision-making process under an uncertainty environment. The methodology has been successfully applied to a 2D synthetic aquifer, where an uncertainty assessment has been carried out by means of Monte Carlo simulation techniques. (c) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Este artículo presenta el diseño de un algoritmo basado en redes neuronales en tiempo discreto para su aplicación en robótica móvil. También se muestran las condiciones de estabilidad y una evaluación de los resultados. El robot móvil en el cual se aplicó el algoritmo neural posee 2 controladores en cascada, uno para la cinemática y otro para la dinámica; ambos controladores están basados en la linealización por realimentación. El controlador de la dinámica solo posee la información de la dinámica nominal (parámetros). La red neuronal de compensación se adapta para reducir las perturbaciones ocasionadas por las variaciones en la dinámica y las incertidumbres existentes en el modelo, y esas diferencias en la dinámica entre el modelo nominal y el real son aprendidas por una red neuronal RBF (funciones de base radial) usando el filtro de Kalman extendido para el ajuste de los pesos de salida de las funciones de base radial. El algoritmo de compensación neuronal es eficiente, ya que el costo computacional es menor que el necesario para aprender la totalidad de la dinámica y al mismo tiempo posee la robustez que podría aprender la totalidad de la dinámica en caso de fallo del controlador dinámico. En este trabajo se muestra un análisis de estabilidad del algoritmo neuronal adaptable, y además se comprueba que los errores de control están acotados en función del error de aproximación de la red neuronal RBF. Se muestran resultados de experimentación sobre un robot móvil que prueban la viabilidad práctica y el rendimiento para el control de los mismos. This paper presents the design of an algorithm based on neural networks in discrete time for its application in mobile robots. In addition, the system stability is analyzed and an evaluation of the experimental results is shown. The mobile robot has two controllers, one addressed for the kinematics and the other one designed for the dynamics. Both controllers are based on the feedback linearization. The controller of the dynamics only has information of the nominal dynamics (parameters). The neural algorithm of compensation adapts its behaviour to reduce the perturbations caused by the variations in the dynamics and the model uncertainties. Thus, the differences in the dynamics between the nominal model and the real one are learned by a neural network RBF (radial basis functions) where the output weights are set using the extended Kalman filter. The neural compensation algorithm is efficient, since the consumed processing time is lower than the one required to learning the totality of the dynamics. In addition, the proposed algorithm is robust with respect to failures of the dynamic controller. In this work, a stability analysis of the adaptable neural algorithm is shown and it is demonstrated that the control errors are bounded depending on the error of approximation of the neural network RBF. Finally, the results of experiments performed by using a mobile robot are shown to test the viability in practice and the performance for the control of robots. Fil: Rossomando, Francisco Guido. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Automática; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Soria, Carlos Miguel. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Automática; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Carelli Albarracin, Ricardo Oscar. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Automática; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Collaboration amongst enterprises is a common strategy used to increase competitiveness. Thus, enterprises that are collaborating need to define and use performance measurement/management frameworks composed of performance elements (objectives, performance indicators, etc.) that facilitate the management of their activity, as well as monitor their strategy and processes. There are many factors, e.g. trust, interoperability of Information Systems, etc. that need to be managed properly in order to support collaborative success. However, such factors and performance are not usually managed together. Furthermore, these factors and performance elements are interrelated but these influences are commonly overlooked. This paper aims to present an approach based on the Analytic Network Process (ANP) to manage collaborative relationships under an integrated approach by considering not only the inter-enterprise performance elements, but also the factors that influence collaboration. The approach is then applied to a collaborative enterprise network belonging to the renewable energy sector. With this innovative approach, enterprises will obtain significant information for the decision-making process, regarding which are the factors and performance elements that have the greatest impact on their competitiveness, and therefore should be prioritized., This work has been developed within the framework of a research project partially funded by the Polytechnic University of Valencia, titled "Design and Implementation of Performance Measurement Systems within Collaborative Contexts for aiding the Decision-making Process", reference PAID-06-08-3206.

[ES] El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una panorámica de soluciones a problemas de control reales utilizando enfoques de control inteligente. No se trata de presentar técnicas y procedimientos de la inteligencia artificial, sino más bien, una recopilación de aplicaciones de control, de una cierta complejidad, en los que estas técnicas se manifiestan como adecuadas y que, en muchos casos, son complementarias de técnicas clásicas de diseño de sistemas de control. Las aplicaciones que se exponen han sido desarrolladas por miembros del Grupo de Investigación ISCAR (Ingeniería de Sistemas, Control, Automatización y Robótica) de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Todas ellas responden a problemáticas reales donde el control ha jugado un papel importante para la eficiencia y el buen funcionamiento de los procesos., [EN] The purpose of this paper is to show how intelligent control can solve real control problems. Several complex control applications are described. Intelligent techniques, in some cases combined with classical controllers, are applied and have been proved successful for these applications. These developments have been carried out by the people of the ISCAR (System Engineering, Control, Automation and Robotics) Research Group, at the Complutense University of Madrid., Los autores agradecen la financiación del proyecto CICYT DPI2009-14552-C02-01.

[ES] Este trabajo presenta una nueva solución compacta basada en cuaterniones duales para el desarrollo de la cinemática de manipuladores robóticos. Se plantea el desarrollo de una herramienta en forma completa para poder observar claramente su correlación con el método de las matrices de transformación homogénea derivadas a partir de los parámetros de Denavit-Hartenberg. Se proponen herramientas para simplificar el uso de los cuaterniones duales para la obtención del modelo cinemático de mecanismos de cadena abierta definiendo la regla de la cadena aplicada a estos. Finalmente se ilustra su aplicación a un par de casos de estudio., [EN] This paper presents a new compact solution based on dual quaternions for the development of the kinematics of robotics manipulators. The development of a tool to able to observe clearly its correlation with the method the matrices of homogenous transformation derived of the parameters Denavit-Hartenberg. Tools set out to simplify the use of the dual quaternions for the obtaining of the kinematic model of mechanisms of open chain defining the rule of the applied chain these. Finally its application to a pair of cases of study acquires knowledge., Los autores de este trabajo desean agradecer el apoyo al CONACYT México (proyecto SEP-CONACYT 49701/25232) y al IPN por los medios para la realización de esta investigación.

[EN] In order to improve the efficiency and reduce the cost of a photovoltaic system, the use of transformerless photovoltaic inverters is an alternative of increasing interest. However, this topology needs to be studied in detail, as it presents some problems related to the galvanic connection between the grid and the photovoltaic generator (e.g. efficiency degradation and safety problems). In this paper, a review of grid-connected single-phase photovoltaic inverters based on transformerless topologies has been carried out. On the one hand, some alternatives based on classical topologies have been presented. On the other hand, alternatives based on multi-level inverter topologies have been studied, showing up that no leakage current is generated in comparison to classical topologies. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved., This work is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under grant ENE2009-13998-C02-02.