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Este artigo visa apresentar como os veículos de mídia brasileiros apareceram na cobertura dos principais jornais e agências de notícias internacionais que trabalharam no país durante os anos do Regime Militar (1964-1985). Com este trabalho historiográfico, a pesquisa apresentada permite que se ampliem estudos sobre: as distinções entre os métodos de censura aplicados a veículos nacionais e internacionais; o decorrer das mudanças nas políticas externas brasileiras e estadunidenses ao longo dos 21 anos de ditadura, refletidas no jornalismo transnacional; a evolução midiática nacional e sua influência política, considerando as alterações no modelo jornalístico, outorgadas pela realidade da Guerra Fria. Este artigo ambiciona uma proposta interdisciplinar e transnacional para o objeto oferecido.

In this paper, we explore the use of a generative metaphor for analyzing qualitative interviews on abortion attitudes. U.S. abortion attitudes are notably complex and multidimensional, thus, requiring subtle, complex, and multidimensional tools of study. We used the generative metaphor of a "doorway" as an analytic tool to enable new understandings of abortion attitudes as expressed across 24 one-on-one semi-structured qualitative interviews with U.S. adults. The doorway metaphor gave us an understanding of the ways in which participants thought of their abortion attitudes as open to revision or change to some degree while also being closed to revision in other ways. This spectrum of openness and closedness does not come into view when examining abortion attitudes through the dichotomous framings. In this methodological paper, we thoroughly describe how we used the metaphor to explicate the complexities and multi-dimensionalities of a person's abortion attitudes.

While European borders have increasingly hardened since the so-called 2015 refugee crisis, practices of migrant assistance and solidarity by civil society actors have become a feature of contemporary border politics. On the one hand, across the European Union, local and international initiatives have often responded to needs of newcomers, by playing a pivotal role in doing humanitarian work; on the other hand, both organisations and individuals engaged in migrant solidarity and assistance have become the target of policies and practices of criminalisation. My analysis takes the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla as a case-study, drawing on data collected during a 2019-2020 fieldwork. The paper argues that in the Spanish enclaves’ local humanitarians belonging to a range of civil society actors face different forms of intimidation and indirect pressure, both by governmental and non-governmental actors. I show how the lack of acceptance of the work of local humanitarians among some sectors of the local population lies with feelings of ‘fear’ and rejection towards some specific groups of migrants, such as unaccompanied minors from Morocco and young male migrants from Sub-Saharan countries. In addition, I describe how, along this EU external border, cases of harsher forms of criminalisation have been recorded as well. The paper concludes that tensions and hurdles that local humanitarians face in these EU border localities partially reflect a broader European trend and are a ‘sub-product’ of larger process of criminalisation of migrants and refugees travelling through irregular routes. Humanitarian border – Migrant solidarity - Civil society organisations – Ceuta – Melilla – Criminalisation

The paper aims analyzing the use of OpenAI Chatbot as an academic writer. The Chatbot was asked to write about Economic Development, specifically about the High Pyrennes and Aran Region (HPAR) and its regional economic development institute – IDAPA. The method used was exploratory, but also analogous to the “reinforcement learning” (section 1). After the introduction, the Chatbot was asked to write a paper on the economy of HPAR (section 2). Due to the incompleteness of the task, the Chatbot was then asked to write only paragraphs about IDAPA (section 4). Given its answers have presented the “Russian dolls” effect, the Chatbot was asked to state IDAPA’s major challenges (section 6), and then the forms to surpass such challenges (section 7). Intercalary sections were used to analyze the Chatbot pieces of writing (e.g. sections 3, 5, and 8). The main conclusion is that, yes, the OpenAI Chatbot does deliver academic writing over regional economic development – as well as it can make a review of scientific literature.

This paper is a poetic self-study based on a community education project in which the author was involved and in which poetry was a process of social transformation. There is a poetic process of weaving between writings produced during the project, occurred years ago, and writings created for this self-study. Its main purpose is to reflect on this poetic process, questioning how it can continue to illuminate our understandings, develop dialogue and transcend contradictions and ambivalences. A few meaningful events are selected where poetry played a relevant part and where poetic writing, combinins sounds and silence to create a singular musicality, is assumed as a way of deepening and transforming understanding and practice. It is a poetic organisation of rhizomatic relations that facilitates the flow of reflexivity and evocation of the movements experienced during the project and identified as important. They are in accordance with the principles of the project, where dialogical and critical approaches are emphasised. In the final sections the author discuss her positionalities and conflicts as researcher, educator and poet assumed along the process, and conclude by reflecting on some of the main contributions of this paper to the poetic self-study field and poetic inquiry.

The article discusses recent developments that are impacting the understandings of citizenship in late modern societies. During the past decades, citizenship has been discussed in terms of its contributions to tackling effects of political, social and economic crises. Most prominent are those challenges deriving from processes of Europeanization and globalization, but also, digital technologies are said to impinge new requirements on individuals, thus calling for European, global or digital citizenship. Well beyond simply changing the traditional orientation towards a nation-state, new conceptualizations of citizenship gravitate heavily towards individual dispositions and subjective competencies, while legal-juridical features remain untouched and largely unrelated. This explains the strong emphasis on the role of education in cultivating – global, European, digital – citizenship among individuals. The contribution asks whether and if so, how changed understandings of citizenship may lead to ‘performative citizenship’, where individuals are burdened with the requirement of constantly enacting ‘good’ and ‘worthy’ citizenship. The paper is organized along three sections: First, we revisit the mainstream literature on citizenship and discuss the main elements in historical-systematic manner. Second, based on a thorough literature review we discuss recent developments that call for updated meanings and representations of citizenship, before, third, the paper deliberates on the performative nature on newer conceptions of citizenship by examining recent examples of so-called global universities. The article closes with a discussion of research avenues for the topic, including crucial questions as to the status, role and function of citizenship in times of crises.

This paper investigates how Chinese taxi drivers utilize low-tech equipment, such as handheld radios and mobile phone services, to form local ride-hailing networks. Previous studies have analyzed how Internet platforms like Didi Chuxing have reshaped labor relations through technology and policies, but they have ignored the fact that outside metropolitan areas, traditional technological solutions, such as on-call radio platforms, have not been replaced by the rapidly expanding ride-hailing platforms. Therefore, to outline China’s diverse ICT practice environment, this paper focuses on a case study in two Chinese towns (Laizhou, Shandong; Ziyang, Sichuan), shifting the attention from metropolitan areas to neglected fourth- and fifth-tier cities. After reviewing the previous advancements in mobile communication technology, we discuss the economic, cultural, and social motivations behind the use of ‘low-tech’ devices and cooperative services by the Chinese taxi drivers in question.

With the development and application of algorithms as catalysts, the changing modes of information production, dissemination, and consumption have also given rise to a myriad of serious ethical challenges. This study employs a multi-case approach and semistructured in-depth interviews to examine three prominent international information technology companies, namely, Meta, Sina, and Byte Dance. By investigating the utilization of algorithms in content creation and distribution and adopting an epistemic, ethical framework, this paper analyzes the phenomenon of information cocooning resulting from inconclusive algorithmic evidence, the presence of algorithmic black boxes stemming from inscrutable evidence, and the issue of algorithmic bias caused by misguided evidence. Consequently, this paper proposes three fundamental ethical principles for algorithmic systems: certainty, interpretability, and reliability.

Objective: This paper aims to: (1) identify the factors that influence K-Economy readiness in higher education; (2) map the factors that influence K-Economy readiness based on the four pillars of K-Economy; and (3) analyze the implications of factors influencing K-Economy readiness for the role of higher education in the K-Economy era. By knowing the factors that influence K-Economy readiness, the results of this study can make a practical contribution to higher education in the world so that it can fully participate and be ready to compete in the K-Economy era. Methodology: This paper uses a systematic literature review to answer research questions, while the PRISMA technique is used to collect and screen Scopus and WoS articles from 2000 to 2022. Results: This paper finds nine factors influencing K-Economy readiness in higher education. The nine identified factors refer to the competencies needed in the K-Economy era. Discussion and conclusions: Strategic external partnerships with higher education must be done continuously in the future. Workers and employers continue to prioritize education as the nature of work has changed, and there is a need for those who work to continuously improve their skills. Higher education should emphasize exceeding student expectations by examining the demands of the target job market to fulfill those needs.

Abstract What is the concept of liberalism? Despite being a conceptually contested term, political parties still label themselves liberal and seek legitimacy by joining Liberal International (LI). In this paper, I adopt a mixed-methods strategy to assess what this ideology means in Latin America. First, I rely on economic and political theory to propose four potential components of liberalism: private property, liberal democracy, non-conformism, and social justice. Then, I search for these components in the declaration of principles of all the region’s LI members. Next, I assess liberals’ relative support for these components by comparing the attitudes of their elites and voters to those of conservatives and socialists in Paraguay, Honduras, and Nicaragua. This paper finds that liberal democracy is the only core component of liberalism in Latin America. Even though non-conformism and social justice are widely mentioned in political documents, their support among elites and voters is context-dependent. These results emphasize the contestability of liberalism while shedding light on what unites liberals in Latin America.

La industria papelera en Ecuador actualmente enfrenta problemas en la gestión de sus procesos productivos debido a una inadecuada gestión de inventarios y la ausencia de prácticas de control interno. Para el análisis de la situación problemática se empleó una investigación de campo de tipo descriptiva y transversal. Se diseñó con base en la revisión documental y a través de la observación directa un instrumento para diagnosticar la situación actual con base en la metodología COSO III lo cual permitió comprender las interacciones de los procesos y conocer la realidad actual en el manejo de prácticas de control interno relacionadas con la gestión de inventario en la empresa objeto de estudio. La aplicación del instrumento permitió determinar las principales falencias las cuales se ubicaron en tres categorías: a) actividades de evaluación de riesgos, b) control y c) monitoreo. Al respecto de los problemas detectados fue posible generar posibles soluciones con a atreves de actividades estratégicas con sus respectivos indicadores y estándares de cumplimiento para su aplicación y monitoreo continuo. Si bien el alcance del estudio no fue la implementación, se recomienda que la empresa pueda gestionar la ejecución de las actividades y poder validad la efectividad de las mismas. Palabras clave: Control interno, inventario, industria papelera. ABSTRACT The paper industry in Ecuador currently faces problems in the management of its production processes due to inadequate inventory management and the absence of internal control practices. For the analysis of the problematic situation, a descriptive and cross-sectional field investigation was used. Based on the documentary review and through direct observation, an instrument was designed to diagnose the current situation based on the COSO III methodology, which allowed understanding the interactions of the processes and knowing the current reality in the management of internal control practices. related to inventory management in the company under study. The application of the instrument allowed to determine the main shortcomings which were located in three categories: a) risk assessment activities, b) control and c) monitoring. Regarding the problems detected, it was possible to generate possible solutions through strategic activities with their respective indicators and compliance standards for their application and continuous monitoring. Although the scope of the study was not the implementation, it is recommended that the company be able to manage the execution of the activities and be able to validate their effectiveness. Keywords: Internal control, inventory, paper industry.

After several decades of economic integration and enlargement, divergence has been increasing in the European Union (EU), with weaker member states and regions falling behind their stronger counterparts. This paper argues that the structural causes of this increasing divide are explained in terms of the divergent trajectories of interdependent economies with different productive capabilities. In the process of European integration, the Southern peripheral countries were exposed to macroeconomic policies and shocks that, although apparently neutral, generated different effects and ever increasing regional disparities. Since the formation of the EU’s Economic and Monetary Union in 1992, events representing important milestones in the process of divergence include China’s accession to the World Trade Organization, the eastward orientation of German industry, and the 2008 financial and sovereign debt crises and the ensuing austerity. In the final part, the paper evaluates whether new divides are likely to emerge in the new global context triggered now by the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war.

Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) is an approach in which content is delivered through a second language, becoming a tool to deliver information. This paper evaluated the viability of implementing CLIL at Universidad Católica de Cuenca Language Center. This research also explored university students' perception of studying English as a Foreign Language (EFL) at the university level. After implementing the CLIL approach, this paper described the effect on students’ speaking skills. A placement speaking test was applied at the beginning of the 8-week course and another at the end. A Survey was applied to find topics of interest from students’ majors, reasons for taking English classes, how they feel when using English to communicate, and motivation. This study used two Intermediate 2 (B1) in the period October-December 2022. One group (control group) received regular classes following the official curriculum, and the other group (experimental group) had the intervention of CLIL. The findings provided valuable information on whether an intervention of CLIL with university students who take EFL as a requirement to graduate from their undergraduate program is viable. The results of this study offered information about the impact of CLIL not only on English proficiency but also on the motivation toward L2 and cooperative learning. Keywords: Teaching method (CLIL), foreign language, standards, skills. RESUMEN El Aprendizaje Integrado de Contenidos y Lenguas Extranjeras (AICLE) es un enfoque en el que el contenido se enseña a través de un segundo idioma, convirtiéndose en una herramienta para transmitir información. Este trabajo evaluó la viabilidad de implementar AICLE en el Centro de Idiomas de la Universidad Católica de Cuenca. Esta investigación también exploró la percepción de los estudiantes universitarios de estudiar inglés como lengua extranjera (EFL) a nivel universitario. Después de implementar el enfoque AICLE, este documento describe el efecto en las habilidades orales de los estudiantes. Se aplicó una prueba de ubicación oral al comienzo del curso de 8 semanas y otra al final. Se aplicó una Encuesta para encontrar temas de interés de las carreras de los estudiantes, razones para tomar clases de inglés, cómo se sienten al usar el inglés para comunicarse y motivación. Este estudio utilizó dos niveles Intermediate 2 (B1) en el periodo octubre-diciembre 2022. Un grupo (grupo control) recibió clases regulares siguiendo el currículo oficial, y el otro grupo (grupo experimental) tuvo la intervención de AICLE. Los hallazgos proporcionaron información valiosa sobre si es viable una intervención de CLIL con estudiantes universitarios que toman EFL como requisito para graduarse de su programa de pregrado. Los resultados del presente estudio brindaron información sobre el impacto de AICLE no solo en el dominio del inglés sino también en la motivación hacia la L2 y el aprendizaje cooperativo. Palabras clave: Método de enseñanza (CLIL), idioma extranjero, normas, habilidades.

La presente investigación busca presentar la producción de trabajos académicos y científicos utilizando la inteligencia artificial de modelamiento de lenguaje Chat GPT en diferentes áreas de la educación superior. Para la obtención de los resultados, se siguió el enfoque cuantitativo, el tipo de investigación es de carácter descriptiva con un diseño no experimental a nivel de campo. El tamaño de la población fueron los docentes de varias carreras de la Universidad Metropolitana sede Machala. Para la muestra, se empleó un muestreo probabilístico con selección aleatoria simple, calculando el tamaño de la muestra con un margen de error del 5% y un nivel de confianza del 95%. Los principales resultados en la aplicación del instrumento se encuentran, entre otras, el hecho de ninguno de los docentes pudo detectar que el documento que revisaron fue creado por una inteligencia artificial y le dieron un puntaje promedio de 8,88/10 y que la plataforma anti plagio Compilatio también generó un promedio de 1% de similitud, demostrando que la creación de documentos académicos y de investigación por el momento no se los puede diferenciar de los trabajos hechos por humanos, ni en la revisión realizada por humanos ni en las plataformas anti plagio. Palabras clave: Inteligencia Artificial, ChatGPT, trabajos académicos, plagio. ABSTRACT This research seeks to present the production of academic and scientific papers using artificial intelligence for Chat GPT language modeling in different areas of higher education. To obtain the results, the quantitative approach was followed, the type of research is descriptive with a non-experimental design at the field level. The size of the population were the teachers of various careers at the Machala Metropolitan University. For the sample, a probabilistic sampling with simple random selection was used, calculating the sample size with a margin of error of 5% and a confidence level of 95%. The main results in the application of the instrument are, among others, the fact that none of the teachers could detect that the document they reviewed was created by artificial intelligence and they gave it an average score of 8.88/10 and that the platform anti plagiarism Compilatio also generated an average of 1% similarity, demonstrating that academic and research papers are currently indistinguishable from human-made work, neither in human review nor on anti-plagiarism platforms. plagiarism. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, ChatGPT, academic papers, plagiarism.

Textbooks function as an important resource for teaching and learning of mathematics at the school level across the world. At least at the primary grades the contents of textbooks are situated in the larger society around the learners, in order that the learners can relate to what is taught to them. This opens the possibility for textbooks to uncritically reinforce the prevailing stereotypes or use the opportunity textbook provide to creatively break the stereotypes. Mathematics education research has engaged with the question of gender stereotypes in mathematics textbooks which has had an impact how gender figures in textbooks. However, gender is neither a binary nor monolithic. In the Indian context, gender is not the only social hierarchy that operates. The National Curriculum Framework 2005(hence forth referred to as NCF 2005) addresses the question of prevailing stereotypes about children from social margins and says care must be taken to ensure that the curriculum, textbooks and classroom interaction do not reinforce the stereotypes. Moreover, in the last two decades transgender people have been able to demand recognition and acceptance at least in the higher educational spaces as transgender people. Given these, it would be important to understand how textbooks reflect the changes and demands. This paper analyses the content of the mathematics textbooks developed by the State Council of Education Research and Training (SCERT) of one Indian state, namely Kerala, to understand how they represent gender, caste, class and religious differences and to investigate if the textbooks are inclusive of the disabled learners. Based on the content analysis of the textbooks the paper argues that even as the textbooks try to ensure representation of both girls and boys in the pictures and word problems and make an attempt to be inclusive of different religions and marginalised cultures ( for example by incorporating the picture of Theyyam, which uses an art form of the marginalised people in Kerala) in a textbook, they end up strengthening the existing gender, class, religious stereotypes. It also draws attention to the complete absence of disabled children in the textbooks.

This paper explores how the promises of equity and inclusion vanish into discourses about effectiveness, competitiveness, and meritocracy. Intentions of correcting onto-epistemic violence mutate into paradoxes of good intentions in the search for securing social order and economic prosperity. The hopes and fears about the future embody legacies of capitalist aspirations that position mathematics teachers as agents of change. Hence, mathematics teachers are granted full responsibility for correcting the wrongs generated by historical practices that shape modern society. The paper argues that Deleuze and Guattari's schizoanalysis becomes an analytical tool to map the flows of desire for equitable and inclusive education within capitalist aspirations. The desire flows are explored through global (transnational) and local (Chile) rhizomatic assemblage. Oedipus is used to reflect on the effects of power and desiring-production that positions education as a priority to safeguard the glocal future.

This paper aims to discuss the production and reproduction of knowledge —such categories, notions, theories, and methodologies that are part of mathematics education research— drawn from an epistemic approach that pursues to disturb the supposed neutrality, objectivity, and order of our field. The paper's premise is shaped by the idea that searching for new ways of doing is plausible to make visible conditions of possibilities, in which new ways of thinking are traced to what we can and can't do in mathematics education. Premise framed in epistemological anarchism, here it argues that scientific progress could be restricted due to prescriptive scientific methods, as well as fixed and universal norms. The acknowledgment of diverse action flows and tools able to mould in order to respond to reality and context, it is understood as potency to think of new possibilities; along with this, to unpack and read the network rhizomatic entangled to look into teaching and learning of mathematics beyond the didactic triangle. In this fashion, diverse authors assert that the research is a political and power issue. The (re)production of knowledge is not neutral or innocent. The non-neutrality and innocent become possible since an aesthetic that circulates and normalizes what is considered as —valid and valuable— research, as well as the ways of doing and producing —valid and valuable— knowledge. This normalization generates events of violence, particularly against —epistemic or ontological— minorities.

As a mathematics education researcher from India, I try to capture glimpses of a messy terrain named education— or maybe field-notes from experiential tours, humbly inviting the MES community to engage and together become more reflexive towards our collective practices and baggage. This paper would, nonetheless, ask questions pertaining to mathematics education. However, it would not start with asking them, marking them as research questions. In this paper, I would rather try to trace the birthmarks of certain research questions; to show how this endeavour brings us to certain existential methodological issues in conducting and reporting mathematics education research.

In this paper we explore the concept of dialogicity, taking a workshop offered to in-service indigenous teachers as a reference. This concept has been explored for decades in the academic literature. In recent years, it has gained greater importance, as official curricula in several countries have emphasized the importance of developing education that is more centered on the needs of learners. Although the general guidelines of these curricula are defined, the exercise of dialogue in classrooms involves the challenge of balancing the formal requirements of the various fields of knowledge with the students' own interests. Thus, in most cases, researchers examine dialogues in the classroom, verifying the extent to which teachers allow students to express themselves on issues specific to school knowledge. In this sense, it is still not the students’ existential questions that prevail, since the most valued results of the dialogues are already defined in advance. Such results will be related to the domain of school contents. Would it be possible to approach formal education in other ways? Would it be possible to prioritize questions raised by students? These are present challenges for educators who propose to approach teaching from a socially centered perspective. The workshop described in this paper constitutes an example of dialogicity exercised from an existential questioning formulated by the participating teachers. Such questioning was related to the creation of a numbering system that would suit their mother tongue. In that context, it can be inferred that there has been progress in the sense of understanding school practice as a possibility of broadening perceptions of the world through serious consideration of the needs formulated by the learners.

In this paper, the authors take part in a duoethnographic dialogical and reflective conversation about their experiences in mathematics teaching and learning in two unincorporated United States (US) territories (Guåhan and the US Virgin Islands) and discuss how such differed from experiences since moving to the US mainland. The two authors are in a professional mentor-mentee relationship and currently work at a large research university in the central US. Informed by recent experiences since living in the US mainland, the authors used the edited book, “Rehumanizing Mathematics for Black, Indigenous, and Latinx Students” by Goffney et al. (2018) to ground their reflections and discussion. The Rehumanizing Mathematics conceptual framework was used as a sociopolitical lens to guide their dialogic exchange. As duoethnography was used as the methodological approach to analyze the discussion and reflections, the authors were the focal sites of research. Findings from this duoethnography revealed three themes: (1) a recollection of race, culture, language in mathematics; (2) math classrooms as familial community; and (3) culturally responsive mathematics. The paper concludes with implications of these findings for researcher and practitioner communities.

Research on multilingualism and intercultural communication has been gaining large recognition. However, a number of subject areas are still largely underexplored. For example, verbal communication is prioritised while little emphasis is given to the multimodality of multilingual and multicultural interactions. Also, while some studies focus on the role of gestures in intercultural communication, elements such as gaze, physical contact, and time are far less researched. However, the lack of attention to some non-verbal elements can create misunderstandings, particularly when people share a spoken code only partially, as is the case with non-native speakers. Thus, non-verbal language should be given a wider scope in multilingual and intercultural research. This paper is a preliminary investigation of how intercultural differences in the use and interpretation of non-verbal codes of communication can affect interactions between migrants and social workers in Italy. The focus is on gaze, physical contact, and time perception and organization. The paper provides a qualitative analysis of focus groups and online questionnaires submitted to social workers working in northern Italy and supporting migrants in their daily integration in the society. The results show that the use and interpretation of gaze, physical contact and time vary considerably depending on the individual migrant as well as their culture of origin. Considerations are drawn on the extent to which cultural differences in the interpretation of non-verbal codes can create misunderstandings and undermine migrants’ integration. Keywords: Intercultural communication; non-verbal communication; migration; gaze; physical contact; time

In the 2010s, conservative leaderships dominated governments in many western democracies. In this wave, Jair Bolsonaro was elected President of Brazil in 2018. This paper aims analyzing some of the government’s central strategies, especially the promotion of an intense neoextrativism as the main driver of economic growth, representing a new form of alliance between conservatism and neoliberalism. The disruption of environmental policies in Brazil is a main feature of this model. This paper makes a document and descriptive statistical analysis to show how this strategy is practiced, underlining its most important consequences. Our research has identified and described four strategies adopted by Bolsonaro’s Government that heighten this situation: the dismantling of spaces for social participation, militarization of environmental agencies, institutional breakdown, and cuts in budget resources. Finally, we alert about the severe consequences of this situation, which affects Brazilians and the global capacity to face environmental challenges.

The black swan event in education systems of the whole world has generated a surge in the demand for web based teaching and learning. Starting as inevitability, online education turned into an emergence of numerous educational platforms, tools and methods. The saying presuming that black swans did not exist-has become reinterpreted to rare events that are beyond the realm of normal. The general understanding that online education as a whole does not exist —has become reinterpreted to the most up-to-date and commonly used way of teaching. Getting used to an absolutely digital way of delivery is a long process, which requires supporting our learners throughout this journey of digitalization. This paper explores which lesson conducting patterns, such as various activities and games, can help overcome psychological barriers related to the lack of interpersonal communication and one-on-one support in online teaching. It also addresses how university students can benefit from the online delivery of ESL courses and examines the strategies that make the students more successful in a new normal. This paper raises questions how to best support English preparatory program university students in a way that they can take the most out of e-learning. This study was designed to analyze the psychological determinants of the learners’ behavior relevant to online learning. The number of psychological challenges that the students are facing in online medium of communication, and how these issues can be addressed. This study, based on the students being surveyed, focused on English Preparatory Program university students, who are currently combining faculty courses and English language course. The research study was conducted through the questionnaire and sent to the students via Google Forms. The students got open ended and Yes/No questions pertaining to the online environment, and structure of the course in terms of benefits, pitfalls and suggestions to take into consideration, when learning in a new reality. All the questions were answered anonymously.

Este artículo formula una propuesta de construcción de dos indicadores compuestos de desigualdad social destinados al análisis comparado de la estratificación social entre España y Argentina como resultado de diversos avances de investigación comparada realizados en diferentes proyectos a lo largo de los últimos años. Se adopta una perspectiva teórica multidimensional sobre la estratificación social y se operativiza un modelo de análisis para el estudio comparado entre ambos países que incorpora la dimensión de género, que reduce el sesgo de cobertura al seleccionar a toda la sociedad y que toma en cuenta como unidad de análisis el hogar, evitando así el desmembramiento poblacional. Planteamos como hipótesis que ambos países conservan patrones generales similares en términos de estratificación social que estructuran las desigualdades sociales de los hogares. Pero si bien los patrones de estructuración son comunes los niveles de desigualdad que comportan se acentúan en el caso de Argentina. Entendemos además que esos niveles se reproducen tanto al considerar el conjunto de la sociedad como al tratar tan solo los hogares con población ocupada. Para dar cuenta de la hipótesis el artículo presenta dos estrategias que buscan obtener dos medidas de estratificación social como indicadores compuestos. Por un lado, siguiendo la metodología de construcción tipológica que denominamos como estructural y articulada donde buscamos obtener una medida cualitativa a través de una tipología de estratificación social (TES). Por otro lado, y en el contexto de esta metodología, proponemos generar un indicador compuesto alternativo que mida con una variable cuantitativa las desigualdades a través de un índice de estratificación social (IES). En ambos casos el objetivo último consiste en utilizar estas medidas en el estudio comparativo de la estratificación social a través del tiempo y el espacio. En el artículo se comparan España y Argentina con datos seccionales referidos al año 2018 donde se corrobora parcialmente la hipótesis planteada. This paper formulates a proposal for the construction of two composite indicators of social inequality intended for the comparative analysis of the social stratification between Spain and Argentina as a result of various comparative research advances carried out in different projects over the last few years. A multidimensional theoretical perspective on social stratification is adopted and an analysis model for comparative study between the two countries is implemented, which incorporates the gender dimension, which reduces coverage bias selecting the entire society and which takes into account household as an analysis unit, thus avoiding population dismemberment. We hypothesize that both countries maintain similar general patterns in terms of social stratification that structure the social inequalities of households. Although structuring patterns are common, the levels of inequality they entail are accentuated in the case of Argentina. We also understand that these levels are reproduced both when whole of society is taken into account and when only households with an employed population are considered. To account for the hypothesis, the article presents two strategies that seek to obtain two measures of social stratification as composite indicators. On the one hand, following the typological construction methodology that we call structural and articulated, where we seek to obtain a qualitative measure through a Typology of Social Stratification (TSS). On the other hand, and in the context of this methodology, we propose to generate an alternative composite indicator that measures inequalities with a quantitative variable through a Social Stratification Index (SSI). In both cases, the ultimate objective is to use these measures in the comparative study of social stratification over time and through space. In this paper, Spain and Argentina are compared with 2018 sectional data and the hypothesis is partially corroborated.

Introducción/objetivo: Hoy en día la sociedad requiere de los sistemas agrícolas, no solo del aprovisionamiento de bienes, sino también de la prestación de servicios ambientales y sociales. Esta transformación es compleja ya que requiere implementar acciones en un sistema de muchas variables y bajo condiciones de riesgo e incertidumbre que no garantizan los beneficios de las acciones. Este artículo de perspectiva describe la aplicación del Análisis de Decisiones (AD) en tales escenarios de decisión de los sistemas agrícolas. Metodología: El trabajo presenta un protocolo general para la implementación de AD y desarrolla una perspectiva espacio-temporal para la aplicación de AD en los sistemas agrícolas usando conceptos extraídos de las áreas de la Teoría de Decisiones y planificación estratégica, e introduce un estudio de caso para mostrar cómo esta perspectiva puede ser introducida en los sistemas de innovación del sector agrícola. Resultados: Los problemas de los sistemas agrícolas pueden describirse como una tipología de modelos de decisión usando escalas de planificación estratégica. Esta perspectiva tiene el potencial de permitir la aplicación de AD en los esfuerzos de planificación del Sistema Nacional de Innovación Agropecuaria (SNIA) de Colombia, especialmente en la implementación de los Sistemas Territoriales de Innovación (STI). Conclusión: Este artículo presenta una perspectiva extendida de AD orientada a proveer una base conceptual para su aplicación en la búsqueda de soluciones en el contexto de complejidad de los sistemas agrícolas, en la planificación de las actividades de ciencia, tecnología e innovación en el sector agrícola, y para apoyar el proceso transformación hacia la sostenibilidad de los sistemas agrícolas. Abstract Introduction/Objective: Nowadays society demands from agricultural systems not only the provision of goods for the market but also environmental and social services. This transformation is a challenge due to the unpredictability of executing actions in a complex system with no certainty that it will lead to the desired outcome. This perspective paper describes the application of Decision Analysis (DA) for such uncertain scenarios of decision-making in agricultural systems. Methodology: This paper describes a general protocol for the implementation of DA, proposes a temporal-spatial framework for the application of DA in agricultural systems using concepts of Decision Theory and strategic planning, and introduces a case study for describing how this framework can be applied to agricultural innovation systems. Results: Problems in agricultural systems can be outlined as decision analysis models of specific spatial-temporal scale (planning horizons). This framework has potential for the application of DA in the planning efforts of the Colombian National Agricultural Innovation System, but especially in the implementation of Regional Innovation Systems. Conclusions: We provided an extended DA framework aimed to constitute a sound basis for finding solutions in the complex setting of agricultural systems, for planning actions of science, technology and innovation and for supporting the decision making process of sustainability transformation of agricultural systems.

In this paper, we present and discuss mixed methods research in the context of research on learning and instruction. Education as a field of research can be viewed as highly complex. This complexity is reflected at various levels of the educational system, which are highly interrelated, and where multiple perspectives must be considered, as well as in the reciprocal and intertwined relationships between factors related to learning and instruction. Therefore, we first introduce one of the central theories on the quality of learning and instruction: the offer-and-use model. Second, we review the methodological foundations of research on learning and instruction. Two methodological approaches are discussed in more detail and their strengths and weaknesses are elaborated. Third, we present two studies from our research program and focus on their methodological implementation. Thus, we illustrate significant challenges and opportunities for implementing a mixed methods study in schools. Finally, we discuss the implications for school-based mixed methods research. We conclude the paper with general suggestions on how mixed methods approaches might be further advanced in applied school-based research.

This paper aims to trace the founding elements of the carceral institution in the United States by highlighting the effects of settler culture and slavery on its rise and development. The first section will show how the evolution of the prison system in the US has been highly informed by racializing rationalities and practices connected to the global history of colonial incarceration. The second section, in contrast, will be dedicated to a close reading of a selected collection of narrative fragments written by African American political prisoners between the 1960s and 1980s, focusing on the concept of neoslavery. The ultimate objective of this paper is to demonstrate that prison has been a site of critical production of knowledge and that incarcerated activists’ contributions played a pivotal role in critiquing the interrelation of colonial incarceration, racism, and political repression.

ABSTRACT Why would a country provide International Development Cooperation (IDC)? The aid literature identifies moral and humanitarian purposes, political-diplomatic objectives, and economic interests as the main reasons a country would have an IDC policy. This paper contributes to this debate through a case study of Brazil’s motivation to provide technical cooperation between 2003 and 2016, employing an innovative analytical framework for this case. Especially during Luis Inácio Lula da Silva’s government, Brazil’s official discourse emphasized its national cooperation’s solidarity characteristics. One may link this non-indifference tone to the moral and humanitarian principles of providing IDC. Notwithstanding, the South-South Cooperation (SSC) mutual benefits narrative indicates political and economic interests in its execution. This paper analyzes the Brazilian Technical Cooperation (TC) allocation patterns between 2003 and 2016. It explores whether (and which) political and economic considerations were significant determinants of Brazilian cooperation. On the one hand, trade exports, subsided loans, and political support in international institutions help explain the Brazilian Technical Cooperation allocation pattern during this period. On the other, Brazil prioritized less-developed countries with better democratic institutions in its TC policy.

The paper provides a theoretical and analytical review of modern methods of diagnosing anxiety states and personal anxiety, which have been used by Russian scientists in recent years. The paper presents the arguments of scientists about the nature and psychological and pedagogical characteristics of personal anxiety as a property of personality, mental state and character traits. The paper describes the scientific apparatus and methodological tools of diagnostic procedures. The methods used in the study (observation, survey, analysis of the products of educational activity, Spielberg-Khanin’s method of personal and situational anxiety, the J. Taylor’s method of measuring the level of anxiety, the method “Multidimensional assessment of child anxiety” (MACA), statistical methods of data processing are highlighted and the empirical results are discussed. The results indicat that it is necessary to separate the scientific concepts of anxiety and uneasiness as non-fundamental and having a different psychological and physiological basis.

Singapore is one of the leading countries in digitalization and blockchain technology. Since 2016, Singapore has implemented the Ubin project to create a national digital currency. In 2019, Singapore passed the Payment Services Act. The paper aims to analyze Singapore's legislation and MAS policies and identify approaches that can be used to improve legislation in other states. To meet that aim, the general scientific techniques and methods of scientific cognition, such as analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, system-structural and formal-logical approaches are utilised. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that Singapore extends the provisions of securities legislation to digital tokens, which have the characteristics of securities or futures. Digital tokens, which are cryptocurrencies, are regulated by the Payment Services Act containing criteria to distinguish payment tokens from other virtual objects. Using this approach minimizes difficulties in regulating the circulation of, for example, bitcoins. In addition, MAS has developed a set of rules enshrining requirements for cryptocurrency exchanges, which reduces the risks of fraud and money laundering using cryptocurrencies. The paper also analyses MAS reports on developing a state's digital currency. The paper concludes that other states can use Singapore's experience to shape or modernize their legislation.

The Wari state expanded during the seventh century to colonize a vast area of the Andes and incorporate many ethnic groups. The relations established between Wari-sponsored colonists and the people indigenous to these new territories differed for a number of reasons. In this paper I consider the degree of political centralization as a key factor that determined the long-term impacts Wari expansion had on subject groups. While all Wari subjects may have been compelled to participate in the empire’s political economy, some aspects of their daily life may have remained relatively unchanged. Using the multi-ethnic colony in Moquegua as an example this paper examines which attributes associated with Wari practices were adopted and which aspects of their identities were maintained.

This paper analyzes Marcos Espinel’s life between 1835 and 1846. By studying his life, it is possible to understand the multiple forms of political participation of the Ecuadorian political leaders, their intellectual formation, and the changes in their political positions in the context of the nascent 19th-century republicanism. The paper has been divided into two parts. The first one considers printed activity within the political circle of José Félix Valdivieso in which Espinel was involved. This was used to support his project to re-annex Ecuador to New Granada and to promote the vote in 1839. In the second part, the paper studies Espinel’s contributions to the second administration of Juan José Flores, and Espinel’s political support of the provisional government of Vicente Ramón Roca.

COVID-19 has exposed, reproduced, and created new inequalities in Latin America and the world. In this introductory paper, we discuss the impact of extant inequities on vulnerability to COVID-19 but we also identify new, and some unexpected, vulnerabilities. We emphasize vulnerabilities to the disease as well as vulnerabilities to policies and other responses in the fight against COVID-19. Building on insights from Peter Hall and Michele Lamont’s work on social resilience, we draw on the papers of this special issue to identify the important role of the state in addressing vulnerabilities and discuss the types of social resilience that vulnerable groups have turned to in their response to COVID-19.

El presente artículo analiza las formas de trabajo y de modos de producción que configuran las plataformas digitales. Se plantea que en estas pueden emerger distintas formas de trabajo, pero que todas ellas responden a las transformaciones del neoliberalismo contemporáneo. Las formas en las que se dan sus configuraciones y las de sus procesos productivos, impulsan nuevas formas laborales y de producción que rompen con los modelos estándar para generar nuevas vías de producir plusvalías. El artículo se centra en los casos de Airbnb y diversas plataformas de reparto de comida y mensajería. Alguna de las características que se observan es que se trata de un tipo de trabajo invisibilizado, empresarial, que surge sobre lo reproductivo, que se articula sobre tiempo de trabajo no pagado, que impulsa dinámicas de individualización y aislamiento en el desarrollo de esta actividad o que genera una paradójica relación entre la sensación de autonomía y libertad como autónomos contrapuesta a un fuerte despliegue de mecanismos de control y organización del trabajo. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación se han realizado entrevistas abiertas semi-estructuradas a anfitriones de Airbnb y repartidores de Deliveroo, Glovo, Uber Eats y Stuart. The present paper analyses the ways of working and modes of production that configure digital platforms. It argues that different forms of work can emerge in these, but that all of them respond to the transformations of contemporary neoliberalism. The forms in which their configurations and those of their productive processes are given, promote new forms of work and production that break with the standard models to generate new ways of producing surplus value. The paper focuses on the cases of Airbnb and various food delivery and messenger platforms. Some of the characteristics that can be observed are that it is a type of invisible, entrepreneurial work that arises from the reproductive aspect, that is articulated on the basis of unpaid work time, that promotes dynamics of individualization and isolation in the development of this activity or that generates a paradoxical relationship between the feelings of autonomy and freedom as self-employed workers as opposed to a strong deployment of mechanisms of control and organization of work. In order to carry out this research, open semi-structured interviews were conducted with Airbnb hosts and Deliveroo, Glovo, Uber Eats and Stuart deliverers.

This paper examines the Non-Habitual Residents (NHR) tax regime from a sociological perspective. This analysis is twofold: it explores the social conditions for its emergence and next conceptualizes the political rationality that determines it, and the type of individual subjectivity regulating it. Methodologically, the analysis is developed according to the principles of Foucauldian governmentality studies. The paper is structured in three sections: 1) characterization and analysis of the evolution of the beneficiaries applying for this tax regime; 2) analysis of the emergence of NHR regime within the scope of 2008 financial crisis; and 3) the definition of the political rationality that inspires the regime. We conclude that this is a program conceived according to a neoliberal political rationality, and also a procedure to reproduce such rationality through the promotion of an “economic citizen” model.

This article contributes to developing and consolidating research on the connections between food and gentrification while highlighting the effects of these processes in areas beyond urban life. To achieve this, we draw on the concept of value chains connecting gentrified neighborhoods to rural agricultural communities. In this chain, processes of valorization and devaluation are generated, which unevenly affect the actors involved in the production and consumption of food. The paper focuses on the conflicts and contestations along the value chain of gentrification, putting interdisciplinary contributions into dialogue while presenting four cases from secondary sources. These cases are illustrative of how these processes operate at different levels, territories, and scales: signature coffee, as a symbol of distinction in gentrified neighborhoods; the avocado from its gastronomic manifestation as avocado toast; wine, from the touristification of its production to valorization strategies in urban consumption; and quinoa, from the patenting of new varieties to the development of markets that exclude large sectors of the population. The boom in the circulation of these foods has the effect of capital accumulation by dispossession in both rural and urban areas and in both production and consumption processes.

From 2004 to the present, eleven Argentine provinces have had laws on Mandatory Open Simultaneous Primaries (PASO, in Spanish) and have enforced them at least once. Their creation sought to democratize the selection of candidates through mandatory primary elections for political parties and voters. The PASO law has been criticized because political parties come to agreements on single lists of candidates, complying with the mandatory rule but avoiding internal competition. This paper investigates the factors that have influenced the strategies of agreement or dispute within political spaces, based on the measurement of the number of internal lists presented in PASO. To carry out the analysis, an observational study was conducted by examining the strategies of the main political forces in eleven Argentine provinces. Three political-institutional variables were studied: 1) the re-election of the governor, 2) the electoral calendar, and 3) government vs. opposition. The results show that when the governor does not run for re-election and the electoral calendar is split, there are greater chances of internal dispute between more than one list. Likewise, being part of the opposition was not a determining factor for the dispute between two or more internal lists.

La generación fotovoltaica se presenta hoy en día como una alternativa ventajosa desde el punto de vista ambiental frente a las fuentes convencionales de energía y es una opción para el sector agropecuario poder disminuir los gastos debido a la facturación de electricidad. Un sistema fotovoltaico conectado a la red en La Empresa Agropecuaria Horquita permitirá reducir el consumo de electricidad desde la empresa eléctrica. En este artículo se describe una propuesta de sistema fotovoltaico conectado a red que consta de 1014 paneles de 270 Wp con 13 inversores. La capacidad total del sistema es de 273 kWp y es capaz de generar 346,4 MWh/año. Se simuló el desempeño del sistema utilizando el software profesional PVSyst 7.1 para comprobar los resultados del cálculo manual además de obtener información adicional sobre el desempeño del sistema en el tiempo. La propuesta es factible económicamente arrojando un VPN de 1,7 MMCUP con un periodo de recuperación de 8 años a partir de la disminución de la facturación de electricidad en 640 840 CUP/año. Sin embargo, se detectó que este tipo de proyecto no es muy atractivo para aprovechar fondos de oportunidad si se tiene en cuenta que la TIR es muy baja (4%) en comparación con la tasa de descuento empleada. El proyecto tiene como ventaja adicional que permite la reducción de emisiones de CO2 a la atmósfera estimándose emisiones evitadas de 242,5 t de CO2/año. Palabras clave: Sistema fotovoltaico, fuentes renovables, paneles solares, energía, software PVSyst. ABSTRAC Photovoltaic generation is presented today as an environmentally advantageous alternative to conventional energy sources and is an option for the agricultural sector to reduce the expenditure incurred due to electricity billing. A photovoltaic system connected to the grid at the Horquita Agricultural Enterprise allow reducing electricity consumption from the electrical company. This paper details a proposal for a connected to grid photovoltaic system that consists of 1014 panels with 270 Wp connected to 13 inverters. The total capacity of the system is 273 kWp and it is capable of generating 346,4 MWh/year. The performance of the proposed system was simulated using the professional software PVSyst 7.1 and the results of the manual calculation were verified in addition to obtaining other information about its performance. The proposal is feasible from an economic point of view, yielding a positive NPV of 1,7 MMCUP and a payback period of 8 years from the decrease in electricity billing by 640,840 CUP/year. However, it was detected that this type of project is not very attractive to take advantage of opportunity funds if it is taken into account that the IRR is very low (4%) compared to the discount rate used. The additional advantage of the project is that it allows the reduction of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, estimating avoided emissions of 242.5 t of CO2/year. Keywords: Phtovoltaic system, renewable sources, solar panels, energy, PVSyst software

In the present paper, I take findings from the postphenomenological variation of instrumental realism to develop an ‘environmental framework’ to provide a philosophical answer to the ‘problem of representation.’ The framework focuses on three elements of the representational environment, image-making technology, image as a representational device, and scientific hermeneutic strategies occurring within the image interpretation process in the laboratory set-up. The central idea in this regard is that scientific images do not produce meanings without their instrumental environment or that an image becomes representational through the interplay between three framework elements. In the second part of the paper, I apply the framework to contemporary debates on fMRI imaging. I show that fMRI images receive meaning not in isolation but within a complex instrumental environment.

This paper outlines the results of a research study aiming to analyse the prevailing standard of probability in relation to both evidence and context as means of proof in simulation proceedings in Colombian civil law. The fundamental contribution of this research study is to prioritise the logical-valuative judgements made by the judge when analysing the context circumstantial evidence in court ruling on simulated legal transactions. The question to be addressed, by means of a basic legal, analytical, systematic and hermeneutic methodology, is the following: Does context evidence constitute a limit to the standards of circumstantial evidence in decisions on simulation proceedings? The paper concludes that, although it does not constitute a valuation limit, it does allow the development of the prevailing probability standard with respect to simulation.

Aunque existen estudios sobre los límites de la firma, este campo de estudio sigue siendo un tema que necesita mayor desarrollo. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los límites de la firma a la luz de las capacidades tecnológica y transaccional. El método utilizado fue el estudio de casos múltiples en firmas de diferentes estratos de intensidad tecnológica. Los principales resultados de este estudio pueden expresarse mediante tres proposiciones. Primero, todas las firmas industriales tienen capacidad tecnológica y capacidad transaccional. Segundo, las firmas con capacidades más desarrolladas (tecnológica y transaccional) amplían sus límites. Tercero, las firmas pueden ampliar sus límites acumulando capacidad tecnológica, capacidad transaccional o ambas. Como conclusión del artículo, las capacidades tecnológicas y transaccionales son esenciales para la expansión de las fronteras de las firmas en cualquier extracto de intensidad tecnológica. Although there is research pertaining to the boundaries of firms, this field of study still requires more development. The objective of this paper is to analyse firm boundaries considering technological and transactional capabilities. The method chosen was that of multiple case studies conducted in firms having different technological intensity levels. The main results are contained in three propositions. Firstly, all industrial firms have technological and transactional capability. Secondly, firms with more developed capabilities (technological and transactional) expand their boundaries. Thirdly, the firms are able to expand their boundaries by means of the accumulation of technological capability, transactional capability, or both. As a conclusion to this paper, technological and transactional capabilities are essential for expanding the boundaries of firms at any level of technological intensity.

This paper takes a look at the spatial and social impact of the city of Curitiba (Brazil) beyond its borders. The periphery issue is addressed through a brief overview of the city's development plans and on the expansion of its socioeconomic and modernity influence on the neighbouring municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba. This paper aims to shed light on how new urban-urban migration flows are taking place and how projects for economic internationalization through the creation of new industrial zones and investments in agribusiness, combined with incentives from the Federal Government to build horizontal and vertical condominiums for the middle and lower classes, are being directed towards the municipalities of the metropolitan region. As a result of this new socio-spatial growth, a new periphery is now being drawn as it spreads out to areas of interest for agriculture and environmental protection, even further away from the towns/municipalities surrounding Curitiba.

Purpose: The general objective of this study is to investigate the determinants of profitability in the case of selected Ethiopian Tannery Companies. Methodology: The study employed an explanatory research design with a quantitative approach to assess the relationship between profitability and its determinant factors. The study had a population size of 29 Tannery Companies in Ethiopia. To undertake this research paper, the researcher used non-probabilistic sampling specifically the judgmental sampling method was used to select eight (8) sample Tannery Companies. Balanced panel data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, correlation, and Multiple Linear regression analysis. Ordinary Least square model in the form of multiple regression analysis was applied to analyze the annual data generated from the financial statements of the selected Tannery Companies covering a period from 2008 - 2017 G.C. In this study, ROA was used as the measure of profitability. Findings: The paper includes tangibility, firm size, liquidity, leverage, growth rate, and inventory turnover as independent factors that determine the profitability of Tannery Companies in Ethiopia. The result from the empirical examination found that only Tangibility, Inventory Turnover, and Firm growth rate have a statistically significant effect on the companies (ROA), whereas Liquidity, Leverage, and Firms size have a statistically insignificant effect on the profitability of Ethiopian Tannery Companies. Conclusion: Besides, the study suggested that companies that give more attention to the statistically significant variables of the sectors such as firm growth rate, inventory turnover, and tangibility. While the results may not be generalizable to all Ethiopian Tannery Companies found in the country, the findings should provide valuable information to managers for developing their strategies with regard to firm-specific determinants.

This paper analyzes Local Energ y Communities within the paradigm of the commons and explores their key aspects of collective governance. Utilizing 18 in-depth semi-structured interviews with Spanish Energ y Communities, this study examines their internal dynamics and their context interactions. The findings contribute to the understanding of Energ y Communities, informing the development of more effective policies. The study reveals the adoption of diverse legal forms by Energ y Communities, characterized by decentralized and democratic structures aimed at facilitating a fair energ y transition. Moreover, they incorporate social inclusion mechanisms to mitigate economic exclusion. Finally, the commitment of these communities to reshaping the energ y model is underscored, which involves defining both the material and spatial boundaries of production and consumption.

Introducción: Con la creciente demanda de aplicaciones en el mercado, las empresas han priorizado atender las necesidades tecnológicas del usuario promedio en detrimento de aquellos con diversidad funcional. Esto ha convertido la accesibilidad en un desafío crucial en diversos contextos, especialmente en el ámbito educativo, donde la diversidad de personas que acceden a contenido web es notable. Objetivo: Este trabajo presenta un estudio basado en una inspección de accesibilidad de seis portales web pertenecientes a universidades en la ciudad de Cartagena. El objetivo es determinar la relación entre la inclusión de pautas de accesibilidad y los factores de posicionamiento web obtenidos a través de Webometrics. Metodología: Se definen cinco fases metodológicas: elección de los portales web, selección de herramientas de inspección, aplicación de la inspección de accesibilidad, análisis de los resultados y formulación de conclusiones y recomendaciones. Resultados: Como resultado del estudio, se ha determinado una correlación superior a 0.8 entre el ranking local de las universidades según Webometrics y el ranking de problemas de accesibilidad identificados mediante herramientas de inspección automática. Conclusiones: El uso de herramientas automáticas de evaluación web debería ser implementado por las instituciones educativas para mejorar la accesibilidad de los sitios institucionales. Esta revisión periódica y la corrección de errores es una buena práctica para mejorar el posicionamiento local e internacional. ABSTRACT Introduction: With the growing demand for applications in the market, companies have increasingly focused on meeting the technological needs of the average user, often overlooking those with functional diversity. Consequently, accessibility has emerged as a critical challenge across various contexts, particularly within the educational sphere, where the diverse range of individuals accessing web content is particularly pronounced. Objective: This paper presents a study centered on the accessibility inspection of six university websites located in the city of Cartagena. The primary aim is to ascertain the relationship between the integration of accessibility guidelines and web positioning factors as determined by Webometrics. Methodology: The methodology comprises five distinct phases: website selection, tool selection for inspection, execution of accessibility inspection, analysis of obtained results, and formulation of conclusions and recommendations. Results: The study revealed a correlation exceeding 0.8 between the local ranking of universities according to Webometrics and the ranking of accessibility issues identified through automated inspection tools. Conclusions: It is recommended that educational institutions adopt automatic web evaluation tools to enhance the accessibility of their institutional websites. This regular review and rectification of issues represent best practices for improving both local and international visibility and usability.

Humanism has significantly shaped modern nursing practices by emphasizing on the crucial value of providing patient-centered care and acknowledging the innate worth of human dignity. That is why this paper aims to explore and assess the existing framework of knowledge within publications that address humanism in nursing, as well as trace its evolutionary trajectory. The present document shows the results of a descriptive bibliometric study based on a data retrieval conducted from the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection database and its subsequent analysis made using Excel and VOSviewer. The study encompassed 135 documents published from 1993 to 2021 in 82 journals, authored by 390 researchers from 33 countries. Notably, 79.3% of these works were classified as original articles, 53.3% belonged to the nursing category, and 86.7% were published in English. The existence of a strong connection between humanism, ethics, care, and nursing education was observed in all the works analyzed.