Search

Having the South American Amazon as our spatial cut, this paper aims to discuss it as a space of physical, environmental and socioeconomic relevance to regional rearticulation, highlighting the issue of transport infrastructure and the importance of Brazil to boost this process in contemporary times. With the end of the Union of South American Nations (Unasur) in 2019, several of its councils were paralyzed and discontinued, such as the Infrastructure and Planning Council (Cosiplan), reflecting the abandonment of efforts built since the beginning of the 21st century. In addition, relations between national preferences and the indispensable search for development, and mechanisms of cooperation and regional integration, which are fundamental instruments to meet such demands, were stressed. In turn, a scenario of discredited institutions made room for greater action by multiple public and private, internal and increasingly international and multinational actors who, in a way disconnected from regional arrangements, directed infrastructure investments focusing on their own interests, resulting in expiation of the the socio-environmental vulnerability in the Amazonian territories. We argue that it is necessary to integrate to preserve and develop. Regional governance and institutionality are central pillars for the resumption of a more resilient South American integration process, aimed at protecting and developing the Amazon, in which Brazil has an important driving role to be exercised and a directive leadership to retrieve.

La práctica artística contemporánea tuvo un espacio de reflexión y creación de opinión en las páginas de Papers d’Art. De la mano de un conjunto de voces propias e independientes se visibilizaron formas de producción artística multidisciplinarias, desde la perspectiva divulgadora de una crítica que conectaba dinámicamente los significados artísticos con los sociales y culturales. Conviene resaltar el desplazamiento del significado de la concepción del arte contemporáneo en calidad de pieza clave en la cultura intelectual, incluyendo política, filosofía, ciencia u otros formatos de creación como la música y la literatura. Partiendo del análisis de la conciencia crítica de los diferentes colaboradores y la investigación historiográfica en torno a cuestionamientos estéticos y simbólicos, se despliega una revisión del conjunto de los discursos incluidos en la sección Estudios e Investigación. Palabras clave: Fundació Espais; Papers d’Art; crítica de arte catalana; investigación universitaria sobre arte contemporáneo; perspectiva divulgadora del arte. Papers d’Art. Contents of the Study and Research section Abstract: Contemporary artistic practices were provided with a space for reflection and the creation of opinion in the galleries of the Fundació Espais and in the pages of its art magazine, Papers d’Art. A group of independent voices of multidisciplinary artistic production was made audible thanks to this publication that provided a critique which forged dynamic connections between artistic meaning and social and cultural contexts. This paper highlights a shift in meaning of the conception of contemporary art as a key element in intellectual culture, including politics, philosophy, science and other creative formats such as music and literature. Based on an analysis of the critical awareness of the various contributors to the magazine and on the historiographic study of certain aesthetic and symbolic questions, a review of the articles published in the Studies and Research section is detailed. Keywords: Fundació Espais; Papers d’Art; Catalan art Criticism; University Research on Contemporary art; Popularizing Issues of Art. Artículo recibido: 29/09/2021. Revisado: 08/10/2021. Aceptado: 11/10/2021

La regió més oriental d’Ucraïna, el Donbass, viu des de fa vuit anys una sagnant guerra en què Rússia s’ha vist directament involucrada. A més, la regió ha estat objecte de la propaganda russa, que l’ha utilitzat com un dels principals motius per justificar la seva intervenció militar sobre Ucraïna, el febrer de 2022. Tots els bàndols implicats en aquest conflicte argumenten que estan protegint els interessos i els desitjos dels seus habitants. Però aquests interessos i desitjos, a més de ser sovint manipulats, han sofert moltes modificacions i pressions després d’una guerra tan llarga, que entre altres coses ha fet que prop de la meitat dels habitants hagin abandonat la regió, i la resta es vegi sota una pressió militar, política i mediàtica constant. Aquest article intenta ser una anàlisi i una reflexió sobre l’autèntica voluntat dels habitants del Donbass, com també de la manipulació que estan sofrint.

Avaluadors/ores anònimes de Papers i estadística d’articles de l’any 2020.

En la película La lavandería (2019), disponible en Netflix y basada en el escándalo de Panama Papers, se muestra la corrupción del mundo de una forma irónica y cómica, además, de poner en evidencia cómo las personas son utilizadas para alimentar cada vez más a los corruptos. Esta película trata de explicar todas las jugadas sucias o eso trata ya que se debe ver más de una vez para entender y buscar herramientas para proteger a los consumidores financieros.

O capitalismo demanda um sistema mundial, pois precisa de larga escala para funcionar, e as redes sociais são importante instrumento para sua expansão. A questão poderia ser vista como meramente comercial não fosse o fato de todas as empresas dominadoras desse segmento serem americanas e os EUA serem o representante-mor do capitalismo e eterno candidato a império mundial. Nesse ponto as coisas se embaralham. Essas plataformas foram criadas para a interação social, contudo propiciam também o compartilhamento de informação. Mais ainda: possibilitam a criação e publicação de conteúdos por qualquer pessoa. Publicar conteúdo não implica afirmar que se publique verdades. “Quem detém informação detém poder”, é ditado antigo. No mundo moderno, o poder se encontra na desinformação. E a desinformação tem corroído democracias. Fake news são o recurso mais eficaz para polarizar uma sociedade de modo a perturbá-la em variados níveis, em diversas esferas, predispondo-a a conflitos. A ascensão da extrema direita mundo afora, por exemplo, é fruto do adensamento desses grupos nas redes sociais. E “as direitas”, extrema ou moderada, são francamente capitalistas, defensoras da concentração de renda, da exploração da força de trabalho e do extrativismo irresponsável de recursos naturais.

When examining citizens’ behaviour in elections to the European Parliament (EP), second order elections (SOE) and economic voting (EV) have overlooked each other as alien traditions. However, they should not be seen as incompatible: voters may use EP elections to support national incumbents but, at the same time, this support may be the result of an economic assessment. This paper blends both frameworks and finds that, even though EP elections are not intended to evaluate domestic politics, voters use them to reward or punish national incumbents (i.e. SOE) for the state of the economy (i.e. EV); a behaviour referred to here as ‘second-order economic voting’. The predominance of second-order EV is relevant for EU politics. If EP elections enhance national incumbents’ accountability while the European executive remains unacknowledged, this could be disturbing for European economic institutions.

Political scientists have studied state democracy for decades using sophisticated methods for conceptualization and measurement to evaluate the explanatory power of various theories. They have paid little attention, however, to democracy in nonstate political systems. This paper fills this gap by characterizing democracy in college student government and investigating the factors affecting the levels of students’ union democracy (SUD) in Chilean colleges. Utilizing concepts from political science and sociology, the study identifies different dimensions of SUD with data from 162 campuses in 2018. The dimensions are aggregated to build an index of democracy for students’ unions. Although the majority of Chilean university students attended colleges with democratic unions, our findings reveal a deficit in democratic student representation in most institutions. The article also draws from the comparative politics, trade union democracy, and higher education literatures to explore the factors that vary by institution that could explain differences in levels of SUD. Ordered logistic regression analyses suggest that SUD is associated with institutional quality, membership in inter-university organizations, and student body size and socioeconomic makeup. The results increase our understanding of the features, status, and correlates of democracy beyond the state.

The European Research Council (ERC) funding scheme classifies law within the social sciences and humanities sector, identifying legal science as a social science. The paper presents the case-study of such a classification as a deterministic model of evaluation and assessment of legal research. This may impact on career opportunities of individuals as well as on scientific independence, tacitly predefining the selection of research topics and legal methodology. The paper argues that ERC encourages a successful trend of conducting legal research to obtain funding, through the application of indicators. Their aim is to show which process has been followed to achieve and measure results. Legal science then risks being reduced to the analysis of legal performance. In this context, re-reading some writings of Polanyi on social sciences as well as on the critique of economic determinism sheds light on forms of academic determinism that affect the way of carrying-out research. El sistema de financiación del Consejo Europeo de Investigación (CEI) clasifica el Derecho dentro del sector de las ciencias sociales y las humanidades, e identifica la ciencia jurídica como una ciencia social. Este artículo presenta el caso práctico de dicha clasificación como modelo determinista de evaluación y valoración de la investigación jurídica, lo cual puede repercutir en las oportunidades profesionales de las personas, así como en la independencia científica, al predefinir tácitamente la selección de los temas de investigación y la metodología jurídica. El artículo sostiene que el CEI fomenta una tendencia de éxito en la realización de investigaciones jurídicas para obtener financiación, mediante la aplicación de indicadores. Su objetivo es mostrar qué proceso se ha seguido para alcanzar y medir los resultados. La ciencia jurídica corre entonces el riesgo de reducirse al análisis del rendimiento jurídico. En este contexto, la relectura de algunos escritos de Polanyi sobre las ciencias sociales, así como sobre la crítica del determinismo económico, arroja luz sobre las formas de determinismo académico que afectan a la forma de llevar a cabo la investigación.

Results from the European project RESISTIRÉ show that the pandemic outbreak and policies adopted to contain the virus have reinforced pre-existing gender inequalities, resulting in a “spiral of increasing inequalities” (Axelsson et al., 2021: 110). The care domain is a key part of this spiral and has been at the centre of debates and of some of the COVID-19 policy responses. However, for the most part, policy interventions in the care domain have focused primarily on work-life balance, neglecting the impact of health-related policy restrictions on domestic workers – a highly feminised and racialised sector. Yet these workers have been dramatically affected by the pandemic and related policies, not only in terms of exposure to infection, but also in terms of exacerbation of pre-existing and intersecting inequalities. Moreover, when policies did address the domestic sector, they often reproduced gender stereotyped understandings of the nature of care work, and reinforced racist assumptions on migration. This paper compares the policies on domestic workers enacted during the pandemic in Italy and Spain, which illustrate how public policy engages in gendering and racializing domestic workers. Drawing on Bacchi’s methodology, it seeks to unfold and problematise the representations and implicit assumptions related to care work, and the gender and racial hierarchies underpinning them.

Analyses show that crises like the Covid-19 pandemic had gendered effects. This paper explores its impact on gender-based violence (GBV) policies in Spain. We carry out an empirical analysis addressing the case of Information Centres for Women, a local institution in the region of Galicia aimed at promoting equality and tackling GBV. We use a survey to gather information on three key dimensions of GBV policies (resources, actions and coordination) before, during, and after the pandemic. The study shows that there were no significant setbacks in terms of funding and personnel during lockdown. Yet, resources were not enlarged despite increasing levels of violence. Actions had to focus on priority issues and preventive measures were mostly paralyzed, while coordination with other institutions became more difficult. Data gathered for the post-pandemic period indicates that some of these changes remained in place. The article contributes to academic debates by delving into an understudied policy issue: the impact of the pandemic on equality policies at the local level.

The COVID-19 pandemic and the public policies adopted to cope with the ensuing crisis had a significant impact on higher education and research institutions, and this captured the attention of numerous scholars. However, most of the analyses, especially those adopting a gender perspective, have focused on the impact of the pandemic on women as individuals (individual capabilities), while little attention has been paid to the impact on institutions and processes of structural change (collective capabilities). The capabilities approach (CA) is useful for analysing gender inequalities in higher education, and has also been used to examine the impact of the crisis on certain groups and situations. Based on the adaptation of this approach by Robeyns (2003) and Baser and Morgan (2008) to emphasise the importance of collective capabilities for individuals, institutions and society at large, this paper examines the institutional impact of the pandemic by drawing from the experiences of the six institutions in the GEARING-Roles project implementing gender equality plans (GEPs). To this end, we combine desk research of secondary sources with qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews with representatives of the GEP implementers and observations of project meetings carried out between April 2020 and June 2022. Our findings indicate a considerable impact on the collective capabilities of the change agents in the participating institutions, which stem mainly from a lack of institutional commitment to the gender equality agenda, mobility restrictions and limited social relations. However, some positive elements also emerge, such as the teams’ exceptional capacity to adapt to adverse circumstances.

This paper explores the impacts of Presbyterianism on Indo-Trinidadian communities in Trinidad. Through interviews with notable figures in the Church’s history, surveys within Presbyterian congregations, and in-depth research into Presbyterianism’s history in Trinidad, an analysis was conducted on how this history has shaped the Church from the twentieth to twenty-first century. General observations were also made in Presbyterian Church settings. The findings suggest that many contemporary Presbyterian practices mirror those of colonial times, albeit in a neocolonial context. Historical evidence supports the hypothesis that ideologies of Eurocentrism and elitism existed within the Presbyterian Church in eighteenth and nineteenth-century Trinidad, and aspects of these ideologies persist today. Additionally, both youth and adults within the Church express a need to address prevalent societal issues such as homosexuality, traditionally a taboo topic. Consequently, this research paper examines the concepts of “mission” and “submission”, aiming to understand the Church’s past reality, present state, and future implications within the Trinidadian Presbyterian context.

This paper examines how Achille Mbembe draws upon, then iterates from, the work of Aimé Césaire to provide a rich analysis of personhood in contemporary Africa. Typically, African treatments of Mbembe’s theorization place considerable emphasis on the intellectual influence of Frantz Fanon, rightly so. And while Fanon does have a central role in Mbembe’s writing, arguably it is Césaire who prompts Mbembe to conceptually insist upon the historical malleability of racial classification, racial civic ascription, and racial subjective comprehension as these social forms are reshaped by historical development. In tracing the development of these aspects of Mbembe’s social and political thought, this paper discusses the bisections and points of departures with Césaire’s poetry and philosophy as it pertains to the notion of Blackness. Effectively the dialectical encounter with Césaire and the Caribbean situation helps give rise to Mbembe’s main conclusion that there is a severe limitation to Black Reasoning, especially when its discursive referents give preference to a sublime singularity over the mutable.

Resistance in academia is a pervasive phenomenon. Gender equality was prescribed more than a decade ago in Spain, but the problem remains unsolved. Contributing to feminist institutionalism, this paper identifies both the manifestations of resistance intended to interfere in the implementation of gender equality initiatives in Spanish universities and the strategic responses enacted by gender equality agents to counteract those resistances. To this end, we conducted in-depth interviews with the female directors of Equality Units (EqUs) at six public universities in Madrid. Despite increasing support for gender equality, the research results confirm the existence of a complex web of resistance. EqUs deploy a wide range of strategies to neutralise the refusal to accept or comply with gender equality initiatives, but these are mainly, albeit not exclusively, embodied in actions of survival. We argue that although limited, these specialised bodies’ capacity for agency has not been obliterated and could be used to put alternative and more proactive counter strategies in place to bring about fundamental change. Overall, the findings yield new insights into the progress of and resistance to gender equality initiatives in universities.

Partiendo de la base de que la actividad de servicios residenciales para personas mayores es un sector fuertemente feminizado, y con la hipótesis de que la segregación laboral ha cristalizado en él, nos planteamos como principal objetivo estudiar cuál es la estructura de los puestos de trabajo y cómo se distribuyen y se cuantifican entre ellos mujeres y hombres, de forma que podamos conocer el alcance de las dimensiones de dicha segregación, además de saber si la externalización de la gestión de estos servicios por parte de la Administración pública y la colaboración público-privada, que han dado lugar a diferentes modelos según la titularidad y la gestión, presentan diferencias. A partir de los datos facilitados por la Consejería de Justicia, Interior y Administración Pública de las relaciones de personal publicadas en la Plataforma de Contratación de la Generalitat Valenciana, así como de cuestionarios ad hoc y entrevistas realizadas a informantes clave de los centros, analizamos el caso de las residencias para personas mayores de la Comunidad Valenciana centrando nuestro estudio en el año 2019. Los datos recopilados evidencian que la presencia de las mujeres en los diferentes puestos de trabajo resulta asimétrica y desproporcionada a pesar de la alta feminización del sector, con una clara infrarrepresentación en los puestos de mayor autoridad, poder, responsabilidad, área de influencia y retribución (incluso de mayor prestigio y valoración social en algún caso), así como una sobrerrepresentación en los puestos menos cualificados, retribuidos y valorados socialmente, lo que demuestra marcados estereotipos de género. También hemos encontrado diferencias significativas según el modelo de titularidad y de gestión.

El presente artículo toma por objetivo el estudio de las representaciones sociales que los medios de comunicación generalistas españoles elaboran y reproducen acerca de los colectivos de personas migrantes llegadas a territorio español y procedentes del sur global, en particular del continente africano. Para ello, se ha empleado una metodología cualitativa, basada en el análisis discursivo de diversas piezas periodísticas, tanto escritas como audiovisuales, producidas alrededor de dos acontecimientos de gran relevancia mediática sucedidos en 2021: la apertura de la frontera terrestre entre Ceuta y Marruecos en mayo de 2021, por una parte, y el aterrizaje forzoso de un vuelo comercial en el aeropuerto de Palma de Mallorca, en noviembre del mismo año, por la otra. Los análisis realizados muestran que en las coberturas informativas de estos sucesos se despliegan diversas estrategias discursivas —coherencia y consistencia, transformación y legitimación— que, a partir de la movilización de emociones morales y la despolitización de los fenómenos migratorios, articulan un cierre discursivo en el que se reproducen y se reelaboran diversos imaginarios neocoloniales en torno a la figura de la persona migrante. Dichas epistemes hegemónicas favorecen y perpetúan los procesos de deshumanización y subalternización de las comunidades en movimiento en los territorios fronterizos.

El objetivo de este artículo es estudiar las características sociodemográficas de las niñas y las adolescentes que migran solas a España, así como sus motivaciones y trayectorias migratorias, con el fin de mejorar los procesos de su acogida institucional. Para ello, se ha realizado un análisis de contenido cualitativo de la totalidad de expedientes de niñas y adolescentes migrantes en el Sistema de Protección de Menores de la Comunidad Autónoma de Aragón (España), registrados entre los años 2000 y 2021. Los resultados permiten identificar sus orígenes y profundizar en los condicionantes de género que colocan a estas menores en situaciones de vulnerabilidad específica, tanto en sus rutas migratorias como en los procesos de acogida institucional. Como resultado del análisis de expedientes se propone una tipología con tres perfiles no excluyentes entre sí: las víctimas de explotación (sexual, doméstica o de otro tipo), aquellas cuya migración se produce a consecuencia de las relaciones familiares (reagrupación, violencia de género o maltrato) y las que presentan un manifiesto componente de promoción personal (o familiar). Por último, se identifican puntos críticos en la acogida institucional de estas chicas, vinculados a las particularidades de las situaciones de vulnerabilidad en las que se encuentran y a la necesidad de establecer protocolos e itinerarios de acogida diferenciados. La migración de niñas y adolescentes no acompañadas es poco visible y relativamente estable en el tiempo. Para atender sus necesidades y garantizar sus derechos se recomienda introducir una perspectiva de género interseccional en los servicios sociales especializados.

Este artículo analiza el proceso de acreditación y profesionalización de las trabajadoras de cuidados de atención directa desde la perspectiva de las y los profesionales implicados en la gestión y organización de las residencias de mayores. En la última década, cambios legislativos han exigido a las trabajadoras del sector certificar su cualificación mediante un sistema acreditativo o una formación específica. El estudio se enfoca en discursos de profesionales que guiaron y formaron a las trabajadoras en su proceso de formación y estabilización laboral, con el objetivo de lograr la profesionalización en el ámbito de los cuidados institucionalizados. Utilizando un enfoque cualitativo, se llevaron a cabo 18 entrevistas semiestructuradas a estos profesionales. Para el análisis de los discursos, se empleó el enfoque temático descriptivo de Braun y Clarke (2006), destacando las diferencias entre los discursos de expertos masculinos y femeninos para explorar cómo se percibe el proceso formativo de las trabajadoras y su impacto en la profesionalización de las tareas de cuidado. Los resultados resaltan las dificultades que enfrentan las trabajadoras para cumplir con los requisitos de acreditación, así como la expansión de oportunidades laborales para aquellas que superan los estándares de formación. También se revelan efectos no deseados del proceso de estabilización, como la volatilidad en el empleo y el agravio comparativo entre las cuidadoras. La perspectiva de estos profesionales que acompañan de cerca las experiencias formativas de las cuidadoras proporciona una visión más completa del proceso, destacando tanto sus ventajas como desafíos.

Durante la segunda década de este siglo, en España las personas en edad activa han pasado a tener un riesgo de pobreza sensiblemente más alto que las personas en edad no activa, lo que acrecienta el interés por la relación entre pobreza y participación laboral. El objetivo principal de este artículo es analizar el riesgo de pobreza de la población en edad activa en España. Se describe el riesgo de pobreza en función de la intensidad laboral del hogar, se profundiza en la composición de las rentas de los hogares y se analiza el efecto de las prestaciones sociales y de otras características del hogar para evitar la pobreza. Para ello, se utilizan los microdatos de la Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida (ECV). Los resultados muestran que la intensidad laboral es la variable con una mayor influencia tanto en el riesgo como en la composición de la pobreza de los hogares en España: casi la mitad de los hogares pobres no alcanzan el 50% de su capacidad de empleo. Las prestaciones sociales son uno de los principales instrumentos para evitar el riesgo de pobreza, especialmente si se combinan con rentas laborales: las contributivas tienen un efecto mayor por su generosidad y relación con el historial de empleo anterior, lo que refuerza, de nuevo, la importancia del empleo e indica una baja progresividad; y las ayudas familiares muestran efectos reducidos que evidencian la necesidad de revisar su diseño y cuantía.

Local governments are increasing their efforts to provide services to older adults ranging from health and care for dependents to leisure and cultural activities. Despite the widespread adoption of the active aging paradigm, the intensity of the aging process and the capacity and preferences of local governments to address the consequences of aging are not uniformly distributed. This study examines variations in local government responses to aging based on a survey conducted between October 2018 and February 2019 among government officials and political representatives in municipalities in the Community of Madrid with a population exceeding 10,000 inhabitants. A descriptive exploration of the survey responses suggests variability in local governments’ approach to aging, which is associated with factors such as the concentration of older adults in the municipality and differences in available income levels. In municipalities that prioritize resource-intensive policies, such as health care and programs targeting poverty and the prevention of social exclusion, there is a higher concentration of older adults and lower levels of available income. Conversely, wealthier municipalities tend to focus on policies aimed at promoting leisure and culture. This divergence in local policy responses highlights the heterogeneity within the active aging paradigm. Furthermore, it provides a nuanced understanding of how these policies can be adapted and responsive to the specific needs of each municipality.

Objetivo. El objetivo de este artículo es entender las condiciones sociales de producción o estructura social de los discursos o las ideologías del enfermo como héroe a partir de la teoría de las tomas de posición y las posiciones en el espacio social de Pierre Bourdieu, poniendo especial énfasis en si el estado del bienestar y de derecho desempeña algún papel en la producción de estos discursos, y en si aparecen otros tipos de discursos, especialmente protagonizados por la religión, si ese estado es débil o inexistente. Método. A tal efecto se construyó una base de datos con las 1.068 respuestas de los 1.068 individuos diferentes que en Twitter respondieron a un tuit de una persona con una enfermedad legitimada como la ELA. Mediante varios análisis (análisis temático de contenidos cualitativos, análisis de correspondencias múltiples [ACM] y análisis jerárquico de conglomerados [AJC]) se logró construir la estructura social de los discursos heroicos. Resultados. Se obtuvieron 12 tipos de respuestas, que se podían dividir en dos grandes grupos: discursos de superación o heroicos y discursos religiosos sobre la enfermedad. Conclusión. Se evidenció que existía una clara relación entre el tipo de estado del bienestar y de derecho (más o menos débil) y el tipo de discursos, por lo que, en entornos con estados del bienestar y de derecho relativamente más fuertes (como España), los dominantes eran los discursos o las ideologías del enfermo como héroe, y en los que tenían estados del bienestar más débiles (como Venezuela), la religión monopolizaba el discurso y las ideologías a partir de las cuales se construía la imagen social del enfermo.

En este artículo analizamos el impacto que tuvo la COVID-19 en la valoración de los trabajos remunerados de cuidados a personas mayores y dependientes en el contexto español. A través de un estudio cualitativo con entrevistas semiestructuradas a trabajadoras y gestores/as de servicios de cuidados —centros de día, servicios sociales básicos, asistencia personal y servicios de ayuda a domicilio—, examinamos las medidas de gestión política de la pandemia que afectaron a los trabajos de cuidados, las estrategias individuales y colectivas por parte de los agentes implicados en ellos y sus principales demandas y reivindicaciones sobre la valoración de la actividad. A partir de la propuesta teórica de reconocimiento y redistribución de los cuidados, hemos identificado las continuidades y las rupturas en la valoración del trabajo de cuidados. Los resultados muestran que la gestión de la pandemia desde las políticas públicas ha intensificado las desigualdades estructurales en relación con los trabajos de cuidados, ya que no ha contribuido a su reconocimiento ni redistribución. Sí que ha propiciado, en las personas implicadas, el debate y la toma de conciencia sobre este reconocimiento y su importancia. El artículo pretende contribuir a la consideración del cuidado como una cuestión sociopolítica compleja y a poner en evidencia la necesidad de repensar el modelo de cuidados desde la perspectiva de la justicia social que promueva el reconocimiento y la redistribución de los trabajos de cuidados.

El fenómeno de la soledad se está convirtiendo, cada vez más, en un problema amplio y relevante de las sociedades contemporáneas. En consecuencia, son muchas las investigaciones que abordan esta realidad, como numerosas son también las intervenciones que tratan de hacerle frente, en especial tras la pandemia provocada por la COVID-19. Para acercar al lector a esta realidad, en el presente artículo se exponen de forma heurística las diversas posturas existentes sobre la soledad mediante una novedosa cartografía teórica que propone un nuevo recorrido por el actual estado de la cuestión del campo de la soledad, formado por las aportaciones de distintas disciplinas. Para ello se ha seguido un método de revisión bibliográfica reflexiva con el objetivo de generar nuevos alineamientos teóricos que esclarezcan las posiciones desde las que hoy se escribe acerca de la soledad. Finalmente, el texto esboza algunas líneas reflexivas que el acercamiento sociológico a la soledad deberá tener en cuenta para constituirse como interlocutor válido y valioso en el actual campo de estudio de la soledad.

Las transiciones entre el sistema educativo y el mercado laboral son un proceso clave en la población joven. Este artículo investiga el efecto relativo del nivel educativo alcanzado y de la escolarización en edad postobligatoria en distintas medidas de inserción laboral en las cohortes de nacidos entre 1996 y 1998. Para ello, se explotan los datos de la última edición de la Encuesta de Transición Educativo-Formativa e Inclusión Laboral, del Instituto Nacional de Estadística, publicada en 2019, a través de la aplicación de modelos Logit. Los resultados señalan la mayor relevancia de la titulación a la hora de explicar los resultados en la primera etapa de los jóvenes y las jóvenes en el mercado laboral. Además, los que han permanecido en el sistema educativo en edades postobligatorias sin incrementar su titulación tienen unas posibilidades más reducidas de encontrarse activos, ocupados y de tener un contrato indefinido.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The research investigates how young boys progress in life after the loss of their fathers. It explores the adjustments they make, the coping mechanisms they develop to navigate life, and the male roles they assume in the family. Additionally, it examines how family can aid and support their coping and adjustment process. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: This study utilises a case study methodology focused on gaining an understanding of the lives of two adolescent boys who experienced the death of their fathers in the early formative years of their lives. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The paper focuses on five themes- family dynamics, life transitions with and without their fathers, post-loss reassignment of family roles, present circumstances, and future goals. RESEARCH RESULTS: A qualitative analysis of the data revealed that participants’ belief systems, family support, and striving toward future goals helped them to be resilient in this event. CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: While most research typically emphasises the negative impacts of death on people, this study demonstrates how individuals’ can be resilient, dependent on both person-related factors and environmental factors. To help adolescents who are grieving become resilient, the paper offers intervention and coping strategies through counselling, the availability of support networks, and combined efforts by the state and educational institutions.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: Governments across the world were forced to impose social distancing and lockdown measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19, caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that emerged in December 2019. Following the declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic, the disruptions, including restrictive measures such as school closures had severe impacts on the physical, emotional and mental health of all people, especially children with special needs. There was also scant data, particularly in low-to-middle-income countries. Existing literature stems mostly from western countries, thus the need to perform a comprehensive review on this topic. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The primary objective of the systematic review is to understand the impact of COVID-19 and restrictive measures such as school closures on the educational outcomes and physical and mental health of school-going children with special needs. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: This systematic review used the PRISMA 2020 checklist where four databases and grey literature were searched for full text articles, peer reviewed publications in the English language that were published during January 2019–December 2021. RESEARCH RESULTS: The literature search identified 1294 publications, of which 25 key papers were selected. These studies investigate the impact on children with special needs across the globe, with a majority of papers from Europe. We found that COVID-19 and the digitalization of schooling had severe impacts on the physical and mental health of children with special needs and their parents/caregivers. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: These studies highlight the need for an inclusive school environment to ensure that the learning outcomes for children everywhere are achieved. Further, a hybrid model that includes classroom learning with novel inventive methods would be beneficial for children with special needs.

This study gathers the opinions of judges and public prosecutors on the distinction between prostitution and trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation, the most suitable legal treatment of prostitution, and the possibility of penalising clients of prostitution for the purpose of improving the prosecution of the crime of trafficking. A survey of 71 Spanish judges and 19 interviews with judges and prosecutors were carried out. Fifty-three percent of judges agreed with regulating prostitution, and the majority believe that clients of prostitution could collaborate in the detection of trafficking victims. Four opinion groups were identified: the Doubters (41%); those Ambiguous about their positions (15.5%); the Pragmatic (21%), who consider that prostitution should be regulated but do not see it as a normal job; and the pro-Sex Work (22.5%), who agree with regulating prostitution and view it as a job like any other. Judges need clarity on legislation and policy on prostitution in order to be able to prosecute pimping offences. An appropriate regulation of prostitution is necessary to end its extralegality and the lack of regulation creates a vacuum that is left to the interpretation of the judicial system.

Utilizando métodos innovadores, exploramos patrones de satisfacción con el tiempo libre en adultos chilenos. Mediante un análisis de clases latentes, identificamos cuatro patrones de satisfacción diferentes. Por medio de regresión logística multinomial, examinamos los factores sociodemográficos que determinan la probabilidad de pertenecer a uno u otro de estos patrones. Los resultados muestran que la edad es el principal factor que define esta probabilidad, siendo los mayores de 56 años los más propensos a pertenecer a la clase de mayor satisfacción. Esta conclusión es coherente con los datos empíricos sobre la disponibilidad objetiva de tiempo libre. En cuanto a los ingresos, los individuos del quintil 4 tienen menos probabilidades de pertenecer al grupo de mayor satisfacción. No observamos diferencias al comparar hombres y mujeres. Sin embargo, sí se observan al evaluar la intersección entre el sexo y las condiciones de vivir en pareja y tener hijos de 0 a 4 años. Nuestros hallazgos cuestionan los patrones de paternidad en parejas heterosexuales en Chile y sugieren que las mujeres en tales condiciones tienen menos probabilidades de pertenecer a la clase de mayor satisfacción.

Este artículo contribuye a la investigación sobre la desigual implicación que hombres y mujeres tienen en el trabajo doméstico aportando nuevas evidencias empíricas a partir del caso de Navarra. El objeto de estudio es el reparto de tareas existente entre las personas mayores de 18 años que conviven en parejas heterosexuales. En concreto, se estudia la distribución de las principales tareas del hogar, el grado de satisfacción que produce dicho reparto entre hombres y mujeres y los perfiles poblacionales en torno a este grado de satisfacción. El análisis empírico se ha realizado a partir del barómetro del Parlamento de Navarra, y los resultados muestran que en esta región la distribución de las tareas domésticas presenta rasgos ligeramente más igualitarios que en el conjunto del Estado. A pesar de esta ligera diferencia, hombres y mujeres perciben de forma muy distinta su grado de participación, y el perfil poblacional que presenta más insatisfacción con la actual distribución de este trabajo es el de una mujer que vive en un hogar de cuatro personas. Los resultados avalan la urgencia de contar con datos actualizados en el ámbito estatal para visibilizar los avances —o la falta de ellos— que se han producido en la última década.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the paper was to discuss a function of passion in professional personal lives of eminent Cracow musicians. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The paper raises the problem of the role of passion in the process of shaping musical eminence, answers the question of the scope of experiencing it as well as it manifesting in activities of outstanding individuals. In conducted research and interpretations, the qualitative perspective and biographical method were applied. The leading technique was problem-concentrated qualitative interview, partially structured, carried out with ten eminent instrumentalists. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The theoretical basis for this reading of the experience of educational biographies was provided by the Model of Authentic Vocation of J. Weller and the Dualistic Model of Passion of A. Bonneville-Roussy, G. Lavigne and R. Vallerand. The interpretations of the research material described the topography of experiencing passion. RESEARCH RESULTS: The article describes autonomous passion associated with musical mastery, instrumental motivation to practice, as well as distinguishes important factors that determine the experience of passion, persistence or burnout (tenacity, ambition, community transfer, conflict of motives, work overload), and concretizes the qualities of musical passion of outstanding musicians: professionalization, love of music, integrity, creativity, strength and determination in pursuit of goals, as well as humility in the face of challenges. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Deciphering the senses and meanings that prominent Cracow musicians attributed to passion suggests that it was autonomous, harmonious and instrumental, motivated by the pursuit of mastery, and that the trajectories of the musicians’ professional biographies were a manifestation of a “professionalization of passion,” which formed the core of their educational experience and constituted and defined their life creed.

Digital exclusion is a challenging phenomenon in many countries. The low level of digital and media competences among senior citizens raises many questions about the effectiveness of existing digital inclusion activities. This article fills a gap related to the development of digital competences from an intergenerational perspective. The paper answers the questions of 1) how to promote digital inclusion among seniors citizens, and 2) what role in the effective promotion of the development of digital competences could be played by young people. The paper used a standardised interview technique involving 22 young adults in Poland (20-35 years old) who reported on eleven ways to promote digital inclusion activities among seniors, and eight techniques that relate to the intergenerational development of digital and media competence.

La industria papelera en Ecuador actualmente enfrenta problemas en la gestión de sus procesos productivos debido a una inadecuada gestión de inventarios y la ausencia de prácticas de control interno. Para el análisis de la situación problemática se empleó una investigación de campo de tipo descriptiva y transversal. Se diseñó con base en la revisión documental y a través de la observación directa un instrumento para diagnosticar la situación actual con base en la metodología COSO III lo cual permitió comprender las interacciones de los procesos y conocer la realidad actual en el manejo de prácticas de control interno relacionadas con la gestión de inventario en la empresa objeto de estudio. La aplicación del instrumento permitió determinar las principales falencias las cuales se ubicaron en tres categorías: a) actividades de evaluación de riesgos, b) control y c) monitoreo. Al respecto de los problemas detectados fue posible generar posibles soluciones con a atreves de actividades estratégicas con sus respectivos indicadores y estándares de cumplimiento para su aplicación y monitoreo continuo. Si bien el alcance del estudio no fue la implementación, se recomienda que la empresa pueda gestionar la ejecución de las actividades y poder validad la efectividad de las mismas. Palabras clave: Control interno, inventario, industria papelera. ABSTRACT The paper industry in Ecuador currently faces problems in the management of its production processes due to inadequate inventory management and the absence of internal control practices. For the analysis of the problematic situation, a descriptive and cross-sectional field investigation was used. Based on the documentary review and through direct observation, an instrument was designed to diagnose the current situation based on the COSO III methodology, which allowed understanding the interactions of the processes and knowing the current reality in the management of internal control practices. related to inventory management in the company under study. The application of the instrument allowed to determine the main shortcomings which were located in three categories: a) risk assessment activities, b) control and c) monitoring. Regarding the problems detected, it was possible to generate possible solutions through strategic activities with their respective indicators and compliance standards for their application and continuous monitoring. Although the scope of the study was not the implementation, it is recommended that the company be able to manage the execution of the activities and be able to validate their effectiveness. Keywords: Internal control, inventory, paper industry.

After several decades of economic integration and enlargement, divergence has been increasing in the European Union (EU), with weaker member states and regions falling behind their stronger counterparts. This paper argues that the structural causes of this increasing divide are explained in terms of the divergent trajectories of interdependent economies with different productive capabilities. In the process of European integration, the Southern peripheral countries were exposed to macroeconomic policies and shocks that, although apparently neutral, generated different effects and ever increasing regional disparities. Since the formation of the EU’s Economic and Monetary Union in 1992, events representing important milestones in the process of divergence include China’s accession to the World Trade Organization, the eastward orientation of German industry, and the 2008 financial and sovereign debt crises and the ensuing austerity. In the final part, the paper evaluates whether new divides are likely to emerge in the new global context triggered now by the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war.

The modern concept of State security comprises a transversal and multidisciplinary approach, including, among others, energy, cyber and food securities. Major food producers or food importers includes food security as one of the National security´s policies main stream. In this context, strategic food security policies are essential to the sovereignty, economic development and political stability. The aim of this work was to contribute to this debate, which includes food security as a relevant component of National security and defense policies. This paper discusses the role of food security on major security policies, comparing food security approach on countries with different political and economic systems. The paper highlights the strategy on food security policies involves the political model, the role-play by the country on the global food security and the food self-sufficient approach. As a major food producer and global food exporter, Brazil plays an important role on global food security. Meanwhile, a food security policy should be consider as essential part of a national security strategy, which would support the Brazil economic development and its global political influence.

This paper aims at critically reviewing the concept of rentierism and the Rentier State coined after the oil shocks of the 1970s. It explains that it is the result of a relationship, which properly institutionalized through the market generates a mineral rent. This allows us to argue that the oil price fulfils a systemic role. Finally, this paper assesses the case of Algeria by examining its positioning in the hydrocarbon global value chains, with the aim to draw the conclusions that the future of Algeria as a gas rentier economy is quite unclear, but in the case of a major restructuring of the international gas trade, it could lead to its petrolization.

Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) is an approach in which content is delivered through a second language, becoming a tool to deliver information. This paper evaluated the viability of implementing CLIL at Universidad Católica de Cuenca Language Center. This research also explored university students' perception of studying English as a Foreign Language (EFL) at the university level. After implementing the CLIL approach, this paper described the effect on students’ speaking skills. A placement speaking test was applied at the beginning of the 8-week course and another at the end. A Survey was applied to find topics of interest from students’ majors, reasons for taking English classes, how they feel when using English to communicate, and motivation. This study used two Intermediate 2 (B1) in the period October-December 2022. One group (control group) received regular classes following the official curriculum, and the other group (experimental group) had the intervention of CLIL. The findings provided valuable information on whether an intervention of CLIL with university students who take EFL as a requirement to graduate from their undergraduate program is viable. The results of this study offered information about the impact of CLIL not only on English proficiency but also on the motivation toward L2 and cooperative learning. Keywords: Teaching method (CLIL), foreign language, standards, skills. RESUMEN El Aprendizaje Integrado de Contenidos y Lenguas Extranjeras (AICLE) es un enfoque en el que el contenido se enseña a través de un segundo idioma, convirtiéndose en una herramienta para transmitir información. Este trabajo evaluó la viabilidad de implementar AICLE en el Centro de Idiomas de la Universidad Católica de Cuenca. Esta investigación también exploró la percepción de los estudiantes universitarios de estudiar inglés como lengua extranjera (EFL) a nivel universitario. Después de implementar el enfoque AICLE, este documento describe el efecto en las habilidades orales de los estudiantes. Se aplicó una prueba de ubicación oral al comienzo del curso de 8 semanas y otra al final. Se aplicó una Encuesta para encontrar temas de interés de las carreras de los estudiantes, razones para tomar clases de inglés, cómo se sienten al usar el inglés para comunicarse y motivación. Este estudio utilizó dos niveles Intermediate 2 (B1) en el periodo octubre-diciembre 2022. Un grupo (grupo control) recibió clases regulares siguiendo el currículo oficial, y el otro grupo (grupo experimental) tuvo la intervención de AICLE. Los hallazgos proporcionaron información valiosa sobre si es viable una intervención de CLIL con estudiantes universitarios que toman EFL como requisito para graduarse de su programa de pregrado. Los resultados del presente estudio brindaron información sobre el impacto de AICLE no solo en el dominio del inglés sino también en la motivación hacia la L2 y el aprendizaje cooperativo. Palabras clave: Método de enseñanza (CLIL), idioma extranjero, normas, habilidades.

La presente investigación busca presentar la producción de trabajos académicos y científicos utilizando la inteligencia artificial de modelamiento de lenguaje Chat GPT en diferentes áreas de la educación superior. Para la obtención de los resultados, se siguió el enfoque cuantitativo, el tipo de investigación es de carácter descriptiva con un diseño no experimental a nivel de campo. El tamaño de la población fueron los docentes de varias carreras de la Universidad Metropolitana sede Machala. Para la muestra, se empleó un muestreo probabilístico con selección aleatoria simple, calculando el tamaño de la muestra con un margen de error del 5% y un nivel de confianza del 95%. Los principales resultados en la aplicación del instrumento se encuentran, entre otras, el hecho de ninguno de los docentes pudo detectar que el documento que revisaron fue creado por una inteligencia artificial y le dieron un puntaje promedio de 8,88/10 y que la plataforma anti plagio Compilatio también generó un promedio de 1% de similitud, demostrando que la creación de documentos académicos y de investigación por el momento no se los puede diferenciar de los trabajos hechos por humanos, ni en la revisión realizada por humanos ni en las plataformas anti plagio. Palabras clave: Inteligencia Artificial, ChatGPT, trabajos académicos, plagio. ABSTRACT This research seeks to present the production of academic and scientific papers using artificial intelligence for Chat GPT language modeling in different areas of higher education. To obtain the results, the quantitative approach was followed, the type of research is descriptive with a non-experimental design at the field level. The size of the population were the teachers of various careers at the Machala Metropolitan University. For the sample, a probabilistic sampling with simple random selection was used, calculating the sample size with a margin of error of 5% and a confidence level of 95%. The main results in the application of the instrument are, among others, the fact that none of the teachers could detect that the document they reviewed was created by artificial intelligence and they gave it an average score of 8.88/10 and that the platform anti plagiarism Compilatio also generated an average of 1% similarity, demonstrating that academic and research papers are currently indistinguishable from human-made work, neither in human review nor on anti-plagiarism platforms. plagiarism. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, ChatGPT, academic papers, plagiarism.

In this paper we analyze culture as integral aspect of everyday life and the ways culture is actualized through cultural participation. The research presented in this paper is part of the Center for Designing the Everyday project, which aims to explore the current state and possibilities for establishing a new model of participatory governance in culture based on the model of participatory democracy. In this research, designed and conducted to assess the state of cultural participation at two intervals over a two-year period, the aim was to determine whether there are differences in the types of participation and motivations for participation in cultural events and activities before and after initiatives aimed at reinforcing the model of participatory governance. The paper draws on three conceptual turns, namely postmodern, cultural, and participatory, to examine the repositioning of cultural participation in everyday life. Two surveys were undertaken in 2018 and 2020 in Zagreb, targeting an intentional sample of visitors to cultural institutions and associations operating in the field of visual arts. Given the specific timeframe, the results are interpreted in the context of the pandemic. Results imply strengthening of cultural participation connected to cultural consumption, while participation connected to cultural production is decaling. Furthermore, interactive cultural participation in digital and virtual environment indicates inequalities among different social groups especially when it comes to elderly population that has proven to be vulnerable in terms of frequency and availability of interactive cultural participation.

En este artículo presento los principales excesos, insuficiencias y ambigüedades de la teoría del actor-red (actor-network theory). Para ello, reviso los textos esenciales de su miembro más influyente, Bruno Latour, y los de otros de sus miembros destacados, como Michael Callon y John Law. Discuto su división binaria interesada entre una errada y convencional sociología de lo social y una plausible e innovadora sociología de las asociaciones. Y rechazo que debamos sumarnos a esa retórica de una refundación sociológica a partir de los severos pero inmerecidos reproches latourianos contra las sociologías crítica, durkheimiana y socioconstructivista. Expongo y defiendo, en suma, los motivos específicos y entrelazados por los que esta teoría es muy original y polémica, pero también muy poco útil y relevante para la sociología, otras ciencias sociales, los grupos humanos marginados y el conjunto de la ciudadanía.

La mayoría de las investigaciones sobre gobernanza multinivel desde una perspectiva de género han tenido como variable dependiente las políticas de igualdad (Haussman et al., 2010). Por el contrario, son menos frecuentes las investigaciones que analizan la presencia de las mujeres como protagonistas de la gobernanza multinivel, sus formas de actuación o el efecto de sus acciones en el resultado final (Gushchina y Kaiser, 2021). Esta investigación aborda esta perspectiva en una situación de pandemia, donde la urgencia y la interdependencia estimulan la regla de participación ejecutiva. La limitada presencia de mujeres en la gestión intergubernamental de la pandemia está estrechamente relacionada con su escasa presencia en los gobiernos. El poder ejecutivo y, en especial, la jefatura de gobierno siguen siendo un terreno cerrado para las mujeres. Actualmente, casi la mitad de los países de la Unión Europea no han tenido en su historia a ninguna mujer como primera ministra (Novo-Arbona, 2020). Sin embargo, los sistemas federales y descentralizados han representado una vía de acceso de las mujeres a las jefaturas de los poderes ejecutivos, y su presencia ha sido más común en las jefaturas de las unidades constituyentes. El porcentaje de mujeres ministras también ha aumentado considerablemente, y ellas han ocupado carteras más prestigiosas, como las de Asuntos Exteriores, Defensa o Economía, aunque tradicionalmente —y todavía hoy— es más habitual su presencia en las relacionadas con los cuidados, como los servicios sociales o el ámbito sanitario (Kroeber y Hüffelmann, 2021). Este artículo identifica los órganos de decisión multinivel más relevantes desde la declaración de la pandemia, la presencia de mujeres en ellos y su rol dentro de las organizaciones.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a multifaceted crisis, impacting health, the economy, policy and society at large, and also resulting in a humanitarian crisis. These crises have impacted everyone, although the effects have been unevenly distributed, leading to further disadvantage and marginalisation for those who were already vulnerable and marginalised. The pandemic laid bare and intensified pre-existing gender inequalities in many aspects of life, from the labor market and educational opportunities to health and social protection systems. The unequal impacts on women and men have been observed in the economy and employment, in domestic work and care, in physical and mental health, and in violence. The collection of articles in this special issue critically interrogates these key issues relating to the impact of the pandemic on gender equality in Europe, highlighting exacerbated gender inequalities, policy responses and the potential for a gender-responsive recovery. This special issue brings together a collection of eight articles that investigate various aspects of gender inequality exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, and that explore potential pathways towards achieving greater gender equality in the post-pandemic world. They summarise the findings and contributions of several social scientists and also of two EU funded projects: RESISTIRÉ (GA 101015990) and GEARING Roles (GA 824536). The articles are structured around five main themes: labor market disparities, education and skill development, social and political responses, post-pandemic opportunities, and care. Each article contributes unique insights, empirical findings and policy recommendations from a feminist perspective to enrich the ongoing discourse on gender equality. Together, the articles show the necessity of feminist analysis of crisis, and reveal the structural roots of inequalities while simultaneously emphasising the necessity for transformative action to address inequalities.

This article problematises gender-mainstreaming in Swedish policy responses to COVID-19 in relation to economic politics. The aim is to understand how gender mainstreaming was implemented, and with what effects. Little is still known about gender mainstreaming in crisis management and policymaking, and even less is known in relation to pandemic policy responses. To contribute to this field of knowledge, the article therefore analyses the Swedish National Recovery and Resilience Plan, supplemented by interviews with public servants, to understand the factors that impact the implementation of gender mainstreaming in policymaking in times of societal crises. At a theoretical level, the article draws on feminist institutionalism and implementation studies, the notion of resilience, and insights from critical frame analysis. The data is based on a larger dataset collected as part of the EU-funded RESISTIRÉ: Responding to Outbreaks through Co-creative Inclusive Equality Strategies project. The results indicate that gender mainstreaming is limited in its rationale and scope in times of crisis and that the integration of a gender equality perspective in crisis management needs to be developed in several important ways.

The objective of this paper is to know the image of the indigenous communities in the Venezuelan cinema (1998-2008), and the representation of these ethnics groups, through the definition of “national identity” in contemporary Venezuela, especially since the struggles of the indigenous people for their cultural and ethnic survival, their defense of their land, and their political and economic self-determination.It is important to remember that in 1968, during the first government of Rafael Caldera (1969-1974), the country began a “new indigenous policy”, in the midst of the economic desarrollista model implanted for this government, called the conquest of the South [la Conquista del Sur], which also allowed a new ethnographic and socio-anthropological approach to the indigenous communities, from different filmmakers formed in Venezuela and abroad. This paper presents a preliminary film inventory of this filmography, as a representative example of fictional films and documentaries, with indigenous theme, to know the representation of this population in the current Venezuelan “audiovisual imagery”, during this particular time.

The paper summarises and clarifies definitions of new and future industry development so-called INDUSTRY 4.0 e 5.0. There is a little confusion and a narrative influence from cultural and market leaders to evangelize scholars and less informed people. An increase in digitalization, information technology, and machine learning doesn’t imply a “revolution” it is something going on till the internet was open to the public. The paper summarises definitions to navigate the number of new words and definitions to avoid misunderstanding. The paper justifies itself for graduation and graduates to avoid errors following narrative fashions without an orientation. The aim of the paper is didactic and like a glossary. When academic discussions or research papers, the present paper could be used as a reference. The result also warns of the implications of the INDUSTRY5.0 definition because the more ideological side of the used the more ideal and academically irrelevant is the discussion. Depending on the aim of the research if the discussion is about human-machine development it is better in sociological or law areas.

The paper seeks to explain the importance of technology transfer for small firms. The technology transfer plan fits inside the Technology Plan of the Business Plan. Some suggestions give the framework for small firms to process a strategy and avoid failure in the technology cycle. The paper has a didactical purpose and uses bibliographic research to give the pieces of information and the logic of the process. The result is to inform and clarify its importance in a Business Plan somewhere missed in the general education and standard templates, but that is important for small firms to cure.

The New Development Bank (NDB) has not yet received the attention it deserves in the development community. On the one hand, this lack of attention could be partially explained by its short existence. On the other hand, in its first five years of operations, the bank consolidated as a source of development finance in the bloc by claiming originality from the traditional multilateral development bank (MDB) business model. In this sense, the research gap on the bank points to a miscommunication between the NDB’s claims of originality and its engagement with the extended development community. Addressing the “new in the NDB” to consolidate it as a full member of the community, this paper analyses the bank’s very first operations to understand the possibilities of the NDB to position itself as a mission-oriented institution to finance the ecological transition in the BRICS countries by partnering up with local actors and institutions committed to public value. To understand these opportunities, this paper sheds light on five selected NDB projects and their engagement with the local sustainable development agendas. Studied together, the case studies provide important lessons on the bank’s approach to achieve its newness, but do not pretend to evaluate the whole of its first five years of operations – which should be tackled by further research. The paper concludes by suggesting a mission roadmap for the bank to consider in its corporate strategy. This implies a perspective shift from its current narrow focus on sustainable infrastructure investment by partnering up with local actors of the extended BRICS development community. For that matter, a shared commitment to strong sustainability and public value is required when connecting the bank’s operations with the country-specific challenges for the ecological transition.

The criminal justice system, the criminal enforcement system and the prison system are realities built from an androcentric perspective. The fact that only a small part of the crimes that are prosecuted and sentenced have been committed by women places them in a minority position in the enforcement system, which means they have less access to resources and services. This paper aims to analyse what strategies have been undertaken in recent years in order to introduce gender-based transformations in criminal enforcement in Catalonia and to determine what challenges remain. Firstly, we present quantitative and qualitative data relating to the population of women in prison. We then analyse how the passing of new legislation aimed at recognising and extending the principle of equality and non-discrimination in Catalonia impacts criminal enforcement, favouring the deployment of initiatives such as the creation of gender referents for penitentiary centres and specific programmes for women in prison. After reviewing some interesting initiatives promoted from outside the Catalan territory, the paper concludes with six proposals aimed at improving the situation of women who come in contact with the criminal enforcement system and at introducing a gender perspective in the penitentiary system.