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Biological macromolecules, considered as the items of the biochemical domain, are typically conceived under the ontological category of substantial individuals. In this paper, I will argue that the philosophical framework of process ontology, according to which the living world is not populated by individuals but by a dynamic hierarchy of processes, is more adequate to account for the structure and functioning of macromolecules. In particular, I will analyze its application to the phenomenon of cell signaling and to one of its key concepts, cell receptors. Current knowledge in biochemistry allows us to conceive receptors as processual and dynamic entities, relationally stabilized and not separated from the biochemical phenomenon of which they are part.

Basic studies on DNA extraction techniques are very important for the success of scientific papers in the field of molecular biology. The extraction and purification of nucleic acids are critical steps for establishing further genetic analysis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of different protocols for DNA extraction by determining the quantity and quality of extracted genetic material and the possibility of amplification by PCR. We did DNA extraction and PCR of ten bovine blood samples. The test results obtained by spectrophotometry indicated that the quantity and quality of genomic DNA were considered satisfactory in all protocols for PCR. However, there was a statistically significant difference between the parameters measured, both in quantity and in quality (p

Due to the indiscriminate use agrochemicals in conventional agriculture, it is causing pollution problems in the environment (soil, air and water), hence the search for alternatives that contribute to agricultural production by agro-chemical free sustainable production. This paper studies the biological control of damping off in coffee (Coffea arabica) by applying antagonistic fungus Trichoderma sp. Under experimental conditions at laboratory facilities of the Academic Unit Carmen Pampa Campesina, a community of Carmen Pampa, Township Coroico. The aim of this study was to biologically control the "damping off", they found two genera that cause damping off in seedbed of coffee: Rhizoctonia sp. and Fusarium sp.To determine the percentage of growth and control in the culture medium, we used the method of counting quarters, where they gave the mycelial growth of antagonistic fungus Trichoderma sp., And the fungal pathogens Rhizoctonia sp. and Fusarium sp. Statistically there was a highly significant difference in the variable growth rate of Trichoderma sp. on pathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia sp. and Fusarium sp. at 3, 6 and 9 days that announces the time factor and treatments are interdependent. The control variable showed a highly significant difference in the time factor and treatment, but the interaction shows no significant difference this makes known factors that are independent, so the fungus Trichoderma sp. not depend on time in treatment, thus showing its inhibitory power to Rhizoctonia sp. and Fusarium sp .. This test gives references that there is antagonistic fungus control on the fungal pathogens Rhizoctonia sp. and Fusarium sp.

This essay presents and discusses an eight-session seminar course designed to develop critical thinking skills in doctoral biochemistry students by exposing them to classical experiments in biochemistry. During each 2.5 session, different key topics of the discovery and development of biochemical concepts are discussed. Before each session, students are required to read the one or two classical papers. The size of the seminar course and the seating of the students are critical to make this a highly interactive environment for all students to participate in the critique and re-designing of key experiments, including control experiments, which helped formulate these classical concepts. Final student evaluation of the course’s goals has two equal components: Course participation and a final take home exam due two weeks after the course is completed. Together with the take home exam students are also required to write an evaluation of the course, preferably no longer than half a page. Students’ comments of the course have been uniformly positive. The author notes the sooner students are exposed to this manner of thinking, the better they will be equipped to choose an appropriate mentor and contribute creatively to attempt to solve the scientific problem of their PhD thesis.

Adult stage Ixodidae mites were collected from wild vicuna (Vicugna vicugna Molina 1782), captured at three locations from the Área Natural de Manejo Integrado Nacional Apolobamba, in the Department of La Paz, Bolivia. The collected ticks corresponded to the species Amblyomma parvitarsum (Neumann 1901). This paper constitutes the second report of A. parvitarsum in Bolivia and the first confirmed report for vicuna as definitive hosts in the Andean region of this country.

Journal of the Selva Andina Research Society is an International Journal, indexed, found in the portal www.scielo.org, peer-reviewed, semi-annual edition, founded on September 25, 2008, dependent "Foundation Selva Andina Research Society" in agreement with the Bolivian Catholic University "San Pablo", the School of Agricultural Engineering and Autonomous Public University from “El Alto”, the National Institute of Agricultural and Forestry Innovation (INIAF), the PROINPA Foundation, whose purpose is to promote and disseminate unpublished research that generate impact in the area of influence of the University, the country as a whole and in the region. According to international standards, the Journal has an existence certified by the International Standard Serial Number or ISSN either in version on line (ISSN: 2072-9308) and in print (ISSN: 2072-9294) and has a clear and public administrative and executive structure from a structured Editorial Board. Along its route, it has published relevant scientific contributions of notable national and international researchers. Although the Journal growth is recognized, to date, it is the purpose of the Editorial Board, to achieve its greater diffusion that is, in a register or database of scientific papers recognized nationally and internationally. The Journal wants to achieve greater visibility and national and international diffusion, which will help controlling and bibliographic monitoring of scientific production on topics discussed. The selection criteria used to achieve appropriate indexes go through the scientific quality, editorial board, content, standardization, language, regularity and frequency of publication. The databases of each index have objectives and own selection criteria. It does not include everything that is published, because it is not enough to have wide coverage and is not sufficient that a journal is well structured from the graphical point of view. An indexed publication should be better than other journals of the area. It should be more interesting, more original and most cited. This is the road to excellence that the magazine “Journal of the Selva Andina Research Society” is seeking to consolidate, based on of a valiant effort, commitment, quality and difference