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This paper investigates the key elements of ethos, pathos and logos linguistic strategies as some main features of TED (Technology, Entertainment, Design) Talks, popularizing speeches aiming at Knowledge Dissemination. Through a comparison between the TED Talk ‘HIV - How to fight an epidemic of bad laws’, by Shereen El-Feki (2012a), and another speech held by the same author at the 2012 Symposia The Global Commission on HIV and the Law, addressed to specialists, the paper analyses TED Talks as an innovative tool of popularization, which breaches the typical triangularisation ‘scientist-mediator-audience’, bringing scientists directly into contact with their audiences. Drawing upon Aristotle’s three pillars of rhetoric, the paper analyses the strategies used to establish the ethos of the speech, by proposing a topic as morally worth of spreading; pathos, by creating a direct contact with the public; and logos, investigated through an analysis of the elements used to recontextualise scientific discourses into popularized speeches. The analysis suggests that TED Talks are a recodification, not a mere translation of texts; they are a means to disseminate knowledge reducing the asymmetry between audiences and scientists.

Current paper is based on the recent proposals of researcher Krieg-Planque (2010) in his works at the interface of information sciences and language studies, foregrounded on the theoretical framework of French Discourse Analysis, evoked by the notion of discursive genesis developed by Maingueneau ([1984] 2008). Research focuses on the phrase ‘peace culture’ within the Brazilian public space, especially in the book Cultura de Paz: redes de convivência (DISKIN, 2009), a milestone during the period of the formula´s intense propagation. The essay shows how a consensus effect is produced on the linguistic surface of a term that, in its uses, is home to several interpretations.

The education of teachers of English may be perceived from the perspective of the engagement of the future professionals with different literacy practices which they have to face in their daily activities. Information and communication digital technologies (ICDT) are part of several social practices which are constitutive of a new generation and at the same time exclude others who still do not have effective access to them (CGI.BR, 2011). Current paper analyzes the role(s) of educational discussion forum as a professional formation instrument for future teachers of English based on the engagement of one pre-service teacher in an elective unit course in Foreign Modern Languages – English, at a government-run university in the north of the state of Parana, Brazil. Results show the (res)signification of the future teacher within the space provided by the educational discussion forum and indicate the dynamics of the (re)construction of professional knowledge based on the use of the above-mentioned tool.

Fregeans follow Frege (1892) in accepting informativeness and substitution failure as reliable criteria for the existence of senses as objects of thought. In this paper I show that if we accept this, we must also accept the existence of an infinite hierarchy of senses as objects of thought. This is a bad result since it turns Fregeanism into a doctrine according to which object-related thoughts either have an infinite number of objects as contents or none at all. This shows, against the Fregean, that senses cannot themselves be constituents of thought.

In this paper, we introduce Vygotsky's ideas from the perspective of the American psychologist James V. Wertsch. We highlight three basic themes in Vygotsky's writings: (1) mediation; (2) social interaction; and (3) development. This study is motivated by some misinterpretations typically found in the literature, such as: social interaction as negotiation of meanings; teacher as knowledge mediator; textbook as more capable peer; development as the construction of new cognitive structures. Implications of this perspective for teaching and research in Physics teaching are discussed.

In this paper, we present a teaching proposal centered on the Projects Pedagogy brought to completion in the year 2013 with students of Physics Teachers’ Degree of the CEFET/RJ – in the Nova Friburgo Unity. In this activity, we searched for putting these students as protagonists of their own learning process and as collaborators of others classmates in a Public High School partner of the project. The central objective of this work was to enlarge the learning of History and Philosophy of Science and Nature of Science for these students and of the students of the High School partner in this project.

Guidelines have been proposed for assessing the quality of clinical trials, observational studies and validation studies of diagnostic tests. More recently, the COSMIN (COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments) initiative extended those in regards to epidemiological measurement tools in general. Among various facets proposed for assessment is the validity of an instrument’s dimensional structure (or structural validity). The purpose of this article is to extend these guidelines. A seven-step roadmap is proposed to examine (1) the hypothesized dimensional structure; (2) strength of component indicators regarding loading patterns and measurement errors; (3) measurement error correlations; (4) factor-based convergent and discriminant validity of scales; (5) item discrimination and intensity vis-à-vis the latent trait spectrum; and (6) the properties of raw scores; and (7) factorial invariance. The paper also holds that the suggested steps still require debate and are open to refinements.

This paper examined the association between individual and local level factors and the number of antenatal care visits completed by women in Colombia using data from the 2010 Colombian Demographic and Health Survey and multilevel logistic regression models. Our findings suggest that, in addition to maternal socioeconomic status, contextual factors influence whether pregnant women complete the minimum recommended number of antenatal care visits. These factors include: level of women’s autonomy in the community, regional inequalities and access barriers caused by distance (OR = 0.057), costs of services (OR = 0.035), and/or a lack of confidence in doctors (OR = 0.036). Our results highlight the existence of inequalities in access to antenatal care and the importance of considering the local context in the design of effective maternal care policies in Colombia. Furthermore, our findings regarding individual factors corroborate the evidence from other countries and offer new insights into the association between local level factors and number of antenatal care visits.

Herein, we present a summary about the contribution to the herpetology by Raymond F. Laurent (1916-2005) who was the first president of the Asociación Herpetologica Argentina. Born in Belgium, he worked as researcher at Royal Museum for Central Africa in Tervuren and at Harvard University, and explored the herpetology in Uvira, Rwanda and Katanga. In 1964 he moved to San Miguel de Tucumán (Argentina) to research in CONICET and Fundación Miguel Lillo, and to teach at the Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. He published more than 200 papers on taxonomy, systematics and morphology of African and South American herpetofauna. Most of these studies still constitute the basis to understand some classifications. As the first AHA’s president, he encouraged young people to carry on new research topics and was a caring mentor and a major influence in the development of the career of many Argentine herpetologists. Furthermore, he contributed to increase the level of the Herpetology among the Biological Sciences in Argentina.

For millennia the turtles and tortoises have been part of the mythical universe of several human cultures. In consequence, the empirical knowledge of oral transmission, the contextualized use, and the symbolic meaning of these animals exceed in antiquity and extension to the academic knowledge on them, which has not impeded, however, that chelonians are currently the most threatened vertebrates on the Earth. This paper deals with the work of explorers and naturalists who laid the foundations of the South American herpetology, in general, and the cheloniology, in particular, with emphasis in Argentina. The work of Marcos Freiberg is recognized as pivotal to the development of the scientific study of the chelonians in this country. Lastly, the progress of cheloniology in recent decades is summarized.

This paper is a theoretical review whose general objective was to analyze the complex links between two frequently recurring phenomena in the field of mental health: the stress and depression, from the psychoneuroendocrinological point of view, considering the implication of the cortisol hormone on the relationship mentioned above. For this purpose we proceeded through a database search in Medline, Pubmed, Wiley Online Library, and Scielo data. It was concluded that chronic stress and some forms of depression would establish a continuum. They have neurobiological and pathophysiological basis with many similarities. In addition, a hostile environment during early childhood would increase the vulnerability to the stress and to suffering from depression in the adulthood. The epigenetic studies indicated the methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene as mechanism associated with the development of this vulnerability. Finally, so much the psychotherapy cognitive behavioral as the administration of antidepressing medication, they have demonstrated to reach his therapeutic effects across the increase in neural plasticity on cerebral key structures in the neurobiological processes involved in the stress.

Iconographic signs (statues, monoliths and monuments; dedication of streets or other public spaces; philatelic issues, etc..) to express public recognition to nurses and nursing, are realizations arising mainly from virtually the last years of twentieth century. However, they have had to date they deserve consideration in the study of the History of Nursing. This paper seeks to identify those in Spain, cataloging and describing, analyzing with the help of semiotics the degree of perception of their messages and how these signs can be considered relevant and appropriate to achieve the objectives.

Many new questions arise with regard to Web3.0- based technologies, which are more and more frequently used by non-experts to generate and share geographic information, new collective urban visions and place-based knowledge. This paper discusses the role of participatory planning and mapping practices in the context of Milan metropolitan region. In particular taking into account the collaborative use of new technologies (such as the use of microblogging and geo-social networks) within the processes of social sharing of the great urban transformations. Specific attention is given to the problems of perception and definition of shared landscape quality. In this context, the role of expert knowledge in the analysis and definition of the social perception of the urban landscape is now changing rapidly and radically.

This paper attempts to define an approach to the topic of urban design from the representation of the city. The representation of the urban landscape is made from zenithal views of the city. In particular, using as a basis the database of Google maps. we can define the "figures" which have the role of introduction to the project. These representations that tend to define a new aesthetic context and signs giving priority to urban complexity and hierarchies. Concretely, we work here on some areas of Paris, by executing a densification of the built and re-design of the empty urban spaces. The work is done with a technique that hybrid traditional and digital drawing which we have called "hot-digital."

The relevance of matter in drawing. The body weight of the designer and his/her tools, the color stains in his/her fingers after s/he uses them. The sound of footsteps all over the place. The need to know, the desire to remember and cherish, but also to forget. The freedom to get lost while wandering around, notebook in hand and no street sign to rely on. Life drawing not meant as an ancient ritual, but as a necessary practice connecting people with the third dimension. Ten questions to urban sketcher Claudio Patane share with the reader the experiences and point of view of a true wandering inquirer - among other things - of the urban scene. An artist working with paper and pencil in the digital age, in search of a different approach to digital technology: critical but not hostile, open to the social values of sharing and yet aware of the dangers concealed in its possible self-referential drift.

Companies increasingly develop strategies and implement governance models of efficient management. These systems of government are based on innovative measures, policies for social and environmental responsibility, and strategic alliances. All are being considered in recent years as efficient policies for the governance of institutions, creating value and better business results. This paper addresses good governance from a comparative analysis of capitalist enterprises and social economy to the region of Murcia. Transparency, democratic management, innovation, partnerships, among others, can make the difference between the modus operandi of these businesses and the effects thereof in the territories where they settle.

This study aims to analyze the phenomenon of geographical concentration of companies with forest-based activities in Três Lagoas-MS and region, taking into account the main characteristics of the configuration of a cluster and its importance to the local and regional economic development. The research was conducted through a single case study, integrated with multiple units of analysis, in a qualitative and exploratory approach. Were analyzed secondary data, supplementing it with technical visits and observations in the agroindustrial complex forest industries. The research results show that there are indications of the presence of a cluster in the embryonic stage, which can be nominated as the cluster of pulp and paper-based resources and cluster type of transnational corporations. The scenario is promising to open new enterprises and diversification of production forest based, drawing on the support and encouragement of public policy development.

The mode of disposal of waste and effluent from swine breeding constitutes an important practice for environmental compliance of farms. For the need to produce quality and sustainability deploy many ranchers have sought treatment systems process waste from pig farming. Brazil has been increasingly investing in research and implementation of techniques for treating these wastes. Thus, this paper aimed to present the advantages of manure treatment and utilization of animal by-products. The case study refers to a Cooperative Farming of Nova Mutum, MT. The farm currently contains more than 23,000 pigs and waste generated by this process, in addition to producing electricity, are used as biofertilizers in irrigation Eucalyptus after being treated in the digesters. Through empirical calculations it was found that the average biogas is 2,438 m³ per day, with a calorific value greater than 2,000 kWh / day or 60,000 kWh / month, number higher than 22,000 kWh / month currently generated, so the cooperative can increase the capacity of your generator if you want to produce more energy. This requires further study of the efficiency of the treatment and the quantity and quality of effluent produced.

In this paper I present a conceptual analysis on the relation between the body and educational policy. I defend that school actors make sense of educational policy through their embodied engagements and actions in the school context. An embodied perspective on educational policy sense making implies a reconceptualization of the meaning and nature of educational policy and a reconsideration of the active and creative role of school actors in the process of policy sense making. An embodied analysis of educational policy challenges traditional conceptions of educational policy as a property of policy elites. It allows us to see how the school actors transform and recontextualize the policy when they try to make sense of it. This perspective offers an explanatory framework to understand how is it possible that school actors adapt and recontextualize policies in idiosyncratic ways.

With the global expansion of higher education in the last two decades, the maintenance of academic quality to meet requirements for international competitiveness has become a critical issue for policymakers and universities. In addition, the neoliberal emphasis on the market has increased the competition for global university rankings, and this emphasis continues to have consequences for university autonomy and academic governance. To cope with these challenges, Taiwan has introduced strategies for benchmarking its leading universities. Under the new evaluation system, universities are evaluated by external standards instead of those ensuring academic autonomy or contributions to society. This article details how these recent policy reforms have given rise to a new ‘SSCI syndrome’, which risks turning faculty members into paper producers rather than public intellectuals. These changes have also impacted students’ rights as well as the greater goals of academic development. The article then argues that, as voices from both within and outside of Taiwan’s academia have begun to respond to the issue, it begs the question as to whether or not Taiwan can serve as a model for the many other non-English-speaking countries of the academic ‘periphery’ who are currently confronting similar issues. Given the increasing global pervasiveness of this SSCI syndrome, understanding the effects of policies recently implemented in Taiwan has important implications for higher education throughout the world.

This essay looks at the influence of ranking and incentive systems on decisions higher education institutions are making with respect to research and academic publishing. It describes and analyses how institutions within the South African higher education system have navigated their way through the contradictory forces confronting them. Characterizing these forces are, on the one hand, the country’s higher education policy platform which calls for institutions to address South Africa’s legacy issues of inclusion and social redress, and, on the other, the demands for institutions to maintain and grow their research profiles. The paper argues that South African institutions are struggling with this tension, as they struggle to pose, to articulate, and deliberately to respond to the question of what it means to be ‘excellent’. Drawing upon institutional documents in the public domain, this paper shows how significantly this tension animates the decisions that institutions are making about their research and publication policies and practices.

This article analyzes the structure and recent changes in the Mexican educational system. It characterizes some of the variables that relate to education research, and concludes with a review of studies that have recently been developed to identify patterns in the research training process. This paper will, in general terms, outline strategies to improve the training of researchers in México.

This paper focuses on the origins of the teachers' union in Portugal, making an historical journey through the associations of the 19th century and the first demonstrations of the trade unions in the first Republic. In the light of history, it is intended to analyze the emergence of the Teachers' Union, in Portugal, and their paths in the decades of the 1970's and 1980's of the 20th century, and to present some of the reasons that have contributed to a substantial change in teachers' union from the decade of the mid 1980's. We will give particular attention to the roots of the contemporary teacher unionism that are found in the Study Groups of the Teaching Staff of the Secondary Education (GEPDES) and which constitute a movement of reflection and claims in anticipation of the teachers unions that were formed in the days followed by the April revolution. The empirical study was carried out by means of interviews with four of the main protagonists of this movement and reveals the goals, the political consciousness of its members, the possible influences of the Communist Party, and the importance of this movement in emergency and affirmation of the teachers' union. It is a reflection on the conditions existing in Portugal in post- April 25th, 1974, and about the conditions that have emerged from the second half of the 1980s, especially with the advancement of economicist and neo-liberals policies, who have contributed to a certain decline and crisis of the teacher union movement as to the crisis of professional identities of teachers. The teachers union was constituted as a reflexive movement drifting away, gradually, from the references of the labor movement, stating at the same time its specificity and autonomy.

This study aimed to frame the discussion on the concept of death instinct starting from parameters from here defended as fundamental. The paper discusses some of the views that tend to hinder the theoretical understanding of this controversial Freudian concept and in order to resolve them, concludes that at least three considerations must be computed in any discussion on the topic: 1) the use of Freud to biology is not given by the pursuit of form; 2) it is possible to conceptualize the death instinct in exclusively psychological terms; 3) the concept of death instinct is not reduced to a constructive teleology.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17227/01234870.39folios173.185 In this essay I seek to highlight some insights that help to shed light on the intellectual relation between Unamuno and Kierkegaard, especially in the context of Mist, based on the idea of love developed by both authors. Better supported readings of these similarities are based on an understanding of the importance of the pseudonyms in the work of Kierkegaard and the idea of “indirect communication”. I advance three points of analysis to refine the comparisons between Unamuno and Kierkegaard: 1. A theoretical framework that considers the dialogic nature of the work of both authors, 2. take into account the intellectual context in which Mist emerged, including the opposition of Unamuno to realistic naturalism, and 3. a rigorous reading of Unamuno and Kierkegaard that respects the specific characteristics of their works. Throughout the paper I will make clear the importance of the idea of polyphony in both authors, particularly in Unamuno’s Mist. I argue that the points of contact between Kierkegaard and Unamuno, although numerous, deep down can hide different concepts of love, especially when taking into account the line of interpretation of “indirect communication”.

Nietzsche’s great influence on contemporary French philosophy, especially during the last decades of the twentieth century, might be considered as the main inspiration for the emergence of the so-called «philosophy of difference». This paper retraces the key moments of that influential presence, relating the event of Nietzsche’s revival in the late sixties with the effect generated in France by the powerful interpretation offered by Heidegger. An interpretation, whose hermeneutical research for the foundation and definite unity of the nietzschean thought, seemed to overlook, according to the young generation of French philosophers, the untamable plurality of meanings within Nietzsche’s texts, as well as the potentiality that his radical thinking entailed in creating new ways of philosophizing.

In this paper, we resume the general framework for pedagogical reflection from Kant, in order to show the scope and limits of the philosophies of education that currently have dealt with the moral character education, and so, to be able to suggest some general guidelines that allow us to take the «moral work» of education, as the cultivation and formation of consistent thinking.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/geouerj.2014.5710 The Area of Environmental Protection of Vacacaí-Mirim has not yet been established and is in the process of discussion. The general objective this paper consists on presenting a proposal to delimitate the area, comparing the proposed by NASCIMENTO (2010). Through a deductive method of research and a systemic approach, tried to achieve the objective through the concept of landscape, making it a geographic contribution to environmental studies.The results showed that the more conserved Mata Atlântica remaining can be found in the Rebordo do Planalto landscape unit.The delimitation proposal presents a format more suitable for conservation, reducing the edge effect on vegetation and increasing the breadth of it, adding approximately 88 km².

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/geouerj.2014.5639 This paper made a brief analysis on government policy in Rio establishing their schools the minimum curriculum, with emphasis on the construction of the geography curriculum. Also reconstituted the mishaps that the Brazilian education as in recent decades and the recent political attempts to reverse the delay and improve the quality of basic education in Brazil. From a theoretical-methodological strategy descriptive, based on documents and experiences of teachers participating in the project, concluding that it was configured in a palliative measure without great results to improve education state wide.

O artigo se refere ao fenômeno da especificidade curricular que as escolas rurais uruguaias têm tido durante mais de um século e à ruptura histórica registrada em 2009 quando se começou a aplicar uma estrutura curricular comum a escolas urbanas e rurais. Analisam-se as circunstâncias históricas da pedagogia rural e, em particular, uma de suas materialidades simbolicamente mais potentes constituída pelo Programa para Escolas Rurais de 1949. Assim mesmo, refere-se ao peso que essa pedagogia continua tendo atualmente e da maneira como influi na gestão curricular do programa único. As especificidades social e didática da escola rural têm efeitos evidentes sobre o programa curricular no seu sentido mais amplo, com alcances muito mais extensos que os relativos ao currículo prescrito. No entanto, o desafio da escola rural atual de abordar a nova estrutura curricular de caráter único não é tão diferente do que se registrou historicamente: dialogar com o meio de igual para igual e maximizar o potencial de aprendizagem proporcionado pela instituição educacional, pela comunidade e estrutura multidisciplinar do grupo.Palavras-chave: escola rural, currículo, programa, pedagogia rural. COMMON OR DIFFERENTIATED SCHOOL PROGRAMS: URUGUAYAN RURAL SCHOOL CURRICULUM SPECIFICITY AbstractThe paper refers to the phenomenon of the Curriculum specificity to which the Rural Schools had for more than a century inUruguayand to the historic rupture registered in 2009 when a common Curriculum for Rural and Urban schools was introduced. The paper analyses the historic circumstances of the Rural Pedagogy and, in particular, one of its most potent symbolic materiality constituted of the 1949 program for Rural Education. The analysis show that the challenge to current Rural Education is not that different to that registered historically: to dialogue with the environment and take maximum advantage of the potential to learn which is provided by the education institutions, the community as well as the multi seried structure group.Key-words: rural school, curriculum, program, rural pedagogy. PROGRAMA ÚNICO O DIFERENCIADO: ESPECIFICIDAD CURRICULAR DE LA ESCUELA RURAL URUGUAYAResumenEl artículo refiere al fenómeno de la especificidad curricular que las escuelas rurales han tenido durante más de un siglo y al quiebre histórico registrado en 2009 cuando se comenzó a aplicar una estructura curricular común a escuelas urbanas y rurales. Se analizan las circunstancias históricas de la pedagogía rural y en particular, una de sus materialidades simbólicamente más potentes, constituida por el Programa para Escuelas Rurales de 1949. Se hace referencia asimismo, al peso que esa pedagogía continúa teniendo en la actualidad y de qué manera influye en la gestión curricular del programa único. Las especificidades social y didáctica de la escuela rural tienen evidentes efectos sobre lo curricular en sentido amplio, con alcances mucho más extensos que los relativos al currículo prescripto. Por lo tanto, el desafío en la escuela rural actual de abordar la nueva estructura curricular de carácter único no es tan diferente del que se registró históricamente: dialogar con el medio de igual a igual y aprovechar al máximo el potencial para aprender que brinda la institución educativa, la comunidad y el grupo de estructura multigrado.Palabras-clave: escuela rural, currículo, programa, pedagogía rural. PROGRAMME UNIQUE OU DIFFÉRENTIEL: SPÉCIFIQUE CURRICULAIRE DE L’ÉCOLE RURALE URUGUAYENNERésuméL'article fait référence au phénomène du programme de spécifique curriculaire que les écoles au milieu rurale ont eu depuis plus d'un siècle et la rupture historique enregistré en 2009 quand il a commencé à mettre en œuvre un programme commun aux écoles urbaines et rurales. Nous analysons les circonstances historiques de la pédagogie rural et en particulier, l'un des matérialités symboliquement plus puissants, constitué par le Programme pour les Écoles Rurales de 1949. Ainsi, il se réfère au poids que cette pédagogie poursuit actuellement et la manière à influencer dans la gestion curriculaire du programme unique. Les spécifiques sociale et didactique de l’école rurale a des effets évidents sur le programme curriculaire dans son sens le plus large, avec des gammes plus étendues que celles relatives au programme d'études prescrit. Cependant, le défi de l'école rurale actuelle coudre le nouveau structure curriculaire unique n'est pas si différent de celui enregistré historiquement: dialoguer avec le milieu comme un égal et maximiser le potentiel d'apprentissage offertes par l'établissement d'enseignement, la communauté et la structure multidisciplinaire du groupe.Mots-clé: école rurale, curriculum, programmes d’étude, pédagogie rurale.

Nas décadas de 1930 e 1940 o sistema escolar paulista se consolidou em nova organização institucional em todo o Estado. Administradores escolares, os delegados regionais do ensino, organizaram em novo patamar a educação primária neste período. No espaço urbano, os grupos escolares eram o modelo a ser seguido. Contudo, como se encontravam as escolas rurais? Apresenta-se neste trabalho a visão destes delegados de ensino sobre a situação da educação ruralem São Pauloneste período. O texto aborda o conflito entre a realidade cotidiana do sistema escolar possível e o ideal almejado para a educação rural no Estado de São Paulo. Os documentos utilizados foram os relatórios destes administradores escolares, preservados no Arquivo Público do Estado de São Paulo.Palavras-chave: escolas rurais, escolas isoladas, história da educação, ensino primário paulista.THE SPIRIT OF HORROR TO EDUCATIONAL LIFE IN THE COUNTRY: THE RURAL EDUCATION IN THE STATE OF SÃO PAULO IN THE 1930s AND 1940sAbstractIn the 1930s and 1940s, the school system was consolidated in new institutional organization in the State of São Paulo. School administrators, the regional teaching delegates organized in a new level the primary education in this period. In urban areas, school groups were the model to be followed. However, how the rural schools were? This paper will present the vision of these teaching delegates about the calamitous situation of the rural education inSão Pauloduring this period. This text will address the conflict between the everyday reality of the feasible school system and the targeted ideal for rural education inSão Paulo. The source material utilized for this study contemplates the reports of the school administrators preserved in the Public Archives of the State of São Paulo.Key-words: rural schools, isolated schools, history of education, primary education of the State of São PauloEL ESPÍRITU DEL HORROR A LA VIDA EDUCATIVA EN EL CAMPO: LA EDUCACIÓN RURAL EN EL ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO EN LOS AÑOS 1930 Y 1940 ResumenEn los años 1930 y 1940 el sistema escolar de São Paulo se ha consolidado en una nueva organización institucional en todo el estado. Administradores escolares, los delegados regionales de la enseñanza organizaron en nuevo nivel la educación primaria en este período. En las ciudades, los grupos escolares fueron el modelo a seguir. Sin embargo, ¿cómo eran las escuelas rurales? En este trabajo se presenta la visión de estos delegados de enseñanza acerca de la grave situación de la educación rural en São Paulo. El texto trata del conflicto entre la realidad cotidiana del sistema escolar posible y el ideal deseado para la educación rural en São Paulo. Como fuente documental se utilizaron los informes de los administradores escolares conservados en el Archivo del Estado de São Paulo.Palabras-clave: escuelas rurales, escuelas aisladas, historia de la educación, enseñanza primaria en São Paulo.L'ESPRIT D'HORREUR DE LA VIE EDUCATIF AUX CHAMPS: L'EDUCATION RURALE A SÃO PAULO DANS LES DECENNIES DE 1930 ET 1940RésuméDans les années 1930 et 1940, le système scolaire a consolidée à São Paulo une nouvelle organisation institutionnelle à travers l'État. Les administrateurs scolaires, les délégués régionaux ont organisés l’enseignement l'enseignement primaire à un neuf niveau dans au cours de cette période. Dans les zones urbaines, les groupes scolaires étaient le modèle à suivre. Cependant, comment se trouvent les écoles rurales? Ce document presentera la vision de ces délégués d'enseignement sur la situation désastreuse de l'éducation rurale. Le texte traite du conflit entre la réalité quotidienne du système scolaire possible et de l'idéal recherché par l'éducation rurale dans São Paulo. Le source documentel utilisé étaient les rapports scolaires, conservés dans les Archives de l'État de São Paulo.Mots-clé: écoles rurales, écoles isolées, histoire de l'éducation, l'enseignement primaire à São Paulo.

Neste artigo investigamos a construção do corpo pelos manuais de civilidade publicados em Portugal e em Espanha no século 19. Os manuais de civilidade constituíram um mecanismo de poder-saber disciplinador da burguesia em ascensão eque marcaram certo processo de subjectivação. A partir do corpo estabeleceu-se uma nova ordem, que elevou o orgânico ao funcional e simbólico, em sintonia com a classe burguesa em ascensão, e que buscou orientar cada indivíduo a constituir-se como um sujeito moral, dando-lhe distinção e prestígio.Palavras-chave: corpo, história, manuais, civilidade.THINKING MAN AS BODY: SYMBOLIC COINAGE IN PORTUGAL AND SPAIN (19TH CENTURY)AbstractIn this paper, we study the construction of the body through civility course books published in Portugaland Spainin the 19th century. The civility course books were a mechanism of power-knowledge relationship disciplinary of the rising bourgeoisie which un le as he da certain process of subjectivity. From the body a new order was set up, which raised the organic to functional and symbolic-in line with the growing bourgeois class-and guide de ach individual to establish him/herself as a moral subject, giving him/her distinction and prestige.Key-words: body, history, manuals, civility.PENSANDO EN EL HOMBRE COMO CUERPO: INVENCIÓN SIMBÓLICAEN PORTUGAL Y ESPAÑA (SIGLO 19)ResumenEn este trabajo, investigamos la construcción del cuerpo a través de los manuales de civilidad publicado en Portugal y en España en el siglo 19. Los manuales de civilidad eran un mecanismo de poder-saber disciplinador de la burguesía naciente que marcaron cierto proceso de subjetividad. Partiendo del cuerpo, si establece un nuevo orden que eleva el orgánico al funcional y simbólico, según la naciente burguesía, y que guío a cada individuo para constituirse como sujeto moral, dándole prestigio y distinción.Palabras-clave: cuerpo, historia, manuales, civilidad.PENSER L'HOMME COMME CORPS:ESTAMPAGE SYMBOLIQUE AU PORTUGAL ET EN ESPAGNE (19EME SIECLE)RésuméDans cet article, nous étudions la construction du corps par les manuels de civilité publiés au Portugal et en Espagne au 19e siècle. Les manuels de civilité ont été un mécanisme de pouvoir-savoir pour discipliner la bourgeoisie montante, lesquels ont marqué certain processus de subjectivation. A partir du corps on a établi un nouvel ordre qui a élevé l'organique au fonctionnel et symbolique, d’après la classe bourgeoise en montée, et qui a orienté chaque individu à se constituer lui-même comme un sujet moral, en lui donnant de la distinction et du prestige.Mots-clé: corps, histoire, manuels, civilité.

No presente texto estão sistematizadas reflexões produzidas no decurso dos processos de pesquisa que tenho desenvolvido em História da Educação, com ênfase em termas regionais. O objetivo é apresentar pressupostos e alternativas metodológicas que tem orientado a condução das pesquisas, construídas especialmente a partir do vínculo teórico com autores da Nova História, com ênfase, na História Cultural. Restrinjo-me aos documentos escritos e, portanto, à análise documental, para partilhar as dimensões metodológicas que tenho considerado na produção de pesquisas em História da Educação.Palavras-chave: metodologia, análise documental, pesquisa em história da educação, regional. MODES TO MAKE HISTORY OF EDUCATION: A HISTORIOGRAPHICAL OPERATION THINKING IN REGIONAL RESEARCH AbstractThis present paper systematizes produced reflections in the processes course of research that I have developed in the history of education, with a regional emphasis. The goal is to share assumptions and methodological alternatives that has guided the research conduct, especially built from theoretical bond with authors of the New History, with an emphasis in Cultural History. I restrict my view to written documents and, therefore, to the documentary analysis, to share the methodological dimensions that I have considered in the production of my studies de history of education.Key-words: methodology, documentary analysis, research in the history of education, regional.MODOS DE HACER HISTORIA DE LA EDUCACIÓN: PENSANDO LA OPERACIÓN HISTORIOGRÁFICA EN INVESTIGACIONES REGIONALES ResumenEl presente texto sistematiza reflexiones producidas en el transcurso de los procesos de investigación que he desarrollado en historia de la educación, con énfasis regional. El objetivo es compartir presupuestos y alternativas metodológicas que han orientado la conducción de las investigaciones, construidas especialmente a partir del vínculo teórico con autores dela Nueva Historia, con énfasis enla Historia Cultural.Restrinjo mi mirada a los documentos escritos y, por tanto, al análisis documental, para compartir las dimensiones metodológicas que he considerado en la producción de mis estudios en Historia dela Educación.Palabras-clave: metodología, análisis documental, investigación en historia de la educación, regional.MODES DE FAIRE DE L’HISTOIRE DE L’ÉDUCATION: PENSANT L’OPÉRATION HISTORIOGRAPHIQUE EN RECHERCHES RÉGIONALES RésuméCe texte ci systématise des réflexions menées au décours des procès de recherche que j’ai développés en histoire de l’éducation, en mettant l’accent sur l’aspect régional. L’objectif est celui de partager des hypothèses et des alternatives méthodologiques qui ont orienté la conduction de la recherche, construites, spécialement, à partir du lien théorique avec des auteurs dela Nouvelle Histoire, en mettant l’accent sur l’Histoire Culturelle. Je borne mon regard aux documents écrits, donc, à l’analyse des documents, pour partager les dimensions méthodologiques que j’ai considérées lors de la production de mes études à Histoire de l´Éducation.Mots-clé: méthodologie, analyse des documents, recherche en histoire de l’éducation, régional.

This paper aims to chart a path through the reading Gilles Deleuze makes on the works of Michel Foucault, paying special attention to the articles that Deleuze writes, not only when the philosopher was alive but also post-mortem, and that make up the book published in 1986 entitled Foucault. This path will focus specifically on the descriptions that Foucault develops around Velasquez's Las Meninas in The Order of Things, which, according to Deleuze, "have the value of paintings". Paintings-descriptions, along with Magritte, Manet, prison, asylum, etc., constitute a light regime, a field of visibility, where his own philosophy shines. In this exercise we can follow not only Deleuze’s steps in his reading on Foucault, but also points of convergence between the two philosophers, despite having different philosophical projects

Innovation and entrepreneurship are essential organizational strategies to find a way out of the world crisis affecting today’s firms. Thus, the study of how organizational factors, like intellectual capital or entrepreneur characteristics, affects the success of an innovative entrepreneurial project is of utmost importance in helping current organizations find a solution to this problem. Intellectual capital involves investment in human, structural and relational capital. Consequently, our research goal centres on analyzing the influence of intellectual capital as well as the personal characteristics of entrepreneurs on the innovation results. This phenomenon remains unexplored in the case of micro and small firms. Our paper focuses on a particular context where small firms represent a key role in the industry: the case of Costa Rica. We used both quantitative and qualitative methodologies in order to develop the analysis. Our first results show a positive and significant relationship between structural and relational capital and innovation results; also, we can observe a positive relationship between a general measure of intellectual capital and innovation results. The case study illustrates how human capital and, specifically, the characteristics of the entrepreneur have an important influence on firm results. Our work contributes to show the relevance of intellectual capital on innovation success, and results encourage practitioners to invest in structural and relational capital and also improve the degree of planning of activities to obtain better results in the long term.

This paper analyses corporate risk in family businesses in conjunction with generalized economic adversity. Using data from Portuguese family-controlled firms for the period of time between 1999 and 2010, we focus on the possibility of asymmetrical corporate risk effects between periods of stability and economic adversity. Overall, the results suggest that the evidence concerning the family firms’ risk is sensitive to the different types of risk considered. Comparing family businesses with their counterparts, we find evidence that the former have lower levels of operational risk and are more indebted. The results indicate that the systematic risk is negatively related to age and positively related to size, the former relationship being stronger for family firms and the latter for non-family firms than for their counterparts. The evidence supports the hypothesis that risk for family controlled firms is less positively related to the proportion of independent directors on the board than non-family controlled firms, suggesting that founders are concerned about the survival of their firms. Finally, the results show that crises affect the operational risk in family businesses, suggesting that family firm managers are more reluctant to assume risk in periods of crisis. This paper offers some insights on the literature concerning family firms. To our knowledge, this is the first study to analyse corporate risk in the context of family firms. In addition, it examines corporate risk in combination with generalized economic adversity.

This research focuses on the relationship between corporate governance and performance in the largest European listed banks, which have been studied to a lesser extent within this field. The study is based on agency theory and we use a sample of 404 observations referring to 97 banks selected from the annual ranking of the 2,000 biggest companies in the world prepared by Forbes. The paper covers the period from 2006 to 2010, thus, examining the changes in the performance drivers in the recent financial crisis. On the basis of the panel data analysis, we confirm that the variety of governance factors including board size, insider appointed, directors’ age, board meetings and affiliated committees influence the performance of the banks. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the effect of corporate governance on the financial performance of the financial companies in times of high capital market volatility.

Although published more than once, "L’autr’ier al quint jorn d’aprieu" continues to pose problems, due especially to the large number of anomalies that affect the versification. This paper offers a new edition of the poem based on a first-hand examination of the only manuscript that transmits the text (Chansonnier f): in the manuscript, lines 7 and 8 of each stanza are never separated by a dot, which leads to the hypothesis that in line 7 of each cobla, the anonymous song had not two tetrasyllabic verses, as suggested by previous scholars, but a single octosyllabe with internal rhyme; the only exception is in the last stanza where the absence of internal rhyme underscores the ideological (and anachronistic) positions of the Anonymous troubadour, inspired by Marcabru. This new structure coincides with the (very rare) rhyme scheme (but not in the type of verses) of Cerveri’s sirventes, "Ara∙m lunya joy e chan" (BdT 434a.4), which in turn is a contrafactum of Thibaut de Blaison’s pastorela, "Hu main par un ajornant". The presence of a French model in Catalan lands and the fact that the anonymous text was composed in Languedoc neighbouring Catalonia, suggest the possibility that the anonymous troubadour came into contact autonomously with Thibaut de Blaison’s pastorela, without the mediation of Cerveri’s poem.

Resenha do livro "Panoan language and linguistics", que apresenta um amplo panorama linguístico, histórico e cultural a respeito do conhecimento produzido sobre as línguas da família Pano.

RESUMO Com referência à eclosão de protestos no Brasil desde junho de 2013, este trabalho analisa o modo como a violência deflagrada durante as manifestações é narrada pela grande mídia e coletivos midiativistas, atentando-se para os interesses expressos nas narrações dos fatos. Constatamos que a imprensa corporativa tende a não problematizar a violência policial e a enfatizar a atuação de “vândalos”, ao passo que os midialivristas costumam culpar a polícia pela ocorrência de confrontos e representar positivamente as ações associadas à tática Black Bloc. O texto apresenta uma descrição analítica da guerra de narrativas travada por estes dois segmentos do jornalismo. Palavras-chave: Mídia; Midiativismo; Violência; Manifestações; Polícia. ABSTRACT Regarding the outbreak of protests in Brazil since June 2013, this paper analyses how violence unleashed during demonstrations is narrated by the mass media and mediactivist collectives, focusing on the interests expressed in the narration of facts. We found that corporative press tends to take police violence as unproblematic and to emphasize the actions of so-called “vandals”, while mediactivists usually blame police for the emergence of clashes and positively represent actions associated to the Black Bloc tactics. The text presents an analytical description of the war of narratives fought between these two segments of journalism. Keywords: Media; Mediactivism; Violence; Protests; Police.

RESUMO O artigo tem como objetivos: 1) caracterizar os vídeos “amadores” publicados por quatro webTVs (TV Estadão, O Globo Vídeos, TV ZH e TV O Tempo) sobre os protestos de junho de 2013; e 2) discutir em que medida eles se aproximam da noção de "imagens violentas" (JOST, 2007). Discutimos as características das imagens “amadoras” e sua legitimação nas produções audiovisuais de redações jornalísticas convergentes. No estudo empírico, apresentamos as diferentes estratégias de captação e edição adotados pelas webTVs na cobertura dos protestos. Ao final, destacamos a diversidade de vídeos e problematizamos a "violência" das imagens das Jornadas de Junho. Palavras-chave: Vídeo Amador; WebTV; Jornalismo Audiovisual; Convergência; Violência. ABSTRACT This paper has two main goals: 1) to present the "amateur" videos published by four webTVs (TV Estadão, O Globo Vídeos, TV ZH e TV O Tempo) during the protests in june 2013 in Brazil; and 2) to discuss if they can be considered "violent scenes" (Jost, 2007). First, we discuss the characteristics of the "amateur" videos and their use in convergent newsrooms. The empirical research presents how these videos about the protests were recorded and edited. In the conclusions, we highlight the diversity of the "amateur videos" and discuss the "violence" of the June Journeys scenes. Keywords: Amateur Videos; WebTV; Audiovisual Journalism; Convergence; Violence.

RESUMO O Participatório: Observatório Participativo da Juventude é uma plataforma online lançada em agosto de 2013 como parte da resposta da Secretaria Geral da Presidência da República aos protestos que tomaram as ruas brasileiras em meados daquele ano. Com o objetivo de situar a proposta do Participatório diante do contexto teórico trazido pelos estudos de movimentos sociais e ativismo digital, este artigo reúne teorizações pertinentes e apresenta resultados de estudo empírico que indica balizas para avaliar se as metas aparentes da plataforma teriam sido atingidas. Os dados sugerem que a consecução dos objetivos da iniciativa dependerá da eficácia de aperfeiçoamentos futuros. Palavras-chave: Movimentos Sociais; Redes Sociais; Ativismo Digital; Engajamento Político; Participação Política. ABSTRACT The Participatório: Observatório Participativo da Juventude (Participatory: Observatory on the Youth Participation) is an online platform created in August 2013 as part of the response of the General Secretariat of the Presidency of the Republic of Brazil to the protests which took Brazilian streets in the middle of that year. This paper analyses the Participatório against the theoretical context brought by studies of digital activism and social movements. We revise relevant theories and present results of an empirical study indicating parameters to assess whether the apparent goals of the platform would have been reached. The data suggest that the initiative could achieve its purposes as long as it secures the efficacy of future improvements. Keywords: Social Movements; Social Networks; Digital Activism; Political Engagement; Political Participation.

RESUMO Este artigo tem como objetivo atualizar os critérios de noticiabilidade usando como referencial as manifestações sociais que ocorreram em diversas cidades do Brasil em junho de 2013. Num primeiro momento é feita a revisão teórica de pesquisas focadas no modelo broadcasting de comunicação, dos primeiros estudos na década de 1960 ao newsmaking da década de 1970. Em seguida, debate-se a cultura da participação e do compartilhamento no início do século XXI. Finalmente, são propostos três novos valores-notícia consoantes ao atual cenário de mídia móvel e ubíqua: hashtag, redundância e participação. Palavras-chave: Critérios de noticiabilidade; Valor-notícia; Manifestações sociais; Dispositivos móveis; Jornalismo. ABSTRACT This paper aims to update newsworthiness criteria using as referential the social demonstrations that took place in several cities in Brazil in June 2013. It firstly reviews theoretical approaches focused on a broadcasting communication model, from the first studies in the 1960s to the newsmaking in the 1970s. Then, the participation and sharing culture of the early twenty-first century is discussed. Finally, it proposes three news-value definitions consonant with the contemporary scenario of ubiquity and mobile media: hashtag, redundancy and participation. Keywords: Newsworthiness criteria; News value; Social demonstrations; Mobile devices; Journalism.

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é reintroduzir o problema teórico da estratégia política emancipatória e do sujeito social no debate contemporâneo em torno dos novos movimentos sociais e de seus usos das novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação. Com o foco voltado para os grandes eventos que ocorreram nas ruas do Brasil em junho de 2013, o artigo discute a legislação brasileira e sul-americana de mídia e analisa a cobertura desses eventos pelos meios comerciais e alternativos, pela lente das teorias da luta cultural e da guerra de posição, de Gramsci. Palavras-chave: Estratégia; Mídia Comercial e Alternativa; Internet; “Jornadas de Junho”. ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to re-introduce, in the contemporary debate about new social movements and their use of new information and communication technologies, the theoretical problem of political emancipatory strategy and of the social subject. Focusing on the big events that happened in the streets of Brazil in June 2013, the paper discusses Brazilian and South-American legislation on media and analyzes the coverage of these events by commercial and alternative media, through the lens of Gramsci's theories of cultural struggle and war of position. Keywords: Strategy; Commercial and Alternative Media; Internet; “June Journeys”.

RESUMO O artigo parte de uma breve descrição das recentes manifestações populares ocorridas no Brasil em protesto contra diversos aspectos da economia e da política brasileira. Partindo da diversidade de bandeiras de luta destes movimentos, analisa a concepção de ciência por trás das críticas feitas a eles. Descreve a apropriação das tecnologias de informação e comunicação pela juventude na cobertura destes eventos e a crise instalada na tradicional mídia de massa. O texto analisa os conceitos de educação que estão postos em debate, fazendo uma crítica à visão produtivista que toma conta da educação em todo o mundo. A partir destas considerações, propõe a implantação de um “ecossistema pedagógico de aprendizagem e de produção de culturas e conhecimento” como sendo uma das possibilidades para a escola enfrentar os desafios contemporâneos. Palavras-chave: Redes Sociais; Educação; Ativismo; Políticas Educacionais. ABSTRACT The paper begins with a brief description of recent demonstrations in Brazil against various economic and politics aspects. From the diversity of their demands the paper analyses the concept science used to criticize these demonstrations. The use of Information and Communication Technologies by youth in coverage of these events and the consequent by passing of the traditional mass media are examined. Education was one of the most common complaints and we ask what kind of education they want. Continuing the present system base on productivity approach will not solve the problem. We propose an “ecosystem of teaching and learning to promote the production of culture and knowledge” as a way for schools to face contemporary challenges. Keywords: Social Networks; Education; Activism; Educational Politics.

RESUMO Este artigo trata das manifestações ocorridas no Brasil em 2013, quando milhões de pessoas ocuparam as ruas e as redes sociais para mostrarem sua indignação e protestarem contra uma série de problemas, embora sem objetivar com profundidade nenhum deles. A proposta desta reflexão é questionar os rumos que o movimento tomou e suas reais condições de oferecer alternativa para o modelo de sociedade que se busca, além de chamar a atenção para o fato de que as novas tecnologias da comunicação, tendo a internet como lugar simbólico, não são capazes de fornecer garantia alguma de que se estão promovendo as transformações que historicamente se apresentam como necessárias. Em vez de luta e avanço cidadão o que pode estar acontecendo ou já ter acontecido é o debut de uma geração que reclama direitos de consumidor, mais do que cidadania. Palavras-chave: Manifestações; Novas tecnologias; Cidadania. ABSTRACT This paper deals with the events that occurred in Brazil in 2013, when millions of people took to the streets and social networks to show their indignation and to protest against a series of problems, although without objectifying in depth any one of them. The purpose of this reflection is to question the direction that the movement took and its actual capacity to offer an alternative to the model of society it seeks, in addition to calling attention to the fact that the new communication technologies, with the internet as their symbolic place, are unable to provide any guarantee that they are promoting the transformations that are historically presented as necessary. Instead of combat and citizen progress, what may be happening or have happened is the debut of a generation that demands consumer rights rather than citizenship. Keywords: Protest; New technologies; Citizenship.

RESUMO O trabalho tem como objetivo estabelecer um quadro geral sobre o modo como o Black Bloc utiliza a rede para levar à frente suas ações políticas no Brasil. Para tanto, desenvolve um breve panorama das redes que se formam em torno das três maiores páginas do BB no Facebook e identifica padrões de postagens a partir de categorias previamente estabelecidas. Na via teórica, discute-se a emergência de novas dinâmicas de ativismo, que se utilizam das redes digitais para construir novas formas de atuação política e reforçar atividades pré-existentes, além de a articulação em rede de movimentos globais para atuação em contextos locais e as formas de ação coletiva centradas no indivíduo e descentralizadas do ponto de vista institucional. Ao fim, conclui-se que a atuação política dos Black Bloc no Brasil é preocupada em reforçar sua identidade junto a sua crescente audiência, apresenta uma dinâmica de muitos engajados eventuais e outros tantos que não se envolvem com o conteúdo, além de denotar uma preocupação em informar aos cidadãos sobre atos locais, mas também uma a ideia de se propagar os valores do Black Bloc com atuação internacional e sem fronteiras. Palavras-chave: Ativismo; Facebook; Black bloc; Ação coletiva; Internet. ABSTRACT This paper aims to establishes a wider landscape about the way Brazilian Black Bloc uses Facebook tools to act politically. To reach this goal, we discuss aspects on the networks of the three majors Black Bloc Facebook pages and also identify post patterns related to categories previously established. In the literature review, we address the emergency of new dynamics of activism that uses digital networks to set up new ways of political action and also reinforce pre existing ones. Thus, we discuss the way global movements acts in terms of network articulation in local context, besides issues on decentralized and citizen driven collective action. Finally, we argue that the black bloc political action in Brazil is concerned to identity reinforcement, presents a dynamics that shows an engagement of one timer users, informs citizens about local acts and propagates values about group formation in international bordless basis. Keywords: Activism; Facebook; Black bloc; Collective action; Internet.

RESUMO Este artigo propõe-se a compreender como as manifestações sociais no Brasil, ocorridas em junho de 2013, foram difundidas por meio das redes sociais na internet e como as tecnologias móveis de comunicação e informação tiveram papel chave na ampliação e potencialização dessas informações na sociedade brasileira durante os eventos, transformando-os em redes sociais conectadas por aparatos móveis. O artigo utiliza o método fenomenológico-hermenêutico (GAMBOA, 2002) como suporte para o questionamento acerca de como as redes sociais móveis podem ser observadas nas manifestações sociais ocorridas no Brasil em junho de 2013. O referencial teórico traz como aporte os estudos relacionados às redes sociais na internet (RECUERO, 2009), às tecnologias móveis de comunicação e informação (MANOVICH, 2005; SANTAELLA, 2013) e às manifestações sociais (CASTELLS, 2013), dentre outros. Durante o processo, foi possível observar que a utilização das tecnologias móveis de comunicação e informação foi fundamental para a ampliação e disseminação das manifestações sociais no Brasil e para a formação de redes sociais móveis. Palavras-chave: Redes sociais na internet; Tecnologias móveis de comunicação e informação; Redes sociais móveis; Manifestações sociais no Brasil. ABSTRACT This paper tries to comprehend how the social protests that happened in June 2013 in Brazil radiated through social networks in the web and how mobile communication and information technologies had a key role in amplifying and empowering this information in Brazilian society during those events, turning them into social networks connected through mobile devices. This paper uses the phenomenological-hermeneutics method (GAMBOA, 2002) to support the question as to how mobile social networks can be observed in the 2013 social demonstrations in the country. The theoretical references stand on studies about online social networks (RECUERO, 2009), mobile information and communications technologies (MANOVICH, 2005; SANTAELLA, 2013) and social protests (CASTELLS, 2013), among others. During this process, it was possible to observe that the use of mobile information and communications technologies was essential to amplify and spread the social demonstrations in Brazil and to form mobile social networks. Keywords: Social networks on the Internet; Mobile communication and information technologies; Mobile social networks; Social manifestations in Brazil.

In this article we tackle the phenomenon of Protestantism in Colombia. In this, we seek to realize the belief system, seen as a relationship of who pretends to the authority, accompanied by an asymmetrical position opposite the believers and practitioners; also, we approached the character of sacred and profane of the belief system, the way hermeneutics and interpretation of various passages of the Bible that, recognized in the Protestant belief system, contributes to the continuous fragmentation of the new religious movements, led by the pentecostal and neopentecostal discourse. Indeed, to understand the phenomenon of popular in Colombia Protestantism, we must realize what happened, from 1991 to date, when constitutional changes provided a number of conditions so that a new religious movement is strengthened. Hence the interest in the present paper, joining a debate that the Academy still not elucidate, and even notes with contempt from our University.

The topics of LASA 2013 proposed discuss current leftist governments in Latin America, and if we see corresponding changes between consciousness and culture. The commitment of the government of Hugo Chavez for "socialism of the XXI century" has had in the recent history of Venezuela many difficulties. However, community dynamics illustrate the real impact of government policies on cultural transformations of the Venezuelan people worthy interpreted as the foundation of the Bolivarian Revolution, often silenced by the dominant logics that resist. This paper explores such logic from the oral testimony of some Indians and Creoles, as part of the achievements and challenges of the "Socialism of the XXI Century".