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While European borders have increasingly hardened since the so-called 2015 refugee crisis, practices of migrant assistance and solidarity by civil society actors have become a feature of contemporary border politics. On the one hand, across the European Union, local and international initiatives have often responded to needs of newcomers, by playing a pivotal role in doing humanitarian work; on the other hand, both organisations and individuals engaged in migrant solidarity and assistance have become the target of policies and practices of criminalisation. My analysis takes the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla as a case-study, drawing on data collected during a 2019-2020 fieldwork. The paper argues that in the Spanish enclaves’ local humanitarians belonging to a range of civil society actors face different forms of intimidation and indirect pressure, both by governmental and non-governmental actors. I show how the lack of acceptance of the work of local humanitarians among some sectors of the local population lies with feelings of ‘fear’ and rejection towards some specific groups of migrants, such as unaccompanied minors from Morocco and young male migrants from Sub-Saharan countries. In addition, I describe how, along this EU external border, cases of harsher forms of criminalisation have been recorded as well. The paper concludes that tensions and hurdles that local humanitarians face in these EU border localities partially reflect a broader European trend and are a ‘sub-product’ of larger process of criminalisation of migrants and refugees travelling through irregular routes. Humanitarian border – Migrant solidarity - Civil society organisations – Ceuta – Melilla – Criminalisation

The article discusses recent developments that are impacting the understandings of citizenship in late modern societies. During the past decades, citizenship has been discussed in terms of its contributions to tackling effects of political, social and economic crises. Most prominent are those challenges deriving from processes of Europeanization and globalization, but also, digital technologies are said to impinge new requirements on individuals, thus calling for European, global or digital citizenship. Well beyond simply changing the traditional orientation towards a nation-state, new conceptualizations of citizenship gravitate heavily towards individual dispositions and subjective competencies, while legal-juridical features remain untouched and largely unrelated. This explains the strong emphasis on the role of education in cultivating – global, European, digital – citizenship among individuals. The contribution asks whether and if so, how changed understandings of citizenship may lead to ‘performative citizenship’, where individuals are burdened with the requirement of constantly enacting ‘good’ and ‘worthy’ citizenship. The paper is organized along three sections: First, we revisit the mainstream literature on citizenship and discuss the main elements in historical-systematic manner. Second, based on a thorough literature review we discuss recent developments that call for updated meanings and representations of citizenship, before, third, the paper deliberates on the performative nature on newer conceptions of citizenship by examining recent examples of so-called global universities. The article closes with a discussion of research avenues for the topic, including crucial questions as to the status, role and function of citizenship in times of crises.

Abstract What is the concept of liberalism? Despite being a conceptually contested term, political parties still label themselves liberal and seek legitimacy by joining Liberal International (LI). In this paper, I adopt a mixed-methods strategy to assess what this ideology means in Latin America. First, I rely on economic and political theory to propose four potential components of liberalism: private property, liberal democracy, non-conformism, and social justice. Then, I search for these components in the declaration of principles of all the region’s LI members. Next, I assess liberals’ relative support for these components by comparing the attitudes of their elites and voters to those of conservatives and socialists in Paraguay, Honduras, and Nicaragua. This paper finds that liberal democracy is the only core component of liberalism in Latin America. Even though non-conformism and social justice are widely mentioned in political documents, their support among elites and voters is context-dependent. These results emphasize the contestability of liberalism while shedding light on what unites liberals in Latin America.

Research on multilingualism and intercultural communication has been gaining large recognition. However, a number of subject areas are still largely underexplored. For example, verbal communication is prioritised while little emphasis is given to the multimodality of multilingual and multicultural interactions. Also, while some studies focus on the role of gestures in intercultural communication, elements such as gaze, physical contact, and time are far less researched. However, the lack of attention to some non-verbal elements can create misunderstandings, particularly when people share a spoken code only partially, as is the case with non-native speakers. Thus, non-verbal language should be given a wider scope in multilingual and intercultural research. This paper is a preliminary investigation of how intercultural differences in the use and interpretation of non-verbal codes of communication can affect interactions between migrants and social workers in Italy. The focus is on gaze, physical contact, and time perception and organization. The paper provides a qualitative analysis of focus groups and online questionnaires submitted to social workers working in northern Italy and supporting migrants in their daily integration in the society. The results show that the use and interpretation of gaze, physical contact and time vary considerably depending on the individual migrant as well as their culture of origin. Considerations are drawn on the extent to which cultural differences in the interpretation of non-verbal codes can create misunderstandings and undermine migrants’ integration. Keywords: Intercultural communication; non-verbal communication; migration; gaze; physical contact; time

This paper aims to trace the founding elements of the carceral institution in the United States by highlighting the effects of settler culture and slavery on its rise and development. The first section will show how the evolution of the prison system in the US has been highly informed by racializing rationalities and practices connected to the global history of colonial incarceration. The second section, in contrast, will be dedicated to a close reading of a selected collection of narrative fragments written by African American political prisoners between the 1960s and 1980s, focusing on the concept of neoslavery. The ultimate objective of this paper is to demonstrate that prison has been a site of critical production of knowledge and that incarcerated activists’ contributions played a pivotal role in critiquing the interrelation of colonial incarceration, racism, and political repression.

ABSTRACT Why would a country provide International Development Cooperation (IDC)? The aid literature identifies moral and humanitarian purposes, political-diplomatic objectives, and economic interests as the main reasons a country would have an IDC policy. This paper contributes to this debate through a case study of Brazil’s motivation to provide technical cooperation between 2003 and 2016, employing an innovative analytical framework for this case. Especially during Luis Inácio Lula da Silva’s government, Brazil’s official discourse emphasized its national cooperation’s solidarity characteristics. One may link this non-indifference tone to the moral and humanitarian principles of providing IDC. Notwithstanding, the South-South Cooperation (SSC) mutual benefits narrative indicates political and economic interests in its execution. This paper analyzes the Brazilian Technical Cooperation (TC) allocation patterns between 2003 and 2016. It explores whether (and which) political and economic considerations were significant determinants of Brazilian cooperation. On the one hand, trade exports, subsided loans, and political support in international institutions help explain the Brazilian Technical Cooperation allocation pattern during this period. On the other, Brazil prioritized less-developed countries with better democratic institutions in its TC policy.

The Wari state expanded during the seventh century to colonize a vast area of the Andes and incorporate many ethnic groups. The relations established between Wari-sponsored colonists and the people indigenous to these new territories differed for a number of reasons. In this paper I consider the degree of political centralization as a key factor that determined the long-term impacts Wari expansion had on subject groups. While all Wari subjects may have been compelled to participate in the empire’s political economy, some aspects of their daily life may have remained relatively unchanged. Using the multi-ethnic colony in Moquegua as an example this paper examines which attributes associated with Wari practices were adopted and which aspects of their identities were maintained.

This paper analyzes Marcos Espinel’s life between 1835 and 1846. By studying his life, it is possible to understand the multiple forms of political participation of the Ecuadorian political leaders, their intellectual formation, and the changes in their political positions in the context of the nascent 19th-century republicanism. The paper has been divided into two parts. The first one considers printed activity within the political circle of José Félix Valdivieso in which Espinel was involved. This was used to support his project to re-annex Ecuador to New Granada and to promote the vote in 1839. In the second part, the paper studies Espinel’s contributions to the second administration of Juan José Flores, and Espinel’s political support of the provisional government of Vicente Ramón Roca.

This paper analyzes Marcos Espinel’s life between 1835 and 1846. By studying his life, it is possible to understand the multiple forms of political participation of the Ecuadorian political leaders, their intellectual formation, and the changes in their political positions in the context of the nascent 19th-century republicanism. The paper has been divided into two parts. The first one considers printed activity within the political circle of José Félix Valdivieso in which Espinel was involved. This was used to support his project to re-annex Ecuador to New Granada and to promote the vote in 1839. In the second part, the paper studies Espinel’s contributions to the second administration of Juan José Flores, and Espinel’s political support of the provisional government of Vicente Ramón Roca.

The Wari state expanded during the seventh century to colonize a vast area of the Andes and incorporate many ethnic groups. The relations established between Wari-sponsored colonists and the people indigenous to these new territories differed for a number of reasons. In this paper I consider the degree of political centralization as a key factor that determined the long-term impacts Wari expansion had on subject groups. While all Wari subjects may have been compelled to participate in the empire’s political economy, some aspects of their daily life may have remained relatively unchanged. Using the multi-ethnic colony in Moquegua as an example this paper examines which attributes associated with Wari practices were adopted and which aspects of their identities were maintained.

This paper takes a look at the spatial and social impact of the city of Curitiba (Brazil) beyond its borders. The periphery issue is addressed through a brief overview of the city's development plans and on the expansion of its socioeconomic and modernity influence on the neighbouring municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba. This paper aims to shed light on how new urban-urban migration flows are taking place and how projects for economic internationalization through the creation of new industrial zones and investments in agribusiness, combined with incentives from the Federal Government to build horizontal and vertical condominiums for the middle and lower classes, are being directed towards the municipalities of the metropolitan region. As a result of this new socio-spatial growth, a new periphery is now being drawn as it spreads out to areas of interest for agriculture and environmental protection, even further away from the towns/municipalities surrounding Curitiba.

In Portugal, cooperation between the state and non-governmental organisations has led to the creation of institutions that provide care services, called IPSS [Private Institutions of Social Solidarity]. This paper presents the results of an ethnography carried out in a rural IPSS that provides care for the elderly. The fieldwork aimed to understand how claims for justice are negotiated between care workers, care users and employers. The objective of this paper is to contribute to the debate on redistributive justice by showing how inequality of income affects access to care as well as examining the idea of justice as a lived experience by demonstrating how claims for justice are depicted in day-by-day relationships of care. This paper is divided into two parts, the first being an introduction contextualising Portuguese care work. The second part focuses on António’s story and reflects upon the work of two caregivers and their claim for justice.

RESUMO Todo ser humano está vulnerável a presenciar e/ou viver um desastre, sendo ele ocasionado pelo homem ou pela força da natureza. Em consequência, os desastres requerem provisões emergenciais para auxiliar as pessoas, levando em consideração as diversas perdas ocorridas. Assim, torna-se importante compreender a logística humanitária de forma holística, assim como a gestão ambiental a ela associada. Este trabalho apresenta um panorama sobre as tendências relacionadas à logística humanitária sob a ótica sustentável, considerando assim aspectos econômicos, ambientais e ecológicos. Nessa perspectiva, o objetivo do presente artigo é analisar as contribuições da logística humanitária e práticas green na proteção internacional ao meio ambiente, a fim de concretizá-lo como um direito humano. Nesse viés, para atingir os objetivos propostos e desenvolver a presente pesquisa, foi utilizado o método indutivo, utilizando-se da pesquisa bibliográfica em livros e artigos científicos, e legislativa, com base nos instrumentos normativos internacionais relacionados ao meio ambiente, resiliência, combate à vulnerabilidades e desenvolvimento sustentável. Por conseguinte, confirmou-se a hipótese segundo a qual o desenvolvimento da logística humanitária na perspectiva sustentável e ambiental se mostra um meio eficiente de garantir a resiliência do meio ambiente saudável como um direito humano, de modo a contribuir para a concretização dos princípios e compromissos assumidos pelos países em diversos tratados e convenções internacionais. Palavras-chave: Logística Humanitária. Práticas Sustentáveis. Direito Ambiental Internacional. ABSTRACT Every human being is vulnerable to witness and/or experience a disaster, whether caused by man or nature. As a result, disasters require emergency provisions to assist people, taking into account the various losses that have occurred. Thus, it is important to understand humanitarian logistics holistically as well as its associated environmental management. This paper presents an overview of trends related to humanitarian logistics in a green perspective. This paper aims to analyze the contributions of humanitarian logistics and sustainable practices in guaranteeing and protecting the environment in order to realize it as a human right. In order to achieve the proposed objectives and develop this research, the inductive method was used, using bibliographic research in books, articles from scholarly journals, and also legislative sources, based on international treatiesand protocols related to the environment, resilience, combating vulnerabilities and sustainable development. Therefore, it was confirmed the hypothesis that the development of humanitarian logistics from a sustainable and environmental perspective is an efficient mean of ensuring the resilience of the healthy environment as a human right and also to realize the principles and commitments made by countries in international treaties and protocols on the preservation of the environment and natural resources. Keywords: Humanitarian logistics. Sustainable Practices. International Environmental Law.

Sadomasochism played an important role in Foucault’s reflection on power and sexuality; according to this perspective, some theorists highlighted the queer potential of BDSM: the ability to create a space for the experimentation of new relationalities. This vision certainly depicts some subversive aspects of BDSM culture, such as the figure of the dominatrix or the practice of gender reversal, but it sounds too anarchistic and one-sided since in the BDSM prevails a fascination for totalizing and coherent roles. This paper will argue that the queer nature of the master and slave relationship lies in its performative and ritual character: in its exaggerating scenes and costumes in a specific setting, and in its presenting power as a consensual game, based on empathy and mirroring effects. After this theoretical discussion, which will cover Lacan’s concept of masquerade as re-used by Linda Williams, the paper will analyze some of the few literary and artistic representations of BDSM devoid of stereotypes: especially some recurrent scenes in Robbe-Grillet’s production, which can be read in parallelism with his wife’s Catherine Robbe-Grillet’s activity as dominatrix.

This paper aims at conducting a queer analysis of the figures of children in Henry James’s The Turn of the Screw and of their role in the story’s effect, in order to suggest a new possible interpretation of the novella and to explore the theme of performativity during childhood. Following Carmen Dell’Aversano’s proposal for a method of queer hermeneutics of literary texts, the paper problematizes some aspects of childhood as a social category, as it is represented in James’s text; it focuses on the concept of innocence and its implications, by linking it to Michael Billig’s idea of repression as a discursive practice that is learned since childhood; and, through these considerations, it addresses a crucial critical issue of the novella – the protagonists’ ambiguous obsession with the ghosts’ influence on her pupils, so severe that it possibly leads one of them to his death.

This paper explores the nexus between Translation Studies and Oral History on Romanian communism. As such, it aims to map out the challenges posed by the translation of historical interviews from Romanian into English. More specifically, inspired by Portelli’s theoretical framework, the paper illustrates the orality of transcribed historical accounts by bringing into focus their rich imagery. To instantiate the case, relevant data have been extracted from two main books on the era: Memorial of pain: darkness and light, by Hossu Longin, 2013 and The Survivors: testimonies from Romanian communist prison, by Anca & Raul Ştef,2014.

The paper presents an overview of three Italian takes on the queer rural-to-urban flight, by analysing Generations of Love (1999) by Matteo B. Bianchi, La Generazione (‘Generations,’ 2015) by Flavia Biondi, and Febbre (‘Fever,’ 2019) by Jonathan Bazzi. In most LGBTQ+ narratives moving to a big city is central, as it is associated with finding an accepting ‘chosen’ family. However, the move has recently acquired homonormative connotations: it is embedded into narratives of economic success and the individuals moving are usually white, cisgender, non-disabled, gay men. In the texts, the main characters correspond to the type. However, by analysing their relationships to their hometowns and their biological families, this paper argues that the characters find ways of challenging the homonormative paradigm through a spatial in-betweenness and non-conjugal bonds not reflected by laws. The main theoretical frameworks are the homonormativity definition by Lisa Duggan, the work on Italian queerness by Antonia Anna Ferrante, and the study on queer orientations by Sara Ahmed. This paper is inscribed into a larger trend of studies around the rural-to-urban move but sheds light on the Italian landscape.

The EU may be a porous area that need a common Integrated Border Management (IBM) system as well as several institutions, surveillance tools and politics to monitor an inter-agency cooperation and control of its external borders. In the backdrop of the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP), a new role has been assigned to external states bordering the eastern and southern flanks of the EU, with a progressive process of outsourcing security check on migrants thus extending the EU state borders up to the Mediterranean states, creating an EU borderland. This paper intends to raise the question of the impact of this EU external bordering process on some Arab neighbors since the outbreak of the Arab uprisings in 2011. More particularly, the research intends to focus on two types of states – Libya and Lebanon – with poor governance in order to show the limits of the implementation of IBM in such contexts. In order to highlight these, the paper delve into the borderwork of two EU or international bodies implementing IBM norms and rules to explore their relationships with the local state institutions. They both tend to show the key importance of the local context as a crucial explanatory factor of the limits of the implementation of such norms. Keywords: Integrated Border Management, EU, Libya, Lebanon, local context

This paper assumes the Mediterranean as a critical junction between Global North and Global South. It explores current challenges at the European Union (EU) Mediterranean borders and investigates the intertwined area at the EU borders that we call ‘Mediterranean Global South’. The paper explores actors providing security in the Mediterranean Global South and critically addresses the EU capacity to manage its borders. Specific attention is devoted to South to North human flows, one of the most critical challenges to human security in current times deploying its effects well beyond states’ borders. Human flows across the Mediterranean Sea have put EU member states (EUMS), EU institutions and European societies under stress. The paper challenges those state-centered approaches that regard closing the borders as the most effective solution to acquire security and stability in Europe, and focuses on non-state actors’ practices that seek to address regional problems more effectively. The paper thus investigates the complexification of regional relations deriving from the actual role of those actors, state or non-state actors, EU and EUMS, regional and global powers, that play crucial functions in the provision of solutions to complex security issues. The EU Mediterranean borders are expanding and actors involved in securing the Mediterranean Global South are increasingly engaged in the South of the Mediterranean for the management of regional crises. Keywords: Mediterranean, migration, securitization, European Union, borders

The aim of this paper is to carry out a brief analysis of the history of the first fifty years of the journal Miscelánea Comillas, as a contribution to the monographic issue celebrating its 75th anniversary. We will especially focus on the origin of the magazine and we will study some of its most significant personalities, such as Camilo M.ª Abad, Fr. Salaverri, Lucio Rodrigo, Fidel García Martínez, Ambrosio Sanz, Lorenzo R. Sotillo, Valeriano Andérez or Constancio Gutiérrez, most of whom were Jesuit Fathers, who have contributed with their papers to the development of scientific research in the fields of History, Theology, Philosophy, Moral and Canon Law, Sacred Scripture, etc. We will also analyse the evolution of the journal over time, its editors and the thematic field of the papers which have been published in it. Finally, we will carry out a detailed analysis of the issues of the first ten years, which we have studied, explaining the thematic contents of the papers published in the journal, its main authors at that time, etc.

The following paper aims to contribute to the Italian literature on non-monogamy with a psychosocial interpretation towards the future of the political and legal recognition requests of non-monogamous and queer relationships, as well as of their families. Starting with a reflection on how normativities position those who are outside the binaries as noises to be ignored or cancelled, the paper then provides a critique of the concept of evaluation as a tool for acquiring rights (as it does not find a counterpart in the different-gender relationships). Psychosocial studies on the relationship quality of non-monogamous people should be used to strenghten the demands for the legal recognitions of non-monogamous relationships, families and multi-parenting. In fact, the available international literature has given voice and confirmed what the many polyfamilies experience in everyday life: that these families (non-monogamous, open, poly, extended, childless * or not) are a social reality with their positive charachteristics and criticalities. Starting from examples on the erasure of bisexualities and ame-gender families recognition – the paper discuss how including these types of psychosocial research can improve our struggle for the recognition and legal rights of non-monogamous agreements and relationships.

This paper is not intended as either a survey of performance and perversity nor as an argumentation for any particularly new theory of performance. Rather it is me offering my methodologies, influences and thoughts as a trans mestizXXX perverse performance artist living and working in an actively postcolonial moment. It is, in part, an act of resistance toward the move to commodify performance’s important ephemerality and ineffability into institutionally digestible historicity and study-ability within academic institutional contexts. This paper will focus on some of my performance work which plays with ideas of power, bondage, land, colony, body and institution. I will also discuss the work of a few contemporary artists whom I identify not as important to notions of “the canon” but to my canon, artists whose queer and/or “of colour” perversities have influenced my work and self-formation. A work which combines personal narrative with critical analysis, this paper hopes to contextualize my performance practice from an intersectional and interdisciplinary perspective.

The aim of this paper is to outline the current state of the university system and confront it with the cultural and social challenges that it should face. Based on certain statistical indicators referring to the last decade, we focus on the Spanish case, resulting in a critical diagnosis for all the groups with significant links to the higher education system. From the new paradigm of the European Higher Education Area, this paper analyses the role and responsibility of society, university institutions, professors and especially students, for their greater role and vulnerability.

The current paper represents a partial bibliography about the life and the works of Publius Ovidius Naso, reflected in the papers written between 2001-2017. The bibliographic inventory made in the bimillennial year of the death of the great Latin poet exiled at Tomis contains reviews, text quotations, monographies, translations and evocations dedicated to Ovidius

This paper presents an analysis of the debate between realists and anti-realists taking as specific object of study the pessimistic induction and the no-miracles argument. The hypothesis of the paper is that the apparent lack of consensus between realists and anti-realists in addressing the problem of the veracity of our scientific theories is to some extent related to the use of different conceptual frameworks on the truth. Specifically, I will argue that Laudan’s pessimistic induction is a skeptical argument built on a certainty–based concept of truth which is inoperative for understanding the scientific practice. The paper is structured as follows: first, the pessimistic induction and the no-miracles argument are characterized, then the most significant criticisms of both arguments and the replies will be presented and, finally, the validity of the concept of truth underlying those arguments will be briefly analyzed and evaluated.

Philosophy of technology has been in existence for more than half a century as an academic discipline, but authors do not agree on a common definition of technology, which appears to compromise the effort to philosophically understand it. This article examines the reasons for this difficulty and argues that it is due not only to the complexity of technology, but also to its omnipresence, frequent invisibility and ambivalence, as well as the diversity of intellectual position among philosophers. The paper also argues that more important than developing a common definition is the awareness that technology is a reality in which we are immersed without this meaning that we are incapable of studying it, and that reciprocally, what we can objectively affirm about it does not encompass its entire meaning in our lives. Finally, the paper highlights the challenge that artificial intelligence represents for the philosophy of technology.

As reflexões e proposições apresentadas nesse artigo partem das contribuições teóricas de autores como Immanuel Wallerstein e Giovanni Arrighi. O artigo desenvolve argumentos que possibilitem aproximar as teorias do “moderno sistema-mundo” e da “longa duração” com aspectos do “caos sistêmico” que, a partir da percepção que será proposta no decorrer do texto, é condição para – e resultado de – o capitalismo de viés neoliberal (entendido desde duas hipóteses: como um dos desdobramentos da guerra fria; e como marcador da crise de hegemonia estadunidense). A noção de “caos sistêmico” é trabalhada a partir do que se entende como demonstrações contundentes de interferência do neoliberalismo nos arranjos do poder global, situações onde a via neoliberal se apresenta como solução – ou “salvação” – para as “tempestades perfeitas” gestadas no seio das disputas e dos “choques” entre – ou intra – nações pelo controle (ou manutenção) da hegemonia global do capitalismo. Palavras-chave: Sistema-mundo. Longa duração. Caos sistêmico. Neoliberalismo. Hegemonia. ABSTRACT The reflections and propositions presented in this paper depart from the theoretical contributions of authors such as Immanuel Wallerstein and Giovanni Arrighi. The paper develops arguments that allow us to approach the theories of “modern system world” and “long duration” with aspects of “systemic chaos” that, from the perception that will be proposed throughout the text, is condition –to- and result –of- neoliberal capitalism (understood from two hypotheses: as one of the unfoldings of the cold war, and as a marker of the crisis of US hegemony). The notion of “systemic chaos” is worked out from what is understood as conclusive demonstrations of neoliberalism interference in the arrangements of global power, situations where the neoliberal way presents itself as a solution -or “salvation”- to the “perfect storms” in the midst of disputes and “clashes” between -or within- nations over the control (or maintenance) of the global hegemony of capitalism. Keywords: World-system. Long duration. Systemic chaos. Neoliberalism. Hegemony.

The paper recalls the political theory of a group of Italian scholars who led the European Federalist Movement starting from the mid-60s. Their scientific analysis of the globalisation process and their innovative federal state model seems to provide interesting insights into contemporary events. Nation-based political paradigms fail to explain or deal with the ongoing global metamorphosis, which has made it impossible to retrace social, economic and military issues to a specific “culpable” State: terrorism strikes both from a generic outside and from within. Hence the collective perception of living in an unstable era of confused and unmanageable disorder and the rising of insecurity-related fears which result in a schizophrenic attitude of micro-nationalism expecting at the same time a protective umbrella from “upper” institutions. This is most tangible in Europe. The paper highlights with an interdisciplinary approach two features of federalists’ investigation which seem to be particularly relevant today. Their historical analysis underlines how until WW2 European States tried to counteract interdependence by strengthening themselves through nationalism, militarism, autarchy etc. and by leveraging collective fears. Being both symptoms of the collapsing of national States and the tools these States used to preserve themselves, they created a vicious cycle which might still be ongoing today on a more global level. Federalists’ political studies led to the designing of the post-industrial federal State “model”. It is an open multi-levelled institutional schema able to create a new “order” by turning globalisation into a process of both infra-national and supra-national federalisation, and a new global political society by “revolutionising” all political values, notions and lexicon (multi-level governance, pluri-dimensional political loyalty, participatory democracy). Federalism is therefore described as the cultural and political “paradigm” of contemporary age, of which a truly federated Europe might be the first historical implementation.

Spain is generally regarded as one of the European countries most affected by the Great Recession starting in 2008 and subsequent restrictive policies. In the first part of this paper we attempt to understand the impacts of the crisis on the welfare state that have led to health inequalities, with a special emphasis on the history of the Spanish National Health System from mid-twentieth century onwards. We also examine citizens’ responses to austerity measures within the health system, highlighting the role of the “white tides” movement. In the second part of the paper, we provide a selective review of the main findings on the effects of the Great Recession in the country, focusing particularly on its outcomes on mental health and on inequalities in health and healthcare use. We conclude that key policies need to be directed towards “the causes of the causes” of health inequalities, a complicated challenge in the current phase of capitalism.

The paper presents the general lines of an "economy of scientific knowledge", and specifically an approach from the social studies of science based on the application of game theory to the analysis of scientific interactions and institutions. The paper will analyze in what sense and to what extent an approach of this kind can be useful to answer the classic questions about the rationality and objectivity of scientific knowledge. These issues are exemplified with the application of game theory to three different situations: the choice of standards or quality standards in science, the choice of a theory, and the "social construction" of a scientific fact.

‘Civic innovation is about focusing on what is positive, creative and imaginative in the face of a world that seems beset by crisis narratives’ (Biekart, Harcourt, Knorringa, 2016: 3). In exploring the term civic innovation, as it is used in Development Studies, ‘we are not looking for a new theory and practice that will lead to a grand transformation of neoliberal capitalism but rather at how to build a mosaic of responses by looking at what is happening on the ground where people are living the contradictions of development. It is argued that we need to question pre-determined ideas of what measures to take and go beyond universal policy solutions, in order to look with openness at the actions on the ground’ (Ibid.). In that sense, civic innovation can be perceived as the ‘political sister’ of social innovation as it directly assesses dominant power relations. The paper explores a different and trans-disciplinary approach to researching change: by descending from the academic ivory tower, respecting and deploying multiple knowledges for civic innovation, as well as approaching change with the ideas and tools of Participatory Action Research. Examples from knowledge dialogues with Central American social movements are used to explore this methodology further, including the downsides and the dilemmas. The paper concludes that carefully planned dialogues, reflexivity of facilitators, and awareness about potential power issues are probably key features of a knowledge generation process that may embody progressive social change.

In this paper, we discuss the rapport between education and the difficulties of construction of civil forms of coexistence between strangers in the contemporary world. The theoretical research is based on texts by Richard Sennett and Zygmunt Bauman about the crisis in public realm. The objectives are to answer the following questions: (a) How is the crisis in public realm on twentieth and twenty-first centuries? (b) What are its social consequences? (c) Are there alternatives to that crisis, in which education - especially formal elementary education - can participate? How can we do it? A look at reality shows that education tends to have private purposes, but the school can also be a way to overcoming this crisis, as we discuss in this paper.

This paper seeks to outline a methodological approach that can be used in order to help understand such movements, and more fundamentally, the role of community in Social Innovation (SI). The article offers an overview of Participative Action Research (PAR), and outlines its strengths and weaknesses in studying community-based social innovation, in this case the Transition movement. PAR is not an ‘off the shelf’ kit, or a ‘conforming of methodological standards’, but rather a series of approaches that ought to inform the research. The paper argues that these approaches, rather than techniques, are essential to get right if the intangible, granular, and incidental-but-fundamental aspects of community are to be grasped by researchers. Given the small-scale nature of community low carbon transitions a granular analysis is preferred to a more surface, superficial overview of such processes. Qualitative research is preferred to quantitative aggregation of initiatives, due to the need to understand the everyday, more phenomenological aspects of community, and the specific tacit relations and subjectivities enacted through their capacity to cut carbon.

In recent years, the number of minor migrants, both accompanied and unaccompanied, arriving in European countries increased significantly. The impact of newcomers on the school systems of various European countries has highlighted problems in education continuity and in the accomplishment of educational goals. Relying on the preliminary data from the Erasmus+ KA2 project “Continugee” in Italy and Greece, this paper analyses the current policies and practices used in refugee children education. In addition to policy analysis, interviews with families, teachers and professionals operating in migrant shelters and schools were conducted, aimed to address both institutional and relational dimensions of schooling and to point out good practices in educational incorporation of refugee youth. Research shows that – notwithstanding a common concern throughout Europe, national and local regulations, and local practices do affect their access to quality education. Age limits, gender gaps, location of shelters, lack of adequate institutional educational facilities and of professional training make effective educational placement and continuity difficult. Schools have a very different level of effectiveness and European policy innovation is often jeopardized by lack of resources and staff motivation. Recognition of qualifications and skills, a supported participation into mainstream education, and a participatory approach with families and guardians are essential for effective school integration. Keywords: refugee, minors, education, training, policy, European

This paper focuses on income-related health inequalities amid COVID‑19 in Greece. The prolonged crisis and the pandemic have exacerbated the socioeconomic risks in the country. A major implication is the sharp decline in incomes, which has worsened the health status and the access and use of healthcare, especially among low and middle income individuals. We analyze the theoretical background on health inequalities and describe the dual shock to Greek society, both with the ongoing fiscal consolidation and the COVID-19 pandemic. By utilizing EU-SILC data through alternative techniques, we offer empirical estimates of the extent of health inequalities ranked by incomes. The empirical findings indicate a certain increase in income-based health inequalities over a critical period for Greece’s population.

This paper starts from the premise that interrogative structures have significant impact on verbal behaviour and human behaviour, in general. Our analysis of this particular type of discourse is based on the assertions of E. Benveniste, according to whom interrogation is one of the fundamental speech acts of interhuman behaviour, alongside of assertion and imperative structures.

This paper aims to comparatively present the means of expressing intensity in Romanian and Spanish from a predominantly synchronic perspective, without neglecting the importance of the diachronic study of language facts and the etymological clarifications, where needed. We have chosen to discuss only one aspect of the complex act of evaluation, more specifically, the means of rendering highest and lowest intensity, because of the complexity of this phenomenon which constantly expands its linguistic encoding forms.

This paper offers reflections about elements that affect women’s decisions about reproduction and abortion. It contributes to debates about policies, activist campaigns and the Bolivian Penal Code, in a context where inequalities and gender-based violence challenge the efficacy of technologies and laws to guarantee women’s ability to exercise the right to choose. The authors analyze women’s narratives about their experiences in two studies carried out in La Paz and El Alto, and consider different interpretations of men’s participation and approaches from the field of masculinities. The paper examines diverse situations relating to abortion that illustrate the complexity faced by women deciding on reproductive matters, alone or with the participation of partners and others.

Diffusion of social innovations has become a key theme in social innovation research. In this paper I argue that the importance of power relations and opposition against social innovations should receive a more central position in this line of research. Using detours to the related fields of Science and Technology Studies and Transition Studies, the significance of (shifting) power relations in the diffusion of innovations is underlined. Through a historical case study on the institutionalisation/diffusion of women’s suffrage in the Netherlands (1883-1919) it is shown that power struggles and shifting power relations are also key for the successful diffusion of a social innovation. With this paper I aim to bring power and empowerment to the agenda of social innovation researchers.

This paper offers reflections about elements that affect women’s decisions about reproduction and abortion. It contributes to debates about policies, activist campaigns and the Bolivian Penal Code, in a context where inequalities and gender-based violence challenge the efficacy of technologies and laws to guarantee women’s ability to exercise the right to choose. The authors analyze women’s narratives about their experiences in two studies carried out in La Paz and El Alto, and consider different interpretations of men’s participation and approaches from the field of masculinities. The paper examines diverse situations relating to abortion that illustrate the complexity faced by women deciding on reproductive matters, alone or with the participation of partners and others.

Social protection to the elderly suffered great transformations throughout the twentieth Century. In this paper, we will try to highlight the most significant moments of social protection and help in this matter. We will go from the old Charity to the implantation of the public system of Social Services after the Spanish Constitution of 1978 and its following regulations. We will finish with some reflections on the future of the social protection. We wanted to refer to some old Institutions that settled in Madrid and also to their legal status just because we are in Madrid, the place from this paper will be published. It is also the place where the author has been working, in the field of Social Work, for so many years.

The paper maintains that the modern dualism, which defends the objetivist status of the social science, is an ideological operation from the Restauration, which it is in the matrix of the modernity of the XIX Century. Actually, the intellectual lives of the main social thinkers, including those who defend the opposite, is marked by a deep historic engagement in which their think is a way of social public action. The paper presents the Spanish word of latin origin «Investigacción», which has their etymological correlate in the English word «Investigaction», like a way of express the methodological focus of this contradiction.

Objective assessment is very difficult to achieve, even more if it deals with competencies. In this paper a new method for competencies assessment is proposed. It tries to be as objective as possible. More specifically, the paper deals with the ability to work on interdisciplinary teams, personal initiative, creative skills, personal autonomy, systematization and honesty competency. It also shows that the proposed method is robust against an intention to be learnt by students. The paper also describes some experiences with proposed evaluation method in one mechatronic course of the Industrial Engineering at ICAI (Comillas).

This paper celebrates the 50º anniversary of our Social Work School created from the spirituality of Saint Vicente of Paul and recreated by the spirituality of the Jesuits. Deepening into these traditions still reserves a lot of potencials which could enrich the Social Work around us. This study exams the way of procedure of the Jesuits in the development of the Social Work in their universities along the world since more than ninety years ago. The result of that visit is that it exists an enlightening and empowering paradigm for the poor people. In the paper we expose systematically their characteristics and potencials. This Jesuit university project for the Social Work is based in the Jesuit educational wisdom and in the development of the social mission in the last fifty years, especially by the leadership of Father Arrupe, by the testimony of the Theology of the Liberation —especially by the martyrdom of Father Ellacuría— and by the government of Father Kolvenbach.

This paper deals with a number of considerations on the teaching of an essential area in the field of translation: legal translation. As translation is increasingly considered an intercultural endeavour, legal translation is of great importance as it is an excellent introduction to legal culture, a key element of a country’s general culture. It is also one of the main specialist fields for professional translators, so several essential skills to be acquired by would-be legal translators are also reviewed in this paper.

This paper publishes the results of a research about social volunteerism in Madrid. The research with focus groups shows that there is a strong volunteering sector in Madrid. The volunteers from Madrid belong to social organizations that have a clear image about themselves. These social organizations have an intensive internal life; they have hope in social changes, creativity and a critical point of view, but they are not developing a lobbyist public action. This paper analyses in detail the characteristics of the organizations and the components of the necessary plan to improve them.

This paper started off with the challenge of revisiting an article authored by Virgínia Ferreira in the book Portugal: um retrato singular [Portugal: a singular portrait] (Santos, 1993). In the original paper, statistical data of the mid-1980s showed that Portugal presented some differences in the patterns of participation of women in employment both in relation to the more developed countries of the European Economic Community and the other Southern European countries. Portugal was shown as not pursuing the tendency identified in the literature of an increased rigidity in the sexual division of labor resulting from the increased participation of women in the economic activity. Although the phenomenon of sexual segregation of employment was evident, it was weaker than in other countries. The authors now review the data and arguments then undertaken, and update them. The effects of the steep growth of employment in the care economy and in ICT activities are given special attention.

Il numero di lingue ufficiali degli Stati membri esprime solo parzialmente la portata del plurilinguismo esistente nell’Unione Europea. La molteplicità di lingue in uso presso le comunità immigrate strutturatesi nei diversi Paesi, in particolare, costituisce la manifestazione più recente di tale fenomeno, alla quale tuttavia non ha fatto seguito alcuna esplicita revisione dei quadri interpretativi che ne determinano il trattamento. Al contrario, questi paiono ancora protendere – tanto a livello comunitario quanto nel diritto interno dei singoli Stati – verso una considerazione delle lingue quali beni storico-culturali (Savoia 2001; Caretti-Cardone 2014) e strettamente legata al modello di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche (cfr. Extra 2011), categoria dalla quale le lingue parlate dagli immigrati sono generalmente escluse (cfr., tra gli altri, Orioles 2007; Caretti-Cardone 2014), come si nota da ultimo nella risoluzione 2020/2846(RPS). Sorgono così degli interrogativi sull’avanzamento del percorso di definizione dei diritti linguistici (Poggeschi 2010) nell’Unione: c’è spazio per una riflessione euro-unitaria su un’estensione formale del modello di promozione del plurilinguismo alle varietà portate dai gruppi immigrati? Parliamo ad oggi di plurilinguismo delle istituzioni o dei cittadini? Partendo dalla considerazione di questi limiti, il contributo proposto approfondisce la posizione delle lingue di origine degli stranieri residenti nel quadro della promozione euro-unitaria del plurilinguismo, con l’obiettivo di individuare degli spazi di azione possibili per un’estensione delle attuali misure che superi il ricorso al solo modello minoritario e colga invece le peculiarità socio-culturali proprie del fenomeno e le conseguenti implicazioni per il tema dell’integrazione. Keywords: diritti linguistici; plurilinguismo europeo; politica linguistica; minoranze linguistiche; Unione Europea. Integration in diversity: the possible (and necessary) attention to the languages of foreign people resident in Europe in the language policies of the European Union The number of official languages spoken in the States member of European Union accounts only partially of the actual dimension of European plurilingualism. Particularly the number of languages spoken by communities of foreign people permanently resident in the European Countries represents the most recent manifestation of this phenomenon. However, despite its quantitative and qualitative relevance, no modifications of the interpreting frameworks of European plurilingualism have been undertaken. In contrast, policies seem to persist in adopting – both at the national and EU level – a consideration of languages as part of an historical-cultural heritage (see among others Orioles 2007; Caretti-Cardone 2014), and closely related to the model of protection applied to historical minority languages (Extra 2011), a category from which the languages spoken by foreigners are generally excluded (see, among others, Orioles 2007; Caretti-Cardone 2014), as recently shown by the resolution 2020/2846(RPS). Considering this circumstances, two questions about the progression of the debate on linguistic rights (Poggeschi 2010) in the EU arise: Is it possible to individuate the conditions for an European action on the official extension of the plurilingualism framework at the languages stemming from recent migrations? Do we intend an institutional or a social European plurilingualism? This paper aims at investigating the position of the languages of origin of foreign people in the European framework on plurilingualism, with the objective to identify possible actions in order to extend the current policies promoting plurilingualism and overcome the minority model, to include the socio-cultural specificities of the phenomenon and its implications for the integration. Keywords: Linguistic Rights; European Plurilingualism; Language policy; Linguistic minorities; European Union.

This paper investigates the way in which the words used to talk about migration are described by international organisations and public administrations. It proposes a more detailed description of the words that takes into account the morphological characteristics of each word, starting from corpora drawn from the Italian version of the EMN Glossary on Asylum and Migration and the English version of the IOM Glossary on Migration. The study introduces original excerpts of morphologically labelled glossaries comprising of the most frequent words in the migration context. The labelled glossaries present the description of the word units and an explanation of their grammatical behaviours, using tools and techniques from the Lexicon-Grammar theory to account for words’ features usually considered as mere irregularities. The addition of these morphological labels to describe the behaviour of the words in the context of migration would allow them to be used with confidence by speakers, even those whose first language is not that of the country in which they find themselves, thus putting the individual at the core of the issue by giving those most effected the power to voice their opinions.