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Chile es un caso emblemático en la apertura de la educación superior al libre mercado y en la reformulación de las lógicas que regulan la producción científica en las universidades. Esto se traduce en un sistema de gestión del personal académico orientado por bonos de productividad asociados a las publicaciones de alto impacto, distribución de fondos de investigación condicionados a la productividad de investigadores y jerarquización de las tareas académicas. En este artículo presentamos los resultados de un estudio que buscó explorar y comprender cómo académicas y académicos de ciencias sociales, altamente productivas y productivos, describen la escritura científica desde la práctica laboral cotidiana enmarcada en nuevas regulaciones de la producción científica. A partir del análisis de 20 entrevistas, proponemos que hay facetas fundamentales para definir la escritura científica: la afectividad, la fragilidad y la estrategia. Éstas dan cuenta de aspectos cotidianos, así como de tensiones y conflictos presentes en el proceso de escritura científica

Es discuteix molt sobre la plurinacionalitat de l’Estat espanyol, però potser poc sobre el concepte mateix d’Espanya. La diferència entre ser un estat o una nació sense estat consisteix en el fet que les primeres no han de qüestionar-se models identitaris, ja que el reconeixement internacional els concedeix un color determinat en un mapa o una nacionalitat que evita que gran part de la població haja de plantejar-se al llarg de la seua vida qüestions com què és la seua nació, qui la compon o per què s’hi sent vinculat. La semàntica és important, i el concepte de nació pot ser interpretat de manera molt diversa en diferents territoris o col·lectius de l’Estat espanyol. La comprensió per part de totes les parts del que totes entenen per nació, país o estat pot ser una de les claus que pot obrir una oportunitat de comprensió mútua a partir de la qual es pot desenvolupar un debat seré i democràtic sobre conceptes com la plurinacionalitat o el dret a decidir. Al seu torn, en ple segle xxi, tots aquests conceptes estan en debat constant en diferents estats de la Unió Europea, per la qual cosa el debat sobre l’encaix de les nacions sense estat, o fins i tot l’encaix del dret a decidir en el marc europeu, també ha de ser tingut en compte.

Society management and the COVID-19 pandemic require continuous restatement and consolidation. Furthermore, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development created by the United Nations establishes a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability to meet the needs of future generations and where Goal 5 addresses gender equality as a central priority. The main aim of this paper is to present a crossed-analysis study on how the health crisis has influenced differently the social behaviour between gender and generations in Spain. For this study there have been used a massive open data from the Sociological Research Centre (CIS). The mixed techniques´ methodology of this research was applied to study four social effect dimensions, such as “way of living”, “way of thinking”, “way of self-healthcare” and “social habits and behaviour”. The used techniques contributed analytically to gender and generations management during the pandemic with the intent of complementarity. Obtained findings by analysing four studied dimensions explain the effects and consequences of the pandemic involving differences between men and women, younger and older generations, leading to society management implications that can timely serve as a paradigm with scientific insights for public policies.

Drawing on long-term ethnography and interviews, this paper investigates language work and language management in the context of a multilingual call center. It looks at how language issues are managed on a day-to-day basis, specifically in three areas that have been previously overlooked: i) the recruitment process for multilingual agents, ii) how agents are trained in language management, and iii) how their performance on the phone in multiple languages is evaluated and monitored. The paper re-examines the value of scripts, particularly in relation to knowledge management, challenging the idea that working language fluency on the phone is the principal skill required. Rather, the paper demonstrates that successful agents utilize a variety of skills which are learned with the help of scripts, concluding that ‘interactive professional’ rather than ‘language worker’ better describes the skill set required by agents for this work.

This paper presents the results of a systematic literature review regarding the incorporation of entrepreneurial skills in higher education, specifically through the evaluation of the acquisition of this type of competences when doing a business plan. As a result of the large amount of literature on entrepreneurial skills, we think that a systematic literature review on this subject will be useful in order to clarify, systematize and determine what it is already known and the gaps that still remain in this academic field. A systematic literature review will allow us to determine the relevance given by research to this subject and its trajectory. Therefore, in this article we will elaborate a state of the art on the incorporation of entrepreneurial competences at various levels: in education, in higher education, and more specifically in the business plans. The study of competences has been widely analyzed in recent decades due to its incorporation in teaching and learning. The abundance of literature on this matter justify the suitability of conducting a systematic literature review, additionally to the classical revision of contents. We carried out the systematic review of the literature using the database Web of Science from the first paper on this matter to the present. The procedure has been to narrow the search by determining the key concepts and combining them properly. In order to identify those studies, that in one way or another, are related to the topic of entrepreneurship and education, the generic keywords considered were entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship competences, while the specific keywords were business plans, education, teaching, learning, evaluation and university. Then we have identified the articles, we have exported to a reference management software, and finally we have reviewed the selected articles and discarded the ones that did not comply with the research theme. The results show that in recent years, with the reforms involved in the Bologna Process, studies on entrepreneurial skills and their relationship with the teaching/ learning process have risen considerably. Thus, we have seen that in the scientific literature there are many experiences that include the study of competences or entrepreneurial competences in general and its relationship to education. However, to our knowledge, there are not studies that analyze the achievement of entrepreneurial competences by students when developing a business plan.

This paper was written under the research project CRiCity: “Children and their Right to the City: Tackling urban inequity through the participatory design of child-friendly cities” developed in Lisbon and Porto and funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through national funds (PTDC/SOC-SOC/30415/2017). We focus on two case-studies developed in Porto. Our aim is to present some of the findings of the focus groups and drawing activities developed with children in two institutions. During this research, it was evident that children from middle and high classes are more subjected to institutionalization, domestication and hyper-protection processes than those from lower social classes. Also, we conclude that the phenomena of insularization and specialization contributes to aggravating restrictions on public spaces by producing forms of socio-spatial segregation depending not only on age, but also on class and social status.

French cultural policy is often regarded as a model. However, in France, the crisis of national cultural policy has been endlessly discussed since the 1980s. This disillusionment is partly due to overestimation of the model’s consistency from the outset. This paper looks at the foundations of French cultural policy, showing that the present difficulties stem from the model’s foundational ambiguities and contradictions. We thus offer a critical view of the legacy of a policy that has been vigorously pursued over the last fifty years and analyse the difficulties it currently faces and their roots. The paper concludes with proposals for new ways of approaching these issues.

En este artículo se aborda el problema del lugar de la filosofía en la educación universitaria actual a través del análisis de una cuestión concreta: la estandarización de la escritura académica y sus efectos sobre la práctica de la filosofía y su enseñanza. A partir del análisis formal del “paper” académico como patrón único de producción y de valoración de la investigación actual, se valoran sus consecuencias sobre la relación entre pensamiento, escritura y educación. Se llega a la conclusión de que la estandarización de la escritura en la universidad globalmente homologada actual conduce a una asfixia del pensamiento no sólo en la filosofía sino en todos los ámbitos del saber. A la vez, nos da la clave para diagnosticar y localizar, en cada uno de estos ámbitos, cuáles son los espacios de lo innegociable a partir de lo cual debemos repensar nuestra relación con la educación y el pensamiento dentro y fuera de la universidad.This article addresses the problem of the place of philosophy in higher education today through the analysis of a single issue: the standardization of academic writing and its effects on the practice of philosophy and teaching. From the formal analysis of the academic "paper", as the unique pattern of production and evaluation of current research, this article evaluates its impact on the relationship between thinking, writing and education. It concludes that standardization of writing in the globally homologated university, leads to a stifling of thought not only in philosophy but in all areas of knowledge. At the same time gives us the key to diagnose and locate, in each of these areas, what are the spaces of the non-negotiable from which we must rethink our relationship with education and thinking inside and outside the university.

This paper investigates whether there are different patterns of traditionality in different countries with regard to a perceived negative impact of labor-force participation of mothers on their children and family life. For this purpose, individual-level traditionality subgroups and segments of countries with different traditionality patterns of their nationals were identified simultaneously by means of multilevel latent-class (ML-LC) analysis of the answers to three items of the Changing Family and Gender Roles module of the International Social Survey Program (ISSP). This module was fielded in 22 countries in the years 1994 and 2002. Six individual-level subgroups and five country segments can be discerned. The structure of individual-level subgroups is almost identical in both years. Four individual-level subgroups differ only quantitatively in their level of traditionality. Two further subgroups are characterized by a unique tendency to defend working mothers against criticism. From 1994 to 2002 the sizes of traditional subgroups decrease, and there is also some change in the composition of country segments. This paper investigates whether there are different patterns of traditionality in different countries with regard to a perceived negative impact of labor-force participation of mothers on their children and family life. For this purpose, individual-level traditionality subgroups and segments of countries with different traditionality patterns of their nationals were identified simultaneously by means of multilevel latent-class (ML-LC) analysis of the answers to three items of the Changing Family and Gender Roles module of the International Social Survey Program (ISSP). This module was fielded in 22 countries in the years 1994 and 2002. Six individual-level subgroups and five country segments can be discerned. The structure of individual-level subgroups is almost identical in both years. Four individual-level subgroups differ only quantitatively in their level of traditionality. Two further subgroups are characterized by a unique tendency to defend working mothers against criticism. From 1994 to 2002 the sizes of traditional subgroups decrease, and there is also some change in the composition of country segments.Este trabajo analiza si existen diferentes patrones de tradicionalismo en los diferentes países sobre la percepción de un impacto negativo de la participación laboral de las madres en sus hijos y en su vida familiar. Para ello se identificaron, de forma simultánea, subgrupos de tradicionalismo a nivel individual y segmentos de países con diferentes patrones de tradicionalismo de sus ciudadanos, a través de un análisis multinivel de clases latentes (ML-LC) de las respuestas a tres preguntas del módulo Familia y Roles de Género del International Social Survey Program (ISSP), que se aplicó en 22 países en los años 1994 y 2002. Se identificaron seis subgrupos de nivel individual y cinco segmentos de países. La estructura de los subgrupos a nivel individual es casi idéntica en ambos años. Cuatro subgrupos a nivel individual difieren solamente de manera cuantitativa en su nivel de tradicionalismo. Dos subgrupos más se caracterizan por una tendencia a defender de la crítica a las madres que trabajan. De 1994 a 2002 el tamaño de los subgrupos tradicionales disminuye, y también se ha producido algún cambio en la composición de los segmentos de países.

According to some definitions, the introduction of a paper, apart from exposing its objectives, should be the stimulant that generates interest in a deeper reading and a wider appraisal. With this definition in mind, I submit for this issue of Athena the text that introduces my discussion on the Scientific/Colonial Logics of Knowledge: Writing, images and borderline issues. The keys and the roadmap which represent the basis of this paper are contained within, as also a simple overview of some of its strongest theses. Hopefully, this introduction will worthily fulfill its task.Según algunas definiciones, la introducción de un trabajo además de plantear los objetivos del mismo, debe ser la incitadora de un interés que conduzca a una lectura más amplia. Con esta definición en mente, presento para esta entrega de la tesiteca de Athena, un texto que introduce mi discusión sobre las Lógicas científico/coloniales del conocimiento: Escritura, imágenes y territorios de frontera. En él se encuentran las claves y el mapa de escritura con el que este trabajo fue construido, así como un sencillo recorrido por algunas de sus tesis más fuertes. Ojala esta introducción cumpla cabalmente su tarea.

En este artículo pretendo explorar la política en el Gran Buenos Aires a partir de un análisis de las elecciones legislativas de 2009 desde mi etnografía en una villa de La Matanza en proceso de urbanización. A partir de allí, intentaré dar cuenta de una serie de perspectivas que quedan opacadas en los análisis centrados en procesos electorales. Mientras éstos enfocan hacia las estrategias de campaña de los candidatos y los entramados políticos desde los cuales construyen apoyos para explicar los resultados electorales (o intentar predecirlos), el punto central de este artículo consiste en mostrar cómo las elecciones se imponen y son apropiadas localmente a partir de una perspectiva centrada en la urbanización de la villa. The purpose of this paper is to explore Great Buenos Aires's politics analyzing midterm elections (2009) from my ethnography in a shantytown of La Matanza under a process of urbanization. I will try to show some outlooks which are usually darkened by electoral analyses. While these researches usually focus on campaign strategies and political networks in order to explain (or predict) electoral results, the main contribution of this paper is to show how elections are generally imposed and locally appropriated from a local perspective oriented towards the urbanization of the shantytown.

In this paper, we carried out a review of the differentnotions of sustainability and urban sustainable relationships in recent scientific papers. We related some of those notions to a specific event: crossing the road in places managed by traffic lights. We used an idiosyncratic approach to temporality in the sphere of the above-mentioned relationships. Accordingly, we presented the concept of vertical time opposing the traditional view, which we called horizontal time. Lastly, we offered a pair of instances taken from a field diary constructed on the basis of Actor-Network Theory (Latour, 2005, 2002, 2001) and certain interpretation of thick description as suggested by Clifford Geertz (2003). We concluded that urban sustainable relationships are complex, and in order to understand them it is necessary to take into account human and non-human mediators; i.e., intersubjectivity and interobjectivity (Latour, 2005).En el siguiente texto, en primer lugar, recorreremos bibliográficamente la noción de sostenibilidad y de relaciones urbanas sostenibles. Destacaremos el vínculo entre la bibliografía revisada y el acto de cruzar la calle en puntos gestionados semafóricamente. Asimismo, ofreceremos una mirada distinta de tiempo al interior de la sostenibilidad relacional urbana, la cual hemos llamado tiempo vertical. En este sentido, confrontaremos nuestra propuesta con la visión más habitual que decidimos llamar tiempo horizontal. Para finalizar, fundamentaremos nuestros argumentos con notas etnográficas teniendo como fondo analítico la descripción densa (Geertz, 2003), aunque cabe advertir que nuestra aproximación no se aviene a la perspectiva antropológica sino a la psicosocial. Así, asumiremos como plataforma teórica algunos de los supuestos de la Teoría del Actor-Red (Latour, 2005, 2002, 2001). Por modo de conclusión, afirmamos que la sostenibilidad relacional urbana es afín a la complejidad. Para entenderla es necesario tomar en consideración los complejos auxiliares, i.e., a los agentes humanos y los agentes no humanos, o como diría Latour (2005) la intersubjetividad y la interobjetividad.

En este artículo propongo revisar el dilema de la ciudadanía que Wollstonecraft planteó en su libro Vindicación de los derechos de la mujer, de 1792. Defiendo que este dilema cae en la misma trampa en que la misma teoría feminista cayó al proponer dos modelos diferentes de feminismo, el de la igualdad y el de la diferencia. Lo que planteo es que los dos son en realidad la misma paradoja, que remite, a su vez, al binarismo igualdad versus diferencia que opera estructurando los términos del debate liberal-patriarcal respecto a la equidad en el contrato social. El feminismo ha de salir de esa trampa para ofrecer un concepto de ciudadanía nuevo, en el que las mujeres no tengamos que decidir entre igualdad o diferencia, o entre justicia y cuidado. This paper sets out to review the dilemma of citizenship Wollstonecraft raised in A Vindication of the Rights of Women, published in 1792. I argue that this dilemma falls into the same trap feminist theory does by proposing two different (and opposed) models of feminism: equality and difference. In this paper I suggest that the two are in fact the same paradox, which in turn refers to the equality-difference binarism that operates by structuring the liberal-patriarchal debate on equity in the social contract. Feminism must climb out of this trap in order to offer a new concept of citizenship in which women do not have to decide between equality and difference, or between justice and care.

This paper critically assesses the discourse that justifies the latest educational reforms in European and Spanish higher education. It is presented as a techno-scientific discourse that attempts to support one of the most important current practices of subjectivity -the educational one- using a particular definition of psychology that forget the fact of the irreducible plurality of psychological practices and knowledges. This paper aims thus to make a double critical assessment. On the one hand, about the rhetorical use of psycopedagogic knowledge as scientific (indisputable) support for the reforms. On the other hand, about the assumption that there is a well definite discipline -psychology- which is unified, scientifically established and able to offer that support. The paper consider also the current socio-cultural scenario of globalization and neoliberalism as a context that makes sense, within the ideology of entrepreneurship, such use of psychology as a scientific guarantor of education reform. Special emphasis is placed on the promotion of subjectivity linked to that ideology, which requires individuals gifted with flexibility, self-monitoring skills and full responsibility for their fate.En este trabajo se valora críticamente el discurso que arropa las últimas reformas educativas de la enseñanza superior europea y española. Se lo presenta como un discurso que intenta justificar tecnocientíficamente una de las más importantes prácticas de subjetivación actuales -la educativa- recurriendo a una determinada definición de la psicología que deja en un segundo plano el hecho de la pluralidad irreductible de las prácticas y saberes psicológicos. Se hace, así, una valoración crítica conjugada de, por un lado, el uso retórico de los saberes psicopedagógicos como respaldo científico -indiscutible- de las reformas, y por otro lado, de la asunción de que existe uma disciplia bien definida -la psicología- unificada, asentada científicamente y en la cual cabe buscar ese respaldo. La crítica toma en consideración, además, el escenario sociocultural actual de la globalización y el neoliberalismo como contexto en que cobra sentido, dentro de la ideología del emprendedorismo, dicho uso de la psicología como garante científico de la reforma de la enseñanza. Se hace especial hincapié en el fomento de la subjetividad ligado a esa ideología, que exige individuos dotados de flexibilidad, capacidad de autorregulación y responsabilidad total sobre su destino.

Este texto es una presentación del monográfico Diásporas y transiciones en la teoría del actor-red. Sus páginas presentan las principales características de esta teoría, una manera de entender sus orígenes y una descripción de su presente estableciendo un paralelismo con la etnometodología. El texto finaliza con una valoración del estado de la teoría del actor-red en España y un comentario sobre un congreso que llevó el título de Presente y futuro de la teoría del actor-red y que constituye el embrión del presente monográfico. En el texto se defiende una tesis muy simple: la teoría del actor-red nace con cierta relevancia para el pensamiento social en el momento en que se difracta en una miríada de usos y aplicaciones diferentes. El principal corolario de este hecho también es muy sencillo: la gran diferencia entre la teoría del actor-red y otras propuestas del pensamiento social es su permanente estado de diáspora y transición. This paper is an introduction to the monograph titled Diasporas and Transitions in the Actor-Network Theory. Drawing a parallel with ethnomethodology, its pages present the main features of this theory, a way to figure out its origins and a description of its present. The text ends with a brief look at the state of art of actor-network theory in Spain and an appraisal of a meeting titled Present and Future of Actor-Network Theory, which is the origin of our monograph. In this paper we put forward a very simple idea: Actor-Network Theory was born with certain relevance in Social Sciences when it diffracted in a myriad of different uses and applications. The main corollary of such an idea is also straightforward: the very difference between Actor-Network Theory and other perspectives in Social Sciences resides in the permanent diaspora and transition of the former.

Healthcare workers were more than essential during the COVID-19 pandemic, a fact that is recognized by societies the world over. However, in many countries, healthcare workers are not satisfied with their working conditions, which has resulted in frequent protests and strikes. One such country is Spain. How can the theory of social dialogue contribute to explaining and improving healthcare workers’ conditions during a healthcare crisis such as this one? In this paper, we aim to explore what it is really like for healthcare professionals working under these challenging circumstances, and link their experience to the theory of social dialogue in order to engage in a double process of contribution: from practice to theory and vice versa. In order to do so, we first explore the real-world problems encountered by professionals, focusing particularly on cases in Spain, before reviewing theoretical approaches to the study of social dialogue in organizations, an area that has received very little attention in the revised academic literature. Finally, we show how constructive social dialogue can be an effective tool for improving working conditions for healthcare workers.

Resumen: Este artículo ofrece una visión introductoria desde el novedoso campo de investigación de 'Niños nacidos de la guerra'. Se trata de niños y niñas nacidos durante y después de conflictos y guerras habiendo sido su padre miembro del enemigo, fuerzas aliadas o fuerzas de paz y su madre una ciudadana local. A menudo, los niños y niñas nacidos de la guerra son estigmatizados y discriminados en su propio país y sus intereses y derechos particulares eludidos en situaciones de postconflicto. En este artículo se presenta una categorización de los niños nacidos de la guerra y algunos de los resultados del proyecto de investigación realizado sobre niños de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Por último, se explora la situación internacional y judicial de estos niños así como las pautas posibles de ayuda dirigidas a éstos y sus madres.Abstract: This paper gives a short introduction into the rather new research field of 'Children born of war'. These are children who are born during and after conflicts and wars were the father has been a member of an enemy, allied or peacekeeping force and the mother a local citizen. 'Children born of war' are often stigmatised and discriminated in their home country and their particular interest and rights are overlooked in post-conflict situations. This paper presents different categories of children born of war and some results from research projects on children from Second World War are presented. Finally, the international and juridical situation of children born of war are discussed and possible guidelines to assist mothers and children introduced.

The present paper attempts to show how rape is represented in a variety of historical and contemporary discourses. Examples of rapes in Greek mythology, in the Bible, in medieval iconography, in literature, and in scientific theories, are compared and contrasted. Analysis suggests that such discourses tend to make sexual aggression (and specifically the rape of women) legitimate, be it by minimizing the harm done; by normalizing and naturalizing sexual violence; or by aesthetisizing rape as art. Finally, the paper argues that putting modern legal accounts of rape into their historical perspective brings into sharper focus the persistence of ancient myths and discourses

From a sociocultural constructivist perspective, this paper analyses the sociocultural processes involved in children's participation in criminal organizations in Rio de Janeiro, and in other violent and armed environments. The analysis is based on the work of Dowdney (2003, 2005), and the work of the Slum Monitoring Center (Observatorio de Favelas, 2006). The article discusses the concept of childhood, and identifies the major factors affecting child development within such contexts: the strategies used by adults to induct children into a criminal organization and to keep them there. It highlights the role of school and work, two environments universally present in the research participants' own narratives. To study the topic demands a systematic approach so as to account for the variety of factors at work, from the historico-social forces revealed in the social practices and the collective culture of gangs, to issues such as autonomy and social responsibility. The paper stresses the need to create collective spaces for expressing and co-constructing meanings, which may encourage social and personal reflection, and so promote healthy developmental contexts for both the individual and society.

Pentecostal religious beliefs and practices consist of a complex set of strategies of transformation and personal renewal. Among other aspects of their experiences in the Church of Philadelphia, the social construction of Gypsy reality turns on the reform of the body. The present paper lies on aspects such as the body as object and subject of biopolitical and religious practices; the relationships between religious experience and body management; new social and community interactions; and autobiographical discourse as the ideological vehicle of personal conversion and transformation. All these processes reveal how social practices remake and shape bodily behaviour and its meaning. Pentecostal charismatic practices channel and express the community and individual demands of Church of Philadelphia converts, and represent central issues in the Pentecostal management of body and spirit. Our aim in this paper is to analyze the bodily practices which provide for believers´ transformation, and which shape community rituals and the congregation's interactions.

This paper draws on an ethnographic study with teenage mothers. It discusses how the research incorporated feminist political goals and ethical concerns. The paper focuses in particular on one key concern for feminist researchers, that of hierarchical power in the research setting in order to demonstrate the challenges and advantages of feminist research. A number of approaches were taken to mitigate power relationships and these are discussed and reflected upon here. The paper then goes on to interrogate the author’s position as an ‘insider researcher’. It is demonstrated here how feminist research enabled the position of the researcher to be acknowledged, analysed and critiqued thus ensuring that research which challenges conventional notions of objectivity is robust.

The broad aim of this paper is to look into the implications of applying two different methods of research and analytical assumptions to the study of social movements. In order to develop and discuss this aim, I focus my analysis on the emergence of a social movement that impacted Spanish society in 2011: the ‘indignados’ movement 15M. Particularly, in this case, I confront the main conclusions of two different methodological approaches that analyze the emergence of the movement, focusing my interest in the ideological roots of its collective identity. The first approach is mainly based on ethnographic data (Laraña & Díez, 2012a; 2012b) and the second one consists of a statistical macro-analysis. Whereas in the two first works we highlighted the most micro and intersubjective aspects of the social action, through ethnographic techniques, that allowed us to study how the activists organize the actions of the movement, spread their frames and construct its collective identity, this paper mainly focuses on macro statistical data in order to: i) analyze the ideological bases of the movement, ii) compare the results obtained regarding this issue from the both aforementioned approaches, and iii) look at their complementarities.

This paper aims to reflect upon the principal difficulties, challenges or ‘headaches’ that doing feminist research in conflict and post-conflict contexts can involve. Each of the two authors has conducted a very different study. One, on the role of local women’s organizations and activists in peacebuilding; the other, on the disarmament and reintegration of combatants and the impact of this process on the reproduction of violence. While one of us is a woman, the other is a man. While one studies feminist activism, the other focuses mainly on masculinities in the military. While one has researched in Kosovo, the other has done so in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Based on these two research processes, we reflect on debates over epistemological and practical issues such as reflexivity, positionality of the researcher, access, secrecy and silence in the research process, power relations in the field and ethical dilemmas.

This paper wants to look into the back room of social theorisation of political action. We take as a starting point the impossibility of basing political action on modern Rationalism and Humanism's 'universal subject'. Nevertheless this paper tries to make compatible some critiques of Rationalism and Humanism, on the one hand, with, on the other hand, a version of some of the emancipatory promises of modernity. In order to think about politics, we will present two ways of broaching the tensions caused by the privileging of the subject in modernity. One will be focused on its radical politization, introducing the subject as a site for, and consequence of, political action itself. The other takes the notion of agency as the privileging of connections and movements over (id)entities to explain political action.

By relating Bakhtin’s work and the theory of intertextuality to a discussion of the idea of subjectivity as an individual self (i.e. isolated and isolable from its context), this paper seeks to apply some of Bakhtin’s concepts to the reading –term that comprises a sense of everlasting interpretation and production- of the interviews we conducted to psychotherapists. Doing so helped us explore the way therapists’ subjectivity is constituted within institutional contexts that are instilled ideologically and passionately by manifold voices. In order to account for this process, we bring in the notion of located biography. Such a term denotes an underway-produced multiplicity. Therefore, through its utterance it synthesizes a collective experience. The paper concludes thinking of the potentiality for qualitative research of the approach developed.

Si bé l’urbanisme funcionalista va permetre, fa mig segle, allotjar amb escassos recursos un gran nombre de persones que havien immigrat a la ciutat, també és cert que aquest modelno va trigar a mostrar la seva cara poc sostenible. Actualment s’estan recreant els significats dels barris i posant l’esforç en la construcció d’una esfera pública més participativa, on el paper de la cultura és clau en la posada en valor del capital social. Al llarg de l’article, ens referim a algunes museïtzacions de la perifèria urbana de Barcelona que creen noves nodalitats culturals a partir de xarxes on s’entrellacen el patrimoni, la ciutadania i el museu com a espai de participació i coneixement. En aquest context, en un marc de desenvolupament de nous paradigmes culturals, volem centrar-nos en els casos de la Fabra i Coats i del Bon Pastor, que es configuren com a nous nodes culturals en l’articulació de l’Eix Besòs. --- Despite functionalist city planning which, with scarce resources, allowed to accommodate the large number of people who had been migrating to the city over half a century ago, it soon became apparent that this was hardly sustainable. Neighbourhoods’ core values are currently being recreated in an effort to build a more participatory public sphere where culture is key to enhance social capital. In this article, we are referring to some musealisations in the outskirts of Barcelona that have created new cultural nodes in a network where heritage, citizenship and the museum conceived as a space for participation and knowledge come together. Within this context where new cultural paradigms evolve, our aim is to focus on Fabra i Coats and Bon Pastor, which are becoming new cultural nodes in the Besòs area.

Este artículo realiza un estudio del panorama museístico en Francia tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial, en concreto de Le Havre. El objetivo es demostrar los avances que se producen en esta ciudad desde el ámbito de la museología, en medio del proceso de reconstrucción urbanística debido a la devastación producida por el conflicto bélico. En los años cincuenta se recupera el museo provincial, el cual surge con una perspectiva americana y con claves de modernidad, lo que le convierte en un museo-tipo y en el referente de la museología francesa. Además, anticipa una serie de valores sociales y democráticos que comulgan con las Maisons de la Culture de André Malraux, razón por la cual fue sede de esta institución y se consideró el modelo a seguir. A su vez, el museo mantiene un continuo diálogo con el entorno urbanístico y el arte contemporáneo instalado en el espacio público. / This paper carries out a study of the museum scene in France after the Second World War, in particular Le Havre. The aim is to demonstrate the advances that take place in this city from the field of museology, in the middle of the process of urban reconstruction due to the devastation produced by the war. In the fifties the provincial museum was recovered, which emerged with an American perspective and with keys to modernity, making it a model museum and the benchmark for French museology. In addition, it anticipates a series of social and democratic values that commune with André Malraux’s Maisons de la Culture, which is why it was the headquarters of this institution and was considered a model to follow. At the same time, the museum maintains a continuous dialogue with the urban environment and contemporary art installed in the public space.

Este artículo se compone de dos partes. En la primera, voy a ofrecer cinco razones de por qué este Estudio-taller permite experimentar de otro modo eso que llamamos «museo»: 1) Espacio de creación y creación de espacios; 2) Espacio de experimentación, no para ver de modo pasivo; 3) Experiencia personal, no masificada; 4) Volver: un criterio de distinción de una experiencia edificante; 5) Tiendas y fetichismo vs. Mundo de la obra. En cambio, en la segunda parte ofreceré una visión panorámica de lo que puede ser una visita al Estudio-Taller Berrocal, combinando información biográfica con su trayectoria artística y, sobre todo, con interpretaciones estéticas: 1) la Vanguardia de la Tradición; 2) el arte en la época de la reproductibilidad técnica; 3) Posmodernidad y diálogos intra-artísticos; 4) Arte, ciencia, tecnología. / This paper consists of two parts. In the first part, I will offer five reasons why this Studio-workshop allows us to experience what we call “museum” in another way: 1) Space of creation and creation of spaces; 2) Space of experimentation, not to see in a passive way; 3) Personal experience, not massified; 4) Return: a criterion of distinction of an edifying experience; 5) Tents and fetishism vs World of work. On the other hand, in the second part I will offer a panoramic vision of what a visit to the Berrocal Studio-Workshop could be, combining biographical information with its artistic trajectory and, above all, with aesthetic interpretations: 1) the avant-garde of Tradition; 2) art in the epoch of technical reproducibility; 3) Postmodernity and intra-artistic dialogues; 4) Art, science, technology.

Desde la década de los setenta del pasado siglo, encontramos ejemplos de aeropuertos que han ido adquiriendo obra de artistas de reconocido prestigio que exhiben en sus instalaciones y forman parte de sus colecciones permanentes. Recientemente, algunos espacios aeroportuarios han optado por abrir galerías en las que se suce-den exposiciones periódicamente. El objetivo del presente trabajo es investigar, examinar y dar a conocer su rica y variada inmersión artística y cultural en un paseo de solaz y entretenimiento por algunos aeropuertos de Estados Unidos y Europa. / Since the past 1970 ́s, we can find examples of airports that have been acquiring the work of artists of well-known prestige to be exhibited at their facilities and accruing it to their permanent collections. Recently, airport authorities have staffed art galleries where exhibitions are periodically taking place. This herewith paper is aimed to research, examine and hand out their rich and variegated immersion in artistic and cultural backgrounds, an uplifting break for the imagination throughout some airports of the United States of America and Europe.

Este artículo versa sobre la creación del primer museo de arte digital del mundo, inaugurado el 21 de junio de 2018 en Tokio (Japón). Nos referimos al Mori Building Digital Art Museum: teamLab Borderless, que se encuentra situado en la isla artificial de Odaiba, núcleo de la cultura futurista nipona y dominada por el edificio Fuji TV del arquitecto Kenzo Tange, el cual, a su vez, es sede del Miraikan, el Museo de la Ciencia y la Tecnología Emergentes de Japón. Este lugar es perfecto para esta nueva disciplina artística que adquiere cada vez más notoriedad en la sociedad actual, por su capacidad de combinar manifestaciones artísticas con diferentes tipologías tecnológicas, produciendo de esta manera instalaciones inmersivas con un fuerte impacto en el espectador y que a su vez convierten a la tecnología en una inmensa obra de arte. / This paper deals with the creation of the world’s first digital art museum, inaugurated on 21 June 2018 in Tokyo (Japan). The Mori Building Digital Art Museum: teamLab Borderless is located on the artificial island of Odaiba, that is the heart of Japan’s futuristic culture and is surrounded by architect Kenzo Tange’s Fuji TV building, which in turn is the home of Japan’s Miraikan, Japan’s Museum of Emerging Science and Technology. This place is perfect for the new artistic discipline that is becoming more and more notorious in today’s society, for its ability to combine artistic manifestations with different technological typologies, thus producing immersive installations with a strong impact on the viewer and at the same time turning technology into an immense work of art.

¿What is it that moves into researching? ¿Why do we conduct it and what is such effort worth? These are the main questions underlying this paper: a tour into several of the topics involved in the "ought to's" of social sciences -objectivity, knowledge, transformation. His claim is that "pleasure is precisely what we count on to found our commitment for researching". Such claim does not imply in any way rather soft or pleasing criteria, for only the studies of great quality, implacable rigour, conscious elaboration and sustained effort, manage to reach the place of a beautiful objects of thought, capable of modifying their authors as well as those who enter in contact with them. To replace that old barometer of objectivity by the hetherodox barometer of pleasure -the main subject of this paper- is not to lowen any of the levels that a good social practice demands. Quite the contrary.

Southern European cities face the challenges associated with the recent emergence of the formal and informal economies of the ‘Tourist City’ and are the scenario for diverse social tensions. Local protests against these changes, sometimes discredited as NIMBY –Not In My Backyard– have led to conflicts with visitors and local public administrations. However, fuzzy definitions of the groups organising these protests are often found in the literature, as well as regarding the previous urban conditions for and the impacts of their actions. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the protests in the Portuguese neighbourhood of Bairro Alto (Lisbon) and the Spanish neighbourhood of La Latina (Madrid), in order to explore how moral ownership and ‘belonging narratives’ around places are variously put into play to legitimise and/or contest urban changes. We also reflect on the benefits and perils of building strong local identities versus the contemporary global tourism that flows into Southern European cities.

Madrid Paisaje Urbano is the name of the open air urban art gallery of Madrid’s city Council. The project started suddenly in October 2013 in Intermediae, a section within the Matadero Centre of Contemporary Creation. It nowadays is still running. This paper looks at the initial stages of the project in La Noche en Blanco 2010 and the research group Decolonising Knowledge and Aesthetics that Matadero arranged through a public call in collaboration with Goldsmiths University in 2012. In order to do so, the article provides an network ethnographic approach based on the author’s empiric experience as a member of that research group. It introduces the relevance of the CULM (Construir un lugar mejor sin destruir lo que tenemos) project in La Mancha in order to understand the development of Madrid Paisaje Urbano, as well as its relation with the creation of MIAU Fanzara in 2014 through some of the artists who connected these projects. Finally, a comparison between CULM and MIAU illustrates Schacter’s anthropological theories on agonistic and consensual Street Art practices. / Madrid Paisaje Urbano es el nombre de la galería de arte urbano al aire libre del Ayuntamiento de Madrid. El proyecto comenzó repentinamente en octubre de 2013 en Intermediae, una sección dentro del Centro de Creación Contemporánea Matadero y hoy en día sigue funcionando. Este documento analiza las etapas iniciales del proyecto en La Noche en Blanco 2010 y el grupo de investigación Decolonising Knowledge and Aesthetics que Matadero organizó a través de una convocatoria pública en colaboración con la Goldsmiths University en 2012. Para ello, el artículo proporciona un enfoque etnográfico de redes a partir de la experiencia empírica del autor como miembro de ese grupo de investigación. Se presenta la relevancia del proyecto CULM (Construir un lugar mejor sin destruir lo que tenemos) en La Mancha para comprender el desarrollo de Madrid Paisaje Urbano, así como su relación con la creación de MIAU Fanzara en 2014 a través de algunos de los artistas que conectaron estos proyectos. Finalmente, una comparación entre CULM y MIAU ilustra las teorías antropológicas de Schacter sobre prácticas de arte callejero agonísticas y consensuales.

Since the 1990s, museum buildings and the art housed inside them have undergone dramatic changes. Once canonical structures, they have evolved to more suitably contain new art forms and reflect the expanding and dynamic purposes of the museum. Museum architecture constructs the meanings and values of institutions as its primary and most tangible symbol. It commands a specific approach for display rhetoric and dictates the ways users and curators make use of space. What is the relationship between the latest museum building boom and contemporary art? What specific architectural strategies are employed by museums and archi-tects to suit contemporary art? This paper examines the recent trends in museum construction in order to explore the ways in which new museums have reshaped the museum experience and dialogue between users and contemporary art. / Desde la década de 1990 los edificios de los museos y el arte alojado en ellos han sufrido cambios dramáticos. Las estructuras canónicas han evolucionado para contener de manera más adecuada nuevas formas de arte y reflejar los propósitos dinámicos y en expansión del museo. La arquitectura del museo manifiesta los significados y valores de la propia institución como su símbolo principal y más tangible, presenta un enfoque específico para mostrar la retórica y dicta las formas en que los usuarios y los curadores hacen uso del espacio. ¿Cuál es la relación entre el último auge de la construcción de museos y el arte contemporáneo? ¿Qué estrategias arquitectónicas específicas emplean los museos y arquitectos para adaptarse al arte contemporáneo? Este artículo examina las tendencias recientes en la construcción de museos para explorar las formas en que los nuevos espacios han reformulado la experiencia y el diálogo entre los usuarios y el arte contemporáneo.

This paper investigates whether there are different patterns of traditionality in different countries with regard to a perceived negative impact of labor-force participation of mothers on their children and family life. For this purpose, individual-level traditionality subgroups and segments of countries with different traditionality patterns of their nationals were identified simultaneously by means of multilevel latent-class (ML-LC) analysis of the answers to three items of the Changing Family and Gender Roles module of the International Social Survey Program (ISSP). This module was fielded in 22 countries in the years 1994 and 2002. Six individual-level subgroups and five country segments can be discerned. The structure of individual-level subgroups is almost identical in both years. Four individual-level subgroups differ only quantitatively in their level of traditionality. Two further subgroups are characterized by a unique tendency to defend working mothers against criticism. From 1994 to 2002 the sizes of traditional subgroups decrease, and there is also some change in the composition of country segments. This paper investigates whether there are different patterns of traditionality in different countries with regard to a perceived negative impact of labor-force participation of mothers on their children and family life. For this purpose, individual-level traditionality subgroups and segments of countries with different traditionality patterns of their nationals were identified simultaneously by means of multilevel latent-class (ML-LC) analysis of the answers to three items of the Changing Family and Gender Roles module of the International Social Survey Program (ISSP). This module was fielded in 22 countries in the years 1994 and 2002. Six individual-level subgroups and five country segments can be discerned. The structure of individual-level subgroups is almost identical in both years. Four individual-level subgroups differ only quantitatively in their level of traditionality. Two further subgroups are characterized by a unique tendency to defend working mothers against criticism. From 1994 to 2002 the sizes of traditional subgroups decrease, and there is also some change in the composition of country segments.

This paper maps the intersection of affect theory with literature and art through the revision of the question of representation and its crisis, which has been central in theorizing literary and art concerns. I propose that affect theory reinvigorates the problematic of representation by turning it into a debate about mediation, producing two main gestures in criticism when it gets in contact with literary and art works. On the one hand, some scholarship has stayed “between representation” by looking at affect as excessive of cognitive processes to analyze and expand how affect influences our representations of these processes, both when reading and doing literary criticism, and when elaborating epistemological paradigms. On the other, criticism has also attempted to step “beyond representation” by looking at affect as an autonomous third entity in mediation with capacities to affect and surpass human cognition. In treating affect as a new capacious entity when approaching the issue of representation, the critical concerns informing this gesture revolve around ontological questions, and they prioritize what affect is and does to bodies more than what it means.

Frankenstein is not an exclusive character belonging to the realm of the Gothic narrative, but a vivid element that has evolved and adapted to diverse social contexts and geographies. Mary Shelley's work has endured the passing of time and now is a symbol of the popular culture. In this paper, I look to understand Mary Shelley's Frankenstein influence on people’s attitudes regarding technology and science, particularly artificial intelligence and robots. How the negative visions and fears about the misuse of science to break traditional moral and religious boundaries are still present in popular culture. Fieldwork will be focused on reviewing several Latin American newspapers and magazine articles in Spanish and Portuguese published on the Internet. As final outcomes will show, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein still continues influencing people’s imagination about science and technology, even in technically less developed regions.

This paper gives a short introduction into the rather new research field of ‘Children born of war’. These are children who are born during and after conflicts and wars were the father has been a member of an enemy, allied or peacekeeping force and the mother a local citizen. ‘Children born of war’ are often stigmatised and discriminated in their home country and their particular interest and rights are overlooked in post-conflict situations. This paper presents different categories of children born of war and some results from research projects on children from Second World War are presented. Finally, the international and juridical situation of children born of war are discussed and possible guidelines to assist mothers and children introduced.

Transferability of human capital is a key issue in the analysis of immigrants’ integration in the destination country, according to both empirical and theoretical literature. In addition to the problem of recognition of immigrants’ educational credentials and their lack of social networks, language is highlighted in the literature as a crucial factor regarding human capital transfer. This paper considers the role played by Spanish language skills in the integration of migrants into the labour market in Spain. It takes advantage of the fact that about half of the immigrant population have Spanish as their native language, and of the diversity levels of fluency in Spanish among the remaining immigrants. Using the Labour Force Survey special module on the labour market situation of immigrants (INE 2015), the research has two purposes: first, to measure the direct effect of language skills on employment outcomes; and second, to analyze the complementary vs. substitution hypotheses regarding the interaction between Spanish language skills and educational credentials as determining factors for employment. The results confirm that skill levels in Spanish have a significant role regarding access to employment. Regarding the complementary vs. substitution hypotheses, interesting gender differences appear that confirm the striking contrasts in the Spanish labour market for female and male immigrants. For men, their level of Spanish acts as a complement to their educational qualifications in helping them to obtain employment, but this is not the case for women. However, female immigrant workers seem to obtain higher employment returns on their educational qualifications than men when it comes to avoiding very low-skilled jobs.

It is well known that proficiency in more languages is important for labor outcomes of natives, and economic literature generally shows positive effects for those able to use multiple languages in the domestic labor market. In this context, compulsory education is likely to play a relevant role in identifying to what extent additional languages matter for the native workforce. Indeed, institutional education systems are often the main providers of individual skills in a country, including language skills, and compulsory education is reasonably unrelated to individual characteristics affecting choices of language acquisition. However, while some studies on co-official languages and labor in multilingual countries build their strategy on compulsory schooling, it seems that no study on indigenous workers considers it for foreign languages. As a first step of future analyses on foreign languages and labor in Europe, in this paper I try to analyze whether compulsory education affects foreign language proficiency of European native adults. I find that being taught foreign languages during compulsory schooling has positive effects on the probability of knowing them, ranging from 3 to 5 percent.

The problematisation of migration has intensified in Europe over the last decade, as the Financial Crisis of 2008 dealt a major blow to social welfare instruments. This context has reinforced the idea that immigrants would consume a disproportionate share of socio-economic resources available through social services, thus displacing the local population. This article examines the case of Spain, analysing the dynamics of accessing socioeconomic inclusion policies developed by public Social Services among immigrants and non-immigrants at risk of social exclusion, based on different secondary sources. The paper shows that is there no evidence that social services resources are being displaced for the socio-economic inclusion of the immigrant population.

Witchcraft is defined as the use of magical powers for healing, seeing into the future, causing harm or for religion. The belief in the powers of witchcraft is widespread in Africa. Due to these perceived magical powers people from different walks of life seek for various forms of treatments from witchdoctors. As such, witchcraft in Africa is a trade complete with a marked use of language that sustains in in modern society. This article reports on an analysis of language used by witchdoctors in Machakos County in Kenya, and respondents’ views about witchcraft. The objectives of the study were twofold. One was to identify and describe the language strategies that mark witchcraft as trade. The second objective was to explore the socio-psychological factors governing the use of the language by witchdoctors. Two witchdoctors were purposively sampled: one male and one female. The primary data were collected through recorded interviews of the witchdoctors. It was found that the witchdoctors use various language strategies to attract and retain clientele and that these strategies are a factor of the socio-psychological environment in which the witchdoctors operate. Moreover, the study established that witchdoctor still find relevance in the modern Kenyan society because of prevalent beliefs about social and medical problems. This paper thus argues that language is an important tool in the witchcraft trade that serves to purposely obscure meaning in order to shroud the trade in secrecy, enhance social exclusion and consequently sustain the belief in the magical powers of the witchdoctors.

Despite the growing recognition of corpora-induced benefits for translation quality, the use of corpus technology remains an exception in a professional setting. This article describes the results of a pilot study aimed at integrating corpus-based tools into the work environment of legal/financial translators. In particular, the paper examines resistance and success factors with a view to encouraging the progressive integration of corpus technology into translators’ toolboxes.

El propósito de este artículo es acercarnos a dos espacios artísticos de Nápoles. En primer lugar, al museo Hermann Nitsch, que recoge de forma monográfica el trabajo de este artista austriaco vinculado al accionismo vienés. Nitsch tiene una larga relación con Italia, especialmente a través de Giuseppe Morra, un coleccionista y mecenas napolitano que ha facilitado su presencia en la ciudad. En Nápoles ha realizado algunas de sus más significativas acciones. Ahora cuenta con este museo, donde fotografía y video conviven con pinturas e instalaciones que reviven mundos alquímicos e irreverentemente sagrados. Siguiendo con el legado de Morra, aludiremos a un nuevo proyecto que este apasionado del arte ha puesto en marcha en el Palazzo Ayerba d’Aragona Cassano: Casa Morra. Una insólita propuesta que a día de hoy tiene previstas exposiciones para todo un siglo y que, de momento, alberga instalaciones de Marcel Duchamp, John Cage y Allan Kaprow. / The purpose of this paper is to approach two artistic spaces of Naples. Firstly, the Hermann Nitsch Museum, which collects in monographic form the work of this Austrian artist linked to Viennese Actionism. Nitsch has a long relationship with Italy, especially through Giuseppe Morra, a Neapolitan collector and patron who has facilitated his presence in the city. In Naples he has performed some of his most significant actions. Now he has this museum, where photography and video coexist with paintings and installations that revive alchemical and irreverently sacred worlds. Continuing with the legacy of Morra, we will allude to a new project that this art passionate has launched in Palazzo Ayerba d’Aragona Cassano: Casa Morra. This is an unusual proposal that, to this day, has planned exhibitions for a whole century and which, for the moment, harbours facilities for Marcel Duchamp, John Cage and Allan Kaprow.

Aquest article planteja una anàlisi de la poesia de carrer (com a expressió grafitera) a Llatinoamèrica i a Europa. L’objectiu principal és discutir com aquesta manera d’intervenció poètica en l’espai públic és constructora de diàlegs amb l’habitant de la ciutat, és a dir, com una eina que provoca una reflexió en l’espai urbà cap a la constitució de nous espais públics compartits. Per a fer‑ho, com a línia estructurant, l’article es divideix en tres blocs: i) les relacions que es generen a la ciutat pel que fa a la poesia de carrer i l’habitant; ii) el lloc de l’artivisme (conjunció entre l’art de carrer i l’activisme politicosocial) com a expressió poètica en l’espai públic; i iii) el paper que tenen les xarxes socials com a canals de difusió i de promoció de l’art de carrer i, en aquest cas concret, de l’assalt poètic. Finalment, per a aquesta anàlisi s’ha utilitzat una metodologia qualitativa, basada en un conjunt d’entrevistes i en el treball amb fonts secundàries, específicament documents visuals. En aquest sentit, s’han utilitzat fotografies de poesia de carrer fetes in situ per l’investigador a Llatinoamèrica —Buenos Aires, Lima i Montevideo— i a Europa —Barcelona, Berlín, Florència i Porto—.

Actualment, la Teràpia cognitivoconductual (TCC) gaudeix d’un fort període d’expansió i reconeixement, esdevenint la teràpia de referència. En el present article prenc una posició crítica davant aquesta realitat, plantejant la TCC com una pràctica hegemònica i analitzant les implicacions sociopolítiques que això comporta. Per tal de dur-ho a terme, he realitzat un estudi de cas de la teràpia, analitzant el model de subjecte sobre el qual la TCC opera. Una vegada analit-zat, m’he centrat en relacionar aquest subjecte amb el concepte foucaultià de l’”empresari de si mateix”, establint que el model de subjecte que es construeix amb la teràpia és proper al model de subjecte neoliberal, plantejant així les re-percussions d’aquesta relació en termes de relacions de poder i hegemonia. Finalment, em qüestiono el paper de la universitat en aquest procés.

This paper examines the association between preschool enrolment of 3-5 year olds and maternal marital status in Mexico and determines how this association varies by maternal education and socioeconomic status. Based on microdata from the 2010 Mexican census, we used descriptive statistics and random-effect logistic models for this analysis. Children of single, separated or cohabiting mothers have lower preschool enrolment rates than children of married mothers. However, for children of highly-educated mothers, these disadvantages are slightly reduced, and reversed for children of divorced mothers, except for children of cohabiting mothers, whose lower preschool enrolment persist across social groups.

L’objectiu d’aquest article és analitzar les característiques de la mobilització social en la Transició Democràtica a la fi de la dècada de 1970. Més enllà del desigual silenci que ha envoltat el paper exercit pels moviments socials en la configuració del sistema polític i social que es va dur a terme en aquell moment, interessa recuperar alguns aspectes que permeten visibilitzar l’aportació dels moviments socials al canvi polític i social, i assenyalar l’herència transmesa, les singularitats i els processos de relleu entre activistes, les conseqüències dels quals s’han prolongat al llarg de diverses dècades. S’utilitzen fonts secundàries i els testimoniatges de nombrosos activistes antinuclears, feministes, nacionalistes, de recuperació lingüística, pacifistes, de barri i veïnal, procedents de diverses investigacions. Lluny d’una mirada nostàlgica, els resultats posen de manifest les complexes relacions entre partits polítics, especialment de l’esquerra, i moviments socials. Les petjades més visibles són haver posat fi al silenci del franquisme, liderar l’efervescència col·lectiva al carrer i a l’espai públic, possibilitar la diversificació i especialització, la socialització d’una nova generació d’activistes, una relativa desradicalització i professionalització, liderar l’impuls de nombroses reformes legals i canvis socials, així com la institucionalització dels moviments socials.

This paper deals with the problem of identifying cultural replicators and providing a plausible replication model for culture. Depending on what kind of information is considered to be replicated, the different evolutionary models of cultural transmission are clustered into three main groups which are referred to as externalism, internalism and multi-substratism. From these, internalism is argued to be the most plausible position, but it fails in explaining how cultural information can be faithfully replicated in our species despite essentially depending on individual processes of intentional inference. It is concluded that no author seems to have fittingly adopted a categorization model stemmed from a usage-based perspective, and such a model would entail a feedback dynamic in category formation which could allow for an a posteriori purification of the input information flow. This way, categorization would partially equate the role of DNA in genetic transmission cycles.

En l’última dècada han començat a sorgir amb força els rànquings globals d’universitats, que permeten la comparació nacional i internacional de les institucions d’educació superior. De fet, ja ocupen una posició central en el debat públic sobre el paper de les universitats en les societats actuals, en constituir un mitjà per a mesurar i comparar la qualitat i els resultats d’aquestes institucions, la qual cosa influeix en la seua reputació. Els rànquings amb major impacte mediàtic són l’Academic Ranking of World Universities, o rànquing de Xangai, el Times Higher Education World University Ranking i el QS World University Ranking, que es caracteritzen per ordenar les universitats, considerades com un tot, en forma de taula de classificació lliguera, a partir dels resultats obtinguts en un indicador sintètic compost per la ponderació de diversos indicadors individuals. L’article revisa la metodologia d’aquests tres rànquings i se centra, a continuació, en les seues limitacions i punts febles (com ara estar massa enfocats a la faceta investigadora o la dificultat d’establir objectivament pesos específics per a cada indicador individual). Així mateix, es presenta l’U-Multirank, impulsat per la Comissió Europea, que pretén superar les limitacions dels rànquings tradicionals. És un sistema alternatiu per a classificar les universitats, en funció del seu rendiment, en un ventall ampli d’indicadors que cobreixen cinc dimensions (ensenyament i aprenentatge, recerca, transferència de coneixement, orientació internacional i contribució al desenvolupament regional) i en diversos àmbits del coneixement.