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Selekcija slovenske pasme lisasto govedo je v zadnjih 50. letih pretežno usmerjena v prirejo mleka. V nalogi smo analizirali korelacije med lastnostmi klavne kakovosti bikov, vključenih v progeni test, in napovedmi plemenskih vrednostmi (NPV) za lastnosti mlečnosti njihovih mater. Analizo smo opravili pri 1.952 bikih, ki so bili zaklani med letoma 1990 in 2020. Najmočnejšo korelacijo smo izračunali med NPV za količino mleka pri materah ter maso toplih polovic (r = 0,17). Z večanjem NPV za količino mleka mater je delež mesa v klavnih polovicah sinov upadal (r = -0,13), delež loja pa naraščal (r = 0,11). Delež večvrednih kosov (r = 0,15) in delež mesa v večvrednih kosih (r = 0,15) sinov pa sta z NPV za količino mleka pri materah naraščala. EUROP oceni za konformacijo in zamaščenost ter klavnost sinov niso bile statistično značilno korelirane z NPV za lastnosti mlečnosti pri materah, prav tako NPV za vsebnost maščob in beljakovin v mleku pri materah nista bili korelirani z nobeno od opazovanih lastnosti klavne kakovosti sinov. NPV za okvir mater je najmočneje korelirana s konformacijo sinov (r = -0,11), kar pomeni, da se je konformacija klavnih trupov sinov s povečevanjem NPV za okvir mater slabšala, medtem ko se je delež loja v trupih sinov, z večanjem okvirja pri materah povečal (r = 0,09). Korelacija podpira ugotovitev, da sta bili NPV lastnosti mlečnosti in okvirja negativno korelirani z deležem mesa v klavnih polovicah sinov (r = -0,13 in -0,15). Iz sklopa plodnosti se je za najpomembnejšo izkazala NPV za starost ob prvi telitvi, saj ta odraža sposobnost za rast sinov. Korelacija med NPV za starost mater ob prvi telitvi in maso toplih polovic sinov (r = 0,21) nakazuje, da sinovi dosegajo večje mase toplih polovic ob zakolu pri materah, ki prvič telijo mlajše. S povečanjem NPV za starost ob prvi telitvi, delež mesa v klavnih polovicah sinov upada (r = -0,22), delež loja pa narašča (r = 0,16). Korelacije med spremljanimi lastnostmi so osnova za nadaljnjo selekcijsko delo in ohranjanje kombiniranega tipa pri lisastem govedu. In the last 50 years, the selection of Simmental cattle in Slovenia has been mainly focused on milk production. In this master thesis we analyzed the correlations between carcass traits of bulls included in progeny testing, and estimated breeding values (EBV) for milk production traits of their dams. The analysis included 1.952 bulls slaughtered between 1990 and 2020. The strongest correlation we found was between the EBV for milk yield of dams and carcass warm weight (r = 0.17) of their sons. As the EBV for milk yield of the dams increased, the meat percentage in the carcasses of the sons decreased (r = -0.13), and fat percentage increased (r = 0.11). In contrast the proportion of higher-value carcass cuts (r = 0.15) and the proportion of meat in higher-value carcass cuts (r = 0.15) in sons increased with the EBV for milk yield of dams. EUROP conformation and fatness scores and dressing percentage of sons were not statistically significantly correlated with EBV for milk yield of dams, and EBV for milk fat and protein percent were also not correlated with carcass traits of sons. EBV for maternal frame size was most strongly correlated with their sons EUROP carcass conformation score (r = -0.11), indicating that the carcass conformation of sons deteriorated with increasing frame size of dams, whereas carcass fat percentage increased with increasing frame size (r = 0.09). This trend was supported by the finding that EBV for milk yield and frame size of dams was negatively correlated with carcass meat percentage in sons (r = -0.13 and -0.15, respectively). Among the group of EBV, related to fertility, EBV for age at first calving was found to be the most important as it reflects the growth potential of the cow. The correlation between EBV for age at first calving of dams and carcass weight of sons (r = 0.21) shows that sons of cows younger at first calving achieve higher carcass weights at slaughter. As EBV was increased for age at first calving of dams, the percentage of carcass meat in sons decreased (r = 0.22) and the percentage of carcass fat increased (r = 0.16). These calculated correlations between those observed traits are the basis for further selection work and maintenance of the dual purpose of Simmental breed.

V magistrskem delu smo raziskovali razlike v razporeditvi maščobnega tkiva pri bikih cikaste in lisaste pasme. V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 50 cikastih in 47 lisastih bikov. Ob doseženi optimalni stopnji zamaščenosti so bili zaklani v komercialni klavnici, kjer smo stehtali ledvično-medenični loj, popoln razsek klavnih polovic pa smo opravili v šolski klavnici in razsekovalnici, na Biotehniški fakulteti, Oddelku za zootehniko. Vsak kos smo ločili na mišično in maščobno tkivo, kosti ter kite, maščobno tkivo pa še na podkožno in medmišično. Izračunali smo deleže posameznih tkiv v klavnih polovicah in kosih ter deleže posameznih maščobnih depojev glede na maso klavnih polovic in telesno maso pred zakolom ter glede na skupno količino maščobnega tkiva v klavnih polovicah in v telesu. Pridobljene podatke smo obdelali s statističnim programom SAS. Cikasti biki so bili ob enakem deležu maščobnega tkiva (9,45 %) statistično značilno (p ⡤ 0,05) lažji, imeli so večji delež mesa (73,95 %) in manjši delež kosti (15,08 %) v klavnih trupih, kot lisasti (72,27 % mesa, 16,46 % kosti). Delež podkožnega in medmišičnega maščobnega tkiva glede na maso klavnih polovic in skupno količino maščobnega tkiva v klavnih polovicah se ni razlikoval med pasmama. Glede na telesno maso pa so imeli lisasti biki manjši delež ledvično-medeničnega (0,82 vs 0,79 %) in podkožnega loja (1,03 vs 1,11 %), glede na skupno količino maščobnega tkiva v telesu pa več medmišičnega (68,58 vs 66,12 %) in manj ledvično-medeničnega (13,63 vs 15,55 %) kot cikasti biki. Delež podkožnega maščobnega tkiva od vsega maščobnega tkiva v posameznem kosu je bil večji v vratu, stegnu, zadnjem bočniku in ledjih ter manjši v podplečju pri cikastih kot lisastih bikih. In master's thesis we compared the distribution of adipose tissue in Cika and Simmental bulls. The analysis included 50 Cika and 47 Simmental bulls. The bulls were slaughtered when they reached the optimal fatness in a commercial slaughterhouse, where kidney-pelvic fat was also recorded. A complete dissection was performed in the experimental slaughterhouse, where each carcass cut was separated into muscles, subcutaneous fat, intermuscular fat, bones and tendons. Based on the data, the percentage of each tissue in carcasses or cuts and percentage of each adipose tissue depot according to carcass and animal live weight or carcass and body fat weight was calculated. Statistical analysis was performed by SAS statistical programme. At the same proportion of fat (9.45 %), Cika bulls had statistically significantly (p ⡤ 0.05) lower body weight, they had higher proportion of meat (73.95 %) and lower proportion of bones (15.08 %) in carcasses than Simmental bulls (72.27 % meat, 16.46 % bones). Based on carcass weight and total amount of carcass adipose tissue there were no significant differences in percentage of subcutaneous and intermuscular fat tissue between breeds. Based on the live weight, Simmental bulls had lower percentage of kidney-pelvic fat (0.82 vs 0.97 %) and subcutaneous fat (1.03 vs 1.11 %) whereas based on the total fat they had higher percentage of intermuscular fat (68.58 vs 66.12 %) and lower percentage of kidney-pelvic fat (13.63 vs 15.55 %). Cika bulls had higher percentage of subcutaneous fat from the total fat in chuck, leg, hind shank and loin and lower percentage in rib roast as Simmental bulls.

Lisasta pasma je kombinirana pasma usmerjena v prirejo mleka in mesa. V Sloveniji je najštevilčnejša pasma goveda. Rejski program za lisasto pasmo je zastavljen tako, da se pri odbiri bikovskih mater spremljata tako prireja mleka kot tudi prireja mesa. Sestavni del rejskega programa je vzreja in odbira plemenskih bikov lisaste pasme, ki so namenjeni za osemenjevanje ali naravni pripust. Plemenski biki so plod načrtnega osemenjevanja bikovskih mater z elitnimi biki. Elitni biki večinoma izvirajo iz tujih populacij, občasno pa tudi iz domače populacije pozitivno testiranih bikov lisaste pasme. V diplomskem delu smo opisali selekcijsko shemo za lisasto pasmo in podrobneje predstavili življenjski krog pozitivno testiranega bika lisaste pasme. Predstavili smo tudi kriterije za odbiro bikovskih mater, kriterije za odbiro elitnih bikov lisaste pasme in kateri biki so se uporabljali za osemenjevanje bikovskih mater v zadnjih sedmih letih. Število bikovskih mater v zadnjih sedmih letih niha, njihova mlečnost pa se iz leta v leto povečuje. Največ bikovskih mater v zadnjih sedmih letih je bilo odbranih leta 2011, najmanj pa leta 2014. Povprečna mlečnost bikovskih mater lisaste pasme se je od leta 2010 do leta 2016 povečala za 1.000 kg. Največ elitnih bikov za osemenjevanje bikovskih mater je bilo na voljo leta 2015 in to kar 14. V letošnjem letu so med elitnimi biki na voljo tudi štirje genomsko testirani biki. The Simmental breed is a breed of dual-purpose cattle suitable for both milk and meat production. It is the most populous breed of cattle in Slovenia. Breeding program for Simmental breed include monitoring of milk and meat production – this is very important when we select bull dams. The rearing and selection of Simmental breeding bulls, using for insemination or natural matting, is an important part of the breeding program. The breeding bulls are the result of planned insemination of the bull dams with sire bulls. Sire bulls usually originate from foreign populations of Simmental breeding bulls, however, sometimes also from domestic populations of positive proof bulls. In the B. Sc. thesis, we describe selection scheme of Simmental breed and present in detail the life cycle of a positive proof bull. Likewise, we present the criteria for selecting of Simmental bull dams, selection criteria for Simmental Sire bulls and present the bulls used for the insemination of Simmental cattle in the last seven years. The number of Simmental bull dams in last seven years has been fluctuating, whereas their milk yield production is increasing in these years. The highest number of bull dams in last seven years were selected in 2011, while the least in 2014. The average milk yield of Simmental bull dams has increased for 1,000 kg from 2010 to 2016. The largest number of Sire bulls for insemination of bull dams was in 2015, where there were 14 Sire bulls available for insemination. Whereas this year there are also four genomic tested bulls available for insemination of Simmental bull dams.

Cilj preučevanja je primerjava proizvodnih lastnosti krav lisaste pasme (LS) in križank z lisasto pasmo (LSX) glede na izvor očeta. V proučevanje smo vključili 100 krav (49 krav LS in 51 LSX), ki so prvič telile od leta 1994 do vključno 2014 na eni kmetiji, kjer so bile v enaki oskrbi z enakimi pogoji reje. Preučevali smo 7 lastnosti, ki se nanašajo na količino in kakovost mleka, 11 funkcionalnih lastnosti in 9 plemenskih vrednosti (PV). Najmlajše so telile krave LSX, ki so bile potomke tujih očetov. Dosegle so največ laktacij in s tem najvišjo starost ob izločitvi ter najkrajšo dobo med telitvama. Statistično značilne razlike (p ≤ 0,05) smo ugotovili pri povprečni prirejeni količini mleka in beljakovin v standardni laktaciji, kjer so bile boljše krave LS, potomke slovenskih očetov. Pri primerjavi količine mleka pri posamezni laktaciji smo ugotovili, da so krave LSX, potomke tujih očetov, v vseh laktacijah namolzle več mleka. Največ so namolzle v peti laktaciji, kjer je bila razlika tudi statistično značilna (p ≤ 0,05). Pri primerjavi plemenskih vrednosti smo ugotovili, da so imele potomke in matere potomk LS pasme slovenskih očetov boljše plemenske vrednosti kot potomke tujih očetov. The aim of the study was to compare the dairy cattle production traits of the Simmental breed (LS) and cross breeds with Simmental breed (LSX) in relation to the sire origin. In the study we included 100 cows (49 cows LS and 51 LSX), which have been calving since 1994, and further on until 2014 on a farm, where they have the same husbandry conditions. We investigated seven traits, which are related to quantity and quality of milk, 11 functional traits and 9 breeding values (PV). The youngest have calved LSX cows, who were descendants from foreign sires. They reached the most parities and thus the highest age at culling and the shortest calving interval. Statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found in average milk yield and milk protein, which were better for LS descendants of Slovenian sires. When compared to the milk yield in each lactation, we found that LSX cows, which were descendants of foreign sires, had a higher milk yield in all lactations. The highest milk yield was in the fifth lactation, where the difference was statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). When comparing breeding values of Simmental cows, we found better breeding values in mothers and their offspring in Slovenian sires when compared to foreign sires.

Raziskavo smo opravljali v obdobju od leta 2010 do leta 2012 na dveh kmetijah s kravami dojiljami lisaste pasme. Analizirali smo 45 porodov (37 pri kravah in 8 pri telicah). Preučevali smo različne parametre v obdobju pred in med telitvijo. Pred telitvijo smo spremljali različna predhodna znamenja. Ugotovili smo, da so se ta začela pojavljati v obdobju enega tedna pred telitvijo (mehčanje vezi 7 dni, nabrekanje vimena 7 dni in prisotnost mleziva v vimenu 2 dni pred telitvijo), topitev materničnega čepa pa se je začela že 8 dni pred porodom. Pri telicah se je vime začelo razvijati dva meseca in pol pred telitvijo, mlezivo pa je bilo prisotno 4 dni pred telitvijo. Pri telitvi smo ugotovili, da se je alantoisni mehur pojavil 36 minut pred nogicami teleta, tele pa je bilo porojeno v dobrih 14 minutah. Večina telet (95,6 %) se je otelila v normalni prednji legi. V fizioloških mejah (do 12 ur po porodu) je bila izločena tudi posteljica. Pri živalih, ki so bile vključene v raziskavo, je brejost v povprečju trajala 290 dni, doba med dvema telitvama pa 385 dni. The research was carried out in the period from 2010 to 2012 on two farms with suckler cows of Simmental breed. The analyses comprised 45 births (37 in cows and heifers at 8). We studied different parameters in the period before and during calving. Before calving, various preliminary signs were monitored. We have found that they started to emerge in the period of one week before calving (softening ties 7 days, 7 days udder swelling and the presence of colostrum in the udder 2 days before calving). Dissolution of the cervical cap had already started 8 days before birth. In the heifers, the udder began to develop two and a half months before calving, while colostrum was seen 4 days before calving. At calving, we found that the allantoic bladder appeared 36 minutes before the feet of calves. The calf was conceived in about 14 minutes. Most calves (95.6%) were calved in the normal front position. Placenta was also eliminated within physiological limits (up to 12 hours after birth) bed. For studied animals, the average length of gestation and calving interval were 290 and 385 days, respectively.

Cilj raziskave je bil analizirati vpliv proizvodnega tipa (ali proizvodne usmeritve) očeta na lastnosti rastnosti in klavne kakovosti potomcev lisaste pasme iz progenega testa. Glede na proizvodni tip očeta, ki je določen na osnovi skupnega selekcijskega indeksa, so bili biki razdeljeni v tri skupine: mlečni, kombinirani in mesni tip. V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 800 potomcev 64 bikov očetov. Zajeli smo 495 potomcev 39 bikov kombiniranega tipa, 200 potomcev 17 bikov mlečnega tipa in 105 potomcev 8 bikov mesnega tipa. Živali smo spremljali od vhlevitve živali na testno postajo (pri starosti 2,3-2,5 meseca) do zakola (pri starosti 17,8 -18,5 mesecev). V testnem obdobju so se meritve izvajale vsaka dva meseca (skupaj sedemkrat). V vsakem terminu smo beležili kazalce rastnosti (starost, maso, višino vihra, višino križa in dnevni prirast), ob zakolu pa smo določili še klavno kakovost ( maso toplih polovic, klavni izkoristek, globino prsi, dolžino trupa, neto prirast, indeks konformacije ter oceno mesnatosti in zamaščenosti po EUROP klasifikaciji). Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da proizvodni tip očeta ne vpliva na lastnosti rastnosti in klavne kakovosti potomcev. The aim of the present study was to analyse the effect of production type of bull on growth rate and carcass quality of Simmental bulls (male offspring) from the progeny test. According to the production type, which is determined on the basis of total selection index, bulls were divided into three groups: dairy, meat and combined type. The study comprised 800 male offspring of 64 bulls: offspring (n=495) of 39 bulls of combined type, offspring (n=200) of 17 bulls of dairy type and offspring (n=105) of 8 bulls of meat type. Animals were monitored from housing into the station (at the age of 2.3 to 2.5 months) until slaughter (at the age of 17.8 to 18.5 months). In the test period, measurements were carried out every two months (altogether seven times). In each period, growth rate indicators (age, weight, withers height, rump height and daily weight gain) were recorded. At slaughter, carcass quality (warm carcass weight, slaughter yield, chest depth, carcass length, net daily gain, conformation index, conformation and fatness according to EUROP classification) was also analysed. Our results showed no effect of production type of bull on growth rate and carcass quality of their offspring.

V raziskavi smo analizirali podatke o rastnosti in klavnih kakovostih mladih bikov, starih do 24 mesecev. Podatki so vključevali starost ob zakolu, živo in toplo maso trupa, oceno konformacije in zamaščenosti po EUROP klasifikaciji, neto dnevni prirast (tople mase trupa) in dnevni prirast v obdobju pitanja. Z narejeno raziskavo med 2069 pitanci lisaste pasme, ki smo jih uvozili iz petih različnih držav (Madžarske, Romunije, Slovaške, Češke, Poljske), smo ugotovili, da je povprečna masa toplih polovic 373,5 kg, da maso tople polovice 320—420 kg dosega 73 % vseh pitancev. Več kot 85 % pitancev je razvrščenih v tretji (3) razred zamaščenosti. Po sistemu EUROP je 53 % pitancev v razredu R ter 38,7 % v razredu U. Povprečna intenzivnost pitanja je znašala 640 g/dan prirasta klavne mase. Najboljši neto prirast je bil 663 g/dan v letu 2004, pri starosti 567 dni in masi toplih polovic 373 kg. Sledilo je leto 2006, 648 g/dan prirasta tople mase pri starosti 580 dni, dosežena masa tople polovice je bila 372 kg. Leta 2005 je bilo 620 g/dan prirasta tople mase in kateri so pri starosti 609 dni dosegli maso toplih polovic 376 kg. Najboljši neto dnevni prirast 681 g/dan prirasta tople mase so dosegli biki iz Češke leta 2004. Najslabši prirast 571 g/dan prirasta tople mase je bil leta 2005, dosežen z biki iz Romunije. The aim of the study was to analyze the data on growth rate and carcass quality of young bulls under 24 months. The data comprised age at slaughter, live and warm carcass weight, conformation and fatness class according to EUROP classification system, net daily gain (of warm carcass weight) and daily gain in the fattening period. The study was carried out on 2069 Simmental bulls imported from five European countries (Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland). Average warm carcass weight was 373.5 kg and over 73 % of bulls reached 320-420 kg. Regarding fatness, more than 85% of bulls were classified in the third fatness class. According to EUROP classification 53% of bulls were classified in the class R and 38.7% in the class U. Average net daily gain (growth intensity) was 640 g/day. The best net daily gain was 663 g/day in 2004 at the average age of 567 days and average warm carcass weight of 373 kg. In 2006 net daily gain was 648 g/day at the age of 580 days and warm carcass weight of 372 kg. In 2005 net daily gain was 620 g/day at the age of 609 days and warm carcass weight of 376 kg. The best net daily gain (681 g/day) achieved bulls from Czech Republic in 2004 and the worst net daily gain (571 g/day) bulls from Romania in 2005.