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Navadna pšenica (Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum) je med najpomembnejšimi surovinami za prehrano ljudi. Zato je pomembno, da se je pridela v zadostnih količinah ter da je pridelek čim boljše kakovosti. Pri tem ima med drugimi dejavniki precej velik vpliv tudi dognojevanje z dušikom. Pšenica za dober in kakovosten pridelek v normalnih rastnih razmerah potrebuje okoli 150 kg dušika na hektar, vendar mora biti ta odmerek razdeljen na več obrokov. Večinoma se dognojuje trikrat. Prvo in drugo dognojevanje največ prispevata k povečanju pridelka, tretje oziroma zadnje dognojevanje pa prispeva k izboljšanju krušne kakovosti. Pomembno je, da se dognojevanje opravi v določenih fazah rasti, in sicer takrat, ko rastlina najbolj potrebuje dušik. Pravilno določen čas dognojevanja pomeni, da je pridelava čim bolj gospodarna. Pridelovalci stremijo k temu, da bo učinek pridelave čim večji, izgube dušika ob tem pa čim manjše. Prevelika količina dušika ima namreč negativen vpliv na okolje. Ena najpomembnejših lastnosti za merjenje kakovosti pšenice je vsebnost beljakovin v zrnju. Odvisna je od okoljskih dejavnikov, sorte pšenice, hranil v tleh in od časa spravila pridelka. Pomembni kakovostni parametri, ki določajo krušno kakovost pšenice in se ugotavljajo pri odkupu pšenice so tudi hektolitrska masa, sedimentacijska vrednost in število padanja. Ti parametri določajo kakovost pšenice, različne laboratorijske analize pa določajo kakovost moke. Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum) is one of the most important raw materials for human consumption. It is therefore important that it is produced in sufficient quantities and that the crop is of the best possible quality. Nitrogen fertilization, among other factors, has a significant impact in achieving aforementioned goals. Wheat needs about 150 kg of nitrogen per hectare for a good and quality crop under normal growth conditions. This dose should be divided into multiple instalments, ordinarily three. The first and second fertilization treatments contribute most to increasing the yield, while the third and last fertilization treatment improves the baking quality of wheat. It is of great importance that the fertilization be done at certain stages of growth, that is when the wheat plants need nitrogen the most. Correctly estimating the time of fertilization makes the production as economical as possible. Growers strive to maximise the production effect and simultaneously minimise nitrogen losses. An unusually high amount of nitrogen has a negative impact on the environment. One of the most important characteristics for determining the quality of wheat is grain protein content. It is dependent upon environmental factors, wheat variety, soil nutrients and the time of crop harvest. Significant quality parameters which define the baking quality of wheat and are measured before wheat purchase are also hectolitre weight, sedimentation value and falling number. The aforesaid parameters determine the quality of wheat, while various laboratory analyses determine the quality of wheat flour.

Namen diplomske naloge je predstavitev molekularnih markerjev in različnih modernih tehnik žlahtnjenja rastlin z njihovo uporabo. Podrobneje je prikazana uporaba teh metod pri žlahtnjenju pšenice (Triticum aestivum) na odpornost proti rumeni rji (Puccinia striiformis). Žlahtnjenje z napredkom genomskih tehnologij in novimi dognanji zelo napreduje in je v agronomiji postopek izboljšanja rastlin, ki se izvaja že odkar smo ljudje pričeli s kmetijstvom. Z žlahtnjenjem lahko pozitivno vplivamo na različne agronomske lastnosti kmetijskih rastlin, poleg tega pa lahko tudi povečamo odpornost rastlin na povzročitelje bolezni. Pšenica je med najbolj razširjenimi gojenimi rastlinami na svetu in je zaradi svoje prehranske vrednosti izjemno pomembna. Rumena rja je bolezen pšenice, ki jo povzroča obligatni parazit Puccinia striiformis iz kraljestva gliv. Tega je možno zatirati z uporabo fitofarmacevtskih sredstev, a ta onesnažujejo okolje. Pri pšenici je bila odkrita skupina Yr genov, ki kodirajo proteine za odpornost proti rumeni rji. Proučevanje teh genov in žlahtnjenje na odpornost je s pomočjo molekularnih markerjev veliko lažje in omogoča hitrejši razvoj odpornih sort pšenice. Yr15 gen izvira iz divjega sorodnika pšenice Triticum turgidum ssp. diccocoides in je dandanes pomemben vir odpornosti velikega števila sort pšenice. The aim of this thesis is to present molecular markers and different modern plant breeding techniques using them. The focus is on the application of these methods to the breeding of wheat (Triticum aestivum) for resistance to yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis). Plant breeding is advancing rapidly with advances in genomic technology and new knowledge and is a very important method in agronomy that has been practiced since humans began to cultivate plants. Breeding can positively influence many agronomic traits of cultivated species and can also increase the resistance of plants to pathogens. Wheat is one of the most widely cultivated crops in the world and, because of its nutritional composition, is of great importance. Yellow rust is a disease of wheat caused by the obligate fungal parasite Puccinia striiformis. It can be controlled with use of fungicides, but these pollute the environment. In wheat, a group of Yr genes has been identified that encode proteins for resistance to yellow rust. Studying these genes, as well as breeding for resistance is much easier with the help of molecular markers, which allows faster development of resistant wheat varieties. The Yr15 gene originates from a wild relative of wheat, Triticum turgidum ssp. diccocoides, and nowadays, it is an important source of resistance in a large number of wheat cultivars.

Mendel je kot utemeljitelj sodobne genetike odkril povezavo med lastnostmi in njihovim prenosom na potomce. Kasneje so odkrili molekulo DNA, ki omogoča prenos dednih informacij. Tako so mnoge lastnosti lahko razložene s poznavanjem genskega ozadja. Določeni geni, kot so naprimer Rht geni, ki vplivajo na višino pšenice so človeštvu omogočili prehransko varnost. Določeni geni pri korenju kodirajo naprimer encime potrebne v biosintezni poti karotenoidov. Medtem ima pri tvorbi antocianov močan vpliv gen, ki posredno vpliva na biosintezo antocianov. Tako obstaja korenje od vijolične, rumene, bele in do oranžne barve, kar je lahko posebej zanimivo za trg. Podobno so za trg zanimive različne oblike plodov, kot je to dobro poznano pri paradižniku. Raziskave so pokazale, da na obliko paradižnika vpliva več genov, ki imajo različno močan vpliv in tako omogočajo nastanek od sploščene do podolgovate oblike plodu paradižnika. S poznavanjem genskega ozadja določenih lastnosti pa lahko vplivamo na gospodarnost pridelave določene vrste. Tak primer je soja, ki načeloma vsebuje relativno velike količine tripsin in kimotripsin inhibitorjev, kot so KTi in BBI, ki ji znižujejo prehransko vrednost. Vendar je prišlo do mutacije, ki je znižala vsebnost teh inhibitorjev in s tem povečala prebavljivost. To lastnost je za splošno uporabnost potrebno dožlahtniti. Obstaja torej veliko lastnosti, ki vplivajo na naš vsakdan in so posledica delovanja in interakcije genov. As the founder of modern genetics, Mendel discovered the connection between traits and their transfer to offspring. Later, a DNA molecule was discovered that enables the transmission of hereditary information. Thus, many traits can be explained by the knowledge of the genetic background. Certain genes, such as the Rht genes, which influence wheat height, have provided the human population with sufficient food. Certain genes in carrots encode enzymes that are needed for the biosynthetic pathways of carotenoids. Meanwhile, anthocyanin gene formation has a strong influence on a gene that indirectly influences the biosynthesis of anthocyanins. For example, carrots are available in purple, yellow, white and orange colours, which may be of particular interest to the market. Different fruit forms are also of interest for the market, as is known for tomatoes. Research has shown that the shape of the tomato fruit is influenced by several genes that act in different ways to produce a flattened to elongated shape of tomato fruit. By knowing the genetic background of certain traits, we can influence the economics of producing a particular species. One such example is soy, which in principle contains relatively large amounts of trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors such as KTi and BBI, which reduce its nutritional value. However, a mutation has occurred which has reduced the content of these inhibitors and thus increased digestibility, a property that needs to be refined for general use. So there are many traits that influence our daily life and are due to the genes.

V poljskih poskusih z dvema sortama navadne pšenice (Triticum aestivum subsp. aestivum) 'Olimpija' in 'Vulkan', ki smo ju izvedli na Kmetijskem inštitutu Slovenije, na polju oddelka Infrastrukturnega centra Jablje, smo preverjali vpliv dognojevanja z žveplom in dušikom na pridelek in kakovost pšenice. Za dognojevanje smo uporabili gnojila KAN, Sulfogranulat in Energico. V desetih gnojilnih postopkih, ki so bili izvedeni v štirih ponovitvah, smo izvedli trikratno dognojevanje, vsak postopek je imel drugačno kombinacijo gnojil. Za kontrolno obravnavanje smo uporabili dva gnojilna postopka, postopek, kjer nismo izvedli nobenega dognojevanja, in postopek, kjer smo izvedli dognojevanje le z žveplom. Vpliv desetih gnojilnih postopkov smo strnili v pet obravnavanj. Na podlagi rezultatov naše raziskave lahko sklepamo, da gnojenje z žveplom ni pomembno vplivalo na opazovane parametre pri nobeni od sort. Z dognojevanjem z žveplom rahlo povečamo velikost pridelka, medtem ko nima večjega vpliva na kakovostne parametre, kot sta hektolitrska masa in absolutna masa. V raziskavi smo ugotovili, da je višina rastlin odvisna od sorte in da pri sorti 'Vulkan' kljub slabšemu genetskemu potencialu za doseganje kakovosti A to dosežemo, če vsaj dvakrat gnojimo z dušikom oziroma v primeru, ko ne uporabimo mineralnih gnojil. V gnojilnih postopkih, kjer nismo gnojili z dušikom, le z žveplom, sta se zmanjšali vsebnost beljakovin in sedimentacijska vrednost. In a field experiment with two varieties of common wheat (Triticum aestivum subsp. aestivum), ‘Olimpija’ and ‘Vulkan’, which took place at the Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, in a field of the department of the Jablje Infrastructure Centre, we studied the impact of top dressing with sulphur and nitrogen on wheat yield and quality. KAN, Sulfogranulat and Energico fertilizers were used as top dressings. In ten fertilization procedures performed in four replications, we performed three top dressings, each procedure having a different combination of fertilizers. For the control treatment, we used two fertilization procedures, a procedure where no top dressing was performed and a procedure where only sulphur was used. The impact of ten fertilization procedures was summarized in five treatments. Based on the results of our study, we can conclude that sulphur fertilization did not significantly affect the observed parameters in any of the varieties. Sulphur top-dressing slightly increases the size of the crop, while it does not have a major impact on quality parameters such as hectolitre weight and absolute weight. The study found that plant height depends on the variety and that using ‘Vulkan’, despite the worse genetic potential to achieve A quality, this is achieved if we fertilize at last twice with nitrogen or if we do not use mineral fertilizers. In fertilization procedures where we did not fertilize with nitrogen, only with sulphur, the protein content and sedimentation value decreased.

V okviru diplomskega dela smo ugotavljali, kako različni dodatki kaljenih pšeničnih zrn (KPZ) vplivajo na antioksidativne lastnosti kruha. Prvi del poskusa je zajemal pripravo ekstraktov fenolnih spojin (FS) iz predhodno homogeniziranih in liofiliziranih vzorcev kruha z 0 %, 5 %, 15 % in 30 % dodatkom KPZ. Ekstraktibilne FS smo iz kruha pridobili s pomočjo metanola, medtem ko smo vezane FS sprostili iz celičnega matriksa šele po predhodni bazični hidrolizi. Za določanje vsebnosti FS smo uporabili metodo Folin-Ciocalteu (FC), za določanje vsebnosti antioksidantov pa metodi ABTS in DPPH. Z vsemi tremi metodami smo prišli do podobnih rezultatov. V kruhu s KPZ so ne glede na količino dodatka, prevladovali vezani antioksidanti. 15 % dodatek KPZ je vodil v znatno povečanje reaktivnosti ekstraktibilnih (1,9-krat pri metodi FC, 2,6-krat pri metodi ABTS ter 7,4-krat pri metodi DPPH) in vezanih antioksidantov (2,5-krat pri metodi FC in 1,6-krat pri metodi ABTS). Obogatitev kruha s KPZ je praviloma pomenila večji absolutni prirast vezane frakcije in večji relativni prirast proste frakcije antioksidantov. Vsebnost spojin z antioksidativnim delovanjem ni naraščala sorazmerno s količino dodanih KPZ, 30 % dodatka KPZ nismo opravičili. Within the diploma thesis we have studied how different amounts of added germinated wheat grains (KPZ) affect the antioxidant properties of bread. First, the preparation of phenolic compounds (FS) extracts from pre-homogenized and lyophilized bread samples with 0%, 5%, 15% and 30% addition of KPZ were performed. Extractable FS were obtained from bread using methanol, while bound FS were released from the cell matrix after alkaline hydrolysis. The Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) method was used to determine FS content, and the ABTS and DPPH methods for antioxidant determination. Similar results were obtained with all three methods. Bound antioxidants predominated in bread with KPZ, regardless of their amount. A 15% addition of KPZ resulted in considerable enlargement of reactivity of extractable (1.9-fold in the FC method, 2.6-fold in ABTS method and 7.4-fold in DPPH method) and bound antioxidants (2.5-fold in the FC method and 1.6-fold in the ABTS method). Enrichment of bread with KPZ resulted in higher absolute increment of bound and higher relative increments of free antioxidants. The content of the compound with antioxidant activity did not increase in proportion to the amount of added KPZ, supplement of 30% KPZ was not justified.

V okviru raziskave, ki je potekala v Botaničnem vrtu Univerze v Mariboru, smo proučevali ali lahko zgolj s pomočjo merjenih podatkov, jasno ločimo med nekaterimi vrstami opazovanih pšenic ter ali so statistično ti izmerjeni parametri dovolj signifikantni za uporabo le-teh pri izdelavi dihotomnega ključa za določanje pšenic. V poskusu smo uporabili suha semena sedmih različnih taksonov pšenic in sicer divjo pšenico (Triticum dicoccoides Koern. ex Asch. & Graebn.), pšenico dvozrnico ali emer (Triticum dicoccum Schrank ex Schübl.), pšenico enozrnico (Triticum monococcum L.), pritlikavo pšenico (Triticum compactum Host), starinski genotip pšenice pire (Triticum spelta L.), kamut ali korasansko pšenico (Triticum turanicum Jakubz.) in kultivar moderne pšenice (Triticum aestivum L.). Merili smo širino, dolžino in težo semen posameznih taksonov ter jih med seboj primerjali. Ugotovili smo, da merjeni morfološki parametri zadostujejo za izdelavo dihotomnega ključa. Z metodo glavnih komponent v prostoru lahko jasno ločimo in determiniramo kamut, piro, pritlikavo in navadno pšenico. Izdelan dihotomni določevalni ključ je zaradi vključitve premis z numeričnimi podatki za laično uporabo enostavnejši od ključev iz botaničnih publikacij. In the research conducted at the Botanical Garden of the University of Maribor, we studied whether we can clearly distinguish between certain taxa of observed wheat by using measured data, and whether these measured parameters are statistically significant enough for use in the creation of a dichotomous key for the determination of wheat. In the experiment, we used the dried seeds of seven different wheat taxa, namely wild wheat (Triticum dicoccoides Koern. ex Asch. & Graebn.), emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum Schrank ex Schübl.), single grain wheat (Triticum monococcum L.), dwarf or compact wheat (Triticum compactum Host), primitive spelt variety (Triticum spelta L.), khorasan or oriental wheat (Triticum turanicum Jakubz.) and a common wheat cultivar (Triticum aestivum L.). The length, width and weight of the seeds of the observed taxa were measured and compared. We found that the measured morphological parameters are enough to produce a dichotomous key. With the method of principal component analysis, we can clearly distinguishbetween different wheat taxons. The dichotomous determination key is simpler for layman's use than dichotomous keys from strictly botanical publications, because of the inclusion of simple numerical data.

V zadnjem času se uvajajo droni oz. brezpilotna letala (uav) za spremljanje razvoja rastlin. Prednosti uporabe se kažejo v preprostem načrtovanju, nemotenem delovanju in pridobivanju posnetkov iz ptičje perspektive. S prenosom sistemov multispektralnih kamer in nizko višino leta zagotavljajo visoko ločljivost rastlin. Pšenica je kultura, ki se goji v največjem obsegu površin, zato ponuja velik interes po pridobitvi prostorskih in časovnih informacijah o rastlini. V nalogi smo prikazali določevanje različnih vegetacijskih indeksov na osnovi multispektralnih posnetkov z droni. Snemanja so bila izvedena na površinah podjetja JERUZALEM SAT d.d. v različnih obdobjih rasti pšenice. Na osnovi zajetih posnetkov smo s pomočjo programske opreme Pix4Dfields generirali različne vegetacijske indekse in poiskali vzorčne povezave s stanjem na polju. Pridobljeni podatki omogočajo selektivne nanose gnojil in fitofarmacevtskih sredstev ter tako pripomorejo k prihrankom v proizvodnji in zmanjšanim obremenitvam okolja. Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles have been introduced into agriculture to monitor plant development. The main advantages are simple planning, immediate operation and cloud-based imaging. By wearing multispectral camera system and with low altitude of the flight UAVs assure high-resolution images of plants. Wheat is a crop grown on the largest surface area and therefore trigger interesting for acquisition of spatial and temporal information. In the thesis, we have shown the determination of different vegetation indices based on multispectral drone imagery. The recordings were made on the land of JERUZALEM SAT d.d. at different stages of wheat growth. Based on the captured images, various vegetation indices were generated using Pix4Dfields software to find sample connections to the real state of the field. Obtained data allow us to selectively apply fertilizers and plant protection products and they contribute to saving in production and reduce environmental burden.

Rumena rja Puccinia striiformis Westend. je bolezen trav in žit. Povzroča jo obligatni parazit P. striiformis, ki ima izrazito sposobnost za množične okužbe. Okužba z rumeno rjo je ena izmed najpomembnejših glivičnih obolenj, ker okužuje najpomembnejše krušno žito na svetu, pšenico. Izguba pridelka pšenice zaradi rumene rje je ocenjena na najmanj 5,5 milijonov ton letno. Šest do sedem dni po okužbi s patogenom, se na rastlini pojavijo klorotična območja, deset do štirinajst dni kasneje pa so vidni pomarančasto oranžni trosi, s katerimi se bolezen širi. Za rumeno rjo je značilno, da z vetrom ali transportom zlahka osvaja nova območja zaradi sposobnosti prilagoditve vremenskim razmeram in povečane agresivnosti novih sevov. Rodova Berberis in Mahonia sta lahko vmesna gostitelja rumene rje. Vse to nakazuje na to, da rumena rja zares postaja nevarna bolezen pšenice tudi na tistih območjih, kjer prej ni bila gospodarsko pomembna. Po svetu so bile najhujše epidemije po letu 2000, v Sloveniji pa je bila pšenica najbolj prizadeta leta 2014 in 2016. Yellow rust Puccinia striiformis Westend. is a wheat and grass disease. It is caused by an obligate parasite P. striifomis, which has an extraordinary capability for mass infections. Infection with yellow rust is one of the most serious fungal diseases, because it infects the most important field crop in the world – wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) The loss of wheat crop because of yellow rust infection is estimated to be at least 5,5 tons annualy. Plant chlorosis appears six to seven days after infection with patogen and ten to fourteen days later orange uredospores, with which the disease spreads, can be seen on the plant. It is characteristic of yellow rust that it can easily spread and infect new regions by transport and wind, because of its adaptability to weather conditions and increased agressivety of new strains. Genera Berberis and Mahonia can be alternate hosts of yellow rust. It all indicates that yellow rust is becoming a dangerous wheat disease even in regions where it hasn't been economically important before. The worst epidemics around the world were after year 2000 with years 2014 and 2016 being the worst in Slovenia.

Namen naloge je bil predstaviti prehranske in tehnološke lastnosti pire. Pira (Triticum spelta L.) je ena najstarejših vrst pšenice. V zadnjih letih se povečuje zanimanje zanjo, saj še posebej polnozrnata pirina moka velja za prehransko kakovostno surovino. V različnih raziskavah najpogosteje primerjajo prehranske in tehnološke lastnosti pire z lastnostmi pšenice. Glede prehranskih lastnosti imajo strokovnjaki zelo različna mnenja. Nekateri pripisujejo piri večjo vsebnost beljakovin, prehranske vlaknine, vitaminov, mineralov in različnih bioaktivnih spojin, drugi trdijo ravno nasprotno. Prevladuje mnenje, da je za celostno primerjavo potrebno opraviti še veliko raziskav. Razpršenost rezultatov pripisujejo med drugim raznolikosti kultivarjev. Podobnost med piro in pšenico najdemo tudi v predelavi. Pri piri so parametri mletja slabši, zato je donos moke manjši kot pri pšenici. Za pirino moko je značilna večja vsebnost glutena, ki je slabše kakovosti kot gluten v pšenici. Pirin gluten je bolj raztegljiv, lepljiv in manj elastičen. Zaradi tega in drugih tehnoloških parametrov je za pekovske izdelke iz pire značilen manjši volumen in bolj zbita struktura, zato so pirini izdelki najpogosteje pripravljeni z dodatkom pšenične moke. The aim of this thesis was to present the nutritional and technological properties of spelt. Spelt (Triticum spelta L.) is one of the oldest types of wheat. Interest in spelt has been increasing in recent years and wholegrain spelt flour in particular is considered a raw product of high nutritional quality. The nutritional and technological properties of spelt and wheat are most often compared by various studies. Experts have very different opinions regarding its nutritional properties. According to some, spelt has a higher content of protein, dietary fibre, vitamins, minerals and a variety of bioactive compounds, while others argue the opposite. The prevailing opinion is that a considerable amount of further research needs to be carried out for a comprehensive comparison. The variability of the results is attributed, among other things, to the variability of cultivars. The processing of spelt is also very similar to the processing of wheat. Due to its poorer milling parameters, spelt flour yield is lower than for wheat. Spelt flour is characterised by a higher gluten content, which is lower quality than wheat gluten. Spelt gluten is more stretchable, sticky and less elastic. Because of this and other technological parameters, bakery wares made using spelt are typically smaller in volume and have a more compact structure. Spelt products are therefore most commonly prepared with the addition of wheat flour.

V okviru magistrske naloge smo preučevali vpliv načina osvetljevanja na antioksidativni potencial (AOP) kalčka in preostalega dela kaljenega pšeničnega zrna. Kaljenje je potekalo 4 dni pri 20 °C pod LED lučmi (470 in 520 nm) oz. v temi (kontrola). Po 48 in 96 urah smo kalček ločili od preostalega zrna in pripravili metanolne ekstrakte, preostanek po ekstrakciji pa hidrolizirali z NaOH. S Folin Ciocalteu metodo smo kalčku in preostalemu delu zrna določili vsebnost ekstraktibilnih in vezanih fenolnih spojin, z metodama DPPH in ABTS pa njihov AOP. Intenzivnejše spremembe so potekale v kalčku kot v preostalem zrnu. Uporaba modrih in zelenih LED je vodila k manjši vsebnosti ekstraktibilnih fenolnih spojin in nižjemu AOP ekstraktibilnih antioksidantov tako v zrnih kot kalčkih v primerjavi s temo, medtem ko način osvetljevanja na vsebnost vezanih fenolnih spojin ni imel vpliva. AOP vezanih antioksidantov v zrnih, določen z ABTS metodo, je bil le po 48 urah kaljenja pod LED nižji kot v temi, sicer pa način osvetljevanja zrn in kalčkov ni vplival na AOP ne glede na metodo določanja. Čas kaljenja je statistično značilno vplival na vsebnost ekstraktibilnih fenolnih spojin v zrnih in kalčkih ter na njihov AOP, na vsebnost vezanih fenolnih spojin pa samo v kalčkih, ki so rastli v temi. Z metodo DPPH smo vsem vzorcem določili nižji AOP kot z metodo ABTS. We studied the effect of type of light on antioxidant potential (AOP) of sprouts and the rest of the germinated wheat grains. Wheat grains were germinated for 4 days at 20 °C where LED lights (470 in 520 nm) presented source of light. Germination in darkness presented control. We took samples after 48 and 96 hours of germination and separated sprouts from the grains and than prepared methanolic extracts. The bound phenolic compounds were released from insoluble residues after hydrolysis with NaOH. Content of extractable and bound phenolic compounds was determined with Folin Ciocalteau method, AOP with DPPH and ABTS methods. More intensive changes were observed in sprouts than in the rest of the grains. Use of blue and green LED contributed to the lower extractable phenolic content and their AOP in grains and sprouts compared to control. Type of LED light did not influence the bound phenolic content. AOP of bound phenolics (ABTS method) was lower after 48 hours of germination under LED light than in control. Otherwise type of light did not effect on AOP of grains and sprouts regardless of type of method. Time of germination significantly effected the content of extractable phenolic compounds in grains and sprouts and their AOP regardless of type of light. Furthermore, time of germination effected on bound phenolic compounds only in sprouts which were grown in dark. For all samples higher AOP was determined with ABTS in comparison to DPPH method.

V obdobju 2016–2017 smo izvedli poljski poskus z ozimno pšenico sorte 'Illico', na katero smo dvakrat v rastni dobi (BBCH 23 in 37–38) nanesli biostimulator Bombardier® (Kimitec Group). Pripravek je pridobljen z bakterijsko fermentacijo rastlinskih tkiv. Po standardni EPPO-metodi smo z vizualnim ocenjevanjem določevali delež površine listov ali klasov, ki jih je napadlo 5 različnih gliv. Analizirali smo 100 naključno izbranih listov ali klasov iz vsake parcelice. Pred vsako aplikacijo biostimulatorja in po njej smo izvedli preprosto meritev višine rastlin (od najvišjega lista do tal). Po opravljeni žetvi smo v laboratorij poslali vzorce zrnja, kjer se je izvedla analiza kakovostnih parametrov. Rezultati so pokazali, da so bile s pripravkom Bombardier® tretirane rastline nekoliko bolj vitalne in so dosegle značilno višji pridelek. Pri analizi kakovostnih parametrov smo statistično značilen učinek uporabe biostimulatorja ugotovili le pri vsebnosti proteinov, ki se je iz 12,12 % povišala na 12,87 %. Glivična obolenja niso imela značilnega vpliva na oblikovanje pridelka. Uporaba pripravka ni imela značilnega vpliva na pojav glivičnih bolezni pšenice. A field experiment with the winter wheat variety 'Illico' was conducted in the period from 2016 to 2017. In the experiment the organic biostimulant Bombardier ® (Kimitec Group) was applied twice during the growing season (BBCH 23 and 37-38). The preparation was extracted from bacterial fermentation of plant tissues. Using the standard EPPO method, the fungus attack rat on leaf surfaces and wheat ears was checked for five different types of fungi by visual scouting. We analyzed 100 randomly chosen leaves or wheat ears of every trial plot. Before and after every application of the organic stimulant, the plants’ height was measured (from the highest leaf to the ground). After the harvest the grain samples were sent to a laboratory to analyze the grain quality parameters. The results showed that plants treated with Bombardier® were in a slightly better overall condition and generally provided higher yield. The analysis of grain quality parameters showed a statistically significant effect of application of organic stimulant only in case of protein content which increased from 12,12 % to 12,87 %. Fungal diseases did not have a significant influence on the yield formation. The application of the preparation Bombardier® did not have a significant influence on wheat fungal diseases.

Leta 2016 smo v laboratorijskem poskusu preučevali odpornost velike žitne uši (Sitobion avenae [F.]) na štiri različne insekticide (Actara 25 WG, Calypso SC 480, Fastac 100 EC in Bulldock EC 25) v treh različnih koncentracijah (20, 100, 500 %). Odpornost smo preizkušali s standardno metodo IRAC št. 19. Osebke velike žitne uši, ki smo jih uporabili v poskusu, smo nabrali na ozimni pšenici na treh različnih lokacijah, in sicer na Laboratorijskem polju Biotehniške fakultete v Ljubljani, v Šentjerneju in v Zagorici pri Kamniku. Liste pšenice smo nato tretirali z različnimi koncentracijami insekticida, prav tako pa smo v poskusu imeli kontrolno obravnavanje, v katerem listi niso bili tretirani (uporabljena je bila samo destilirana voda). Liste pšenice smo položili v petrijevke z agarjem ter v vsako petrijevko s čopičem prenesli po 20 osebkov velike žitne uši. V vsakem obravnavanju smo imeli 3 ponovitve za vsako koncentracijo insekticida. Ugotovili smo, da se z večanjem koncentracije insekticida veča tudi smrtnost velike žitne uši. Na najvišjo dejansko smrtnost velike žitne uši (vselej prek 90 %), je na vseh treh lokacijah pri priporočenem odmerku vplival pripravek Bulldock EC 25, najnižjo dejansko smrtnost pa je povzročil insekticid Actara 25 WG, in sicer od 73 do 82 %. S tem potrjujemo, da velika žitna uš v Sloveniji izkazuje največjo odpornost na neonikotinoid Actara 25 WG, največjo učinkovitost pa je pokazal piretroid Bulldock EC 25. In 2016, we investigated the resistance of English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae [F.]) to four different insecticides (Actara 25 WG, Calypso SC 480, Fastac 100 EC in Bulldock EC 25) under laboratory conditions. The insecticides were used in three different concentrations (20, 100, 500 %). The resistance was tested with standard method IRAC no. 19. The aphids, which were used in the experiment, were collected in the winter wheat fields from three different locations: at the Laboratory Field of Biotechnical Faculty in Ljubljana, in Šentjernej, and in Zagorica near Kamnik. The leaves of wheat were treated with different concentractions of insectitides. Leaves of wheat in control treatment were only dipped to distilled water. The leaves were placed into Petri dishes with agar. Into each Petri dish we placed 20 aphids with fine brush. Each of 13 treatments (4 insecticides used in 3 concentrations, and a control treatment) have been repeated three times. We found out that with increasing concentration of insecticides, the mortality of the pest under investigation also increase. On all three locations the highest actual mortality (always above 90 %) of English grain aphid was caused by Bulldock EC 25, while the lowest (73–82 %) was caused by Actara 25 WG. With these results we confirm that in Slovenia English grain aphid is the most resistant to neonicotinoid Actara 25 WG, while the most efficient insecticide is pyrethroid Bulldock EC 25.

V okviru diplomskega dela smo za podjetje Mlinopek naredili raziskavo, kako različni lokaciji tal rasti vplivata na kvaliteto pšenice, in določili najboljšo sorto pšenice. Glavno merilo za določitev najboljšega razreda in sorte so čim višje vsebnosti beljakovin, sedimentacije ter števila padanja. Raziskave so potekale v laboratoriju Mlinopek v času žetve. V prvem delu smo petim različnim sortam pšenice na dveh različnih pridelovalnih tleh določili osnovne parametre in razred pšenice. Za primerjavo smo preučevali pšenico boljšega in slabšega razreda. V drugem delu smo vsem istim sortam pšenice na obeh pridelovalnih tleh določili s pomočjo farinograma specifične parametre. Na podlagi obojih rezultatov smo izdelali matematični model regresije med osnovnimi in specifičnimi parametri v odvisnosti od stabilnosti. The aim of the thesis was to carry out a research for the Mlinopek company on how two different growth areas affect the quality of wheat and to determine the best variety. The main criteria for determining the best wheat quality and variety were the highest proportion of proteins, sedimentation value and falling number. The research was conducted in the Mlinopek laboratory at the time of harvest. In the first part, the basic parameters of five different wheat varieties from two different growth areas were established and their quality was also determined. For comparison, two different qualities of wheat were studied. In the second part, the specific parameters of all of the same wheat varieties from both growth areas were determined using the farinograph curve. On the basis of both results, a mathematical model of regression between the basic and specific parameters in relation to stability was created.

Uporaba kisikove plazme v kmetijstvu je nova, alternativna tehnika, posledično je raziskav o vplivih na kalitev in zgodnjo rast rastlin relativno malo, informacije so pogosto nepopolne. V rastni komori smo proučevali vpliv kisikove plazme na parametre kalivosti (delež kalečih semen (Kt), hitrost kalitve (H) in skupno hitrost kalitve (Hs)), morfološke lastnosti kalečih rastlin (število korenin (Rn), dolžino posamezne seminalne korenine (Rd), skupno dolžino koreninskega sistema (Rt) in dolžino plumule (Pd) ter mase rastlin (koreninski sistem in plumula) dveh sort ozimne pšenice 'Apache' in 'Bezostaja1'. Vzorce semen smo s kisikovo plazmo obdelali na štiri različne načine: glow (G) režim pri 200 W, 5 s in 30 s ter afterglow (AG) režim pri 600 W 3 s in 5 s. Za primerjavo smo uporabili s plazmo neobdelano seme in seme izpostavljeno le vakuumu in plinu. Rezultati kažejo, da izbrani sorti različno reagirata na plazemsko obdelavo. Pri sorti 'Apache' je, v primerjavi z neobdelanim semenom, viden pozitiven učinek plazme predvsem po obdelavi semena pri AG režimu za 3 s (H in Hs) ter pri AG režimu za 5 s (Rd, Rt, Rs, Pf, Ps). Pri sorti 'Bezostaya 1' so učinki plazemske obdelave manj izraženi: obdelava ima negativen učinek na parametre kalitve, pozitivni učinki so zabeleženi po obdelavi pri G režimu (Rd in Rt). Glede na rezultate lahko sklenemo, da je učinek plazme na zgodnjo rast in razvoj rastlin v veliki meri odvisen od lastnosti sorte in ne zgolj vrste, kar pa je v literaturi nezadostno raziskano. The use of oxygen plasma in modern agriculture is a new and alternative technique. Studies dealing with the impact of oxygen plasma on seed germination and early plant growth are rare and often contradictory. In this thesis, the influence of oxygen plasma on the following parameters was investigated: parameters related to germination (percentage of germinated seeds (Kt), speed of germination (H), speed of accumulated germination (Hs)) and parameters related to morphological properties (number of roots (Rn), the length of each single root (R), the total length of the root system (R) and length of plumula (Pd)). The experimental work was based on two different common wheat varieties ('Apache' and 'Bezostaya 1'). In terms of oxygen plasma treatment, the wheat seeds were exposed to glow (G) position (energy 200 W, time of exposure 5 and 30s) and afterglow (AG) position (energy 600 W, time of exposure 3 and 5 s). For the control group, un-treated wheat seeds and wheat seeds which were exposed just to vacuum and gas were used. The results show that the oxygen plasma treatment has a significant impact on the varieties. In comparison with the control group, the positive impact of the oxygen plasma treatment on the variety 'Apache' was observed in the AG position at 3 s (H and Hs) and AG position at 5 s (Rd, Rt, Rs, pf, Ps). In the case of the 'Bezostaya 1' wheat variety, the statistical differences are not highly significant, and the oxygen plasma treatment has a negative impact on germination. A positive impact was determined in the G position (Rd and Rt). According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that the effect of plasma on plants' early growth and development largely depends on the characteristics of the variety and not only on the species, which is presently an insufficiently researched area.

Različni pridelovalni sistemi vplivajo na rast in razvoj glavnih poljščin, vendar so vplivi sredstev za nego in krepitev rastlin manj znani. V doktorski disertaciji je na osnovi triletnega poljskega poskusa (v Lenartu od 2009 do 2012) proučen vpliv pridelovalnih sistemov (INT – integrirani, EKO – ekološki, BD – biološko dinamični) ob uporabi izvlečka iz rjavih morskih alg (Asophyllum nodosum L.) na agronomske in fiziološke parametre oljne ogrščice (Brassica napus L.), pšenice (Triticum aestivum L.) in koruze (Zea mays L.). Analize temeljijo na rastlinah, pridelanih v split-plot latinskem bloku in randomiziranem naključnem lončnem poskusu. Pridelovalni sistemi in tretiranje z rjavimi algami nimajo signifikantnega vpliva na višino pridelka, hektolitrsko maso in vsebnost vlage ter ne spreminjajo lastnosti tal. Pridelovalni sistemi signifikantno vplivajo na 7 od 17 kakovostnih parametrov oljne ogrščice, pri čemer so signifikantno večje vrednosti odstotka olja in oleinske maščobne kisline v EKO in BD v primerjavi z INT vzorci. Smrtnost koruznega žužka (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) je za 31 % večja na EKO pšenici v primerjavi z INT primerjalno se je zmanjšalo število potomcev za 61 % v EKO pridelani pšenici. Pšenično zrnje iz BD in kontrolnega pridelovalnega sistema je za 10 % bolj privlačno za koruzne žužke kot zrnje iz INT. Uporaba rjavih alg pri rastlinah oljne ogrščice kratkoročno povečuje vsebnost glutationa (GSH) (15 %), klorofila b (27 %), luteina (26 %) in zniža odstotek glutation disulfida (% GSSG) za 34 %. Predhodni nanos izvlečka iz rjavih alg ob sušnem stresu ugodno vpliva na antioksidativno sposobnost oljne ogrščice, ki se v kasnejših terminih kaže s povišano aktivnostjo glutation reduktaze (GR), večjo vsebnostjo cisteina, klorofila a, pigmentov ksantofilnega cikla, α- in γ-tokoferola. Na podlagi rezultatov lahko sklepamo, da uporaba rjavih alg neglede na pridelovalni sistem ne vpliva dolgoročno na tvorbo pridelka, vpliva pa kratkoročno na nekatere fiziološke parametre. Sklepamo lahko, da se skladiščni škodljivci glede na pridelek iz različnih pridelovalnih sistemov različno obnašajo in reproducirajo. Production systems affect the growth and development of field crops, however the influence of plant growth promotors which influence plant growth and development is less known. In the presented doctoral thesis a three year field crop experiment was conducted in Lenart from 2009 to 2012, to evaluate the effect of different production systems (INT-integrated, ORG-organic and BD-biodynamic) in combination with an Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis application on agronomic and physiological parameters of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). The field trial was designed according to a split-plot latin block design, whereas the pot experiment was conducted as a randomized trial. Different production systems and the application of the brown seaweed extract do not significantly affect the yield parameters (yield, hectoliter weight and moisture content) and soil parameters. The production systems significantly affected 7 of 17 quality parameters of rapeseed, the highest oil content and oleic fatty acid was recorded in the ORG and BD in comparison to the INT produced oilseed rape. The mortality of the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) was 31% higher in the ORG in comparison to the INT produced wheat. A 61% lower progeny production was recorded in the ORG in comparison to the INT produced wheat. The preference of the maize weevil was 10% higher in wheat originating from the BD and control production system compared to the INT. The extract from brown seaweed increased the glutathione (GSH) (15%), chlorophyll b (27%), lutein (26%) and decreased the percentage of glutathione disulphid (% GSSG) (34%) in rapeseed plants. The brown seaweed application significantly affected the antioxidative plant response during in drought stress conditions, characterised by an increased glutathione reductase (GR) activity and a higher content of cysteine, chlorophyll a, xanthophyls, α- and γ-tocopherol in moderate and severe drought conditions. We can conclude, that the use of brown seaweed algae, regardless of the production system did not influence the yield parameters in our field trial, but a short term effect on the antioxidant response was recorded in combination with drought stress. We can conclude that the storage pests behaviour and reproduction is affected by yield from different production systems.

Različni pridelovalni sistemi vplivajo na pridelek žit in njihove parametre analize klasov. V diplomskem delu so bili analizirani pridelki žit pšenice in pire, v okviru trajnostnega poskusa, ki sta bili pridelani v rastni sezoni ozimnih žit 2011/2012 na UKC Pohorski dvor. Pridelani sta bili v različnih pridelovalnih sistemih: konvencionalni (KON), integrirani (IP), ekološki (EKO), biodinamični (BD) in kontrolno obravnavanje (K). Pridelovalni sistem je statistično značilno vplival na pridelek in na parametre analize klasa tako pri pšenici kot pri piri. Pri pšenici je pridelek K (3,27 kg 10 m-2) statistično značilno manjši od pridelkov KON (5,98 kg 10 m-2), IP (5,49 kg 10 m-2) in BD (4,96 kg 10 m-2). Pri piri je pridelek K (3,94 kg 10 m-2) in EKO (4,19 kg 10 m-2) statistično značilno manjši od pridelka KON (6,05 kg 10 m-2). Pridelovalni sistem je statistično značilno vplival na dolžino klasa, število zrn na klas in maso zrn na klas pšenice, ni pa vplival na število klaskov na klasu pšenice. Pridelovalni sistem je statistično značilno vplival na dolžino klasa in maso zrn na klas pire, ni pa vplival na število klaskov na klas in število zrn na klas. Different production systems have an affect on the cereals yield and their spike analysis. The yields of wheat and spelt have been analysed in sustainable expriments. The wheat and spelt were grown during the cereal winter season of 2011/2012 at UKC Pohorski dvor in different production systems: conventional (KON), integrated (IP), organic (EKO), biodynamic (BD) and control (K). The production systems had a statistically typical impact on the yield and on the spike analyses of wheat and spelt. The wheat yield K (3,27 kg 10 m -2) was significantly lower that the yields KON (5,98 kg 10 m -2), IP (5,49 kg 10 m -2) and BD (4,96 kg 10 m -2). The spelt yields K (3,94 kg 10 m -2) and EKO (4,19 kg 10 m -2) were significantly lower that KON (6,05 kg 10 m -2) yield. The production system had a significant effects on the ear lenth, number of ears and grain mas per ear-1 in wheat, but had no significant effects on the number of grains per ear-1of wheat. The production system had a significant effects on ear lenth and grain mas per ear-1 of spelt, but no significant effects on the number of ears and number of grains per ear-1 of spelt.

Razvoj ponovljive in časovno učinkovite metode diagnostike zdravstvenega stanja in identifikacije semena v programu žlahtnjenja lahko pripomore k povečanju razvoja novih kultivarjev. Cilj študije je bil oceniti potencial multispektralne metode prikazovanja (ang. multispectral imageing) in bližnje infrardeče refleksijske (NIR) spektroskopije posameznega semena (SKNIR) za določljivost bolezni semena in razločevanje sort ozimne pšenice in tritikale. Ti metodi bi lahko bili aplicirani tako v konvencionalni kot tudi v ekološki program žlahtnjenja. V analizo je bilo vključenih devet sort tritikale in sedemindvajset sort ozimne pšenice. Z uporabo multispektralne metode smo lahko uspešno prikazali detekcijo in separacijo neokuženega in okuženega dela povrhnjice semena s Fusarium spp. SKNIR smo uporabili za zaznavo in diferenciranje med vsemi šestintridesetimi vključenimi sortami, in sicer na osnovi spektralnih razlik, ki so posledica razlik v kemični sestavi semena različnih sort. Raziskava nas je privedla do zanimivih spoznanj, ki bi lahko s kombiniranjem podatkov iz obeh večspektralnih metod koristila nadaljnjim študijam za razvoj klasifikacijskega modela za analize kakovosti semen in separacijo sort. Developmental of rapid and time-efficient health diagnostic and identification technology in breeding programs could increase the availability of new varieties. The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential of multispectral imaging and single kernel near-infrared spectroscopy (SKNIR) for determination of seed health and variety separation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and winter triticale (Triticosecale Wittm. & Camus) which could be applied to conventional as well as organic breeding programs. The analysis included nine winter triticale varieties and 27 wheat varieties. With use of a multispectral imaging device (405-970 nm wavelengths) on Fusarium spp. infected and uninfected parts of the seed surface could successfully be distinguished. SKNIR was applied in this research to differentiate all 36 involved varieties based on spectral differences due to variation in the chemical composition. The study produced an interesting result, which could be use in further studies for a sorting model development by combining data from multispectral imaging and SKNIR for identifying of seed quality and varieties.

Pšenica je ena izmed najbolj priljubljenih žitaric v prehrambni industriji, zato je nadzor kakovosti pšenice ključnega pomena. V okviru magistrske naloge smo pokazali, da je mogoče proces nadzora kakovosti pšenice avtomatizirati in izboljšati v primerjavi z današnjim pristopom. Reševanja problema smo se lotili z računalniško analizo digitalnih slik in spektralnih odzivov zrn ter uporabo algoritmov strojnega učenja. Posebno pozornost smo posvetili združevanju obeh tipov podatkov. Prišli smo do zaključka, da lahko z natančnostjo 90 % ali več razvrstimo zrna zdrave pšenice in ostalih 8 razredov, ki predstavljajo poškodovana zrna in druga žita. Za potrditev rezultatov in izboljšanje robustnosti algoritma predlagamo še dodatne eksperimente. Wheat is one of the most produced cereals for food industry worldwide. Therefore quality control of wheat is an essential part of the supply chain. In the thesis, it has been shown that it is possible to automatize and improve the wheat quality inspection procedures used today. To solve the problem digital images and spectral responses of the grains have been analysed in combination with the machine learning algorithms. Additional effort has been spent on combining the two types of data. Conclusion has been made that it is possible to distinguish between the healthy wheat and the other 8 classes, which represent damaged grains and other cereals, with the accuracy of 90% or more. In order to confirm the results and improve the robustness of the developed algorithm further experiments shall be made.

Različni pridelovalni sistemi lahko imajo različen vpliv na rast in pridelek zahtevnejše navadne pšenice v primerjavi s piro. Namen poskusa je analizirati vpliv različnih pridelovalnih sistemov (konvencionalni, integrirani, ekološki, biodinamični in kontrola) na pridelek in značilnosti klasa pšenice (sorta "Antonius") ter pire (sorta "Ebners Rotkorn"). Za vsak pridelovalni sistem so upoštevani predpisi, ki veljajo za posamezen pridelovalni sistem. Statistično značilno najvišji pridelek pšenice je dosežen pri konvencionalni (5,4 kg/10 m2) in integrirani pridelavi (5,3 kg/10 m2), statistično značilno nižji pridelek pa pri kontroli (3,6 kg/10 m2). Rezultati kažejo, da pridelovalni sistemi vplivajo tudi na pridelek pire, kjer je dosežen statistično značilno najvišji pridelek pri konvencionalnem (4,6 kg/10 m2) in integriranem pridelovalnem sistemu (4,3 kg/10 m2) ter statistično značilno najnižji pri biodinamičnem pridelovalnem sistemu (2,9 kg/10 m2). Analiza klasov kaže, da pridelovalni sistemi vplivajo na parametre klasa pri pšenici, medtem ko pridelovalni sistemi nimajo statistično značilnega vpliva na parametre klasov pire. Na podlagi rezultatov poskusa lahko sklepamo, da je glede pridelka po upoštevanju vsaj delnega varstva okolja najprimernejši integriran pridelovalni sistem. Different production systems can have a different effects on growth and yield of common wheat compared with spelt. The aim of field trials was analysed the efects of production systems ( organic, conventional, integrated, biodynamic and control) of winter wheat (variety "Antonius") and spelt (variety "Ebners Rotkorn") on grain yield and characteristcs of spikes. For each production system regulations and rules were took into account. Significantly highest yields of wheat was in conventional (5,4 kg/10 m2) and integrated crop system (5,3 kg/10 m2) and lowest yield was in the control (3,6 kg/10 m2). Also the results indicate in spelt that production systems showed significantly highest yield in the conventional (4,6 kg/10 m2) and integrated crop system (4,3 kg/10 m2) and were significantly lower yield was in biodynamic system (2,9 kg/10 m2). Analysis of the spikes showed that production systems did affect the parameters in wheat, but not in spelt. On the base of experiment can be concluded that with respect to yield, considering environment protection that the most promising is integrated production system.

Preverjanje uporabe klorofilmerskih odčitkov pri dognojevanju pšenice UDK: 633,11:53.08:546.17(043.2)=163.6 S pomočjo literature in rezultatov meritev tako v Sloveniji kot v tujini smo primerjali primernost klorofilmerskih odčitkov za napovedovanje dognojevanja ozimne pšenice v naših razmerah. Klorofilmerski odčitki lahko predstavljajo zelo enostaven in hiter način za preverjanje potreb po dognojevanju pri žitih. Z namenom preveriti, kako dognojevanje vpliva na rezultate klorofil merskih odčitkov in končni pridelek, so bila uporabljena gnojilna okna (O) brez dognojevanja, A – 100 kg/ha KAN 27%, B – dvakrat dognojevano 300 kg/ha KAN 27%, C – tri krat dognojevano 320 kg/ha KAN 27% na treh lokacijah, v fazi EC 32/33 x odmerek nespremenjen med lokacijami, v EC 45/50 prav tako odmerek nespremenjen med lokacijami. Glede na klorofilmerske odčitke smo najvišje vrednosti izmerili na gnojilnih oknih C v EC 45/50, ki so bila dognojevana trikrat 508±20,58, nekoliko manj pri B, 467±17,36 vrednosti, pri A dognojevanju 452±11,83, najmanjša vrednost se je pojavila na (O) na nedognojevanih gnojilnih oknih 411±9,99. Prav tako so bile meritve v fazi EC 30/32 najvišje pri posevku, ki je bil dognojevan 444±18,28, in najmanj pri negnojenem obravnavanju 338±9,99. Analiza klasov kaže, da so vrednosti klorofilmetra v tesni povezavi s končnim pridelkom. Te čvrste korelacijske povezave v EC 30/32 in v fazi 45/50 med klorofilmerskimi odčitki in pridelkom dajejo rezultate, da se lahko klorofilmerski odčitki uporabljajo za napovedovanje dognojevanja pšenice tudi v naših razmerah. Review of the application klorofilmerskih readings top dressing wheat Through literature and of the results, we compared the suitability of chlorophyll meter readings to predict top dressing of winter wheat. Chlorophyll meter readings may represent a simple and rapid procedure for optimization of top dressing in cereals. With the effect of chlorophyll meter readings (at with the treatments: (0) without dressing, A -100 kg/ha KAN 27%, B - twice fertilizing 300 kg/ha KAN 27% C - three times fertilizing 320 kg/ha KAN 27%) an jeld formation the field trials were caried stages the N doses did not varied at three locations. At the EC 32/33 and EC 45/50 dose the N doseses did not varied between locations. According to chlorophyll meter readings the highest values were found on fertilizer windows C 45/50 EC which have been fertilizing three 508±20.58, slightly lower in B, (467±17.36) value, lover in treatment A fertilizing (452±11.83) end the lowest in (0) in (411±9.99). Also manalyses were made at the stage of EC 30/32 (444±18.28), and at least in the unfertilized treatment of 338±9.99. These results are comparable with some results in literature. Analysis of the spikes indicates that the value of the chlorophyll meter has a firm correlations with the in close connection with the field. These firm correlation at the stages the EC 30/32 and 45/50 showed that chlorophyll meter readings are suitable for prediction of in treatment at top dressing in wheat fon our conditions

Sredstva za nego in krepitev rastlin imajo širok spekter delovanja, povečujejo odpornost na različne bolezni, krepijo rast in pomagajo ohranjanjati naravno ravnovesje. Podlaga poskusa je tretiranje ozimne pšenice, sorte Soissons ter analiza učinkov vodnega pripravka Mineral v foliarnih aplikacijah v količini 12 ml 5,5m-2 (24 l ha-1). Tretiranje pšenice v triletnem poljskem poskusu se je izvajalo v različnih fazah razvoja, BBCH 05, BBCH 21/23, BBCH 32/33 in BBCH 47/49 na Kmetijsko Univerzitetnem centru v Mariboru. Skupni odmerek pa je v letu 2009 znašal 80 l ha-1. Podatki niso pokazali signifikantnih učinkov Minerala v pridelku (P ≥ 0,05) v primerjavi s kontrolnim obravnavanjem. Na drugi strani pa so imele tretirane rastline intenzivnejšo zeleno obarvanost listov in manjše spremembe v kakovosti rastlin. Prav tako ni bilo zaznati signifikantnih razlik med posameznimi obravnavanji in kontrolo pri morfoloških parametrih (dolžina klasa, število klaskov na klas, teža zrn na klas in število zrn na klas), kljub prisotnosti nekaterih trendov. Aplikacija z Mineralom je v povezavi z okoljsko klimatskimi razmerami pokazala ugodne učinke na razvoj pšenice, pokazal pa se ni signifikantni učinek na pridelek. Rezultati povečanega odmerka Minerala nakuzujejo na predmet nadaljne raziskave. “Plant care” products applied to foliage have a variety of uses for plant protection, plant nutrition and other purposes. This study sets out to identify the effects of a foliar application of 12 ml 5.5m-2 (24 l h-1) of the water based product, Mineral, on the winter wheat cultivar, Soissons. Field trials were conducted over three years, on the BBCH 05, BBCH 21/23, BBCH 32/33, and BBCH 47/49 growth stages of winter wheat at the University of Maribor Agricultural Centre. An additional treatment at a dose of 80 l ha-1 was performed in 2009. The data show no significant effects of Mineral on the yield (P ≥ 0.05) compared with a control treatment. On the other hand, treated plants had the most intensively green leaves and a low variation in plant performance. Although there were no significant differences among the treatments and control in morphological parameters (spike length, spikelets per spike, kernel weight per spike and kernels per spike), some improvements were apparent. The application of Mineral in experimental circumstances had some beneficial effects on plant growth, but no significant effect on yield. The results of a higher dose of Mineral application in 2009 suggest the value of further investigations.

Da bi opravili analizo spreminjanja vsebnosti trihotecenskih mikotoksinov deoksinivalenol (DON) in nivalenol (NIV) v pridelovalni in predelovalni verigi, smo pšenico pridelovali v poljskih poskusih na majhnih parcelicah, jo poželi in očistili z različnimi napravami za čiščenje, nato smo jo zmleli v različne vrste moke in nazadnje spekli kruh. Izvedli smo tudi poskus skladiščenja moke v različnih skladiščnih razmerah. Štiri kultivarje pšenice z različno stopnjo odpornosti (tolerantnosti) na okužbe z glivami, ki povzročajo fuzariozo klasa (FHB), smo gojili v poljskih poskusih. Med cvetenjem smo pšenico okužili s sporami gliv iz rodu Fusarium. Požeto zrnje smo prečistili s pomočjo posebne čistilne naprave, ki je ločila zrnje v štiri velikostne razrede (F1 > 2,4 mm, F2 2,0–2,4 mm, F3 1,8–2,0 mm, F4 < 1,8 mm). Zrnje vsakega velikostnega razreda smo ročno ločili na štiri frakcije glede na pojav in intenziteto vidnih znamenj bolezni FHB (zrnje brez vsakih znamenj, zrnje s spremembo barve in brez sprememb v obliki, zrnje s spremembo barve in zmernimi spremembami v obliki ter zrnje s spremembo barve in velikimi spremembami v obliki). Vsebnost DON in NIV v zrnju različnih frakcij smo določili z uporabo tekočinske kromatografije (HPLC-UV). Izvedene so bile primerjave med vsebnostjo DON v zrnju pred čiščenjem in vsebnostjo v ločenih frakcijah po čiščenju. Stopnja učinkovitosti čiščenja (stopnja zmanjševanja vsebnosti DON ob čiščenju) je bila višja pri zmerno odpornem in občutljivem kultivarju kot pri FHB-tolerantnem kultivarju. Očiščeno zrnje brez vidnih znamenj okužb je pri tolerantnem kultivarju vsebovalo dvakrat več DON (870–1350 µg/kg) kot zrnje enake frakcije pri zmerno tolerantnem kultivarju (160–570 µg/kg) in primerljivo količino kot pri na FHB občutljivem kultivarju (905–1140 µg/kg). Rezultati poskusa kažejo na obstoj FHB-tolerantnih pšeničnih kultivarjev, ki imajo lahko velik del zrnja brez vidnih vizualnih znamenj okužb, ki lahko kljub odsotnosti znamenj okužb vsebujejo visoke vsebnosti DON. Takšnega zrnja pri postopkih priprave za mletje ne moremo odstraniti s standardnimi postopki čiščenja zrnja. Takšni tolerantni kultivarji pšenice lahko pripomorejo k zmanjšanju izgub pridelka zaradi FHB, vendar niso primerni za proizvodnjo polnozrnate moke v neindustrijskih predelovalnih sistemih. Poskus z mletjem in peko kruha je pokazal, da ta postopka značilno vplivata na vsebnost DON in NIV v kruhu. Preučeval se je vpliv treh mlevskih tehnik (standardno industrijsko mletje – IM, mlin kladivar – KL in tradicionalni mlevski kamen – MK) ter dveh načinov peke (v industrijski peči in v keramični krušni peči). Začetna vsebnost DON v zrnju je bila 1400–1900 µg/kg ter NIV 130–200 µg/kg in se je po mletju v tri tipe moke v moki gibala med 310–370 µg/kg DON in 2.4mm, F2 2.0–2.4mm, F3 1.8–2.0mm, F4 < 1.8mm). All of the four grain size fractions were divided manually further in 4 sub-fractions according to the rate of FHB symptom expression (grain without any visible symptoms, grain with changes of colour without changes of shape, grain with changes in colour and moderate changes in shape or size and heavily infected malformed grain). Deoxynivalenol (DON) content in grain of different fractions was determined by HPLC-UV analysis. A comparisons between initial DON concentration before cleaning and DON concentration in individual fractions after cleaning were done. The cleaning efficacy (rate of DON concentration reduction) due to the cleaning and separating of grain in size fractions was higher in semi tolerant and susceptible cultivars than in FHB tolerant cultivar. In consequence of the low cleaning efficiency, cleaned grin of tolerant cultivar, without any symptom of FHB, contained twice more DON (870––1350 µg/kg) than cleaned and visually healthy grain of semi tolerant cultivar (160–570 µg/kg) and contained comparable amount of DON as susceptible cultivar (905–1140 µg/kg). Results of trial demonstrate the existence of FHB tolerant cultivar which can bear a high portion of visually healthy grain containing high levels of DON. That grain can not be removed during the standard grain cleaning process. Such tolerant cultivars can contribute a lot to minimisation of yield loss due the FHB, yet they are not suitable for utilisation in the whole-grain wheat flour production. Experiment with milling and baking has showed, that this procedures significantly affect retention of trichothecene toxins (DON and NIV). Impact of three milling techniques (industrial roller-grinder – IRG, grain hammer crasher – IHC, traditional millstone –OMS) and two baking techniques (industrial oven, traditional ceramic stove heated by wood) was observed. Initial values of DON and NIV in grain sample (2500 kg) ranged from 1400–1900 µg/kg and 130–200µg/kg, respectively, and were after processing 310–370µg/kg and