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V letu 2018 smo na kmetiji Majerič v Moškanjcih izvedli poljski poskus, v katerem smo ugotavljali, ali lahko z dodatkom biostimulatorja Cirkon (izločki Echinacea purpurea) povečamo učinkovitost nekaterih pogosto uporabljenih insekticidov za zatiranje tobakovega resarja (Thrips tabaci Lind.) v nasadu čebule. Uporabili smo insekticide na podlagi deltametrina, spinosada, dimetoata in spirotetramata, katerim smo dodali biostimulator Cirkon. Aplikacijo insekticidov smo izvedli trikrat zapored. Oceno velikosti populacije smo izvedli 7 dni po nanosu insekticida in kasneje še dvakrat. Pri naključno izbranih rastlinah smo na 10 cm2 površine lista s štetjem določili velikost populacije. Podatke smo vnesli v Abbotovo formulo za izračun učinkovitosti. Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da lahko z dodatkom biostimulatorja Cirkon povečamo učinkovitost insekticidov za 8 do 20 odstotkov. Pri vseh testiranih insekticidih je bil učinek podoben, iz česar lahko sklepamo, da ima sredstvo repelentni učinek na škodljivca. Prav tako smo pri vseh pripravkih ugotovili zmanjšano učinkovitost pri tretjem zaporednem nanosu (-30 %). Poskus nakazuje zniževanje učinkovitosti testiranih insekticidov. In 2018 we conducted an agricultural field experiment on the Majerič family farm situated in the settlement of Moškanjci, in order to determine if adding a biostimulant Cirkon (Echinacea purpurea extract) leads to higher effectiveness of some frequently used pest insecticides to control onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lind.) in crop fields. We used deltamethrin, spinosad, dimethoate and spirotetramat based insecticides with the addition of the Cirkon biostimulant. We carried out three consecutive applications of the insecticides. The estimation of the pest population was made 7 days after the treatment with the insecticides, followed by two more counts. We used a counting method within the target area covering 10 cm2 of the leaf surface of randomly chosen plants. The data was entered into the Abbott formula of computing to determine the effectiveness of an insecticide. Our research results pointed to an 8 % to 20 % increase of insecticide effectiveness when the Cirkon biostimulant was added. All tested insecticides demonstrated similar effectiveness, which leads to a conclusion that the substance has an insect repellent effect. Moreover, we detected a lower effectiveness level (by 30 %) with the third consecutive insecticide application. The experiment points to lowering the effectiveness rate of the tested insecticides.

V letu 2016 je bil na posestvu Fakultete za kmetijstvo in biosistemske vede Univerze v Mariboru izveden poskus proučevanja učinkovitosti različnih insekticidov za zatiranje glogove bolšice (Cacopsylla melanoneura Föerster). Izvedba poskusa je potekala v integriranih nasadih jablan sort Gala in Jonagold. Poskusne parcelice so zajemale 5 vrst in so segale v dolžino 30 m, razporejene pa so bile po parcelah v obliki šahovnice. Insekticidi so bili naneseni v različnih terminih in fenofazah razvoja jablan. Vrednotenje učinkovitosti škropilnih programov je potekalo sedem, štirinajst in enaidvajset dni po aplikaciji. Rezultati kažejo, da je za učinkovito zatiranje bolšice v integriranih sadovnjakih potrebna več kot dvakratna aplikacija insekticidov. V integriranem načinu proizvodnje je poterebnoizvesti tri do štiri aplikacije insekticidov. Prvo tretiranje je potrebno izvesti v fenofazi BBCH 07-08 oziroma pred cvetenjem. Drugo tretiranje se mora izvesti v fenofazi BBCH 50, v stadiju mišjega ušesca. Tretje tretiranje pa je potrebno izvesti med cvetenjem v fenofazi BBCH 65. Četrto tretiranje pa po cvetenju jablan v fenofazi BBCH 67. Insekticidi, ki so pokazali najvišjo učinkovitost in primernost uporabe v integrani pridelavi jabolk, so naslednji: Spada 200 EC, Trebon Up, Mavrik 240, Karate Zeon.fosmet, etofenproks, tau-fluvalinat in lambda-cihalotrin. In the year 2016, on the Faculty for agriculture and life sciences experiments were conducted to test effectiveness of different insecticides for control of hawthorn psyllid (Cacopsylla melanoneura Föerster). Insecticides were tested in apple plantations of Gala and Jonagold. Plantations were managed according to standard practice in integrated orchards. Experimental plots were five rows wide and were 30 meters in length. Control and experimental plots were arranged in chess pattern across experimental field. Treatments were conducted in different developmental phonological stages of apple trees. The insecticides effectiveness evaluations were conducted after seven, fourteen and twenty one days after the applications. Results show that under the Slovenian climate conditions there is a need for more than two treatments against pest. For integrated plantation there is need for three to four treatments in a year. First two treatments should be applied before apple bloom in BBCH 07-08 growth stage and BBCH 50. Third and fourth treatments should be applied at stage BBCH 65 during apple bloom and after apple bloom in stage BBCH 67. Insecticides which showed the highest effectiveness against hawthorn psyllid were next: Spada 200 EC, Trebon Up, Mavrik 240 and Karate Zeon.

V Entomološkem laboratoriju Katedre za fitomedicino, kmetijsko tehniko, poljedelstvo, pašništvo in travništvo na Oddelku za agronomijo Biotehniške fakultete v Ljubljani smo v letu 2016 začeli izvajati poskus o učinkovitosti spinosada in spinetorama pri zatiranju žitnih žužkov v gojitvenih komorah. V poskusu smo uporabili odrasle osebke vrst Sitophilus granarius, S. oryzae in S. zeamais iz Srbije in S. zeamais iz Slovenije, ki smo jih za potrebe poskusa namnoževali na zrnju ozimne pšenice pri sobni temperaturi. V gojitvenih komorah smo preučevali delovanje insekticidov spinosada in spinetorama na odrasle osebke žithih žužkov v treh koncentracijah (0,5, 1,0 in 2,0 mg aktivne snovi/kg zrnja) pri 25 °C in 60 % relativni zračni vlagi. Poskus je potekal v 100 ml erlenmajericah z zrnjem štirih sort ozimne pšenice, cv. ‘Arezzo’, ‘Fidelius’, ‘Cimabue’ in ‘Olimpija’. Vsako obravnavanje je bilo v poskusu ponovljeno devetkrat. Smrtnost hroščev smo ugotavljali 7., 14., in 21. dan po izpostavitvi škodljivcev insekticidoma. Rezultati našega poskusa so pokazali, da je bil generalno gledano bolj učinkovit spinetoram, ki je imel 90 % povprečno korigirano smrtnost, spinosad pa 84 %. Med sortami ozimne pšenice smo potrdili razlike v smrtnosti hroščev, in sicer smo največjo smrtnost potrdili na sortah 'Olimpija' in 'Cimabue', (96% korigirana smrtnost) najmanjšo pa na sortah 'Arezzo' in 'Fidelius', ki sta bili tretirani s fungicidom. Največjo smrtnost pri vrsti Sitophilus, pa smo generalno zabeležili pri S. granarius (Srbija) (94 %) in S. oryzae (Srbija) (95 %). At the Entomological Laboratory in the Chair for Phytomedicine, Agricultural Engineering, Field Crops Production, Pasture and Grassland Management (Dept. of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty in Ljubljana) we performed laboratory experiment of insecticidal efficacy of spinosad and spinetoram against Sitophilus spp. weevils in the rearing chambers in 2016. In the experiment we used adults of Sitophilus granarius, S. oryzae and S. zeamais from Serbia, and adults of S. zeamais from Slovenia, which were grown in the grains of winter wheat under room conditions for the purposes of laboratory investigation. In the rearing chambers we tested the efficacy of insecticides spinosad and spinetoram to adults in three different concentrations (0,5, 1,0, and 2,0 mg active ingredient/kg grain) at 25 °C and 60 % relative humidity. The experiment was carried out in 100 ml vials, which were filled with grains of four winter wheat varieties, i.e. ‘Arezzo’, ‘Fidelius’, ‘Cimabue’, and ‘Olimpija’. All treatments were tested in 10 repetitions. Mortality of the weevils was assessed 7, 14, and 21 days after their exposal to both insecticides. Results of our experiment showed that spinetoram influenced higher mortality (90 %) of the beetles compared to spinosad (84 %). Between different winter wheat varieties we confirmed differences in mortality of the adults, since the highest mortality (96 %) was established in varieties 'Olimpija' and 'Cimabue', and the lowest in varieties 'Arezzo' and 'Fidelius', which were treated with fungicides. The highest mortality was confirmed with Serbial populations of S. granarius (94 %) and S. oryzae (95 %).

Leta 2016 smo na različnih lokacijah v Sloveniji nabrali odrasle osebke repičarja (Meligethes aeneus). V laboratoriju smo nato preučevali njihovo odpornost proti štirim različnim piretroidom alfa-cipermetrin, deltametrin, lambda-cihalotrin in beta-ciflutrin v različnih odmerkih (25, 50, 100, 200, 400 in 800 % priporočenega odmerka). Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti odpornost repičarja proti omenjenim piretroidom. Vsako obravnavanje je imelo tri ponovitve. Pri rezultatih poskusa smo ugotovili, da piretroidi različno učinkujejo na populacijo osebkov repičarja. Na prvi lokaciji je bil največji učinek pri piretroidu Decis 2,5 EC (deltametrin) pri 800 % odmerku, najmanjši pa pri piretroidu Bulldock EC 25 (beta-ciflutrin) pri 25 % odmerku. Na drugi lokaciji se je najbolje obnesel pripravek Karate Zeon 5 CS (lambda-cihalotrin) pri 200 % odmerku, najslabše pa pripravek Karate Zeon 5 CS (lambda-cihalotrin) pri 25 % odmerku. Pri zadnji lokaciji je bil najbolj učinkovit Decis 2,5 EC (deltametrin) pri 100 % odmerku, najmanj pa Fastac 100 EC (alfa-cipermetrin) pri 50 % odmerku. The experiment was performed in the year 2016. We were collecting the adults of pollen beetle in different locations in Slovenia. In the laboratory we were investigating the resistance of a pollen beetle with four different pyrethroids: alfa-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin in beta-cyfluthrin in six different concentrations (25 %, 50 %, 100 %, 200 %, 400 % and 800 %). The purpose of the study was to determine the resistance of pollen beetle to pyrethroids. We expressed results as percentage affected. Each treatment had three replicates. We found out that pyrethroids have different effects on the different populations of pollen beetles. At the first location the greatest effect was with 800 % deltamethrin and the lowest effect was with 25 % beta-cyfluthrin. On the second location 200 % lambda-cyhalothrin has proved itself with good results, but also the biggest resistance was detected at treating with 25 % lambda-cyhalothrin. At the last location the most effective was 100 % deltamethrin. The less affected were pollen beetles treated with 50 % alfa-cypermethrin.

V letu 2015 smo na posestvu Fakultete za kmetijstvo in biosistemske vede v nasadu jablan sorte 'Fuji' izvedli poskus, kjer smo analizirali, ali so najpogosteje uporabljena sredstva za zatiranje krvave uši res dovolj učinkovita. Preizkus smo naredili tudi z ekološkimi sredstvi in primerjali, ali so primerljiva tistim v integrirani pridelavi. Hkrati smo preverili, ali sama sredstva vplivajo na pojav krvavkinega najezdnika in stopnjo parazitiranosti uši. Skozi poskus smo ugotovili, da je pripravek Pirimor (pirimikarb) v dveh terminih uporabe dosegel najvišjo učinkovitost. Sledita mu pripravka NeemAzal (azadiraktin) in Karate (lambda-cihalotrin), najmanj učinkovit je bil pripravek Pyrinex (klorpirifos-metil), ki je tudi močno škodljiv za parazitoidno osico Aphelinus mali. Ekološka sredstva se niso pokazala kot povsem primerljiva integriranim, saj je bila njihova učinkovitost skoraj 50 % manjša. Izmed ekoloških sredstev bi po učinkovitosti za zatiranje krvave uši bil najbolj primeren pripravek NeemAzal (s 64 % učinkovitostjo). Delež od najezdnika parazitnih uši ni bil enak pri vseh programih, najmanj odstopanja je bilo med ekološkimi programi in programom z uporabo pripravka Pirimor, ostali pripravki so po škodljivosti za najezdnika močno odstopali. In 2015, on Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, we did an experiment on apple cv. ‘Fuji’. We tested whether the most commonly used insecticides for Woolly Apple Aphid control are effective enough. We also made an experiment with insecticides suitable for organic apple production, which we compared with the ones that are used in integrated production. At the same time, we tested whether spraying programs influence the occurrence of parasitoid Aphelinus mali and the level of parasitism of woolly aphids. Results of research show that Pirimor preparation (pirimicarb) achieved the highest efficiency after two spraying periods. Less efficient are NeemAzal (azadirachtin) and Karate (landa-cihalotrin), and the least effective was the Pyrinex (chlorpyriphos-methyl) preparation, which is also very harmful to the parasitoid wasps Aphelinus mali. Ecological products did not prove to be comparable to integrated products, as their efficiency was almost 50 % lower. NeemAzal was the most suitable for aphid control in organic spray system, which reached 64 % efficiency after two spraying periods. The proportion of Woolly Apple Aphid parasitism was different between programs, there was the least variation between the ecological programs and the program using the Pirimor preparation, others had strong impact on parasitoid wasp.

V zadnjih desetletjih se v Sloveniji vrstijo številni ekstremni vremenski dogodki, med katerimi sta imela največje razsežnosti in posledice stoletna suša leta 2003 ter žledolom februarja 2014. Klimatologi napovedujejo pojave suš in večjih ujm v Evropi tudi mehanske in fiziološke poškodbe gozdnega drevja. Zlasti v nižinskih sestojih navadne smreke (Picea abies) lahko v prihodnosti pričakujemo tudi večje poškodbe zaradi biotskih dejavnikov, kot so Ips typographus, Pityogenes chalcographus, drugi podlubniki, domači fitoparaziti in invazivni tujerodni škodljivi organizmi. Na področju integralnega varstva gozda (IVG) smo pred novimi strokovnimi izzivi uporabe novega znanja o abiotskih in biotskih poškodbah gozda pri nas in v tujini, hitremu spreminjanju vremenskih razmer v okolju ter vse večjega vnosa tujerodnih škodljivih invazivnih vrst v gozdove. Ta dejstva terjajo razvoj in implikacijo sodobnih strategij IVG (SSIVG). V prispevku obravnavamo pomemben segment IVG: primernost uporabe različnih biotehniških metod in kemičnih sredstev za obvladovanje podlubnikov. Zaradi namnožitve podlubnikov je potrebno izvajanje vseh ukrepov integralnega varstva gozdov. Prednostno in vse leto je treba opravljati sanitarni posek lubadark in odstranjevati s podlubniki napadena drevesa iz gozda, ki mu sledi uničenje podlubnikov. Izjemno pomembna je pravočasnost izvedbe ukrepov, pred izletom nove generacije hroščev, kar terja ustrezno tehnično podporo, usklajenost in dobro organizacijo vseh izvajalcev del. Kot dodatni ukrep za zmanjševanje škode zaradi podlubnikov je na najbolj ogroženih območjih smiselno povečati število feromonskih pasti in nastav v obliki lovnih dreves, lovnih debel in lovnih kupov. Pasti in nastave bi tako uporabljali tudi za zatiranje podlubnikov, vendar le v določenih razmerah. Ker pa v pasti in nastave zajamemo le del populacij roječih hroščev, samo z uporabo teh ukrepov ne moremo ustaviti gradacije podlubnikov. Uporaba insekticidov je pri nas omejena z Zakonom o gozdovih (1993), prav tako je uporaba nevarnih insekticidov prepovedana v FSC certificiranih gozdovih. Uporaba atestiranih insekticidov je smiselna le v omejenem obsegu za imobilizacijo napadenih gozdnih lesnih sortimentov, ki jih ni mogoče odpeljati iz gozda pred izletom nove generacije hroščev. Uporaba insekticidnih mrež (npr. sistemov Trinet(R) in Storanet(R)) ni upravičena zaradi negativnih vplivov na gozdni ekosistem. In the last decades in Slovenia numerous extreme weather phenomena take place among them, the worst dimensions and consequences had the hundred year drought in 2003 and icestorm (sleet) in February 2014. The climatologists forecast droughts and major disasters also for the future. They will cause major mechanical and physiological damage of forest trees. Above all in the lowland stand of the Norway spruce (Picea abies) we can also expect major damages due to biotic factors, e.g. Ips typographus, Pityogenes chalcographus and other bark beetles, native phytoparasites and invasive non-native harmful organisms. In the field of integrated forest protection (IFP) we stand in front of new professional challenges of the application of new knowledge on abiotic and biotic forest damages in Slovenia and abroad, fast changes of weather conditions in environment, and increasing entry of non-native harmful species into the forests. These facts require development and application of modern IFP strategies (MSIFP). In this article we deal with an important segment of IFP: adequacy of diverse biotechnical methods and chemical agent application for bark beetle control. Bark beetles infestation requires performing all integrated forest protection actions. Preferentially and all year round sanitation felling of the bark beetle infested spruce trees and removal of infested trees from the forest, followed by destruction of bark beetles. Extremely important is timeliness of performance of these actions it must take place before flying out of a new beetle generation, which requires appropriate technical support, coordination, and good organization of all actors of these actions. As an additional action for bark beetle damage reduction it makes sense to increase the number of pheromone traps and "trap trees" in form of fallen trees, trunks and piles (with the thicker parts of branches on the outside of the pile) in the most endangered areas. Traps and "trap trees" could be also used as bark beetle control, but only in certain conditions. As we catch only a part of swarming beetle populations in pheromone traps and "trap trees", we cannot stop escalation of bark beetles only with these actions. Use of insecticides in Slovenia is limited by the Forest Act (1993), use of dangerous insecticides is also forbidden in FSC certified forests. Use of attested insecticides can be reasonably performed only in a limited scope for the immobilization of the infested forest wood assortments, which cannot be transported from forest before the flying out of a new beetle generation. Use of insecticide nets (for example systems Trinet(R) and Storanet(R)) is due to their negative impact on forest ecosystem not justifiable

V vinogradu sorte 'Chardonnay', okuženem z Bois noir fitoplazmo, podjetja Radgonske gorice d.d., smo v obdobju od leta 2006 do leta 2009 proučevali vpliv tehnoloških ukrepov na pogostost pojavljanja trt z znamenji trsnih rumenic. V poskusu smo primerjali dva sistema oskrbe vinograda (sistem A — običajna integrirana pridelava, sistem B — integrirana pridelava, z dodatno uporabo insekticidov in herbicidov). Preučevali smo tudi učinkovitost herbicidov za zatiranje plevelov gostiteljev BN fitoplazme in prenašalca škržatka (Hyalesthes obsoletus Sign.). Poskusi so pokazali, da povečana intenzivnost zatiranja plevelov in uporabe insekticidov, vpliva na dinamiko pojavljanja trt z znamenji okužb s fitoplazmami povzročiteljicami rumenic vinske trte. Pri oskrbi po sistemu A je delež trt z znamenji po letih znašal 4,93 % (2006), 2,99 % (2007), 3,83 % (2008) in 3,06 % (2009). Delež trt, z izraženimi znamenji v delih vinograda z oskrbo po sistemu B pa je znašal 5,48 % (2006), 4,71 % (2007), 3,13 % (2008) in 2,27 % (2009). Z bolj intenzivnim zatiranjem plevelov in uporabo insekticidov na osnovi indoksakarba in klorpirifosa smo dosegli, da se delež trt, ki so kazale znamenja okužb z rumenicami, v poskusnem vinogradu dolgoročno ni povečeval. To posredno kaže tudi na možnost, da se ni povečeval delež okuženih trt. Uspešnost zatiranja plevelov, ki so gostitelji škržatka (Hyalesthes obsoletus Sign.), je možno povečati le z uvajanjem novih vrst herbicidov. The survey on the impact of technological measures on the incidence of vines with symptoms of grapevines yellows was carried out during the period 2006-2009 in the vineyard of Radgonske gorice d.d. on the Chardonnay grapevines , infected with Bois noir phytoplasmas. In the experiment, two vineyard management systems (system A - standard integrated production, system B - integrated production with additional use of insecticides and herbicides) were compared. Furthermore, the efficacy of herbicides for the control of weed, i.e. hosts of BN phytoplasmas and leafhopper vector (Hyalesthes obsoletus Sign.) was examined. The study showed that the increasing intensity of weed control and use of insecticides affect the dynamics of incidence of vines with signs of infection with the pathogenic phytoplasmas of grapevine yellows. In the part of the vineyard managed in accordance to system A the proportion of vines with symptoms was 4.93 % (2006), 2.99 % (2007), 3.83 % (2008) and 3.06 % (2009). The proportion of vines with expressed signs in the part of the vineyard cultivated in accordance to system B was 5.48 % (2006), 4.71 % (2007), 3.13 % (2008) and 2.27 % (2009). With more intensive weed control and use of insecticides on the basis of indoxacarb and chlorpyrifos it was achieved that a long-term increase of proportion of vines with expressed symptoms of infection with grapevine yellows was not recorded in the experimental vineyard. Indirectly, it also indicates the possibility that the proportion of infected vines was not increased. The success of control of weeds, i.e. hosts for leafhoppers (Hyalesthes obsoletus Sign.) can only be increased with the introduction of new types of herbicides.