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Za konstruiranje plazmi izpostavljenih komponent (PFC) fuzijskega eksperimentalnega reaktorja tipa tokamak je eden ključnih pristopov sledenje po silnicah v plazmi, kar omogoča definiranje toplotne obremenitve robne plazme (SOL) in posledično obliko prednjih površin komponent PFC. Za simulacijske kode sledenja po silnicah je značilno, da njihovi algoritmi iskanja presekov silnic niso predvideni za hitre simulacije v obsežni mreži trikotnikov PFC. V magistrski nalogi je razvita programska rešitev kot modul v okolju SALOME za hitro sledenje po silnicah v interpolirani mreži ravnovesnega magnetnega polja SOL in za iskanje presekov silnic z mrežo PFC, popisano z 10 milijonov in več trikotnikov v hierarhičnem prostoru (BVH). Kinematika visoko energijskih delcev, ki pod ostrim kotom zadevajo in s tem toplotno obremenjujejo PFC, temelji na integraciji sistema diferencialnih enačb, ki opisujejo gibanje delcev v osnosimetričnem magnetnem polju ravnovesne plazme. Iskanje presekov magnetnih silnic z mrežo trikotnikov PFC temelji na naprednih algoritmih s pospeševalnimi strukturami BVH jedra za sledenje žarkom Intel Embree. Razvita programska rešitev omogoča določitev osenčene mreže trikotnikov in izračun naložene moči na neosenčenem delu PFC. Primerjalni testi z obstoječimi rešitvami sledenja (PFCFLUX in SMARDDA) kažejo, da programska rešitev daje primerljive rezultate ob pohitritvi simulacij. One of the main approaches for the design of plasma-facing components (PFC) of a tokamak type fusion experimental reactor is plasma magnetic field-line tracing. Such an approach can define the heat load of the Scrape-Off Layer (SOL) plasma and thus the shape of PFC surfaces. Standard codes for magnetic field-line tracing are not optimized for fast simulations in a huge triangle mesh. In this master thesis a software solution as a module in SALOME environment for fast magnetic field-line tracing in an interpolated SOL magnetic equilibrium and for checking intersections of field-lines with PFC meshes of 10 millions or more triangles in Boundary Volume Hierarchy (BVH) is developed. The kinematics of high energy particles, which hit PFC under sharp angles and consequently affect them thermally, is based on the integration of a system of ordinary differential equations which describe the motion of particles in an axisymmetric magnetic field of plasma equilibrium. Intersection checking of magnetic field-lines with PFC triangle meshes is based on state-of-the-art algorithms with acceleration structures (BVH) of the ray tracing kernel Intel Embree. The developed software solution can be used to determine the shadow triangle mesh and to calculate power deposition on the unshadowed part of PFC. Comparative tests with standard solutions for plasma magnetic field-line tracing (PFCFLUX and SMARDDA) show that the software solution gives comparable results with speed-up of simulations.

Diplomska naloga opisuje fuzijo z vidika energetike. Opisane so potrebe po električni energiji v Sloveniji in Svetu. Predstavljene so nekatere konvencionalne in nekonvencionalne elektrarne, ki trenutno proizvedejo največji delež skupno proizvedene električne energije. Predstavljena je fuzija na Soncu, kjer je zaradi visoke temperature vsa snov v stanju plazme. Na Soncu se štirje protoni zlijejo v helijevo jedro, pri čemer je masa helijevega jedra za 0,7% manjša od mase štirih protonov, kar pomeni, da se je masa po enačbi E = mc2 pretvorila v energijo. Razlaga fuzije na Soncu je privedla do proučevanja možnosti uporabe fuzije na Zemlji. Najprej je predstavljen princip delovanja fuzijske bombe, katere uspešnost je privedla do uporabe fuzije za pridobivanje električne energije. Kot najbolj primerno gorivo za fuzijsko elektrarno se uporabljata tritij in devterij, ki ju na Zemlji ni težko pridobiti. Za potek fuzije na Zemlji je potrebna temperatura okoli 100 milijonov K, zato je potrebno plazmo z mešanico devterija in tritija omejiti tako, da se ne dotika sten reaktorja v fuzijski elektrarni. Na podlagi tega so razvili dva glavna tipa fuzijskih reaktorjev in sicer stelerator in tokamak. Tokamak se uporablja v večini poskusnih reaktorjev in bo uporabljen tudi v elektrarni projekta ITER. Gre za projekt, ki bo dokončno dokazal ali ovrgel možnost uporabe fuzije za pridobivanje električne energije. V sklopu diplomske naloge je tudi nakazano kje v učnih načrtih tehnike in tehnologije v 8. razredu bi lahko vnesli fuzijo in kako bi učna ura potekala. The diploma thesis describes fusion from the point of view of energetics. The need for electrical energy in Slovenia and the world is described. Also some conventional and unconventional power plants are described, which at the moment produce the largest amount of collectively produced electrical energy. Another thing that is described is sun’s fusion, where because of high temperatures the entire matter is in plasma state. On the sun, four protons merge into a helium core by which the mass of the helium core is 0, 7% smaller than the mass of four protons, which means that the mass, according to the equation E = mc2, has transformed into energy. The explanation of the sun’s fusion has lead to researching the possibilities for using fusion on Earth. Firstly the principle of how a fusion bomb works is shown, the success of which lead to using fusion for creating electrical energy. As the most appropriate fuel for a fusion power plant, tritium and deuterium are used, both of which are easily obtained on Earth. In order to crate fusion on Earth a temperature of 100 million K is needed, this is why the plasma mix of tritium and deuterium needs to be confined in such a way that it does not touch the sides of the fusion power plant reactor. On the bases of this, two main fusion reactor types have been created, a stellarator and a tokamak. Tokamak is being used in the majority of experimental reactors and will also be used in the project ITER’s power plant. The project will finally prove or disprove the possibility of using fusion for the production of electrical energy. Within the diploma thesis it is also indicated where in the lesion plans for the engineering and technology for the eighth grade fusion could be implemented and how the lesson would proceed.