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Informacijsko komunikacijska tehnologija in digitalizacija že dalj časa zaznamujeta naše življenje. Posledice digitalne revolucije so že dolgo osrednjega pomena za delo različnih mednarodnih organizacij. V vseh ciljih in agendah za naslednja leta se daje poudarek na večanju digitalne zrelosti držav in družbe. Še posebej pa se je vpliv ravni digitalne zrelosti držav pokazal v času krize COVID-19, ko smo bili ljudje primorani ostati doma in smo nekatere storitve lahko opravljali le na daljavo. V magistrskem delu je obdelano področje kazalnikov digitalne zrelosti, ki vplivajo na uporabo storitev e-uprave. Analizirani so kazalniki digitalne zrelosti in njihov vpliv na uporabo storitev e-uprave v Sloveniji in izbranih državah EU. Digitalne veščine in digitalna infrastruktura sta ena izmed glavnih dejavnikov, ki vplivata na to, da nek posameznik uporablja storitve e-uprave. Zato je pomembno, da se daje dovolj velik poudarek na nadaljnjem razvoju teh dveh področij v kombinaciji s preostalimi dejavniki, ki še vplivajo na zmožnost uporabe storitev e-uprave. V empirični raziskavi smo s statistično korelacijo raziskali pomen digitalnih veščin in digitalne infrastrukture na uporabo storitev e-uprave, kjer smo zaznali pozitivno in značilno korelacijo med analiziranimi spremenljivkami, podobno tudi na področju uporabe spletnih storitev in njihovega vpliva na uporabo storitev e-uprave. Z metodo linearne regresije smo raziskali vpliv digitalnih veščin na uporabo storitev e-uprave, kjer smo ugotovili, da digitalne veščine statistično značilno in pozitivno vplivajo na uporabo storitev e-uprave. Raziskani dejavniki digitalne zrelosti nam ponujajo vpogled v kompleksnost obravnavane tematike in odpirajo nove možnosti za nadaljnje raziskave na področju kazalnikov digitalne zrelosti, ki vplivajo na uporabo storitev e-uprave. Information and communication technology and digitization have marked our lives for a long time. The consequences of the digital revolution have long been central to the work of various international organizations. In all goals and agendas for the following years, emphasis is placed on increasing the digital maturity of countries and society. In particular, the impact of the level of digital maturity of countries was shown during the COVID-19 crisis, when people were forced to stay at home and some services could only be provided remotely. The master's thesis deals with the area of digital maturity indicators that affect the use of e-government services. Indicators of digital maturity and their impact on the use of e-government services in Slovenia and selected EU countries are analyzed. Digital skills and digital infrastructure are one of the main factors influencing an individual's use of e-government services. Therefore, it is important to place sufficient emphasis on the further development of these two areas in combination with the remaining factors that still affect the ability to use e-government services. In the empirical research, we used statistical correlation to investigate the importance of digital skills and digital infrastructure on the use of e-government services, where we detected a positive and characteristic correlation between the analyzed variables, similarly in the area of the use of online services and their impact on the use of e-government services. Using the linear regression method, we investigated the influence of digital skills on the use of e-government services, where we found that digital skills have a statistically significant and positive effect on the use of e-government services. The researched factors of digital maturity offer us an insight into the complexity of the discussed topic and open up new possibilities for further research in the field of digital maturity indicators that affect the use of e-government services.

Sodobni digitaliziran svet prinaša novosti z namenom olajševanja in poenostavljanja življenja, med katere uvrščamo modernizirano javno upravo, ki svojim uporabnikom ponuja opravljanje e-storitev javne uprave. Med države z razvitim elektronskim poslovanjem javne uprave umeščamo tudi Slovenijo in Hrvaško. Obe državi sta se na tem področju modernizirali, vendar vsaka s svojim tempom. V diplomskem delu smo s pomočjo znanstvenih in strokovnih virov proučili razvoj e-uprave na podlagi razvojnih strategij Slovenije in Hrvaške, analizirali portala eUprava in e-Građani ter razvoj obeh portalov v triletnem časovnem obdobju. S statistično raziskavo smo za izbrani državi proučili razvoj informacijske družbe v triletnem časovnem obdobju in pri tem uporabili podatke Eurostata. Skozi diplomsko delo smo ugotovili, da se obe državi uspešno razvijata in se skušata približati uporabniku. Vzpostavljata novosti in iščeta rešitve problematik, a kljub vsemu še vedno nista v e-poslovanje prepričali celotne populacije. Ugotovimo lahko, da bo za vzpostavitev primarno digitalnega elektronskega poslovanja javne uprave potrebno še veliko truda in različnih korakov. Diplomsko delo nam ponuja pregled skozi različne razvojne strategije. Opominja nas na spremembe, ki so se na tem področju do zdaj že zgodile in hkrati predstavlja motivacijo in opomnik za nadaljnje premike. Rezultati kažejo na prednosti e-uprave in njene izzive ter spodbujajo k večji uporabi tehnologije in e-storitev uprave za boljšo prihodnost. The modern digitized world brings innovations to facilitate and simplify life. Modernized public administration is classified as one of those, as it offers its users the provision of e-services of the public authority. Slovenia and Croatia are amongst countries with developed electronic operations of public administration. Both have modernized in this area, but each at its own pace. In this thesis, we studied the development of e-government based on the development strategies of Slovenia and Croatia with the help of scientific and professional sources. We analyzed the portals of e-government and e-citizens and the development of both portals over three years. With a statistical survey, we studied the information society development for the selected countries over three years, using Eurostat data. During this research, we found that both countries are developing successfully and are trying to get closer to the user. Although they are establishing innovations and looking for solutions to problems, they still havent managed to convince the entire population to do e-business. We can conclude that establishing a primarily digital electronic business for public administration will require substantial effort and various steps. The thesis offers an overview of different development strategies. It reminds us of the changes that have already taken place in this area and, at the same time, represents motivation and a reminder for further movements. The results show the advantages of e-administration and its challenges and encourage greater use of technology and e-administration services for a better future.

Digitalizacija je danes povsod okoli nas. Čeprav nekateri do nje nimajo osebnega odnosa, nekateri pa jo vidijo kot negativno, saj menijo, da bo spremenila način dela ali pa omejila medčloveške odnose, nam le ta prinaša priložnosti za napredek, inovacije in rešitve za izzive, ki jim do sedaj nismo bili kos. Digitalizacija namreč odpravlja meje, katere je svet poznal nedolgo nazaj. Strokovni članek predstavi pričakovane učinke digitalne transformacije javne uprave, izostri vpogled v aktualne strateške dokumente digitalnega razvoja ter skozi različne analize razkriva stanje digitalizacije javne uprave v Sloveniji.

Digitalizacija je proces, ki na podlagi zavedanja o prednostih informacijsko-komunikacijskih tehnologij spreminja družbene odnose med posamezniki in način poslovanja organizacij. Rezultat uspešne digitalne transformacije so tehnološke inovacije, ohranjanje konkurenčne prednosti in vsesplošni napredek države. Država igra ključno vlogo pri spodbujanju in usmerjanju razvoja digitalizacije, zaveda pa se tudi, da je potrebno oblikovati okolje, ki bo konkurenčnemu razvoju naklonjeno. Digitalizacija državne uprave predstavlja pomemben del procesa digitalne transformacije. Cilj je zagotoviti prilagodljivo, racionalno, učinkovito, uporabno ter transparentno upravo, ki bo z odprtimi podatki med drugim skušala tudi omejevati oz. zmanjševati stopnjo korupcije v državi. Korupcija ima namreč škodljive posledice, saj zavira gospodarski razvoj in povzroča vsesplošno nezaupanje v državo. Magistrsko delo posveča pozornost prednostim digitalizacije, ki bi lahko bile povezane z zmanjševanjem stopnje korupcije. Namen je bil ob mednarodni primerjavi najnovejših meritev vrednosti kazalnikov digitalizacije in korupcije ugotoviti stopnjo medsebojne povezanosti. Sprva smo proučili in obširno predstavili osnovne pojme digitalizacije, digitalne uprave oz. e-uprave ter korupcije. Proučili smo tudi kazalnike digitalizacije in korupcije, na podlagi katerih smo izpeljali empirično raziskavo, ki je temeljila na najbolj svežih podatkih za analizo izbranih držav. V okviru korelacijske analize smo s pomočjo izračuna Spearmanovega koeficienta ugotovili, da v opazovanih letih obstaja zelo močna pozitivna korelacija med kazalniki digitalizacije in korupcije. Zaključimo, da je višja stopnja digitalizacije in razvitosti e-uprave povezana z nižjo stopnjo korupcije in obratno. Spoznanje, da so prednosti digitalizacije izjemnega pomena in lahko bistveno vplivajo na koruptivna ravnanja deležnikov v prihodnosti, predstavlja pomemben prispevek k znanosti in stroki. Digitalization is a process that changes social relations and the way of doing business on the basis of awareness of the advantages of information and communication technologies. The result of a successful digital transformation are technological innovations, maintaining a competitive advantage and the overall progress of the country. The state plays a key role in promoting and directing the development of digitalization, but is also aware of the need to create an environment that is conducive to competitive development. The digitalization of the government is an important part of the digital transformation process. The goal is to provide a flexible, rational, efficient, useful and transparent government, which will, also by deployment of open data, try to limit or reduce the level of corruption in the country. Corruption has harmful consequences, as it hinders economic development and causes widespread mistrust in the country. The master’s thesis pays attention to the advantages of digitalization, which could be related to reducing the level of corruption. The purpose of the international comparison of the latest measurements of the values of digitalization and corruption indicators was to determine the degree of interconnectedness. Initialy we studied and extensively presented the basic concepts of digitalization, digital government, e-government, and corruption. We also studied the indicators of digitalization and corruption, on the basis of which we conducted an empirical study based on the most recent data for the analysis of selected countries. As part of the correlation analysis, we used the Spearman correlation coefficient to find that in the observed years there is a very strong positive correlation between the indicators of digitalization and corruption. We conclude that a higher level of digitalization and development of e-government is associated with a lower level of corruption and vice versa. The conclusion that the benefits of digitalization are of paramount importance and can have a significant impact on future corrupt practices of stakeholders is an important contribution to the administrative practice and science.

Opredelitev e-uprave je več, vsi pa v njej omenjajo uporabo informacijsko-komunikacijskih tehnologij za namen izvajanja storitev javne uprave. Dolgoročni cilji e-uprave vključujejo večanje transparentnosti dela vlade in njenih vej ter vključevanje državljanov v njene procese na lažji način. Značilnosti e-uprave so med drugim nudenje storitev po načelih vse na enem mestu in enkratnega obveščanja, uporaba družbenih omrežij za lažjo participacijo državljanov, omogočanje odprte vlade ter uporaba masovnih podatkov, ki povečujejo transparentnost vladnega delovanja. Moderne značilnosti e-uprave imajo potencial za povečevanje participacije državljanov v demokratičnih procesih in eliminiranje korupcije zaradi večje transparentnosti. V pričujočem delu je izdelana študija razvitosti e-uprave v petih državah, in sicer Danske, Estonije, Avstrije, Slovenije in Hrvaške. Raziskovali smo povezanost razvitosti e-uprave v teh državah z njihovo stopnjo korupcije ter s politično participacijo njihovih državljanov. Osnovno metodološko orodje raziskave je linearna regresija. V analizo so vključeni podatki za leta 2003, 2010 in 2016. Rezultati raziskave razkrivajo, da je višja stopnja korupcije povezana z manjšo stopnjo razvitosti e-uprave v državi. Po drugi strani ugotavljamo, da povezave med razvitostjo e-uprave in stopnjo politično participacije ni. Different definitions of e-government agree that it involves the use of information and communication technologies in governmental operations. One of the long-term intentions of e-government is to improve the transparency of the government processes and to allow simpler participation of citizens. The characteristics of contemporary e-government include provision of one-stop-shop services following the once-only principle, use of social media with the goal of including citizens in government processes, open government and the exploitation of big data to increase the transparency of government processes. Contemporary developments in e-government have a potential to increase participation of the citizens in the democratic processes and to eliminate corruption because they create an environment with increased levels of transparency. This thesis reports upon an empirical study of e-government in five countries of Denmark, Estonia, Austria, Slovenia and Croatia. The goal of the study is to analyze the development of e-government of these five countries in relation to the level of corruption and the political participation of their citizens. The relation is analyzed using linear regression as a central methodological tool as well as data from years 2003, 2010 and 2016. The results of the analysis show that the higher level of corruption is highly related with less developed e-government. The results on the degree of political participation indicate the absence of relation with the development of e-government.

Raziskovalni problem primerjalne analize je preveriti, ali je stopnja razvitosti e-uprave povezana z izbranimi kazalniki razvitosti države ter kakšen je vpliv zgodovine razvoja e-uprave v Sloveniji na povezanost med stopnjo razvitosti e-uprave in izbranimi kazalniki razvitosti države. Trije izbrani kazalniki razvitosti države so: indeks bruto domačega proizvoda na prebivalca, odstotek posameznikov z doseženo terciarno izobrazbo in odstotek posameznikov, ki uporabljajo internet za interakcijo z javnimi organi. V primerjalno analizo sem vključila podatke v obdobju od 2014 do 2017 za 28 držav članic Evropske unije. Pri primerjalni analizi za Slovenijo sem uporabila podatke v obdobju od 2004 do 2017. Uporabila sem metodo linearne regresije in Pearsonov koeficient korelacije. Ugotovitve analize nakazujejo, da glede na Pearsonov koeficient korelacije nimajo vse države članice Evropske unije pozitivne povezanosti med razvitostjo e-uprave in izbranimi kazalniki razvitosti države. Pri linearni regresiji po državah članicah Evropske unije med stopnjo razvitosti e-uprave in indeksom bruto domačega proizvoda na prebivalca ter med stopnjo razvitosti e-uprave in odstotkom posameznikov z doseženo terciarno izobrazbo je povezanost med spremenljivkama neizrazita. Povezanost med stopnjo razvitosti e-uprave in odstotkom posameznikov, ki uporabljajo internet za interakcijo z javnimi organi, je zmerna. Slovenija ima pri vseh izbranih kazalnikih razvitosti države negativno moč linearne povezanosti s stopnjo razvitosti e-uprave. Zmerno povezanost za Slovenijo opazujemo med stopnjo razvitosti e-uprave in indeksom bruto domačega proizvoda na prebivalca ter med stopnjo razvitosti e-uprave in odstotkom posameznikov, ki uporabljajo internet za interakcijo z javnimi organi. Neizrazita povezanost je med stopnjo razvitosti e-uprave in odstotkom posameznikov z doseženo terciarno izobrazbo. Research goal of comparative analysis is to check if there is any connection between level of e-government maturity and selected indices of country development and what impact of history of e-government maturity in Slovenia is on connection between level of e-government maturity and selected indices of country development. Three selected indices of country development are: index of gross domestic product per capita, percentage of population with tertiary education and percentage of population using the Internet to interact with public authorities. In comparative analysis I included data for 28 member states of European Union from years 2014 to 2017. In comparative analysis for Slovenia I used data from years 2004 to 2017. I used linear regression method and Pearson correlation coefficient. Result of analysis, according to Pearson correlation coefficient, shows that not all member states of European Union has positive correlation between level of e-government maturity and selected indices of country development. For member states of European Union is linear correlation weak or relatively low between level of e-government maturity and index of gross domestic product per capita and also between level of e-government maturity and percentage of population with tertiary education. Correlation is moderate when compared level of e-government maturity with percentage of population using the Internet to interact with public authorities. Slovenia has negative linear correlation at all selected indices of country development compared to level of e-government maturity. Moderate correlation for Slovenia is noticed between level of e-government maturity and index of gross domestic product per capita and between level of e-government maturity and percentage of population using the Internet to interact with public authorities. Relatively low correlation is between level of e-government maturity and percentage of population with tertiary education.

Razvoj informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije je bistveno spremenil življenje naše družbe. E-storitve, ki jih ponuja javni sektor, so namenjene bolj učinkovitemu poslovanju javne uprave, višji kakovosti storitev in hitrejšemu izvajanju postopkov za uporabnike. Primer tega je portal eUprava, kjer si lahko državljani s kvalificiranim digitalnim potrdilom npr. podaljšajo prometno dovoljenje, oddajo vlogo za spremembo osebnega imena, oddajo vlogo za štipendijo, in sicer tako na računalniku kot tudi preko pametnih telefonov. Vendar je uporaba portala na dokaj nizki ravni. Trenutno na portalu eUprava deluje le nekaj vodičev po življenjskih dogodkih, in sicer vodič za rojstvo otroka in spletni vodič za poroko, vodič za smrt, vodič za javne shode in prireditve, vodič za selitev ter vodič za nakup in prodajo avtomobila. Vodiči namreč uporabniku olajšajo proces odločanja o variaciji izvajanja posameznega postopka glede na njegove specifične situacije, zato so vodiči želena in potrebna funkcionalnost upravnih portalov. Njihova preprosta uporaba bi namreč pritegnila večjo populacijo ljudi v spletno poslovanje z javno upravo. To prepoznava tudi Evropska unija, ki v svojih kazalnikih meri prav uspešnost implementacije storitev po principu življenjskih dogodkih, kjer Slovenija še vedno kotira bolj pri dnu. Zato želimo število teh vodičev povečati. Za portal e-uprava smo razvili vodič za izgubo/iskanje službe. Razvoj je temeljil na preučitvi zakonskih podlag, na podlagi katerih je bil razvit diagram poteka za iskanje službe, nato pa na podlagi le-tega uporaben prototip vodiča. Predlog razvitega vodiča bi lahko služil pristojnemu ministrstvu, da ga vključi v portal eUprava in tako našo e-upravo še bolj približa v korak z digitalno transformacije naše družbe. Development of information-communication technologies significantly changed the life of our society. E-services offered by the public sector, are intended for more effective operations of public administration, higher quality of service and speed up the implementation of the procedures for the users. An example of this is the portal eUprava, where citizens with a qualified digital certificate can e.g. extend their transport permit, submitt an application for a change of name, submitt an application for a scholarship, both on the computer as well as via smartphones. However, the use of the portal at fairly low levels. Currently only some of the guides according to life events work on the portal eUprava, namely a guide for the birth of the child, a web guide for a wedding, guide for death, a guide for public rallies and events, a guide for migration and a guide for the purchase and sale of a car. Their ease of use would attract a greater population of people in the online business with the public administration. The European union also recognises this, which the performance of the implementation services according to the principle of life events is measuared in its indicators, where Slovenia is still quoted more in the bottom. Therefore, we want the number of these guides to increase. For the eUprava portal, we developed a guide for job loss/search. Development was based on perusal of legal bases, which the development of the flow diagram for a job search was based on and based on the flow diagram, a useful guide prototype was developed. The proposal of the developed guide could serve the competent ministry to add it to the eUprava portal and in that way make our e-government even more in step with the digital transformation of our society.

E-uprava nam v sodobnem času omogoča hitrejše, učinkovitejše in enostavnejše poslovanje z javno upravo. Vendar za delovanje e-uprave ni dovolj samo pridobljeno digitalno potrdilo in informacijska tehnologija. Vzpostavljeno mora biti tudi ustrezno pravno okolje, zanesljiva infrastruktura ter temu pripadajoča znanja. Za razvoj na tem področju je poskrbela vlada z mnogimi strateškimi dokumenti in eden takšnih je Strategija razvoja javne uprave od leta 2015 do 2020. V diplomski nalogi sem predstavila njene razvojne načrte, ki so usmerjeni v modernizacijo delovanja javne uprave ob največjem izkoristku priložnosti, ki ga prinašata internet in tehnologija. Pri tem je vse odvisno od državljanov, ki so pripravljeni vstopiti v digitalni svet in mu zaupati, ter od zaposlenih, ki omogočajo izvedbo e-storitev. Na tej podlagi izvedena anketa na Upravni enoti Velenje je pokazala realno stanje uporabe e-uprave tako s strani državljanov kot zaposlenih. Število prejetih e-vlog in odobrenih digitalnih potrdil kaže na to, da je e-uprava prisotna, vendar v majhni obliki. Državljani kot razlog neuporabe navajajo nizko seznanjenost o možnostih e-uprave in dejstvo, da nimajo ali ne znajo uporabljati digitalnega potrdila. Problem predstavlja zastarela računalniška oprema in nepovezane informacijske rešitve, ki bi omogočale elektronsko vročanje. Delo z IKT in vpeljava e-storitev zahtevata dodatna znanja in veščine. Naloga ministrstva je, da zaposlene pouči o razsežnostih e-uprave in da zagotovi ustrezno okolje, ki bo zaposlenim omogočalo delo z e-storitvami. Ti bodo lahko nadalje pozitivno vplivali na stranke ter jih opozarjali na možnosti, ki jih ponuja omenjena rešitev. E-government enables us to manage business with public administration faster, more efficient and simplier nowadays. For functioning of e-government itself it is not enough just to obtain a digital certificate and information technology. An appropriate legal environment, reliable infrastructure and related knowledge must also be established. The government has passed many strategic documents for development in this particular field. One of such is the Public Administration Development Strategy from 2015 to 2020. I presented development plans of this strategic document which is aiming at modernizing functioning of public administration with the use of internet and technology in my final thesis. It all depends on the citizens. They need to be ready to enter and to trust the digital world as well as the employees that enable the implementation of e-services. I prepared a survey on this basis and it was conducted at the administrative unit Velenje. The results of the survey showed the actual state of use of e-government by citizens and employees. The number of received e-applications and approved digital certificates indicates that e-government is present but in a small format. Citizens refer that low awareness of the possibilities of e-government and non-acquired digital certificate are reasons for the lack of use of the e-goverment. The problems are obsolete computer equipment and unrelated information solutions that would allow electronic delivery. Working with ICT and e-services require additional knowledge and skills. The task of the ministry is to educate employees about the dimensions of e-government and to provide an appropriate environment that will enable them to work with e-services. In that manner employees will have positive impact on the customers and will warn them to the possibilites offered by the mentioned solution.

Informacijska družba nam danes omogoča enostaven, učinkovit in varen dostop do raznovrstnih informacij, kjerkoli in kadarkoli jih potrebujemo, zato tudi poskusi uvedbe informacijskih rešitev na področje izvrševanja ene od najbolj temeljnih demokratičnih pravic – volitev niso nobena izjema. Implementacija interneta v volilni proces ne prinaša le vprašanj s področja sociološko-politološkega in tehničnega okolja, ampak tudi z vidika legitimnosti takega postopka. V magistrskem delu povzamem razvoj elektronskega poslovanja v javni in državni upravi, pojem elektronskih volitev, poskuse vpeljave elektronskih volitev in dobre prakse v Sloveniji, na Norveškem in v Kanadi ter razložimo postopek glasovanja na prvih uspešno izvedenih internetnih volitvah na svetu – v Estoniji. Analizirani so pomisleki in dileme, kot tudi prednosti, ki jih prinaša vpeljava elektronskih volitev. Uvedba elektronskih volitev med drugim pomeni možnost za zmanjšanje stroškov v volilnem procesu, predvsem pa zaustavitev trenda upadanja volilne udeležbe, ki je pereč problem vseh zahodnih demokracij. Zagotavljanje varnosti, transparentnosti in tajnosti je težava, zaradi katere sta vpeljava in uporaba elektronskih volitev še vedno vprašljivi. Rešitev vidim v tehnologiji veriženja podatkovnih blokov, ki nam zaradi narave svojega sistema omogoča implementacijo elektronskih volitev. Glede na dosedanji tehnološki napredek in pozitivno naravnanost širše javnosti za sprejemanje tehnologije veriženja podatkovnih blokov je mogoče sklepati, da je elektronsko glasovanje le še klik stran od realne uvedbe, vendar v podporo tradicionalnemu načinu glasovanja tako doma kot v tujini. Today, the information society provides easy, effective and safe access to various information wherever and whenever we need them therefore, attempts to introduce information technology solutions to the field of executing one of the basic democratic rights – elections are no exception. The implementation of internet into the electoral process does not only give rise to socio-political and technical questions, but also from the perspective of legitimacy of such proceedings. In the master’s thesis, I summarize the development of e-commerce in the public and state administration, the concept of electronic elections, attempts of the introduction of electronic elections and examples of good practices in Slovenia, Norway and Canada, and explain the voting process at the first internet elections in the world – in Estonia. We analyse the concerns and dilemmas, as well as advantages of the implementation of electronic elections. Among others, the introduction of electronic elections also means a possibility to reduce the costs during the electoral process, but mostly it puts a stop to the downward trend of voting participation, which is a pressing problem of all Western democracies. Ensuring safety, transparency and secrecy is a problem that puts the introduction and execution of electronic election under question. In my opinion, the solution is blockchain technology. The nature of its system enables the implementation of electronic elections. Due to the technological progress so far and positive attitude of the general public in terms of accepting the blockchain technology, we can assume that electronic voting is only a click away from reality, but only to support the traditional way of voting, at home as well as abroad.

Razvoj na področju e-uprave lahko omogoči številne ugodnosti tako za javne uprave kot tudi za državljane in je ena od prioritet trenutne sestave Evropske komisije. Vendar gre za zelo kompleksno področje, še posebej v Evropski uniji (EU) zaradi njene večnivojske strukture in razlik med državami članicami. Analiza rezultatov s področja e-uprave v EU je pokazala, da kljub politični volji uporabniku prijazne in čezmejne e-upravne storitve na ravni EU še niso postale resničnost. Slovenija pri rezultatih v vseh kategorijah nekoliko zaostaja za povprečjem EU. Razlike med državami članicami naj bi se izravnavale v procesu evropeizacije, ki ga s pomočjo metodologije analize procesa analiziram na primeru Slovenije. Na potek razvoja in evropeizacijo e-uprave vplivajo različni dejavniki, ki sem jih razdelila na strukturno institucionalne in kontekstualne. Na evropeizacijo na področju e-uprave v Sloveniji so pozitivno vplivali finančni, politični in pravni mehanizmi EU. Zaviralno pa je na ta proces vplivalo veliko število medsebojno različnih akterjev in za zdaj nezadostni koordinacijski mehanizmi med njimi tako na nacionalnem kot na evropskem nivoju. Medtem ko so slovenski strateški dokumenti nadpovprečno usklajeni z evropskimi, je pri izvajanju še prostor za izboljšanje. The development in the field of e-government can enable many benefits for public administrations and for the citizens and is one of the priorities of the current European Commission. However, this is a very complex field, especially in the EU, due to its multi-level structure and differences between the member states. An analysis of results in the field of e-government in the EU has shown that user-friendly and cross-border e-government services have not yet become a reality despite the political will. Slovenia lags a tad behind the EU average in results in all categories. The differences between member states should diminish through the process of Europeanization, which I analyze with the help of process-tracing methodology in the case of Slovenia. The process of development and Europeanization of e-government is affected by various factors. I differentiate between institutionally-structural and contextual factors. Europeanization of e-government in Slovenia has been positively affected by financial, political, and legal factors. A large number of actors and inadequate coordination mechanisms on the national and European level had a negative impact on the other hand. While Slovenian strategic documents are above average harmonized with the European ones, there is room for improvement in implementation.

Magistrsko delo obravnava področje e-storitev javne uprave Republike Slovenije in izpostavlja vpliv implementacije teh storitev na zaposlene v javni upravi. V začetnem delu naloge so opredeljeni informacijska družba, e-uprava ter zaposleni v javni upravi in njihove zmožnosti pri delu. Navedeni so strateški dokumenti, ki vplivajo na smer razvoja, in zakoni, ki so temelj pravne ureditve e-uprave. Osrednja nit magistrskega dela je empirična študija primerjave e-storitev v Sloveniji in Evropski uniji ter vpliv vpeljave e-storitev, kot ga zaznavajo zaposleni v javni upravi v smislu novih in preoblikovanih delovnih nalog. V ta namen smo izvedli empirično raziskavo, v okviru katere smo z anketnim vprašalnikom poizvedeli, v kolikšni meri zaposleni v javni upravi občutijo spremembe zaradi implementacije e-storitev ter kako ocenjujejo spremembe, ki jih vnašajo v opravljanje dela e-storitve. Ugotavljali smo tudi, kako zaposleni v javni upravi občutijo zahteve po drugačnih kompetencah, znanjih in spretnostih pri delu zaradi uporabe informacijsko komunikacijske tehnologije. Analiza rezultatov empirične raziskave je pokazala, da je vpliv implementacije e-storitev na zaposlene v javni upravi precejšen, zaznavajo ga na vseh nivojih in posega v vrsto delovnih nalog. Analiza je nadalje pokazala, da zaradi vpeljave e-storitev zaposleni ocenjujejo, da potrebujejo dodatna znanja, usposabljanja in izobraževanja na več različnih področjih, nekoliko manj pa je izražena potreba po dodatnih kompetencah. Ugotovitve magistrskega dela na eni strani odpirajo pomembno področje raziskovanja, katerega glavni namen je razpoznati dejavnike, ki vplivajo na delo zaposlenih, v povezavi z implementacijo e-storitev, na drugi pa ponujajo odgovore na vprašanje, na katerih področjih je potrebno zagotoviti ustrezna usposabljanja in izobraževanja. The thesis focuses on e-services in the public administration of the Republic of Slovenia and the impact of their implementation on employees in public administration. The initial part of the thesis introduces the concepts of information society and e-government while considering employees in the public administration and their work skills. It also enlists the strategic documents that influence the direction of development and the laws that form the basis of the regulation of e-government. The main topic of the thesis includes a comparative analysis of e-services in Slovenia and the European Union as well as the empirical study of the impact of introducing e-services as perceived by employees in public administration in terms of the resulting new and redesigned work tasks. To this end, we carried out an empirical survey based on a questionnaire about the extent to which employees in the public administration feel and evaluate the changes in their working environment related to the implementation of e-services. We also investigate how employees in public administration perceive the demand for different working competencies and skills due to the use of information and communication technology. The analysis of the empirical research results shows a considerable impact of implementing e-services on employees in the public administration, the impact is perceived at all levels and on a number of different work tasks. The analysis further shows that due to introducing e-services, employees estimate that they need additional knowledge, training and education in several different areas, while the need for additional competencies is less pronounced. Furthermore, the findings of the thesis open an important field of further research whose main purpose is to identify the factors that influence the work of employees in connection with the implementation of e-services. Finally, the thesis findings identify the fields in which employees need further training and education.

Diplomska naloga vzpostavi model informacijskega kioska, ki bi zajemal dobre prakse uspešnih projektov kioskov iz tujine, s katerim bi lahko okrepili ali olajšali povezavo med državljanom in e-upravo v Sloveniji. Skozi predstavitev koncepta kioska se trudi dokazati, da je enostavnost uporabe povezana z dobro zastavljeno uporabniško izkušnjo, ki je intuitivna in ki vodi k hitri rešitvi uporabnikovega problema. Kiosk je predstavljen kot enostavna naprava, ki bi uporabniku omogočala, da sam opravi željeno storitev, medtem ko ga naprava vodi skozi postopek s ciljem, da se le-tega izvede pravilno in čim hitreje. Cilj diplomskega dela je sestaviti konceptni model modernega informacijskega kioska. Za dosego le-tega so pregledane in analizirane dobre prakse uspešnih projektov iz tujine. Rezultati sinteze so, skupaj s priporočili o sestavnih delih, pravilih za pripravo ustrezne uporabniške izkušnje ter zasnovo delovnih tokov, vključeni v konceptni načrt, ki predstavlja optimalno rešitev za slovenske potrebe. Diplomsko delo argumentira, da bi tako zastavljeni kioski bili uporabniku enostavni in prijazni, lažje razumljivi in bi uporabnika sami vodili skozi ustrezne procese. Zaradi svoje enostavnosti bi se tako lahko hitro povečala ciljna množica uporabnikov, kar bi botrovalo k večjemu zanimanju in posledično uporabi elektronske uprave ter s tem zmanjšalo tudi digitalno ločnico. Med pisanjem diplomskega dela sem ugotovila, da čeprav živimo v dobi skoraj stoodstotne povezanosti z internetom, koncept informacijskega kioska še vedno najde svoje mesto pri uporabnikih iz ruralnih območij in starejših generacij, kjer je digitalni razkorak najbolj izrazit. The thesis sets the model for implementing an informational kiosk which would encompass the best practises of successful foreign kiosk projects, with which we could strengthen or alleviate the connection between the citizen and e-government in Slovenia. Through the presentation of the kiosk concept the thesis tries to prove that the ease of use is connected to a well-designed user experience, which is intuitive and leads to a swift solution of the user's problem. The kiosk is described as a simple device which lets the user use the available services by themself while leading them through the process with the final goal of doing it correctly and quickly. The goal of the thesis is to assemble a conceptual model of a modern informational kiosk. To reach that goal, foreign projects were researched and analysed in order to collect their best practises. The results of the synthesis, along with the recommendations for the components, user experience design guidelines and user workflows are included in the plan, which would represent the optimal solution for the needs of the Slovene e-government. The thesis defends the fact that the presented kiosk would be user friendly, easier to understand and would guide the user through the propper process. Because of its user friendliness, it could quickly increase the end-user base and the use of e-government services, which would in-effect decrease the digital divide. While working on the thesis, I came to the conclusion that even though we live in the age of almost 100 percent internet connectivity, the informational kiosk can still find its place with users in the rural areas and with the elderly where the digital divide is most prominent.

Obstaja veliko študij, ki se ukvarjajo s primerjalnim vrednotenjem e-uprave. Razlog za tako popularnost primerjalnega vrednotenja je interes različnih držav za boljši vpogled v trenutno specifično fazo razvoja e-uprave na nacionalni ravni. Ta vpogled hkrati razkriva pozitivne in negativne plati razvoja v primerjavi z drugimi državami ter tiste vidike, ki jih je treba izboljšati. Namen naše študije, ki vsebuje analizo razvitosti e-uprave v Sloveniji, Avstriji, Hrvaški, Danski in Estoniji v letih 2014, 2015 in 2016, je ugotoviti, ali v izbranih državah obstaja povezanost med stopnjo razvitosti e-uprave in drugimi izbranimi dejavniki razvitosti države (višina bruto domačega proizvoda, stopnja izobrazbe in stopnja interakcije z javnimi organi). Za opisovanje ključnih pojmov e-uprave in kazalnikov razvitosti smo uporabili metodo deskripcije, s komparativno in statistično metodo pa smo primerjali izmerjene vrednosti izbranih kazalnikov. Ugotovitve analize ne nakazujejo povezanosti med višino BDP in stopnjo razvitosti euprave. Pri nižji in srednji stopnji izobrazbe obstaja negativna povezanost, kar pomeni, da manjši kot so deleži prebivalstva z nižjo oziroma srednjo izobrazbo, bolj se povečuje stopnja razvitosti e-uprave. Delež prebivalstva z visoko izobrazbo pa je pozitivno povezan s stopnjo razvitosti e-uprave. Močna pozitivna povezanost je prav tako prisotna med stopnjo interakcije z javno upravo in stopnjo razvoja e-uprave. Izjema je le Slovenija, kjer se stopnja interakcije z javnimi organi znižuje s povečevanjem stopnje razvitosti e-uprave. S primerjalno analizo smo pridobili boljši vpogled v stanje e-uprave v izbranih državah ter s tem prispevali k boljšemu razumevanju obravnavanega področja in k identifikaciji povezanosti razvitosti e-uprave z drugimi kazalniki razvoja države. There are many studies dealing with comparative evaluation of e-government. The reason for such popularity of comparative evaluation is the interest of different countries for a better insight into the current, specific phase of e-government development at the national level. At the same time, this insight reveals positive and negative aspects of development in comparison with other countries and emphasizes those aspects that need to be improved. The purpose of our study, which includes the analysis of the development of e-government in Slovenia, Austria, Croatia, Denmark and Estonia in 2014, 2015 and 2016, is to determine whether a correlation between the level of development of egovernment and other selected factors of the country's development (amount of gross domestic product, level of education, level of interaction with public authorities) exists in selected countries. In order to describe the key concepts of e-government and development indicators, a descriptive method was used, and with the comparative and statistical method we compared the measured value of the selected indicators. The findings of the analysis do not indicate the correlation between the level of GDP and the level of development of e-government. At the lower and middle level of education, there is a negative correlation, which means that smaller the proportions of the population with lower and secondary education are, higher is the level of development of e-government. The proportion of the population with higher education positively correlates with the level of e-government development. A strong positive correlation is also present between the level of interaction with public authorities and the level of egovernment development. The only exception is Slovenia, where the level of interaction with public authorities is decreasing by increasing the level of e-government development. With our comparative analysis we gained a better insight into the condition of egovernment in selected countries and thus contributed to a better understanding of the area as well as identified the connection between the development of e-government and other indicators of the country's development.

V diplomski nalogi smo raziskovali področje odzivnosti slovenske javne uprave v okviru elektronskega poslovanja. Merili smo, kolikšen del slovenske javne uprave se odziva na elektronska sporočila preko e-pošte in zasebna Facebook sporočila občanov, ter kako hitro se te odzivajo. Cilj diplomskega dela je na podlagi raziskave prikazati sedanje stanje na področju odzivnosti slovenske e-uprave preko elektronske pošte ter Facebooka. V okviru raziskave smo izbranim organizacijam javne uprave (občine, upravne enote, ministrstva, centri za socialno delo in zdravstveni domovi) poslali 413 sporočil preko e-pošte in 73 zasebnih Facebook sporočil vsem občinam, ki imajo ustvarjeno stran oz. profil na Facebook-u. Na podlagi rezultatov smo ugotovili, da vse organizacije ne upoštevajo zakonsko opredeljenega roka 15 dni za odgovor na dopise občanov. Glede hitrosti pa smo ugotovili, da se izbrane organizacije odzivajo kar hitro. Diplomsko delo obsega predstavitev odzivnosti javne uprave na sporočila občanov v elektronski obliki in slovenski javni upravi omogoča pregled trenutnega stanja na tem področju ter smernice za naprej. In the diploma thesis we were researching the responsiveness of Slovenian public administration. We measured how much of the Slovenian public administration responds to emails and private Facebook messages to citizens, and how quickly they respond. The goal of the diploma thesis is to present the current situation in the responsiveness of Slovenian e-government via e-mail and Facebook. During the research 413 e-mails were sent to selected public administration organizations (municipalities, administrative units, ministries, social and helth centers) and 73 Facebook messages to the municipalities that have a page on Facebook. Based on the results, all organizations do not reply within the deadline of 15 days. Regarding the speed, the selected organizations respond fairly quickly. The diploma thesis contains presentation of responsiveness of the public administration to messages from citizens in electronic form and enables the public administration to review the current state of affairs and a guide for future reforms.

Razvoj e-uprave je zelo vplival na spremembe v organizaciji in načinu dela na vseh področjih ter poudarja povečanje učinkovitosti in uspešnosti poslovanja. Kadar se pri uporabnikih vpeljuje elektronsko poslovanje, so potrebne tudi tehnične rešitve, kajti elektronsko poslovanje prinaša tudi večji nadzor nad delovanjem celotnega postopka. Tudi v Sloveniji je želja po zmanjšanju sive ekonomije zelo velika, zato se je temeljito lotila zraven različnih davčnih reform tudi zmanjševanja davčnih utaj, kar je tudi razlog za uvedbo davčnih blagajn. Skozi magistrsko nalogo bom poskušala analizirati razvoj e-uprave ter elektronskega davčnega poslovanja. Predstavila bom davčne utaje in njihovo zmanjševanje ter motive za davčno utajevanje. Posebno pozornost bom namenila davčnim blagajnam, kot enemu izmed orodij za omejevanje davčnih utaj. Predstavila bom sistem delovanja davčnih blagajn na splošno in podrobneje raziskala sistem davčnih blagajn na Hrvaškem in analizirala učinkovitost davčnih blagajn pri nas kot pri določenih evropskih državah. Vsekakor me zanimajo stanje in rezultati po uvedbi davčnih blagajn v Sloveniji in jih bom poskušala tudi podrobneje predstaviti. Skozi celotno delo bom skušala predstaviti rešitve ter ukrepe in zakonodajo, ki je sprejeta v Sloveniji. Ugotovitve so, da je prednost potrebno vsekakor dajati poostrenemu davčnemu nadzoru, ukrepom na področju zaposlovanja na črno ter spodbujanju brezgotovinskega plačevanja. Development of e-uprava (e-government) strongly affected the changes in organization and mode of operation in all areas and emphasizes the enhanced efficiency and effectiveness of operation. When users implement e-operation they require technical solutions, since e-operation provides better control over the operation of the entire procedure. In my master’s thesis, I will try to analyse the development of e-uprava and electronic tax operations. I will present tax evasions and their reduction and the motives for tax evasion. I will pay special attention to fiscal cash registers as one of the tools to limit tax evasions. I will present how the fiscal cash register system operates in general and explore in more details the fiscal cash register system in Croatia, and analyse the efficiency of fiscal cash registers in Slovenia as well as in certain European countries. I am very interested in the condition and the results after the introduction of fiscal cash registers in Slovenia which I will also try to present in more details. Throughout the thesis I will try to present solutions, measures and legislation adopted in Slovenia. The findings are that we should certainly focus on stronger fiscal control, measures in the field of illegal employment, and encourage cashless payment.

Področje javne uprave je bilo že od samega začetka zelo težko natančno razložiti. Praktično ni področja človeškega delovanja, v katerem javna uprava ne bi igrala pomembne vloge. Reforme javne uprave so v zadnjih nekaj letih zelo aktualna tema in zato jim posvečamo vedno več pozornosti. Magistrsko delo obravnava področje uspešnosti reform slovenske javne uprave in je usmerjeno predvsem v dileme oziroma kritike zastavljenih strategij. Vse reforme slovenske javne uprave se v zadnjih 20. letih lahko štejejo za uspešne v smislu metodološkega in tehničnega napredka. Napredovali smo pri racionalizaciji struktur in optimizaciji procesov. Manj se lahko pohvalimo v zvezi s spornimi postopki z vidika interesov na primeru lokalne samouprave ter sistema javnih uslužbencev in njihovih plač. Pri doseganju končnega cilja sem ugotovila, da se nekateri od zastavljenih ukrepov, ki so bili opredeljeni v strategijah, dejansko sploh niso realizirali. Glede zastavljenih strategij je precej kritik, izpostavljena je strategija razvoja slovenske javne uprave za obdobje 2015-2020, strategija e-uprave za obdobje 2006-2010 in strategija razvoja lokalne samouprave do leta 2020. Ugotovimo, da gre pri strategijah bolj za skupek dobrih želja oziroma povzetek prejšnjega stanja. Ni zastavljene nikakršne analize, ki bi bila podlaga za spremembe. Da bi zagotovili ustrezen razvoj in napredek na tem področju, bi bilo treba natančno opredeliti jasne ukrepe, ter celovito zastaviti strategije, in le tako lahko pričakujemo uspešen sistem reform. Za nadaljnji razvoj javne uprave bo bistveno, da se izvaja modernizacija na vseh področjih, predvsem tistih, ki so najbolj kritična. Večjo pozornost bo treba nameniti zastavljanju strategij razvoja javne uprave. To explain the public administration field in detail has always been a demanding task. In fact, the public administration has an imperative role in almost every area of human action. The public administration reforms are currently a very popular subject matter and thus more favored in receiving attention. In my (Master's) thesis I cover the field's successfulness of the public administration reforms and focus mainly on dilemmas or critics of the set strategies. All Slovenian public administration reforms that have been passed in the last 20 years can be accounted for very successful, not only in methodological, but also its technical sense. We have also improved at streamlining structures and optimizing processes. We are less successful in terms of disputable proceedings from the perspective of interests, for instance, local self-government, the public servants’ system and their salaries. While reaching the final goal of my thesis I recognized that certain measures I set in strategies were not realized at all. As far as strategies are concerned, there are quite criticized - a specific stress is put on the strategy of the development of the Slovenian public administration in the periods from 2015 to 2020, the strategy of the e-management in the periods from 2006 to 2010 and the strategy of the development of the local self-government to the year 2020. I discover that strategies are more like a unit of good intentions or better to say synopsis of a previous condition. There is no specific analysis which would be the basis for changes. To secure an adequate development and progress in this field, it is imperative to take transparent measures and set strategies in their entireties. Only then can we expect a successful reform system. For further development of the public administration it is essential to modernize in all fields, particularly in those which are most critical. A more close attention will have to be put on setting up strategies for the development of the public administration.

Javna uprava je z uvedbo e-poslovanja približala upravo strankam in tako zmanjšala čakalne vrste na okencih, dosegla pa je tudi veliko zastavljenih ciljev in sicer, da je uporabnikom ponudila varne, enostavne in dostopne elektronske storitve. With the implementation of electronic services, the public administration has brought the administration closer to its customers, cutting the queues at administrative units in half.

Nenehen razvoj tehnologij omogoča, da se pridobivanje, obdelave in izmenjave informacij odvijajo skoraj v realnem času, kar na drugi strani zahteva, da so procesi, ki to omogočajo, ustrezno prilagojeni in tehnološko podprti. Najnovejši trend v razvoju informacijsko komunikacijske tehnologije, ki ga poznamo pod imenom računalništvo v oblaku, s svojim konceptom in možnostmi omogoča in hkrati spodbuja razvojne inženirje, da prilagodijo dosedanje rešitve za uporabnike novim možnostim ali jih celo oblikujejo povsem na novo. Poleg tehnologije pa na razvoj vplivajo tudi spremembe v obnašanju in načinu izmenjave informacij med ljudmi. Razna socialna omrežja v zadnjih letih pomembno vplivajo na način razmišljanja in odzivanja ljudi na spremembe v okolici. Razvoj in spremembe niso značilne samo za privatni sektor ampak se odvijajo tudi v javnem sektorju oz. državni upravi. Tudi za javni sektor namreč velja, da se mora prilagajati svojemu okolju in potrebam državljanov, zato lahko tudi na tem področju zasledimo zadnja leta pomembne premike v izboljšanju informacijske podpore za državljane in poslovne subjekte. Prenova državne informatike in uvedba državnega računalniškega oblaka sta pri nas v preteklem letu omogočila osnovo, da se lahko v prihodnje pomembno izboljšajo procesi informacijske podpore za državljane in podjetja in na ta način prispevajo k povečanju družbene blaginje. Tema naloge se dotika vprašanja v kakšni meri in če sploh računalništvo v oblaku vpliva na povečanje fleksibilnosti izvajanja storitev za državljane. V nalogi želim na osnovi analize računalništva v oblaku, stanja in sprememb, ki so se odvijale na področju državne informatike in načrtov, ki so v tej zvezi bili do sedaj objavljeni, ugotoviti, ali je možno pričakovati pozitivne spremembe in kakšne so možnosti, da se načrti v prihodnosti tudi uresničijo. Skozi opravljene intervjuje s posamezniki, ki so bodisi v funkciji ključnih akterjev ali so zgolj uporabniki na nivoju posameznih ministrstev, sem želel pridobiti relevantno podlago za analizo in oceno izvedljivosti projekta ter v zaključku izpostaviti tveganja, ki vplivajo na izvedljivost tako velikih projektov. A continuous development of technologies enables us to gather, process and exchange information almost in real time, which in turn requires for the processes which make this possible to be properly adjusted and technologically supported. Cloud computing, the latest trend in the development of information and communication technology, with its concept and possibilities provides and encourages development engineers to adapt the existing solutions for the users to new possibilities or even to create them anew. In addition to the technologies, the development is also affected by changes both in behaviour and the way of exchanging information among people. Various social networks in recent years have a significant impact on the way people think and react to changes in their environment. Development and changes are not characteristic to the private sector only, but are carried out in the public sector or in civil service. Public sector needs to adapt to its environment and the needs of the citizens, therefore, we can also trace important steps in improving IT support for citizens and firms in recent years. In the past year, the renovation of information technology and the introduction of the national computer cloud formed the foundation, on which we will be able to improve the processes of IT support for both citizens and firms and, thus, we will be able to contribute to increasing social welfare. The thesis addresses the question to what extent and whether at all cloud computing has an impact on increasing the flexibility of providing services to citizens. The thesis is based on the analysis of cloud computing, the situation and the changes that took place in the area of national informatics and the plans published so far, and aims to determine whether it is possible to expect positive changes and what are the possibilities that such future plans realize. Through the interviews conducted with individuals who are either key operators or common users at the level of specific ministries, the goal was to obtain a relevant basis for the analysis and assessment of the project's feasibility and to highlight the risks that affect the feasibility of such large projects.

V diplomskem seminarju smo raziskali kakšen je pomen in uporaba spletnih državnih portalov. Pri tem smo kot primerjavo dodali poleg Slovenskega državnega portala še Avstrijskega in Angleškega. Prednost vsake državne uprave je vsekakor dostopnost na spletu, pri tem tudi dostopnost do informacij in osebnih stvari, sam uporabnik pa lahko preko enotne vstopne točke dostopa do različnih državnih institucij, zakonikov, informacij javnega značaja. V uvodnem delu smo preučili osnovne teoretične značilnosti elektronskega poslovanja, kaj sploh je elektronsko poslovanje, v kakšnih oblikah se pojavlja. V teoretičnem delu smo opisali tudi spletne portale, oblike in vrste portalov smo se osredotočili na državne spletne portale, pri tem smo naredili kratko predstavitev Državnega portala Republike Slovenije. Kasneje v praktičnem delu pa smo s pomočjo kriterijev, ki označujejo spletna mesta naredili kratko primerjalno analizo z Angleškim vladnim portalom gov.uk in Avstrijskim državnim portalom Help.gov.at. Vsi portali so v večini namenjeni uporabnikom, in pravnim osebam. Pogledali smo kaj nam posamezni državni portal ponuja. Kakšne so same lastnosti posameznih portalov. Same državne uprave se zavedajo uporabnosti in tudi povezave z prebivalstvom, posameznimi uporabniki, zaradi tega je treba poudariti da so potrebne tudi sprotne nadgradnje in dostopnost do posameznih vsebin. In this thesis seminar we explored what is the significance and use of the Web sites of Government State portals. As a comparison we added in addition to the Slovene national Government portal also Austrian and English Government Web portal. The advantage of each Government is the availability on the Web and also accessibility to information’s of personal things which allows that every user can through a single point entry or access to the various State institutions, codes, information in the public domain. In the introductory part, we examine the basic theoretical characteristics of electronic business, what is electronic commerce and in which the forms occurs. In the theoretical part we describe also the Web-portals, forms and types of portals, focused on Government Web portals. We made also a short presentation of the Government portal of the Republic of Slovenia, later in practical work we were using criteria that indicate Web sites and we did a brief comparative analysis of the English web portal gov.uk and Austrian State Government Portal Help.gov.at. Both of portals are most intended on users and legal persons. We looked at each of us national portal offers. What are the features of the individual portals themselves. The State Government itself is aware of the usability and also connection with the population, individual users, and because of this, it should be noted that is necessary that there are constant required upgrades and access to individual content.

V magistrskem delu smo obravnavali prenovo portala Republike Slovenije E-uprava, ki je bila izvedena z agilno metodologijo scrum. Zahtevnost prenove državnega portala je predvsem v njegovi kompleksnosti, spreminjajočem se okolju ter nujnosti tesnega sodelovanja državne uprave in izbranega razvijalca. V nalogi smo zasledovali dva cilja. Prvi je bil analizirati primernost metodologije scrum za prenovo portala, drugi pa je bil ugotoviti, ali lahko s podatkovnim rudarjenjem z orodjem Orange prepoznamo kritična mesta in problematične korake portala E-uprava pri oddajanju elektronskih vlog. V ta namen smo z metodo podatkovnega rudarjenja podrobno analizirali obstoječi portal E-uprava in korake za izpolnitev posameznih vlog. Ugotovili smo, da je scrum za izbrani projekt primeren, identificirali pa smo tudi njegove kritične dele, npr. kadrovske in organizacijske spremembe sredi projekta, discipliniranost, sprejemanje odločitev. Tudi odkrivanje znanja v podatkih smo potrdili kot uspešno. Alfa različico prenovljenega portala E-uprava smo testirali s skupino študentov Fakultete za upravo Univerze v Ljubljani. Ugotovili smo, da se uporabniki na prenovljenem portalu lažje znajdejo, saj je poleg izgleda portala prenovljena tudi struktura in vsebina posameznih storitev, ki je kratka in jedrnato napisana. V veliki večini so uporabniki iskali in našli informacije z iskalnikom, uporabili in pohvalili pa so tudi nove funkcionalnosti. Magistrsko delo zaključuje SWOT-analiza projekta. Magistrsko delo Prenova portala E-uprava lahko koristi vodstvu projekta pri boljšem organiziranju dela in določanju prednostnih nalog nadaljnje prenove, poleg tega pa je lahko tudi primer prikaza izvedbe projekta za ostale državne portale, za katere se načrtuje prenova. In this master's thesis we have examined the renovation of National Portal of the Republic of Slovenia E-uprava (E-government) that has been carried out by using the Scrum agile methodology. The renovation process of a government-run portal turns out to be of a great pretension which is throughout determined by its complexity, the changing environment and a tight cooperation between the government administration and the selected contractor. In this master's thesis we have pursued two objectives: firstly, to analyze the appropriateness of the Scrum methodology for the renovation of the portal and secondly, to determine whether we can use data mining (in particular through the Orange tool) to identify the critical roles and problematic steps when submitting electronic applications. In order to achive both objectives we have analyzed the existing E-government portal in details, as well as the necessary steps that are required for fulfilment of different applications. We have come to the conclusion that the Scrum methodology is appropriate for renovation of E-government portal. We have also identified its critical factors, for example, organizational and personnel changes in the middle of the project, discipline and decision making. In addition we have also confirmed the knowledge discovery of data as successful. We have also tested an alpha version of a renovated portal together with a group of students from the Faculty of Administration of University of Ljubljana. We have found out that renovated portal is easier to use, not only because of a new design but in a large extent due to a new structure and contents of specific services that are now available in a short and brief manner. The vast majority of users searched and found information through a search engine, while they have also used and praised new functionalities. Master's thesis is concluded by a SWOT analysis of the project. Master's thesis Renovation of E-Government portal can be of assistance to the leadership of this project in improvement of organization and setting further priorities of renovation. It may also serve as a vaulable sample to the other goverment-sponsored portals that are being planned for optimization and modernization.

Celovita prenova danega družbeno – ekonomskega sistema ni več ena izmed izbir, marveč nuja. Učinkovitejše, pravičnejše in bolj ali celo povsem sonaravno poslovanje, prilagojeno odjemalcu, nas ne bo peljalo v polom, ampak iz njega. Danes lahko preko uporabe novih tehnologij in v korist napredka in trajnostnega razvoja vključimo v proces e-poslovanja državljane. Vladni uradi preko participativnih procesov prav tako sodelujejo z državljani v zagotavljanju storitev. Ob pregledu najuspešnejših držav v e-poslovanju opazimo nedavni napredek na področju e-uprave, kjer so državljani tako uporabniki kot koproducenti javnih storitev. Razprave o e-upravi se večinoma vrtijo okoli poudarka na funkcijah glede zagotavljanja storitev, upravljanja informacij in uporabe tehnologij. Vendar sega e-poslovanje v javni upravi daleč preko tega okvirja. Potrebno je uvesti širši, sistemski pristop e-poslovanja in v celoti izkoristiti prednosti na vseh področjih javne uprave in s tem preseči tehnokratski poudarek. Sistemski pristop ponuja rešitev tehnoloških dilem, ki trenutno prevladujejo v e-upravi. E-uprava je neizbežna v državah, ki stremijo k boljšemu upravljanju s podatki. Upravljanje presega državne enklave, usmerjeno je k civilni družbi in k sodelovanju z zasebnimi podjetji. Vključuje vse subjekte, od posamezne družine, od posameznika do države. Torej, v okviru e-uprave pričakujemo vključenost v sodelovanje med različnimi možnostmi uveljavljanja, tako političnih, socialnih, gospodarskih, kot upravnih procesov. Javno upravo je potrebno podkrepiti s pomočjo e-uprave in izkoristiti enormne možnosti, ki jih ta ponuja. Skladno s sistemskim pristopom v javni upravi, so cilji e-uprave usmerjeni k usklajevanju vizij javnih institucij, virov podatkov, vzpostavitvi infrastrukture, ki je potrebna za integracijo procesov upravljanja in za sinhronizacijo sodelovanja vladnih služb ter za zagotavljanje kakovostnih storitev svojim upravičencem – državljanom. Complete renovation of a socio - economic system is no longer one of choice, but a necessity. More efficient, more fair and more sustainable or even fully operating, customized client will not be tantamount to a disaster, but from him. Today, powerful new technologies can be used to advance sustainable development while including them in the process of e- business. Governmental institutions also engage citizens through participatory service delivery processes. Upon a review of the most successful countries in e-commerce we noticed recent progress in e-government in a growing number of countries where citizens are both users and co-producers of public services. Discussions on e-government mostly revolve around emphasis on its functions with regard to service delivery, management and use of information technologies. But extends e-commerce in public administration far beyond this framework. It is necessary to introduce a broader, systemic approach of e-commerce and take full advantage of all areas of public administration and thus exceed the technocratic emphasis. System approach offers technological solutions dilemmas that currently prevails in e -government. E-government is inevitable in countries that aim to improve data management. Management beyond national enclaves is directed to civil society and to cooperate with private companies. Includes all entities of each family, the individual to the country. So, in the context of e-government is expected involvement in co-operation between the various options the exercise of political, social, economic and administrative processes. Public administration must be enhanced with the help of e-government and to take advantage of the enormous offered opportunities. In accordance with the system approach of public administration, the requirement of e-government, public institutions to align their vision, data sources and infrastructure needed for the integration of process management and synchronization of cooperation of government departments and to provide quality services to its beneficiaries - the citizens.

Hiter razvoj osebnih računalnikov in računalniških komunikacij omogoča spremembe v načinu upravljanja države in v komunikaciji med državo in njenimi državljani. Za uporabo informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije (IKT) v državni upravi se uporablja izraz e-uprava. Proces uvajanja e-prave je dolgotrajen in se ne konča vedno z optimalnimi rezultati. IKT se lahko v državni upravi uporablja za različne namene od obveščanja prebivalstva, nudenja servisnih uslug v režimu online, do povečanja aktivne vloge državljanov v procesu upravljanja države. Aktivna participacija državljanov je še posebej pomembna na lokalnem nivoju, saj se tu odloča o stvareh, ki so ljudem najbližje. Z analizo spletnega mesta posamezne lokalne skupnosti lahko ugotovimo stopnjo razvitosti e-uprave v tej skupnosti, posamezne primere dobrih praks, pa lahko z ustreznimi modifikacijami prenesemo v svoje lokalno okolje. Rapid development of personal computers and the internet has changed the process of government and changed how governments communicate with people. The term e-government refers to use of information-communication technology (ICT) in the process of government. Implementation of e-government is a long term process and results are not always optimal. ICT can be used for disseminating information, conducting services online or enhancing citizen participation in policy decision making. Citizen participation is especially important at local level because decisions made here have the biggest impacts on peoples' lives. Analyzing municipal website we can assess e-government maturity in a community, and with needed modification, we can transfer some of best practices for use in our own local community.