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Uvod: Pretirana uporaba kemičnih gnojil v zadnjih nekaj desetletij vodi v onesnaženost vode, zraka in prsti. Kmetijstvo se zato usmerja v trajnostni način kmetijske pridelave z uporabo komposta, pridelanega iz biološko razgradljivih odpadkov, ki obnovi rodovitnost prsti. Med kompostiranjem se v kompostu zmanjšuje število patogenih mikroorganizmov, ki bi lahko predstavljali tveganje za zdravje ljudi. Namen: Želeli smo ugotoviti število različnih vrst mikroorganizmov v kompostu iz biološko razgradljivih odpadkov v različnih fazah njegove predelave s poudarkom na prisotnosti in številu bakterij E. coli in Salmonella. Metode dela: 24 tednov smo spremljali celoten proces kompostiranja ene šarže kompostnega kupa v kompostarni podjetja Simbio in pri tem odvzeli skupno 80 vzorcev komposta za mikrobiološke preiskave in 160 vzorcev za fizikalno-kemijske analize. Z mikrobiološkimi preiskavami smo ugotavljali koncentracijo posameznih skupin mikroorganizmov z metodo štetja kolonij na gojiščih. Spremljali smo tudi fizikalno-kemijske parametre vzorcev komposta (temperatura, pH, vsebnost suhe snovi in vsebnost nitritov in nitratov). Rezultati: Začetna mezofilna faza je bila kratka, zajeli smo jo v 1. tednu kompostiranja, kjer smo prisotnost E. coli dokazali v 2 od 10 vzorcev komposta. Bakterije Salmonella v mezofilni fazi nismo zaznali. Termofilna faza kompostiranja je trajala do 18. tedna kompostiranja. V tej fazi se je povprečno število vseh preiskovanih vrst mikroorganizmov znižalo, pri čemer je njihovo število naraslo ob vlaženju kompostnega kupa z izcedno vodo v 5. tednu kompostiranja. Najvišje povprečno število vrste E. coli je bilo v 11. tednu kompostiranja (4,9 log CFU/g) v termofilni fazi. Bakterije Salmonella tudi v termofilni fazi nismo zaznali. Faza ohlajanja in zorenja je trajala od 18. do 24. tedna kompostiranja. V tej fazi smo bakterijo E. coli ugotovili v 8 od 10 vzorcev komposta v 24. tednu kompostiranja njeno povprečno število v tem tednu je bilo 4,5 log CFU/g. Tudi bakterijo Salmonella smo zaznali v 24. tednu kompostiranja v 3 od 10 vzorcev komposta. Razprava in sklep: Hipotezo, da bosta z Uredbo (2013) predpisani mejni vrednosti število Escherchia coli in prisotnost Salmonella v vzorcih presežena (ne bosta skladni), lahko delno potrdimo. Primerjali smo rezultate 18. in 24. tedna kompostiranja, saj smo v 18. tednu predvideli zaključek kompostnega procesa. Vrednosti števila E. coli in prisotnost Salmonella v kompostu v 18. tednu kompostiranja ustrezata normativom, kar pomeni, da se kompost lahko uvrsti v 1. in 2. kakovostni razred. V 24. tednu kompostiranja je število bakterij E. coli in prisotnost vrst Salmonella presegalo normative iz Uredbe (2013), zato ta šarža komposta ne more biti uvrščena v 1. ali 2. kakovostni razred. Kompost glede na 24. teden kompostiranja, ni primeren za uporabo v kmetijstvu in se ravna v skladu s predpisom, ki ureja odpadke. Introduction: In the recent few decades the overuse of chemical fertilizers has led to pollution of water, air, and soil. Agriculture has found a new way to renew the fertility of the soil with a sustainable way of farming with the use of compost made from biodegradable waste. Through the composting process the number of pathogen microorganism that could become a health risk for people decrease. Purpose: We want to find out the number of different species of microorganisms in compost from biodegradable waste in different stages of composting with special reference to bacteria E. coli and Salmonella. Methods: Through compost plant of the company Simbio, we were monitoring a batch of composting pile composting for 24 weeks and took overall 80 samples of compost for microbiological examination and 160 samples for physical-chemical analysis. With microbiological examinations of compost, we were counting colonies on bacteria growth medium for different species of microorganisms. We were also monitoring physical-chemical parameters of compost (temperature, pH value, dry matter content, and the content of nitrites and nitrates). Results: Initiative mesophilic phase was short. We were able to capture it in the first week of composting where E. coli was found in 2 out of 10 samples of compost. Salmonella was not detected in the mesophilic phase. The thermophilic phase of composting lasts until the 18th week of composting. In this phase, the average number of all tested microorganisms decreased but rose again due to watering composting pile with compost leachate water in the fifth week of composting. The highest average number of species E. coli was in the 11th week of composting (4.9 log CFU/g). Bacteria Salmonella was also not detected in the thermophilic phase. The phase of cooling and maturation lasts from the 18th until the 24th week of composting. In this phase, we detected bacteria E. coli in 8 of 10 samples of compost in the 24th week of composting with the average number 4.5 log CFU/g. Salmonella was additionally detected in the 24th week of composting in 3 of 10 samples of compost. Discussion and conclusion: The hypothesis that limiting values of E. coli and the presence of Salmonella in the samples of compost will not be consistent with the Regulation (2013) can be partially confirmed. We were comparing the results from the 18th and 24th week of composting because we predicted the conclusion of composting process at the end of the 18th week of composting. The number of E. coli and the presence of Salmonella in compost at the 18th week of composting were consistent with the norms, which means that this compost can be classified as the first and the second quality class. At the 24th week of composting, a number of bacteria E. coli and the presence of species Salmonella exceeded the norms from the Regulation (2013). Compost batch from 24th week of composting cannot be classified as the first or the second quality class. Regarding the 24th week of composting, compost is not suitable for the use in agriculture and is handled in accordance with adequate waste regulation.

Biološko razgradljivi odpadki in njihova predelava so osnovna tema diplomske naloge. Spoznali bomo procese kompostiranja v proizvodnem procesu, potrebne tehnološke postopke kompostiranja in pridobitev končnega izdelka. V diplomski nalogi sem se osredotočila na problem prisotnosti težkih kovin in bazičnega pH v kompostu. Z različnimi metodami, ki jih uporabljajo v drugih kompostarnah, sem poskušala najti najprimernejšo rešitev za svoj problem. Na osnovi diplomske naloge bodo lahko izboljšali kakovost proizvodnje komposta in pridobivanje kvalitetnejšega produkta. The biodegradable waste and its processing is the basic topic of the graduated work. We will get to know the processes of composting in the production process, the necessary technological procedures for computing and the acquisition of the final product. In my graduation thesis I focused on the problem of the presence of heavy metals and basic pH in the compost. By using the various methods used in other composting plants, I tried to find the most suitable solution to my problem. Based on graduated thesis, they will be able to improve the quality of the production compost and obtain a better quality product.

Naloga obravnava biorazgradljive odpadke, ker so ti največji glede na maso vseh komunalnih odpadkov. Obravnava tovrstnih odpadkov je zelo pomembna z vidika snovnega krogotoka, ker na dokaj enostaven način, preko recikliranja, ki je okolju sprejemljivo, vračamo te odpadke kot produkt nazaj v uporabo. Prvi del naloge poda zakonodajne okvirje glede opisa biorazgradljivih odpadkov ter njihove predelave in deponiranja. Drugo poglavje izpostavi dodatno zakonodajo glede aerobne (kompostiranje) in anaerobne (vrenje) obdelave odpadkov in omejitve odlaganja tovrstnih odpadkov na deponije. V drugem delu naloge natančno opišem vse vrste in količine biorazgradljivih odpadkov, osnovne zakonitosti procesov biorazgradnje ter glavni tehnologiji predelave le-teh. Tu se naloga še dodatno osredotoči na najenostavnejšo obliko aerobne razgradnje oziroma kompostiranje, ki ga detajlno obravnavam skozi opis postopka, tehnologijo predelave in končni produkt. Ta poglavja so bistvo te naloge, saj natančno pokažejo pot biorazgradljivega odpadka do končnega produkta (komposta). Zadnji del naloge primerja med seboj produkte aerobne in anaerobne biorazgradnje. Tu so prikazane vsebnosti tako škodljivih, kot koristnih substanc v kompostu in odpadnemu blatu iz ČN. S pomočjo analiz prikazanih v tem delu potrdimo, da kompost in odpadno blato vsebujeta največ rastlinam lahko dostopnih hranil, hkrati pa tudi največ težkih kovin, ki jih z ozaveščanjem ljudi in boljšim ločevanjem odpadkov lahko zmanjšamo tako, da zadovoljimo zakonsko predpisane kriterije, ki veljajo za produkte prvega kakovostnega razreda. The diploma work discusses biodegradable waste, as they are the largest in terms of quantity of all municipal waste. The approach to such waste in terms of the material circuit is of utmost importance, as we return them back into use as a product in a relatively easy manner, through recycling, which is environmentally acceptable. The first part of the diploma work encompasses legislative frameworks regarding the description of biodegradable waste, their processing and deposit. The second chapter places emphasis on additional legislation in connection with aerobic (composting) and anaerobic (fermentation) waste treatment and restrictions of such waste disposal on depot. The second part of the diploma work thoroughly describes all types and quantities of biodegradable waste, the basic principles of biodegradation processes and two main processing technologies in this respect. At this point, the diploma work further focuses on the simplest form of aerobic degradation or composting, which is considered in detail within the description of process, processing technology and the final product. These chapters are the focus of the study, as they accurately show the process of biodegradable waste to the final product (compost). In the last part of the diploma work, a comparison of aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation products is made. This part reveals the content of harmful and beneficial substances in compost and residual sludge from purification plant. By means of analyses presented in this part of the survey, we confirmed that compost and residual sludge not only contain the largest amount of nutrients easily accessible to plants, but also the largest amount of heavy metals, which can be reduced by awareness-raising and better separation of waste so as to satisfy the statutory criteria that apply for the first class quality products.

Naloga opisuje možnosti prehoda obračuna ravnanja z odpadki na sistem plačila dejansko odloženih količin, poznan po kratici PAYT (Pay As You Throw ─ plačaj, kolikor odložiš), ki sistem pokrivanja stroškov v največji možni meri približuje osnovnemu pravilu pokrivanja stroškov ''onesnaževalec plača''. Za ta namen smo analizirali delo komunalnega podjetja, ki skrbi za ravnanje z odpadki na območju 5 osrednjeslovenskih občin, ter proučili strukturo stroškov, ki so podlaga za obračun ravnanja z odpadki. V raziskavi smo z analizo stroškov poslovanja dejavnosti določili stroške, ki so nujni za opravljanje dejavnosti, hkrati pa količina prevzetih odpadkov nanje ne vpliva. Stroški, razmejeni na fiksni in variabilni del, so podlaga za izračun cene (fiksni del in cena posameznega praznjenja) za uporabnika. Za identifikacijo posod za zbiranje odpadkov, ki je podlaga za meritev števila praznjenj posod ali tehtanje izpraznjenih odpadkov je bistvena uporaba tehnologije RFID. Pri tej tehnologiji je v posodo za zbiranje odpadkov vstavljen pasivni odzivnik, s katerim čitalnik vgrajen v vozilo, identificira zabojnik. Identifikacijska številka odzivnika se skupaj s podatki o praznjenju (ura, datum, teža – če gre za tehtanje) shrani v procesno enoto vozila. Od tam se preko sprotne povezave ali po opravljenem delu prenese v podatkovno bazo, kjer je identifikacijska številka posode povezana z uporabnikom. Tako pridobljena podatkovna baza je podlaga za obračun storitev, ki temelji na dejansko oddanih količinah odpadkov. This Master's degree work discusses possibilities of implementing new waste treatment billing system known as PAYT (Pay As You Throw), that enables charging based on actually collected quantity of waste. Thus the system of covering waste treatment costs is adapted to the principle »POLUTERS PAY« as close as possible. We have analyzed the working process of Municipal Public Company, responsible for waste management in the area of 5 Communities in central part of Slovenia. The emphasis of analytic procedure has been put on Waste Treatment Cost Structure. We have determined the costs that are inevitable for working process, but not influenced by the quantity of collected waste. The values of fixed and variable costs are a basis for Basic Charge and Service Charges (price depending on number of waste bin collections per month) for waste treatment. Procedure for identification of collected bins is enabled by using RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) data collection system. Identification is basic requirement for introducing collection measurement or weighing of collected waste in waste collection process. RFID transponder is installed in waste collection bin. RFID reader installed on Refuse Collection Vehicle reads and transmits the transponder serial numbers. The tag data, combined with the time and GPS data (+ weight in weighing option) is recorded to the process unit in RCV. RFID data logs can be automatically downloaded from the process unit to designated servers in Municipal company. There the transponder ID is connected with user data and this is basis for PAYT billing.

Biološko razgradljivi odpadki in njihova predelava je osnovna tema magistrske naloge. Spoznali bomo proces kompostiranja v proizvodnem procesu, potreben tehnološki postopek kompostiranja in pridobitev končnega izdelka. V magistrski nalogi sem se osredotočil na kvaliteto razgradnje biološko razgradljivih odpadkov in potrebnega strukturnega materiala. Z različnimi vzorci mešanja strukturnega materiala in biološko razgradljivih materialov se je določila optimizacija energetskega sistema za predelavo in proizvodnjo komposta. Postopek optimizacije sistema je opredeljen z analizo proizvodnega procesa in kvalitete komposta pri tem sta najpomembnejša parametra temperatura in vlažnost komposta. Na osnovi temperaturnega profila se je v magistrskem delu optimiziral vpihovalni sistem s strani manjše porabe električne energije. Biodegradable waste and its processing is the basic topic of the thesis. We learn the composting process in the production process, the necessary technological composting process and obtaining the final product. This master thesis focuses on the quality of the decomposition of biodegradable waste and the necessary structural material. By mixing different patterns of structural materials and biodegradable materials the optimization of the energy system for the processing and production of compost are set. The optimization of the system is defined by the analysis of the production process and the quality of the compost. There are two most important parameters: the temperature and the humidity of the compost. In the thesis, based on the temperature profile it is optimized the blown system by reducing the electricity consumption.