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Alelopatija je pojav, ko rastline preko sproščenih alelokemikalij zavrejo rast bližnjih rastlin. Namen naše raziskave je bil preučiti alelopatski vpliv invazivnih dresnikov, japonskega dresnika (Fallopia japonica) in češkega dresnika (F. ×bohemica), na strukturne, biokemijske, molekulske in ultrastrukturne značilnosti korenin testne vrste vrtne redkvice (Raphanus sativus). Izvlečka iz korenik obeh dresnikov sta se med seboj razlikovala po vsebnosti resveratrola. Metanolni izvlečki so imeli močnejši alelopatski učinek na redkvice kot posamezne alelokemikalije. Kalitev semen in rast korenin 3 dni starih kalic redkvice so zavrli tudi vodni izvlečki. V koreninah se je še posebej povišala vsebnost celokupnega glutationa, askorbata in prolina, kar kaže na znake oksidativnega stresa. Spremenilo se je tudi izražanje nekaterih genov, ki so povezani z askorbatno-glutationskim ciklom ter s programirano celično smrtjo. Izvlečki so povišali tudi aktivnost kaspazam in metakaspazam podobnih proteaz ter porušili organizacijo celic v posameznih koreninskih tkivih. Številne celice iz zunanjih slojev koreninske čepice so propadle. Na ultrastrukturnem nivoju so bile v celicah koreninske čepice najbolj izrazite naslednje spremembe: odstop plazmaleme od celične stene, poškodbe mitohondrijev, spremembe endoplazemskega retikuluma in pojav okroglih, elektronsko gostih vključkov v citoplazmi. Tudi meristemske celice so bile spremenjene. Pri daljši izpostavitvi je imel najbolj zaviralen učinek 10 % izvleček češkega dresnika, ki je povzročil propad večine rastlin. Rast glavne korenine tretiranih redkvic je bila v prvi polovici poskusa močno zavrta, po 14 dneh so pri preživelih redkvicah korenine dosegle kontrolno raven, parametri oksidativnega stresa niso bili povišani. Alelopatija dresnikov ima zaviralni vpliv predvsem na rast kalic redkvice, v koreninskih celicah se sproži oksidativni stres, kar vodi do programirane celične smrti. Allelopathy is a phenomenon in which plants inhibit the growth of neighboring plants by releasing allelochemicals. The aim of our study was to investigate the allelopathic effect of invasive knotweeds, Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) and Bohemian knotweed (F. ×bohemica) on morphological, biochemical, molecular, and ultrastructural characteristics of roots of the tested species garden radish (Raphanus sativus). Extracts from both knotweeds differed in the content of resveratrol. Methanol extracts had a stronger allelopathic effect on radish than individual allelochemicals. In addition, aqueous extracts inhibited seed germination and root growth of 3-day-old radish seedlings. In particular, the content of total glutathione, ascorbate, and proline increased in the roots, indicating signs of oxidative stress. The expression of some genes related to ascorbate-glutathione cycle and programmed cell death were also altered. The extracts also increased the activities of caspase- and metacaspase-like proteases. The cell organization in root tissues was altered. Many cells from the outermost layer of the root cap were destroyed. The most prominent changes at the ultrastructural level were found in the root cap cells: plasmalemma was detached from the cell wall, mitochondria were damaged, endoplasmic reticulum changed and spherical electron dense inclusions appeared in the cytoplasm. The meristem cells were also altered. In long-term exposure, the 10 % extract of Bohemian knotweed showed the strongest inhibitory potential, causing the destruction of almost all plants. The primary root growth of the treated radish was strongly inhibited in the first half, after 14 days the root of the surviving plants reached the control level, oxidative stress related parameters did not increase. Knotweed allelopathy showed an inhibitory effect mainly on the growth of radish seedlings, which induce oxidative stress in the roots, leading to programmed cell death.

V zadnjem času vse več raziskav poteka v smeri koristne uporabe invazivnih tujerodnih rastlinskih vrst. V magistrski nalogi nas je zanimalo, ali bi lahko njihove ekstrakte uporabili za zatiranje semen trpežne ljuljke (Lolium perenne). V laboratorijskem poskusu smo preučevali, ali ekstrakti nadzemnih delov dresnika (Fallopia sp.), navadne barvilnice (Phytolacca americana), octovca (Rhus typhina) in žlezave nedotike (Impatiens glandulifera) kakor koli vplivajo na kalitev trpežne ljuljke. Poleg tega smo s pomočjo HPLC analizirali, katere fenolne spojine so prisotne v teh vrstah ter ugotavljali, kako čas ekstrakcije vpliva na vsebnost teh snovi v njihovih izvlečkih. Iz rezultatov poskusa smo ugotovili, da je imel izvleček dresnika, navadne barvilnice in octovca zaviralen vpliv na kalitev semen ter na rast korenine in poganjka trpežne ljuljke. Izvleček žlezave nedotike je imel zaviralen vpliv le na kalitev semen in na rast poganjka trpežne ljuljke. Ekstrakcija z metanolnim topilom se je izkazala za bolj učinkovit način ekstrakcije v primerjavi z ekstrakcijo z vodnim topilom fenolnih spojin iz teh rastlin. Daljši čas ekstrakcije je značilno vplival na večjo vsebnost hidroksicimetnih in hidroksibenzojskih kislin v izvlečku octovca, na vsebnost flavanolov v izvlečku dresnika, navadne barvilnice in octovca ter na vsebnost flavonolov v izvlečku octovca in žlezave nedotike. Recently, a lot of studies have been done on the beneficial uses of invasive alien plant species (IAPS). In our master's thesis, we were interested in whether IAPS extracts could be used to control the seeds of the perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). In a laboratory experiment, we investigated whether extracts from the non-root plant parts of knotweed (Fallopia sp.), American pokeweed (Phytolacca americana), staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina), and Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) in any way affect the germination of perennial ryegrass. In addition, HPLC was used to analyze which phenolic compounds are present in studied species and how the time of extraction affects the content of these compounds in the extracts. From the experimental results, the extracts of knotweed, American pokeweed, and staghorn sumac inhibit seed germination and growth of the root and shoot of perennial ryegrass. Himalayan balsam extract had an inhibitory effect on seed germination and perennial ryegrass shoot growth. Extraction with methanol proved to be an efficient way to extract phenolic compounds from these plants. Longer extraction time significantly affected the content of hydroxycinnamic acids and hydroxybenzoic acids in staghorn sumac extract, the content of flavanols in the extract of knotweed, American pokeweed, and staghorn sumac, and the content of flavonols in the extract of staghorn sumac and Himalayan balsam.

Vrsta Alliaria petiolata velja za najprepoznavnejšo invazivko gozdov vzhodne Amerike in južne Kanade, kamor se je razširila iz Evrazije. Alliaria petiolata je dvoletnica, za katere je značilno obdobje t.i. enoletne regeneracije. Takrat rastlina izoblikuje bazalno rozeto, ki mora preživeti do prihodnje vegetacijske sezone, v kateri rastlina oblikuje visoke cvetoče poganjke, ki plodijo, rastlina pa s koncem sezone propade. Zaradi razlik v pojavnosti in življenjskem ciklu obeh tipov rastlin, sem pričakovala funkcionalne razlike v med listi. V nalogi sem na terenu proučevala ekofiziološke razlike med listi prvoletne rozete in listi drugoletne cvetoče rastline ter razlike v potencialni alelopatski uspešnosti obeh tipov. Primerjala sem količino klorofila v listu, ocenjeno kod vrednost SPAD, fluorescenco klorofila in prevodnost listnih rež. Pri tem sem spremljala tudi abiotske dejavnike. Ker je za vrsto A. petiolata značilno alelopatsko delovanje, sem s pomočjo biološkega kalitvenega testa (Lepidium test) v laboratoriju potrdila, da je A. petiolata alelopatsko učinkovita. Preverila sem vodne ekstrakte ter hlapljive substance, pri čemer so me zanimale razlike v delovanju alelopatskih učinkovin na kalitev semen in rast kalic testne rastline. Raziskava je bila omejena na spomladanski čas v mesecu maju leta 2017, ko rastline cvetijo, a še ne tvorijo plodov. Terensko delo je zajemalo tri lokacije v Mariboru: Koblarjev zaliv, Mariborski otok in obgozdni rob za trgovinskim centrom v okolici fakultete. Z izvedenimi meritvami sem potrdila, da so rozete v primerjavi s cvetočimi rastlinami fotosintetsko aktivnejše. Tako je v prvem letu življenjskega cikla vrste A. petiolata povečana količina klorofila in prevodnost listnih rež. Prav tako imajo listi prvoletne rozete višjo alelopatsko učinkovitost v primerjavi z učinkovanjem listov cvetoče rastline, kar se je izkazalo tako za hlapljive snovi kot za vodni ekstrakt listov. Razloge za večjo učinkovitost rastlin v prvem letu lahko najdemo v ekološki strategiji vrste, ki mora preživeti prvo leto in nakopičiti dovolj energije, da v drugem letu hitro zraste, zacveti in razvije semena ter tako nadaljuje generacije in ohranja vrsto. The species Alliaria petiolata, native in Eurasia, is considered the most recognizable invasive plant in the forests of eastern America and southern Canada. The species is a biennial plant. In the first year the plant forms a basal rosette, which must survive until the next vegetation season, when the plant forms high, flowering shoots. Because of differences in the functional ecology of both plant types I expected differences in leaves of the first-year rosette and of the second-year flowering plant. I studied the eco-physiological characteristics in the field by measuring the amount of chlorophyll in the leaf (SPAD value), chlorophyll fluorescence and stomata conductivity. I was also monitoring abiotic factors. Since allelopathic activity is reported for A. petiolata, I have screened aqueous extracts and volatile substances with the use of laboratory bioassays (Lepidium test), whereby I distinguished between the leaves of the rosette and the flowering plant. The research in the field was performed in the spring time in May, 2017, when the plants not yet produce fruits, in three locations in Maribor: Koblarjev zaliv, Mariborski otok and the edge of the shopping center in the vicinity of the faculty. It has been confirmed that leaves from the first-year rosettes are more photosynthetically active, compared to the flowering plants. Additionally, in the leaves of the first year plants the amount of chlorophyll and the stomata conductivity was higher and they demonstrated a stronger allelopathic potential of aqueous extract and volatile substances, compared to the leaves of the flowering plant. The reasons for the higher photochemical efficiency and stronger allelopathy can be explained by the ecological strategy of the species: plants have to survive the overwintering and at the same time they have to accumulate enough energy in the first year to have the ability to grow rapidly and produce seeds in the next year in order preserve the population locally.

Oljčne tropine lahko predstavljajo bogat vir hranil in organske snovi, ki jih rastline nujno potrebujejo za rast. Raziskave so pokazale, da imajo lahko predvsem sveže oljčne tropine alelopatski vpliv na nekatere rastlinske vrste. V magistrski nalogi smo poskušali ugotoviti ali imajo oljčne tropine alelopatski vpliv na kalitev in rast solate in zelja. Preizkušali smo sveže tropine (Sveže tropine), eno leto stare oljčne tropine (Kompost 2) in tri mesece stare oljčne tropine (Kompost 1). V preizkusu kalivosti semen solate, zelja, bazilike in boba nismo opazili statistično značilnih razlik med kontrolo in ostalimi obravnavanji. V drugem delu poskusa smo v setvenih platojih preizkušali učinek 20 % masnega deleža oljčnih tropin na rast in razvoj zelja in solate. Rastline v kontroli so v vseh meritvah (povprečna višina rastlin, masa rastlin in povprečna potencialna fotokemična aktivnost) dosegale boljše rezultate v primerjavi z ostalimi obravnavanji. V zadnjem poskusu pa smo preverili vpliv različnih masnegga deleža oljčnih tropin (5, 10, 15 in 20 %) na rast in razvoj solate in zelja. Pri solati, med kontrolo in 5 ter 10 odstotnimi masnim deležem, v večini primerov ni bilo statistično značilnih razlik, ne glede na tip tropin, ki smo ga uporabili. Na zelju je bil alelopatski učinek nekoliko bolj izražen že pri manjših masnih deležih, a veliko manj kot pri večjih masnih deležih. Lahko rečemo, da oljčne tropine v nizkih masnih deležih (5 in 10 %) nimajo ali imajo zelo majhen alelopatski vpliv na rast in razvoj sadik solate in zelja. Olive pomaces represent a potential rich resource of nutrients and organic matter, that are vital for plant optimal germination and development, but some researchers suggest that olive pomaces (especially fresh olive pomaces) may have an allelopathic effect on some plant species. The objective of this thesis was to determine the allelopathic effect of olive pomaces on the germination and growth of lettuce and cabbage. We tested fresh olive pomaces (Sveže tropine), one year (Kompost 2) and three months old olive pomaces (Kompost 1). No significant effects were observable on the germination of lettuce, cabbage, basil and fava bean. In the second part, we tested an olive pomace concentration of 20 % on the growth of lettuce and cabbage. In all of the measured parameters (average plant height, weight of five plants and Fv'/Fm') the plants in the control group yielded significantly better results than in comparison with other groups. In the last part of this thesis we tested the effect of different concentrations of olive pomaces (5, 10, 15 and 20 %). There was no significant difference between the control group and some of the groups with smaller doses of olive pomaces (5 and 10 %) on lettuce. On the other hand, on cabbage plants the allelopathic effect was a bit more visible, even at lower concentrations, but still cabbages grown in higher concentrations were a lot smaller. We can conclude that in our experiment, the lower concentrations of olive pomaces had little or no allelopathic effect on lettuce and cabbage.

Japonski in češki dresnik sta invazivni tujerodni rastlinski vrsti, ki s svojo hitro rastjo, vegetativnim razmnoževanjem in alelopatijo zavirata rast sosednjih rastlin. Namen naše raziskave je bil ugotoviti, kakšen je vpliv izvlečkov iz njunih korenik na strukturne in biokemijske značilnosti kalic vrtne redkvice. S tankoplastno kromatografijo smo ugotovili, da imata izvlečka obeh dresnikov podobno sestavo. Pri redkvici, ki smo jo izpostavili vodnim izvlečkom s koncentracijami od 0,5 do 10 %, se delež kaljivosti ni zmanjšal. Po 7 dneh kalitve so bile najbolj prizadete korenine, medtem ko poganjki niso bili prizadeti. Korenine so bile kratke in široke, na kar sta vplivali predvsem spremenjena oblika in velikost celic skorje. V tretiranih rastlinah je bila spremenjena tudi zgradba koreninske čepice in apikalnega meristema. Biokemijski pokazatelji oksidativnega stresa (encimski in neencimski antioksidanti, lipidna peroksidacija) so se spremenili večinoma neznačilno. Barvanje z diaminobenzidinom je pokazalo povečano prisotnost vodikovega peroksida v tretiranih kalicah. S presevnim elektronskim mikroskopom smo analizirali ultrastrukturo koreninskih vršičkov. Izvlečka dresnikov sta najbolj vplivala na celice koreninske čepice, v katerih smo opazili odstop celične membrane od celične stene, krpata jedra z zgoščenim heterokromatinom, obročaste mitohondrije in razširjene cisterne granularnega endoplazemskega retikuluma z gosto vsebino. Nekatere celice so že odmrle, pri drugih je struktura kazala na programirano celično smrt. Meristemske celice so bile manj prizadete kot koreninska čepica, prisotnih je bilo več vakuol. Japanese and Bohemian knotweed are invasive alien plants that are known to inhibit the growth of their neighbors with quick growth, vegetative reproduction, and allelopathy. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of their rhizome extracts on morphological and biochemical characteristics of radish seedlings. Biochemical analysis of extracts with the thin layer chromatography revealed similar composition for both knotweeds. The germination rate of radish seeds did not decrease after the exposure to aqueous extracts with concentration from 0,5% to 10%. After 7 days of germination, radish roots were the most inhibited, whereas shoots were not affected. Roots were short and thick due to change of shape and size of cortex cells. In treated plants, the structure of the root cap and the apical meristem were changed. Biochemical characteristics of oxidative stress (enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, lipid peroxidation) were changed but mainly nonsignificantly. Staining with diaminobenzidine showed the increased synthesis of hydrogen peroxide in roots. Root tip ultrastructure was analyzed with transmission electron microscope. Knotweed extracts had a strong effect on root cap cells: cell membrane detached from the cell wall, irregularly shaped nuclei with condensed heterochromatin, ring-shaped mitochondria and round granular endoplasmic reticulum with dense contents were observed. Some cells were dead, in others signs of programmed cell death appeared. Meristem cells were less damaged than root cap, more vacuoles were presented.

V magistrskem delu smo s pomočjo različnih metod želeli ugotoviti, kje na Dravsko-ptujskem polju v severovzhodni Sloveniji se pojavlja tujerodna rastlinska vrsta navadna vinika Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planchon, kakšni so morebitni razlogi za njeno pojavljanje, kakšna je stopnja invazije navadne vinike, morebitne negativne posledice na druge rastlinske vrste in kako navadna vinika vpliva na okoliške rastline z alelopatijo. Najprej smo navadno viniko popisovali v gozdnih otokih, ki smo jih za lažjo obdelavo razdelili na 188 popisnih ploskev. Navadno viniko smo zabeležili v 40 gozdnih otokih, skupaj je bilo evidentiranih 323 osebkov navadne vinike. V gozdnih otokih smo zabeležili tudi 18 drugih tujerodnih vrst. Dobljene podatke smo nato s pomočjo programskega orodja R statistično obdelali. S pomočjo regresijskih modelov smo ugotavljali vzročno-posledične povezave med pojavljanjem navadne vinike, njeno debelino, tipom gozdnega otoka, obsegom gozdnega otoka, površino gozdnega otoka in razmerjem med površino in obsegom gozdnega otoka. Z modelom logistične regresije smo potrdili, da na pojavljanje vinike značilno vpliva tip gozda. Na frekvenco vinik na obravnavanem območju ob tipu gozdnega sestoja v gozdnem otoku vplivajo med obravnavanimi prediktorskimi spremenljivkami še obseg, površina in oblika (razmerje obseg/površina) gozdnega otoka. V nasprotju z našimi pričakovanji, da navadna vinika alelopatsko vpliva na sosednje rastline, smo s pomočjo Student-t testa potrdili, da navadna vinika ne vsebuje hlapljivih alelopatskih učinkovin, ki bi vplivale na kaljivost semen navadne vodne kreše (Nasturtium officinale). Vpliv alelopatskih učinkovin navadne vinike v prsti smo statistično dokazali le v neposredni bližini navadne vinike. In the master's thesis we aimed to reveal the distribution of non-native plant species Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planchon in the Drava-Ptuj lowland and to understand the patterns of its occurrence, the degree of invasion and possible adverse effects on other plant species with allelopathy. On the first step we mapped the Virginia creepers in forest woodlots, which were divided into 188 survey plots. Virginia creepers were recorded in 40 out of 188 forest woodlots. In total 323 specimens of Virginia creeper were registered. In the forest woodlots we recorded 18 other non-native species. The data obtained was later statistically processed using the R software tool. By means of regression models, the causal consequential connections between the appearance of Virginia creeper, its thickness, the forest type of the woodlots, the extent and the surface of the forest island and the relationship between the surface area and the extent of the forest island were determined. With the logistic regression model we confirmed that the type of forest significantly affected the presence of Virginia creeper. The frequency of wines in the area under consideration is affected by the predicted variables: the type of forest stand in the forest island, the perimeter, surface area and shape (ratio of the perimeter/area) of the forest island. Contrary to our expectations that Virginia creeper affects adjacent plants allelopathically, we have confirmed with the Student-t test that the Virginia creeper does not contain volatile allelopathic active substances that would affect the germination of seeds of ordinary test watercress (Nasturtium officinale). The influence of allelopathic active ingredients of Virginia creeper in the soil was statistically proven only in the immediate vicinity of the plant.

Rod Allium je ekološko pomemben rod, saj v veliki meri njegovi predstavniki predstavljajo gostiteljske rastline številnim herbivorom. V tem magistrskem delu smo preučevali vpliv monofagnega listnega zavrtača na fiziologijo in kompeticijsko sposobnost gostiteljske rastline. Za primer smo si izbrali interakcijo med vrsto zavrtača Cheilosia fasciata (Diptera: Syrphidae) in njegovo gostiteljsko rastlino Allium ursinum. Preučevali smo razlike v transpiraciji z meritvami prevodnost listnih reţ med tremi tipi listov (zdravimi, okuţenimi listi in listi s simulacijo okuţbe), pri tem pa smo spremljali tudi abiotske dejavnike. Za kompeticijski potencial smo s pomočjo Lepidium testa in testa hlapljivih substanc na rastišču testirali ali prihaja do razlik v alelopatskem učinkovanju. Zanimalo nas je tudi ali bodo listi s simulacijo okuţenosti lista kazali kakšno podobnost z ostalima tipoma listov. Prevodnost listnih reţ je pri vseh tipih listov padala skozi čas. Listi s simulacijo okuţbe so ohranili najboljšo stomatalno prevodnost po obdobju cvetenja čemaţa, vendar so razlike med tipi listi bile majhne. Dokazali smo, da je čemaţ alelopatsko aktiven, saj je s koncentracijo vodnih ekstraktov iz listov dolţina kalic padala, višji kompeticijski potencial sta imela okuţen tip lista in list s simulacijo okuţbe v primerjavi z zdravim tipom lista. Na rastišču ni bilo razlik v alelopatskem učinkovanju hlapljivih substanc v in izven sestoja. Metoda s poškodbo lista (luknjanje) se je izkazala za manj učinkovito pri posnemanju objedanja listnega zavrtača. Because the majority of Allium members are host plants for numerous herbivores, this genus is of great ecological importance. Presented Msc Thesis investigated the impact of the monophagous leafminer on the ecophysiology and the competitive ability of its host plant. The interaction between the Cheilosia fasciata (Diptera: Syrphidae), a miner species, and its host plant Allium ursinum was chosen as an example. Research entailed looking at differences in transpiration with the help of stomatal conductance measurements in three types of leaves (healthy leaves, infested leaves and leaves with simulated infestation) as well as considering abiotic components. In order to focus on the competitive potential, Lepidium test and test of volatile substances were conducted to check for differences in allelopathic effects. In addition, special attention was also paid to the potential similarities between the leaves with simulated infestation and the other two types of leaves. In all three types, stomatal conductance had reduced in time. The leaves with simulated infestation preserved the highest level of stomatal conductance after the flowering stage of the wild garlic the differences between the types were, however, minimal. The present work proves that wild garlic is an allelopatically active plant, since the length of bioassay seedlings reduced with increasing concentration of water extracts from the leaves. In comparison to the healthy type of leaves, the infested leaves and leaves with simulated infestations had higher competitive potential. In the field conditions, the allelopathic effect of volatile substances, did not differ between inside and out of A. ursinum stand. The method of damaging leaves (punched hole in the leaf blade) was proven to be a less effective way of simulating leafminer feeding.

Zaradi bogate zastopanosti evolucijsko zaokrožene in izredno divergirane skupine kobulnic na stičišču Srednje Evrope, Dinaridov in Alp ter Sredozemlja (Slovenija) smo se odločili poiskati povezavo med funkcionalnimi tipi in ekološkimi strategijami (izmerjenimi na osnovi morfološko-funkcionalnih potez) ter alelopatskim potencialom. Raziskava temelji na 41 izbranih vrstah kobulnic in proučevanju 13 morfološko-funkcionalnih potez teh rastlin in njihovimi alelopatskimi potenciali. Vzorčenje rastlin je potekalo na območju celotne Slovenije. Rezultati kažejo, da so izbrane kobulnice povečini hemikriptofiti (82,9 %), trajnice (73,2 %), prevladuje listnato ozelenelo steblo (92,6 %), so brez pritlik (85,3 %), povečini niso dlakave (60,9 %), največ jih zacveti v juniju (36,5 %) in juliju (46,3%) in večina konča cvetenje avgusta (51,2 %). V povprečju cvetijo 2 (39 %) ali 4 (34,1 %) mesece. Povprečne vrednosti SLA kažejo trend zviševanja z višino kobulnic. Povprečne vrednosti LDMC pokažejo trend zniževanja vrednosti LDMC z višanjem višine izbranih kobulnic. Korelacija pri visokih, srednje visokih in nizkih kobulnicah med vrednostjo LDMC in SLA kaže podoben trend nižanja vrednosti LDMC z naraščanjem vrednosti SLA. Rastlinskim vrstam smo določili 5 od 19 funkcionalnih tipov CSR- strategij: CR (39 %), C/CR (37 %), C (17 %) SC in S/SC v sledeh. Na osnovi naše raziskave lahko povzamemo, da imajo visoke kobulnice (120–180 cm) z velikimi listi C/CR-, CR- ali C- strategijo in potencialni alelopatski učinek. Nizke kobulnice (30–80 cm) z majhno listno povšino imajo CR- in CS- strategijo. Za te rastline ne moremo trditi, da nimajo potencialnega alelopatskega učinka. Alelopatski testi vodotopnih in hlapljivih substanc so pokazali, da imajo kobulnice povečini alelopatske učinke. Kobulnica Bupleurum veronense je edina, kateri nismo dokazali alelopatskih učinkovin. Potencialni alelopatski učinek pri kobulnicah lahko povežemo z odvisnostjo od višine rastlin, njihovo življenjsko obliko in življenjskim ciklom. Na zaviranje rasti drugih rastlin najbolj vplivajo kobulnice, ki so CR- strategi. The variety of the evolutionary completed, extremely diverse group of Umbelliferous plants at the crossroads of Central Europe, Dinarides, Alps and the Mediterranean (Slovenia), we decided to correlate the functional types and ecological strategies (measured morphological and functional traits) and allelopathic potential. The study is based on 41 selected species of Umbellifers assessings 13 morphological and functional plant traits and their allelopathic potential. Sampling of plants took place across Slovenia. The results show that the selected Umbellifers are mostly hemikryptofits (82,9 %), perennials (73,2 %), have green leafs on the stem (92,6 %), without stolon (85,3 %), largely non-hairy (60,9 %), most of them bloom in June (36,5 %) and July (46,3 %) and most of them ends flowering in August (51,2 %). On average bloom 2 (39 %), and 4 (34,1 %) months. Average values SLA show a trend of increasing with the height of the Umbellifers. Average values LDMC show a trend of decline in the value LDMC by increasing the height of the selected Umbellifers. The correlation between value LDMC and SLA shows a similar trend of decline for high, midle and small Umbellifers. We determined 5 of 19 functional types - CSR strategies: CR (39 %), C/CR (37 %), C (17 %) SC and S/SC in traces. Based on our research, we can conclude that the large Umbellifers with large leaves have C/CR, CR or C strategy and allelopathic potential. Low Umbellifers with a small leaf have CR and CS strategy. For these plants it can not be said that they don´t have allelopathic effect. Allelopathic tests of water-soluble and volatile substances are shown that the Umbellifers have mostly allelopathic effects. Bupleurum veronense is the only one where we didn´t show allelopathic potencial. Allelopathic effect in Umbellifers can be associated with dependence on the height of the plants, their form of life and life cycle. Inhibition on the growth of other plants is most affected by Umbellifers whit CR strategy.

V okviru magistrskega dela smo uporabili in predstavili metode, ki se uporabljajo na področju ekologije rastlin. Na izbrani lokaciji v Laškem, smo štiri leta zapored zgodaj spomladi izvajali meritve v populaciji čemaža Allium ursinum in spremljali okuženost čemaževih listov z ličinkami vrste Cheilosia fasciata, ki predrejo listni epidermis, živijo v listu in se prehranjujejo z listnim mezofilom. Namen naloge je bil preučiti ali imajo okuženi listi slabšo fotosintetsko učinkovitost ter slabšo alelopatsko delovanje kot zdravi listi. Poleg tega pa smo s simulacijo okužbe listov želeli preveriti ali se bodo ti listi v fotosintetski učinkovitosti in alelopatskem delovanju odzvali podobno kot okuženi listi. Z metodo merjenja fluorescence klorofila in merjenjem vrednosti količine klorofila (SPAD) smo ugotavljali razlike v fotosintetskem učinkovanju in vsebnosti klorofila med zdravimi in okuženimi listi. Dobljene podatke smo statistično obdelali in rezultate primerjali znotraj posameznih sezon merjenja ter sezone med sabo. Ugotovili smo, da imajo okuženi listi slabšo fotosintetsko učinkovitost kot zdravi listi. Manjše so bile tudi vrednosti SPAD. V vseh sezonah se je pokazal trend drastičnega manjšanja učinovitosti fotosinteze s trajanjem okužbe. Ugotovili smo, da se vpliv okoljskih dejavnikov na fotosintetsko delovanje rastline zelo zmanjša, ko pride do okužbe listov. Sklepamo, da je tako pospešeno propadanje listov obrambni odziv rastline na okužbo z ličinkami. Tako tudi larva ne doseže zrelega stanja žerke pred zabubljenjem. Simulacijo okuženosti listov smo naredili z luknjanjem listov v času prvega pojava naravne okuženosti listov čemaža. Na listih s simulirano herbivorijo smo opravljali enake meritve ter ob enakem času, kot pri zdravih in naravno okuženih listih. Prvo simulacijo smo izvedli v letu 2013. Listi s simulirano okužbo so pokazali večjo podobnost z zdravimi listi, kot z okuženimi listi, kar ne potrjuje naše hipoteze. Ta trend je bil prisoten v vseh treh sezonah simuliranja. Sama tehnika izvedbe simuliranja ni dobro posnemala postopnega miniranja listov, kar je najverjetnejši razlog za dobljene rezultate. Nasplošno je naravno miniranje listov zelo težko posnemati. Za dokazovaje alelopatskega delovanja čemaža smo leta 2015 v laboratoriju opravili t.i. metodo Lepidium test, s katero smo ugotavljali učinke vodnih ekstraktov rastlinskih tkiv (listov čemaža) in prsti (iz sestoja čemaža) na uspešnost in potek kalitve semen vrtne kreše (Lepidium sativum). Rezultati so pokazali, da čemaž ima potencialni alelopatski vpliv. Zdravi listi so imeli večjo alelopatsko učinkovanje kot okuženi listi, saj so bile povprečne dolžine kalic vrtne kreše krajše. V tleh ni bilo prisotnih zaviralnih snovi. In this dissertation, we employed methods that are applied in the field of plant ecology. Four years in a row, we carried out measurements on the population of wild garlic Allium ursinum at the selected location in Laško and observed infection of wild garlic leaves with the larvae Cheilosia fasciata, living in the leaf and feeding on the leaf mesophyll. Our intention was to examine whether the infected leaves have lower photosynthetic efficiency and lower allelopathic activity than the healthy leaves. We have been analyzing this using the method of measuring chlorophyll fluorescence and the method of measuring the amount of chlorophyll in leaf tissue (SPAD). We have determined that the infected leaves are photosynthetically less efficient than the healthy leaves. The results showed the trend of drastic reduction in photosynthetic efficiency with duration of infection as well as faster leaf decay. We can conclude this is the plant’s defensive response to infection with the larvae. By simulating the infection of the leaves, we wanted to check whether their photosynthetic efficiency and allelopathic activity would be the same as those of the infected leaves. We simulated leaf infection by piercing the leaves during the first occurrence of natural infestation of wild garlic leaves. The leaves with simulated infection proved more similar to the healthy leaves than to the infected leaves. The simulation technique itself did not imitate the process of gradual leaf mining very well, which is the most probable reason for the obtained results. To prove the potential allelopathic activity of wild garlic, we performed the so called Lepidium test method, which we used in order to determine the effects of aqueous extracts of wild garlic leaves and soil from wild garlic strand on the successfulness and progress of germination of garden cress seeds (Lepidium sativum). The results showed that wild garlic has potential allelopathic influence, wherein the healthy leaves had greater allelopathic effect than the infected ones. The soil contained no inhibitory substances.

Diplomsko delo obravnava temo alelopatskega učinkovanja čemaža (Allium ursinum) na kalitev semena vrtne kreše (Lepidium sativum) in okuženost čemaža z ličinko muhe Cheilosia fasciata. Ker večina avtorjev upošteva možnost, da naj bi bil čemaž potencialno alelopatski, smo s pomočjo bioloških testov poskušali prikazati vsebnost potencialno alelopatskih snovi v čemažu. S pomočjo vzorčenja smo dokazali, da liste čemaža zajeda ličinka muhe Cheilosia fasciata. Zanimalo nas je, ali imajo okuženi listi z ličinko muhe Cheilosia fasciata drugačen (slabši/boljši) alelopatski učinek kot zdravi listi. Ker se čemaž dobro vegetativno razmnožuje in tvori goste sestoje v gozdni podrasti, smo med seboj primerjali lastnosti rastlin in okuženost sredi takega gostega sestoja ter rastline iz skrajnega roba sestoja. Ves čas pojavljanja listov (sedem tednov) smo opazovali sestoj čemaža, beležili število rastlin, pri čemer smo za vsako rastlino zabeležili število vseh listov, število zdravih listov, število okuženih listov z ličinko muhe Cheilosia fasciata in ocenili površino okuženega dela lista. Tako smo lahko spremljali razvoj rastlin in spreminjanje okuženosti od razvoja prvega lista do propada večine listov. Preverili smo tudi, ali so čebulice čemaža okužene z ličinkami muhe Portevinia maculata, česar nismo potrdili. Spremljevalne okoljske meritve so obsegale meritve svetlobe, najbolj spremenljiv dejavnik od centra sestoja proti robu, in meritve globine opada, ki je v korelaciji pojavljanja ličink muh. Za namene preverjanja potencialne alelopatske sposobnosti smo izvedli biološke teste kalitve semen vrtne kreše v petrijevkah (Lepidium test). Opazovali smo učinke vodotopnih ekstraktov različnih koncentracij in učinke ekstraktov iz vzorcev tal (v sestoju čemaža in izven njega) na kalitev semen vrtne kreše. Zanimala sta nas kalivost ter razvoj kalice in njene korenine v primerjavi s kontrolnimi poskusi. Iz dobljenih rezultatov lahko spremljamo populacijske parametre v sestoju čemaža in hkrati tudi dinamiko listov od razvoja do propada. Razberemo lahko, da je število rastlin na vzorčno ploskev sčasoma naraščalo, naraščala sta tudi njihovo število listov in delež okuženih listov ter da se je večala površina okuženega dela lista. V gozdu je bilo več rastlin kot na njegovem robu. Rastline v podrasti so imele več listov, pri tem več okuženih listov, in površina okuženega dela lista je bila večja kot na gozdnem robu. S svetlobo ni bilo statistično značilnih korelacij s številom rastlin, številom vseh listov, številom okuženih listov, številom zdravih listov in s površino okuženega dela. Površina okuženega dela lista je naraščala z globino opada. Naši rezultati kažejo, da lahko predvidevamo, da je čemaž alelopatski. Vodni ekstrakti iz zdravih in okuženih listov čemaža so namreč zavirali in upočasnili kalitev semen vrtne kreše. Ekstrakti višjih koncentracij so imeli močnejši zaviralni učinek. Na sam razvoj kalic, ki so kalile v vodnih ekstraktih iz okuženih in zdravih listov čemaža, nismo zaznali statistično značilnega učinka. Prav tako se kalice, ki so rastle v različnih vzorcih tal, med seboj niso statistično razlikovale v svoji celotni dolžini, kot tudi ne v dolžini korenin. The thesis deals with the topic of allelopathic effect of wild garlic (Allium ursinum L.) on germination of garden cress seeds (Lepidium sativum) and with infestation of wild garlic leaves with the fly Cheilosia fasciata larvae. Since most of the authors claim that the wild garlic is potentially alleopathic, we used bioassays to test presence of such substances. With sampling we demonstrated that wild garlic is being infected by larvae of flies Cheilosia fasciata in the field. The main objective of the thesis was to test whether infected leaves had weaker potential allelopathic effect than healthy leaves. Because wild garlic exhibits strong vegetative reproduction and often forms dense stands in the forest understorey, we compared characteristic of plants growing in a dense stand with plants from the margin of the stand, usually located at the forest edge. The whole period (seven weeks) when leaves were present in the field we performed observations of the wild garlic stand. We recorded the number of plants, where we counted the total number of leaves, number of healthy and infected leaves by Cheilosia fasciata larvae and estimated the area of the leaf occupied by the feeding tunnel of larvae. In such manner we recorded the development of plants and changes in infestation from the first developed leaf to the end of the majority of leaves. Additionally, we checked if bulbs are infested with Portevinia maculata larvae, which we did not confirm. Additional environmental measurements included measurements of light conditions, the most variable factor from the center towards the edge of the wild garlic stand, and measurements of the depth of litter, to which the occurrence of larvae is related. To test whether wild garlic exhibits allelopathic potential we used bioassays with germinating Lepidium sativum seeds (Lepidium test). We observed the effects of watersoluble extracts (various concentrations) and the effects of extracts from soil samples (within and outside a dense stand) on the germination of garden cress seeds. We were interested in the germination rate and seedling development (total seedling length and root length) in regard of the control conditions. From the obtained results we can monitor population parameters within the wild garlic stand and at the same time we can follow the leaf dynamics from the early development to their end. Our results show that the number of plants per surface increased with time, as did the number of leaves, ratio of infected leaves, and the leaf area occupied by the feeding tunnel. We did not found any statistically significant correlations with light conditions and number of plants and leaves per plot, number of infected leaves, number of healthy leaves or with area of the feeding tunnel. On the other hand, he latter significantly increased with litter depth. Furthermore, our results show that we can assume that aqueous extracts from healthy and infected wild garlic leaves are potentially allelopathic. Extracts with higher concentrations had a stronger inhibitory effect. Seedling development of seeds, which germinated in the presence of water extracts from healthy or infected wild garlic leaves, was not statistically significantly different. Seedlings as well, which were growing in various soil samples, were not statistically different in the seedling length nor in the root length.

Da bi ugotovili ali obstaja alelopatski vpliv mnogocvetne ljuljke (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) na vznik in začetno rast koruze (Zea mays L.), smo na Fakulteti za kmetijstvo in biositemske vede v letu 2010 izvedli poskus v rastni komori in lončni poskus v rastlinjaku. V laboratoriju smo ugotavljali vznik koruze v različnih na poskusnem polju odvzetih vzorcih zemlje, ki so predstavljali različna obravnavanja: zemlja odvzeta s korenin mnogocvetne ljuljke, zemlja odvzeta s korenin inkarnatke, zemlja iz kontrole (na njivi ni bilo rastlin dosevka). Statistično je bil poskus zasnovan kot naključni bloki s tremi obravnavanji v petih ponovitvah. V lončni poskus v rastlinjaku (split — plot metoda v šestih ponovitvah) sta bila vključena dva dejavnika: različna zemlja v lončkih in različni izpirki razkrajajočih se rastlin, s katerimi smo zalivali koruzo v lončkih. Poskuse v laboratoriju in rastlinjaku smo želeli zasnovati tako, da bi čim bolj posnemali dejansko dogajanje v tleh na njivi, ob in po setvi koruze. V nobenem od poskusov nismo uspeli dokazati alelopatskega vpliva mnogocvetne ljuljke na vznik in začetno rast koruze, saj različna obravnavanja niso statistično značilno vplivala na proučevane parametre koruze. In order to establish whether there is an allelopathic effect of the italian rygrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) on emergence and initial growth of corn (Zea mays L.), we performed an experiment in 2010 at the Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences in a growth room and in a pot in a greenhouse. We have experimented with the emergence of the corn in different types of soil which represented different treatment: soil taken from the roots of italian ryegrass, soil taken from the roots of crimson clover, control (soil from field whithaut catch crops). The experiment was deseigned as random blocks with three treatments in five replications. An experiment in the pot in a greenhouse (split-pilot in six replications) included two factors: different soil in pots and different leachates of decomposing plants with which we watered the corn in the pots. The experiments in the laboratory and the greenhouse were performed in a way to imitate as good as possible the actual events in the grounds on the field during and after sowing the corn. In none of the experiments we managed to prove the allelopathic effect of the italian ryegrass on emergence and initial growth of the corn since different treatments did not have a statistically significant influence on any the corn parameter under observation.

Diplomsko delo obravnava temo alelopatskega učinkovanja križnice navadna česnovka (Alliaria petiolata) na kalitev semen vrtne kreše (Lepidium sativum). Navadna česnovka (Alliaria petiolata) naj bi bila potencialno alelopatska in čedalje bolj invazivna, zato nas je zanimalo, kaj omogoča invazivni česnovki, da se uspešno naseli v tujih območjih in da se uspešno spopada s tamkajšnjimi avtohtonimi vrstami, čeprav v svojem avtohtonem okolju ni posebej dominantna. Ker večina avtorjev upošteva možnost, da naj bi bila česnovka potencialno alelopatska, smo s pomočjo bioloških testov poskušali prikazati vsebnost potencialno alelopatskih snovi v česnovki. Opazovali smo učinke vodotopnih ekstraktov (različnih koncentracij), učinke ekstraktov iz vzorcev tal in učinke hlapljivih snovi, sproščenih iz rastlinskih tkiv navadne česnovke na kalitev semen vrtne kreše (Lepidium sativum). Zanimala nas je kalivost in pojavitev sejancev ter dolžina kalice in korenin vrtne kreše. Zbrane podatke smo obdelali s pomočjo Studentovega t-testa v programskem orodju Statistica (Statsoft). Iz dobljenih rezultatov lahko razberemo, da imajo vodotopni ekstrakti iz listov močnejši zaviralni učinek na rast in kalitev kalic kot vodotopni ekstrakti iz korenin ter da se dolžina celotne kalice ter dolžina korenine vrtne kreše, prav tako pa tudi odstotek kalitve semen z naraščanjem koncentracije vodotopnih ekstraktov manjša. Odstotek kalivosti semen vrtne kreše v poskusih s hlapljivimi substancami je nižji v primerjavi s kontrolnimi poskusi. The diploma thesis discusses the allelopathic potential of Brassicaceae Alliaria petiolata to seeds of Lepidium sativum germination. Alliaria petiolata is supposed to be allelopathic and increasingly more invasive. Therefore, we were interested what enables the invasive Alliaria to populate foreign areas successfully and to fight with the autochthonous species successfully even though it is not especially dominant in its own environment. Because most of the authors consider a possibility that Alliaria is supposed to be allelopathic, we tried to show content of potential allelopathic substances in Alliaria with a help of biological tests. We observed the effects of water-soluble extracts (different concentrations), the effects of extracts of the soil nearby Alliaria petiolata and the effects of extracts with volatile substances of plant tissues' extracts of Alliaria petiolata on Lepidium sativum seeds germination. We were interested in germination and appearance of seedlings and the length of radicle and roots. We examined the gathered data with Student t-test with software tools Statistica (Statsoft). We can discern from the gathered data that water-soluble extracts from leaves have stronger braking effect on growth and radicle germination than water-soluble extracts from roots and that the length of the whole radicle and the length of the Lepidium sativum root as well as the percentage of seeds germination with concentration of water-soluble extracts growth decrease. The percentage of Lepidium sativum seeds germination in experiments with volatile substances is lower in comparison to test experiments.

V današnji kmetijski praksi, po desetletjih intenzifikacije, je združena setev novost in pomeni inovativen pristop k pridelavi poljščin. Med slovenske tradicionalne sisteme združenih setev sodi tudi mešani posevek pšenice in rži, imenovan soržica. Poskus je bil izveden leta 2006/07 na Univerzitetnem kmetijskem centru (UKC) Pohorski dvor. Cilj diplomskega dela je bil raziskati medsebojni vpliv dveh žit, zastopanih v soržici, na parametre klasa: dolžina klasa, število klaskov, število zrn in maso zrn. Analizirani klasi so bili pridobljeni iz poljskega poskusa, kjer sta bili pšenica (sorte 'Soissons', 'Justus', 'Edison' in 'Pegasus') in rž (sorta 'Walet') posejani v različnih utežnih razmerjih. Ta utežna razmerja so bila umetno zmešana in posejana v prvem letu trajanja poskusa, nato se je pridelek ponovno sejal, vendar so se dejanska utežna razmerja spremenila, zaradi večje konkurenčne sposobnosti rži. Klasi za analizo so bili pobrani v drugem letu trajanja poskusa. Iz rezultatov lahko sklepamo, da rž kot komponenta v združeni setvi ima negativen vpliv na parametre klasa pri pšenici. Ker pri prvotnem 50 % in 25 % deležu posejane pšenice, le –te ni več zaslediti, lahko sklepamo, da je rž bolj konkurenčna, pri čemer ji pomaga njen alelopatski značaj in s tem izpodrine pšenico. V posevkih soržice imajo uporabljene sorte pšenice različno konkurenčno sposobnost, tako je najkonkurenčnejša sorta 'Soissons'. V odvisnosti od sorte ima pšenica kot komponenta v združeni setvi pozitiven in negativen vpliv na parametre klasa rži. Sorta 'Soissons' značilno negativno, in sorta 'Justus' značilno pozitivno vplivata na parametre klasa rži. After decades of intensification, intercropping is a novelty in modern agricultural practice. This means an innovative approach in field crop production. Traditional Slovene system of intercropping includes mixing crops of wheat and rye into crop called meslin (sl. soržica). The experiment was carried out in 2006/2007 in University agricultural center Pohorski dvor. The main goal of the thesis is the research of the reciprocal influence of the two crops in meslin by the parameters of the spike: the length, the number of spikelet, the number of grains and the mass of the grains. The analysed spikes are from the experiment field, where the wheat (varieties: 'Soissons', 'Justus', 'Edison' and 'Pegasus') and the rye (variety 'Walet') were sown in various ratios. The species were artificially combined and sown during the first year of the experiment in 2006/2007. Then the crop was sown again, but the ratios were changed due to the competitive abilities of the rye. The spikes for the analysis were collected from the second year of experiment. In meslin where wheat was previously sown in ratios of 50 % and 25 %, the species was no longer traceable therefore, we can conclude that the rye is more competitive due to its alleopathy nature. In the new meslin crop different varieties of wheat have different competitive abilities. The most competitive variety is the 'Soissons'. From the results we can conclude that the rye has negative effects on the parameters of wheat spike. Depending on the wheat variety in intercropping, different varieties has either positive or negative effects on the parameters of the rye spike. The variety 'Soissons' has a significantly negative influence and variety 'Justus' significantly positive effect on the parameters of the rye spike.