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Les je material, ki ga lahko uporabimo za različne namene, ker pa je naraven material, je podvržen razkroju. Da bi lesu omogočili čim daljšo življenjsko dobo, je v prvi vrsti pomembno izbrati primerno lesno vrsto glede na namen uporabe, les konstrukcijsko zaščititi, ali pa ga zaščititi z raznimi obdelavami, npr. impregnacija z biocidi. Na razkroj lesa ima zelo velik vpliv vlažnost lesa, ki smo jo spremljali v raziskavi, poleg tega smo merili tudi temperaturo in relativno zračno vlažnost. Za meritve smo uporabili merilnik Gigamodul z zapisovalnikom Thermofox proizvajalca Scanntronik. Vlažnost lesa smo merili na šestih mestih na stebru kozolca, ki je iz lesa macesna ter po eno meritev vlažnosti lesa na kapni legi in špirovcu, ki sta izdelana iz lesa smreke. S pridobljenimi meritvami smo dokazali, da uporabljen les ni podvržen razkroju in ima lahko še dolgo življenjsko dobo, če le ne pride do zamakanja, kot je prišlo v preteklosti, ko je puščala streha in so bili nekateri deli lesa zamenjani z novimi, zaradi prepozne sanacije le te. Wood is a material that can be used for many purposes, but being a natural material it is subject to decomposition. In order to provide wood with the longest possible service life, it is important to select the appropriate species for the intended use, to protect it structurally or to protect it with various treatments, such as biocide impregnation. The moisture content of the wood, which we monitored and measured in the study, has a very strong influence on the degradation of the wood. In addition, we have monitored the temperature and relative humidity of the air. For the measurements we used a Gigamodul system equipped with a Thermofox datalogger from Scanntronik. The moisture content of the wood was measured at six locations on the column of the hayrack made of larch wood, and one moisture measurement was taken on each of the eaves and rafters made of spruce wood. The measurements showed that the wood used does not degrade and can have a long service life, provided it does not become damaged by moisture, as was the case in the past when the roof leaked and some parts of the wood had to be replaced because the roof was not renovated in time.

Če svoj pogled usmerjamo s središča države, je Murska Sobota nevpadljivo mesto na periferiji. Pestra zgodovina in lega v panonskem svetu jo delata drugačno. V arhitekturnem smislu se ne more kosati z drugimi slovenskimi mesti. Verjetno je na to vplivalo več dejavnikov, med drugim tudi politične in gospodarske razmere, pri čemer Prekmurje konstantno zaostaja za ostalimi regijami. Od druge polovice 20. stoletja naprej, po obdobju Ferija Novaka, se je razvoj mesta odvijal bolj kot ne spontano. Mesto se je z novimi industrijskimi conami in s posamično stanovanjsko gradnjo razraslo do svoje meje, ki je jasno določena s kmetijskimi površinami v zaledju. Identiteta kraja se tako izgublja. Reda in pravil gradnje na obravnavani lokaciji ni več moč zaznati. Seveda k temu pripomore tudi dejstvo, da je tradicionalna vernakularna območja z uporabo slame, gline in lesa imela kratko življenjsko dobo. Bivalne enote zagotavljajo pravico do samostojnega življenja. Stanovanjska problematika ni le problem zdravih in mladih, temveč se kot širši družbeni problem v tandemu s podaljšanjem življenjske dobe odraža tudi v pomanjkanju primernih nastanitev za ranljivejše skupine. Bivalne enote na robu mesta odražajo logiko vernakularne arhitekture območja in so korak nazaj k osnovam gradnje. Konstrukcija iz naravnih materialov poudarja teksturo, težo in značilen red, ki izvira iz tradicije. Zasnova pridelovalnih površin ob bivalnih enotah izkorišča okoljsko danost – kakovostno prst, in se navezuje na značilen kmetijski rob. Obenem pridelava in prodaja pripomoreta k finančni neodvisnosti uporabnikov in vključevanju v družbo. Focusing on the centre of the country, Murska Sobota does not stand out due to its location on the periphery. Its diversity comes from varied history and location in the Pannonian world. In terms of architecture, it cannot compete with other Slovenian cities, which is influenced by several factors. Considering the political and economic situation, Prekmurje consistently lags behind other regions. From the second half of the 20th century, after the period of Feri Novak, the development of the town was more or less spontaneous. The city grew to its limit and the identity of the place was lost. Therefore, architectural order and rules cannot be detected. This resulted in a shorter life span of traditional architecture due to natural materials (straw, clay and wood). Residential units guarantee the right to live independently. The problem of housing, as a broader social problem combined with increased life expectancy, does not only concern the healthy and the young, furthermore vulnerable groups. The residential units on the edge of the city reflect the logic of the vernacular architecture of the area and are a step back to the basics of construction. The construction in natural materials emphasises texture, weight and the characteristic order, which originates from tradition. The design of the cultivation areas next to the residential units takes advantage of the environmental feature of quality soil and relates to the characteristic agricultural edge. Simultaneously, production and sale contribute to the financial independence of users and their integration into society.

Magistrsko delo preučuje zgodovino rabe lesa in lesenih elementov v krajinski tvornosti v občini Kostanjevica na Krki. Tu je namreč ohranjenih še nekaj lesenih mostov, velja pa tudi za prostor kulturne dediščine. Les je prepoznaven gradnik arhitekture in umetnosti, zato se zdi to območje primerno za preučevanje odnosa rabe lesa v kulturni krajini. Dediščina lesenih elementov je tu bogata in raznolika, a nemalokrat pozabljena in prepuščena propadu. Naloga opozarja na značilne lesene elemente v krajini, in kjer je mogoče, definira lesno vrsto, ki jih tvori. Na terenskih ogledih sem beležila prisotnost tipičnih lesenih elementov kot so kozolci, kašče, skednji, hrami, hiše, mostovi, ograje, klopi, itn. Še posebej me je zanimala vrsta in lokalna prisotnost uporabljenega lesa. Pripravila sem Katalog lesenih elementov vgradnje na prostem na območju občine Kostanjevica na Krki, ki nudi vpogled v raznolikost lesenih elementov in uporabljenih lesnih vrst na obravnavanem območju. Končni rezultati so prikazani na kartah, ki prikazujejo povezavo med rastišči določene lesne vrste in uporabo lesa pri vgradnji na prostem. Ugotovila sem, da je osnovno konstrukcijsko gradivo kozolcev, ki se nahajajo v ravninskem delu občine, hrastovina, medtem ko so tisti v gričevnatem delu občine največkrat grajeni iz kostanjevega lesa. V ravninskem delu občine so les pridobivali iz nižinskega krakovskega gozda, kjer prevladujejo rastišča hrasta (Quercus sp.), medtem ko so v gričevnatem delu Gorjancev večinoma uporabljali kostanjev les. Največ lesenih elementov v občini pripada forma vivi. Gre za umetniška dela, razpostavljena ob galeriji in Kostanjevici na Krki, za katera skrbi Galerija Božidar Jakac. Ne glede na število gre za izjemo, ki pa zaradi svoje, zdaj že dolgoletne vpetosti v kraj postaja ena od njegovih značilnosti. Med tipičnimi elementi kulturne krajine po številu izstopajo kozolci, ograje, skednji in hlevi. Posebnost v občini Kostanjevica na Krki so leseni elementi, vezani na vodno okolje brodišča, pomoli in mostovi, med katerimi je več kot polovica dobro ohranjenih, nekateri pa propadajo. Nekaj najlepše ohranjenih primerov lesene krajinsko-arhitekturne dediščine najdemo med kozolci, hišami, mostovi, nadstreški, drvarnicami in utami. Najslabše ohranjeni pa so skednji, svinjaki in stopnice ter nekaj primerov lesenih hiš. The master's thesis examines the history of the use of wood and wooden elements in landscape construction in the municipality of Kostanjevica na Krki. The area is well-known for its preserved wooden bridges, and it is considered a site of cultural heritage. Wood is a recognizable building element of architecture and art in provided area and it seemed suitable for the analysis of wooden elements in the cultural landscape. Kostanjevica na Krki has a rich and diverse heritage regarding wooden elements however, these are often forgotten and left to decay. This thesis emphasizes distinctive wooden elements in the landscape and, where possible, specifies the wood species that construct them. During field visits, I recorded the presence of typical wooden elements such as hayracks, granaries, barns, cottages and houses, bridges, fences, benches, etc. The focus of this work is to determine the type and the source of the wood utilized in wooden elements. I developed a catalog of wooden elements for outdoor installation in the municipality of Kostanjevica na Krki. The inventory offers an insight into the variety of wooden elements as well as the wood species used. Final results are represented in maps depicting the connection between the wood species growing in the region and the use of this wood in architectural elements. I discovered that hayracks’ basic construction material in the municipality’s lowlands was oak (Quercus sp.) primarily sourced from the low-lying Krakovski forest, where oak trees dominate. On the other hand, hayracks in the municipality’s hills were mainly built out of chestnut (Castanea sativa) wood, which was primarily obtained in the hilly Gorjanci forests where chestnut trees are prevalent. Most wooden elements in the municipality belong to Forma viva. These artworks, located near the gallery and around town, are taken care of by the Božidar Jakac Gallery. Regardless of the number, this is an exception that, due to its long-standing integration into the place, is becoming one of its characteristics. Among classical elements hayracks stand out, followed by fences, barns, and stables. Noteworthy are wooden elements connected to the aquatic environment such as wharves, piers, and bridges. Some of the best preserved examples of wooden elements are hayracks, houses, bridges, wood sheds, and garden huts, whereas barns, pigsties, stairs and some houses, are generally poorly conserved.

Les je po poseku in uporabi za konstrukcije izpostavljen staranju, ki je med drugim odvisno od pogojev izpostavitve. V času življenjske dobe oz. uporabe je les izpostavljen fotodegradaciji, biodegradaciji, površinskim in notranjim strukturnim spremembam in staranju, ki se kaže v spremembi barve, kemijske sestave, higroskopnosti, dimenzijske stabilnosti ter nekaterih mehanskih lastnosti. Podajamo pregled literature, s posebnim poudarkom vpliva pogojev izpostavitve na spremembe lastnosti lesa ter pregled kemijskih in mikrostrukturnih sprememb ter sprememb barve, sorpcijskih in mehanskih lastnosti. V splošnem so spremembe zaradi staranja lahko zelo počasne in jih je težko ovrednotiti tudi zaradi velike naravne variabilnosti lesnih lastnosti. Poznavanje sprememb v naravno staranem lesu je ključno pri ohranjanju kulturne dediščine. Pri načrtovanju vzdrževanja, konzerviranja ter pri obnovi kulturne dediščine, z upoštevanjem staranja konstrukcijskega lesa bolje razumemo strukturne spremembe, vlažnostna in napetostno-deformacijska stanja lesenih konstrukcij ter interakcije z drugimi gradbenimi materiali. After harvesting, wood in constructions undergoes an ageing process that depends, among other things, on exposure conditions. During its lifetime wood is subject to photodegradation, biodegradation, surface and internal structural changes, and ageing, which is reflected in changes in colour, chemical composition, hygroscopicity, dimensional stability, and mechanical properties. We present a literature review, with particular emphasis on the influence of exposure conditions on changes in wood properties, chemical and microstructural changes, and changes in colour, sorption, and mechanical properties. In general, ageing-related changes can be very slow and difficult to detect, in part because of the wide natural variability in wood properties. Knowledge of the changes in naturally aged wood is critical for preserving cultural heritage, evaluating the safety of wood structures, and planning their conservation. When planning maintenance, conservation, and restoration of cultural heritage, we can better understand the structural changes, moisture and stress deformation states of wood structures, and interactions with other building materials if we consider the ageing of structural wood.

Ebonizacija je tehnika površinske obdelave lesa pri kateri je končni rezultat počrnela površina. Pripravili smo radialno in tangencialno usmerjene vzorce izbranih lesni vrst 4 iglavcev in 18 listavcev ter jim določili vlažnosti. Na podlagi preliminarnega poizkusa smo pripravili raztopino železovega acetata (10 g/l) in raztopino tanina z destilirano vodo v razmerju 1 : 9 (1 enota tanina / 9 enot vode). S temi raztopinami smo premazali površine vzorcev in nato barvne spremembe ovrednotili vizualno in po CIELAB barvnem sistemu. Vzorce smo nato umetno starali z izpostavitvijo UV svetlobi, zatem pa ponovno izvedli CIELAB analizo. Ugotovili smo, da kombinacija tanina in železovega acetata učinkovito potemni, ebonizira vse lesne vrste, ki smo jih proučevali v naši raziskavi. Pri eboniziranih lesovih iglavcev se rani les obarva temneje kot kasni les. Difuzno porozni listavci imajo bolj homogen barvni odtenek, kot venčasto porozni, na katerih ostaja nehomogenost lesnega tkiva izrazita. Ugotovili smo, da so se barvne spremembe pojavile samo na površini lesa. Poizkus umetnega staranje je pokazal, da je ebonizirana površina je ebonizira površina zbledela in tako ni obstojna na izpostavitev UV svetlobi. Ebonisation is a wood surface treatment technique in which the end result is a blackened surface. We prepared radial and tangential samples of selected wood species from 4 conifers and 18 deciduous trees and determined their moisture contents. On the basis of a preliminary test, a solution of ferric acetate (10 g/l) and a solution of tannin with distilled water was prepared in a ratio of 1 : 9 (1 unit of tannin / 9 units of water). These solutions were applied to the sample surfaces and the colour changes were then evaluated visually and using the CIELAB colour system. The samples were then artificially aged by exposure to UV light, after which the CIELAB analysis was carried out again. We found that the combination of tannin and ferric acetate effectively darkened, ebonised all the wood species studied in our study. In ebonised coniferous wood, earlywood is darker in colour than latewood. Diffuse-porous hardwoods have a more homogeneous colour shade than coronary-porous hardwoods, where the inhomogeneity of the wood tissue remains pronounced. We found that the colour changes occurred only on the surface of the wood. The artificial ageing test showed that the ebonised surface is a faded ebonised surface and thus not resistant to UV light exposure.

V raziskavi smo preverjali akustične lastnosti smrekovih (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in javorjevih (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) lamel, dimenzij 400 mm × 75 mm × 3 mm. Akustične lastnosti lamel smo proučevali dinamično mehansko, s frekvenčnim odzivom pri prečnem nihanju. Lamele smo testirali neobdelane ter po površinski obdelavi s štirimi vrstami premazov: JOHA (J), domač (D), nitrocelulozni (NC) in poliuretanski premaz (PUR). Po površinski obdelavi se je povečala povprečna gostota lamel, bolj pri smrekovih, lastna frekvenca pa se je značilno zmanjšala. Površinski premazi, zlasti mehkejši (J, D, NC), še posebej pri smrekovini, so značilno povečali dušenje mehanskega nihanja (tanδ) lamel po površinski obdelavi. Akustične lastnosti lamel so se najmanj spremenile po površinski obdelavi s poliuretanskim lakom, ki pa značilno poveča gostoto in s tem težo resonančnih plošč. Nasprotno, pa je premaz JOHA najmanj vplival na povečanje teže resonančnih plošč, negativni učinki na relevantne akustične lastnosti (Δtanδ = +28,24 %. ΔACE = -30,44 %), pa so bili relativno majhni. In this study, the acoustic properties of spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) lamellae with dimensions 400 mm × 75 mm × 3 mm were investigated. The acoustic properties of the lamellae were investigated dynamically-mechanically with the frequency response during free vibration bending. The lamellae were tested untreated and after surface treatment with four types of coatings: JOHA (J), domestic (D), nitrocellulose (NC), and polyurethane coating (PUR). After surface treatment, the average density of the lamellae increased, especially for spruce, and the natural frequency decreased significantly. The surface coatings, especially the softer ones (J, D, NC), especially for spruce, significantly increased the damping of mechanical vibrations (tanδ) of the lamellae after surface treatment. The acoustic properties of the lamellae changed the least after the surface treatment with polyurethane varnish, which significantly increases the density and thus the weight of the resonance plates. In contrast, the JOHA coating had the least effect on the weight increase of the resonance plates, and the negative effects on the relevant acoustic properties (Δtanδ = +28.24 %. ΔACE = -30.44 %) were relatively small.

Namesto tradicionalnega vizualnega in čutnega ocenjevanja kakovosti resonančne smrekovine smo v nalogi laboratorijsko analizirali njeno zgradbo ter fizikalne, mehanske in akustične lastnosti. Vzorčili smo les navadne smreke (Picea abies) s Pokljuke (1200 m n.v., oddelek 64), z majhnim letnim priraščanjem in jo primerjali s kontrolno smrekovino z nižje ležečega rastišča (Zavratec nad Idrijo, 650 m n.v.). Iz naravno posušenega lesa smo izdelali preizkušance (dimenzij 20 × 20 × 300 mm) za določanje dinamičnih in statičnih mehanskih lastnosti. Dodatno smo izdelali še poliedre (dimenzij 75 × 75 × 75 mm) in na njih izmerili hitrosti preleta ultrazvočnega valovanja v vseh anatomskih smereh in ravninah. Strukturne lastnosti smo določili s stereo-mikroskopom, izmerili smo širine branik, deleže kasnega lesa ter določili gostoto lesa. Ugotovili smo, da je smrekov les z dobrimi resonančnimi lastnostmi redek ter ima nizko gostoto (䁤 400 kg/m3), ozke (do 2 mm) in enakomerno široke branike, z majhnim deležem kasnega lesa (do 23 %). Resonančna smrekovina je bolj toga (specifična togost - E/ρ > 25 GPa) in ima značilno manjše dušenje mehanskih vibracij (tanρ 䁤 0,009). Pretvorba mehanske energije v zvočno je pri resonančni smrekovini boljša kot pri običajni smrekovini, to kažejo tudi akustični kazalniki (akustični koeficient R > 14,5 m4/s kg učinkovitost akustične pretvorbe ACE > 1500 m4/s kg). Instead of the traditional visual and sensory evaluation of the quality of resonance wood of Norway spruce (Picea abies), we analyzed its macroscopic structure and physical, mechanical and acoustic properties. We sampled spruce wood from Pokljuka (1200 m a.s.l., section 64) with narrow annual rings and compared it with a control spruce from a site at a lower altitude (Zavratec nad Idrijo, 650 m a.s.l.). Test specimens (dimensions 20 × 20 × 300 mm) were made from air-dried wood to determine dynamic and static mechanical properties. Polyhedra (75 × 75 × 75 mm) were also fabricated, on which the velocity of ultrasonic waves was measured in all anatomical directions (R, T, L) and planes. Structural properties were determined by stereo microscope we measured the width of annual rings, the proportion of latewood, and determined the mean wood density. We found that spruce wood with good resonance properties is rare. It has low density (䁤 400 kg/m3), thin (up to 2 mm) and homogeneous annual rings with a low proportion of latewood (up to 23%). Resonance spruce wood is stiffer along the grain and usually has lower vibration damping (tanρ 䁤 0,009). The conversion of mechanical energy into sound is better with resonance spruce wood than with conventional spruce wood (acoustic coeficient R > 14,5 m4/s kg acoustic conversion efficiency ACE > 1500 m4/s kg).

Na slovenskem trgu je na voljo kar nekaj požarno zaščitnih premazov, ki zmanjšujejo možnost vžiga in hitrost širjenja plamena po površini lesa. Njihova požarno zaščitna učinkovitost je odvisna tudi od količine nanosa in od nadaljnje površinske obdelave. V raziskavi smo proučevali vpliv različnega nanosa na požarno zaščitno učinkovitost vodnega transparentnega premaznega sistema za notranje lesene stenske obloge, ob upoštevanju doseganja želenih vizualnih lastnosti tako premazanega lesa. Prav tako smo proučili kakšen je vpliv naknadne površinske obdelave z vodnim transparentnim lakom na požarno zaščitno učinkovitost celotnega sistema. Vsem sistemom smo najprej določili osnovne lastnosti, kot so: sijaj, barva, debelina suhega filma in oprijemnost. Požarno zaščitno učinkovitost pa smo preverili z metodo malega plamena in rusko metodo. Vsi preskušeni sistemi so imeli ustrezno oprijemnost, njihov končni izgled pa je bil odvisen od sestave premaznega sistema. Najboljšo protipožarno zaščitno učinkovitost smo dosegli z 2-kratnim nanosom protipožarnega premaza, z naknadnim nanosom vodnega transparentnega laka pa se je le-ta zmanjšala, vendar za manj kot smo sicer pričakovali. On the Slovenian market, there is a wide range of fire protection coatings that reduce the possibility of ignition and the speed of flame spread on the wood surface. The effectiveness of fire protection also depends on the amount of such coatings applied and further surface treatments. In the study, the effect of different coating application rates on the fire protection effectiveness of a water-based transparent coating system for interior wood wall cladding was investigated, taking into account the achievement of the desired visual characteristics of the wood coated in this way. We also investigated the effect of subsequent surface finishing with water-based transparent varnish on the fire protection efficiency of the overall system. At first, the basic properties of all systems were determined, such as gloss, colour, dry film thickness and adhesion. Fire protection performance was tested using the small flame method and the Russian method. All tested systems showed sufficient adhesion, and their final appearance depended on the composition of the coating system. The best fire protection efficiency was achieved when the fire protection coating was applied twice, and it decreased when a transparent water-based varnish was subsequently applied, but to a lesser extent than expected.

V diplomskem delu opisujem razvoj novega pohištvenega sistema. Gre za modularno pohištvo, ki ga lahko sami hitro in enostavno razstavite ali sestavite, morda tudi spremenite v »novo« pohištvo. Koncept modularnega pohištva je v diplomskem delu predstavljen od začetne ideje, ki se je skozi čas razvila v dejansko uporabno pohištvo. Poudarek pri mojem konceptu je predvsem na razstavljivosti, sestavljanju, minimalizmu, kompatibilnosti različnih gradnikov ter konceptu modularne gradnje. V diplomskem delu sem opisal tudi možne postopke izdelave posameznih gradnikov modularnega pohištva in predstavil končne konceptne produkte, ki so bili dejansko izdelani, nekateri izmed njih pa tudi testirani. Diplomska naloga je pripeljana do faze določitve končnih gradnikov in produktov, izdelave prototipov in izdelave končnih produktov, vključuje pa tudi preglednico z vsemi variacijami končnih produktov, številom gradnikov in težo le-teh. In my dissertation I will describe the development of a new furniture system. It is modular furniture, which you can quickly and easily disassemble or assemble yourself, maybe even change into "new" furniture. The concept of modular furniture is presented in the diploma thesis from the very initial idea, which over time has developed into actually usable furniture. The emphasis in my concept is mainly on disassembly, assembly, minimalism, compatibility of various building blocks and the concept of modular construction. In the diploma work, I also described the possible procedures for the production of individual components of modular furniture and presented the final conceptual products that were actually made and some of them also tested. The diploma thesis is brought to the stage of determining the final building blocks and products, prototyping and production of final products and a table with all the variations of the final products, the number of building blocks and their weight.

V diplomskem delu se ukvarjam predvsem s procesom, torej fizičnim delom, ki vodi do željene forme s principom odvzemanja, ki temelji na blokovnem formatu. Izhajam iz materialne kombinacije lesa in dodajanja steklenih elementov, s čimer vzpostavim medsebojno komunikacijo in simbiotsko povezanost različnih materialnosti. Ukvarjam se z vprašanjem, kako dva popolnoma nasprotujoča si materiala povežem v celoto (les in steklo), hkrati me zanimajo simbolika, miti in legende izbranega lesa. Pri nekaterih skulpturah se ukvarjam s problematiko statike, prezentacije samega dela, torej s problematiko skulpture v odnosu do prostora. Raziskujem kiparstvo v 20. stoletju, kjer so se umetniki ukvarjali z negativnim prostorom v skulpturi, prav tako je v tistem času prišlo do velike spremembe definicije kiparstva oziroma širšega polja umetnosti. In my thesis I am mainly concerned with the process, the physical work that leads to the desired form, the principle of subtraction based on the block format. My work proceeds from the material combination of wood and the addition of glass elements, thus establishing the intercommunication and symbiotic interconnection of different materialities. I am dealing with the question of how to integrate two completely contradictory materials into a whole (wood and glass), while at the same time I am interested in the symbolism, myths and legends of the chosen wood. In some of my sculptures I am dealing with the problem of statics, the presentation of the work itself, i.e. the problem of the sculpture in relation to space. I am researching sculpture in the 20th century, where artists were dealing with negative space in sculpture, and there was also a big change in the definition of sculpture, or the broader field of art, at that time.

Vedno bolj pomembno je recikliranje in krožno gospodarstvo ter s tem zmanjšanje pritiska na naravne vire, ustvarjanje trajnostne rasti in zaustavitev izgube biotske raznolikosti. S tem ciljem v mislih, je Evropska Unija sprejela akcijski načrt, katerega del je tudi projekt START CIRCLES. V povezavi s podjetjem M Sora, smo v okviru tega projekta izdelali inovativni hibridni material z imenom »Comet«, ki naj bi se uporabljal v pod okenski odprtini za preprečevanje toplotnega mostu. Za izdelavo smo uporabili odpadne materiale iz proizvodnje lesenih oken – les in steklo ter jih povezali s taninom in poliuretansko matrico. Raziskavo smo zastavili tako, da smo spreminjali le eno spremenljivko naenkrat in opazovali vpliv na fizikalne in mehanske lastnosti izdelanega kompozita. Spreminjali smo deleže PU, tanina, stekla, gostoto, velikost gradnikov in različne deleže določenih velikosti gradnikov. Za vsako izdelano ploščo smo določali lastnosti, ki so najbolj pomembne za ciljno uporabo – gostota, tlačna trdnost (pri 10 % deformaciji), toplotna prevodnost in upogibna trdnost. V vsakem koraku smo določili vzorec z najboljšimi lastnostmi in jo uporabili v nadaljnjih preizkusih. Na tak način smo prišli do končnih vzorcev, ki smo jih nato primerjali z materiali, ki so že na trgu in se v praksi uporabljajo v pod okenski odprtini. Glede na lastnosti, ki smo jih izmerili, smo prišli do zaključka, da je izdelan material primeren za uporabo v pod okenski odprtini. Recycling and the circular economy are becoming increasingly important for reducing the pressure on natural resources, creating sustainable growth and halting the loss of biotic diversity. With this goal in mind, the European Union put in motion an action plan which includes the START CIRCLES project. In connection with the company M Sora, within the framework of this project, an innovative hybrid composite material, called “Comet”, was created. It was meant for use under windows to prevent thermal bridges. Waste materials from window production were used, namely wood and glass, which we bonded with tannin and polyurethane matrix. The research was set in such a way that it was possible to change one variable at a time and observe it's impact on the physical and mechanical properties of the composite. We altered the proportions of PU, tannin, glass and changed the density, wood particle size and the proportions of each size of wood particles. For each manufactured panel, we determined the properties that are the most important for the intended use – density, compressive strength (at 10 % deformation), thermal conductivity and flexural strength. In each step we determined the sample with the best properties and used that for further testing. Using such a procedure, we arrived at the final samples, which we then compared with materials that are already on the market and are being used in practice. Based on the properties we measured, we came to the conclusion that the manufactured material is suitable for use under windows.

Les je naravno gradivo, ki se zaradi večje okoljske ozaveščenosti čedalje pogosteje uporablja v inženirskih konstrukcijah. Težava uporabe lesa pa je, da začne ob izpostavljenosti vremenskim vplivom postopoma degradirati, kar se izrazi npr. v razpokanosti. Ker lahko razpoke, zlasti na nosilnih elementih večjih dimenzij, oslabijo njihovo trdnost in kvarijo videz, se jim poskušamo izogniti, za kar pa je potrebno dobro poznavanje mehanike procesov v lesu pri sušenju. V delu so obravnavani vplivi krčenja lesa zaradi procesa sušenja na napetostno polje, ki se pri tem pojavi. Izpostavljen je predvsem vpliv polarne ortotropnosti, ki je posledica rasti dreves. Postavljen matematični model, ki temelji na metodi končnih elementov, upošteva spreminjanje porazdelitve vlažnosti po prerezu v času in nastanek napetosti zaradi posledičnega krčenja. Pri tem je uporabljen konvekcijski robni pogoj sušenja. Algoritem je zmožen napovedati mesta največjih vrednosti nateznih napetosti in širjenje razpok v okroglem in kvadratnem preseku lesenega elementa. Wood is a natural material that is being increasingly used in engineering structures due to greater environmental awareness. The problem with using wood, however, is that it begins to gradually degrade when exposed to the weather, which can express e.g. in cracking. Since cracks, especially on the supporting elements of larger dimensions, can weaken their strength and affect their appearance, we try to avoid them which requires a good knowledge of the mechanics of wood drying processes. The study deals with the effects of wood shrinkage due to the drying process on the stress field that is induced during this process. The effect of polar orthotropy, which is the result of tree growth, is highlighted. A mathematical model based on the finite element method takes into account the change of moisture distribution across the cross-section over time and the formation of stress due to the resulting shrinkage. A convection drying boundary condition is used. The algorithm is capable of predicting the locations of maximum values of tensile stresses and the propagation of cracks in the round and square cross-section of a wooden element.

V zadnjem času opažamo porast uporabe lesa, predvsem v gradbeništvu. Poleg vseh dobrih mehanskih in fizikalnih lastnosti je za les značilna tudi neodpornost proti abiotičnim in biotičnim dejavnikom. Čeprav se les s svojimi naravnimi mehanizmi zaščiti pred visokimi temperaturami, ga moramo kljub vsemu dodatno zaščititi pred gorenjem z uporabo ognjezadrževalnih sredstev, saj je ogenj najhitrejši mehanizem uničevanja lesa. Ker živimo v toplem in vlažnem okolju, obstaja verjetnost, da bo les izpostavljen tudi glivam, zato je pomembno, da uporabljeno ognjezadrževalno sredstvo deluje tudi fungicidno. Kot perspektivno ognjezadrževalno sredstvo se v zadnjem času omenja Burnblock, zato nas je, poleg zaščite proti gorenju in visokim temperaturam, zanimalo njegovo fungicidno ali fungistatično delovanje. Uporabili smo glivi pisana ploskocevka (Trametes versicolor) in navadna tramovka (Gloeophyllum trabeum) ter kasneje primerjali rezultate. Vzorce smo zaščitili s potapljanjem in impregnacijo. Poleg ognjevarnostnih in razkrojnih testov smo izvedli tudi meritve pri navlaževanju v 100 % relativni zračni vlažnosti ter teste v povezavi s hidrofobnostjo vzorcev. Zaščiteni vzorci so se izkazali za manj dovzetne za dodatno navlaževanje in posledično razvoj gliv. Pri ognjevarnostnih testih so se zaščiteni vzorci v primerjavi z nezaščitenimi odnesli bolje predvsem pri obremenitvi z neposrednim plamenom, saj se noben od zaščitenih ni vžgal ali izrazito poškodoval. Razkrojni testi so pokazali, da gliva nezaščitene vzorce prerašča lažje kot zaščitene. Ugotovili smo, da lahko Burnblock uvrstimo med sredstva, ki delujejo tako ognjezadrževalno kot tudi fungicidno. Recently, we have seen a large increase in the use of wood, especially in construction. Although it has many good mechanical and physical properties, wood is also known for its poor resistance to abiotic and biotic factors. Fire is the fastest destroyer of wood, so we need to take care of fire protection in buildings. In the case of high temperatures, wood naturally takes care of itself with its own mechanisms. Nevertheless, we can further improve its resistance to burning. Because we live in a warm and humid environment, wood is also likely to be exposed to fungi. For this reason, we used Burnblock fire retardant, and were interested whether, in addition to protection against burning and high temperatures, we would also observe a fungicidal or fungistatic effect. In this experiment we used the fungi Trametes versicolor and Gloeophyllum trabeum and then we compared the results. The samples were protected by immersion and impregnation. In addition to fire and deterioration tests, we also performed measurements of humidification in 100% relative air humidity and tests in relation to the hydrophobicity of the samples. The protected specimens have been shown to be less susceptible to additional moistening and consequential fungal development. In fire tests, the protected samples performed better than the unprotected ones, as none of the protected ones caught fire or got severely damaged. The deterioration tests showed that the fungus grew in the unprotected specimens more easily in than the protected ones. In this diploma thesis, we came to the conclusion that Burnblock can be classified as an agent that has both fire retardant fungicidal effects.

Na desetih drevesih smreke z rastišča pod Karavankami smo vizualno ocenjevali kakovost lesa, ter jo primerjali s kakovostjo izdelanih 4 m dolgih sortimentov po višini posameznega drevesa. K vizualnemu ocenjevanju smo dodali še nedestruktivno določanje kakovosti. Na prsni višini stoječih dreves smo z napravo Arborsonic 3D® izdelali akustične tomografe, pri izdelani hlodovini pa smo z analizo frekvenčnega odziva določali vzdolžno hitrost zvoka. Na posameznih sortimentih po celotni višini dreves smo na osnovi radialnih izvrtkov dodatno izvedli še dendrokronološko analizo. Po višini dreves, od koreničnika do krošnje, se je kakovost izdelane hlodovine zmanjševala, večinoma zaradi števila in velikosti grč ter prisotnosti juvenilnega lesa. Tangencialna hitrost na obodu dreves, izmerjena z 2D akustičnim tomografom, je bila nižja pri drevesih z večjim prirastkom v adultnem obdobju. Povprečna vzdolžna hitrost zvoka je pri hlodovini kakovostnega razreda B in C znašala posamično 4196 m/s in 4155 m/s. Značilno nižjo hitrost zvoka 3714 m/s smo potrdili v najslabšem D-kakovostnem razredu. Ti sortimenti so večinoma izhajali iz 5. (16 – 20 m) in 6. vertikalne pozicije (> 20 m) v drevesih. Hlodovino tega kakovostnega razreda je mogoče na osnovi vzdolžne hitrosti zvoka zanesljivo razvrščati in ločiti od preostalih bolj kakovostnih sortimentov. We visually assessed the quality of ten spruce trees from a site below the Karavanke Mountains and compared it with the quality of 4-m-long logs made along the height of a single tree. The visual assessment was supplemented by a non-destructive method. For this purpose, acoustic tomographs were made at breast height of standing trees using the Arborsonic 3D® instrument, and longitudinal sound velocity was determined by longitudinal vibrations in the logs. We also performed an analysis of the radial growth of the wood on individual logs along the height of the trees. Depending on the height level in the trees, from the stump to the top, the quality of the logs produced decreased, mainly due to the number and size of branches, knots and the presence of juvenile wood. The tangential velocity at the circumference of trees measured with a 2D sonic tomograph was lower for trees with wider growth rings of adult wood. The average longitudinal sound velocity for logs in quality classes B and C was 4196 m/s and 4155 m/s, respectively. A much lower sound velocity of 3714 m/s was found in the poorest quality class D. These worst class logs mostly came from the 5th (16 - 20 m) and 6th vertical positions (> 20 m) in the trees. Logs of this quality class can be reliably sorted and separated from other assortments of higher quality based on longitudinal sound velocity.

V diplomskem delu z naslovom “Fotografija na različne materiale” je fokus na različnih alternativnih postopkih, materialih, tehnikah, emulzijah, ki nas pripeljejo do željenega končnega rezultata. Vsak način je edinstven in zahteva določeno znanje ter raziskovanje, in v nekaterih primerih ni vse odvisno od nas samih in našega dela. Velik vpliv na rezultat ima tudi okolje, v katerem ustvarjamo. V prvem delu je predstavljena teorija, ki je bistvena, da se lahko potem v drugem, eksperimentalnem delu, izvede. Veliko informacij je bilo pridobljenih iz opisa v knjigah, na spletu, zelo veliko znanja pa je bilo pridobljenega od fotografov, ki so te tehnike tudi sami preizkušali in vsak pogovor z njimi je prinesel nova spoznanja ter pustil odprtih mnogo vprašanj, s katerimi smo se potem ukvarjali v eksperimentalnem delu diplomske naloge. Rezultati v tem delu so bili večkrat drugačni od pričakovanj, zato je bilo potrebno postopke, kar večkrat ponoviti, potrebne spremembe pa analizirati za željene rezultate. Namen naloge je bil raziskati nove, alternativne tehnike, ki so dostopne vsakemu posamezniku željnemu ustvarjanja. Vprašanje je bilo, kako združiti različne materiale in emulzijo, zraven pa vključiti tudi naravo. Namen je bil najti tehnike, ki so zanimive, s katerimi lahko ustvarjamo v domačem okolju in ne vsebujejo škodljivih kemikalij, a nam še vedno dajejo velik del svobode pri kreativnem delu. Bistvo vsega je raziskovanje in ustvarjanje, saj to osmišlja življenje in nas postavlja pred nenehne izzive, razmišljanja in nas ohranja žive. In the thesis titled “Photography on different materials” we encounter various alternative procedures, materials, techinques, emulsions, which can provide us with the desired result. Each method is unique and requires a certain amount of knowledge and research. In some cases not everything depends on the person and the person’s work, but often the environment influences the final result. In the first part of the thesis, we looked into the theoretical aspects, and that allowed us to dive into the experimental part. Some information can be gained from books and online, as well as from photographers, who had tried these techniques. Each conversation with them brought new insights but left unanswered questions, which we tried to answer later. Many results came out different than I had expected, so we repeated the procedures as many times as possible to find the best results. The purpose was to find new, alternative techniques, which are accessible to anyone who’s eager to try them. The task was combining various materials and emulsion and it was important to also include nature. We wanted to find techiques, which are interesting but not harmful. The goal was to find techniques that can be used at home without any special equipment and those that give us freedom and allow creative work. The essence of it all was exploring and creating – basically what makes our lives more beautiful, represents a challenge to us and makes us feel alive.