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V diplomskem delu je obravnavano napredno načrtovanje oskrbe s pitno vodo. Gre za zelo pomemben proces v sodobnih družbah, ki je posredno ali neposredno vključen v vrsto zakonskih in podzakonskih aktov, ki so v nalogi predstavljeni. V nadaljevanju dela so predstavljeni tehnološki sistemi oskrbe s pitno vodo in stanje v Sloveniji ter sanitarne zahteve, ki jih morajo oskrbovalni sistemi izpolnjevati. Predstavljeni so elementi vodovoda in metode za načrtovanje teh infrastrukturnih sistemov. Opisane so prednosti BIM računalniškega načrtovanja vodovodnih sistemov in naloge strojnega inženirja pri sodelovanju v projektni skupini. Namensko BIM orodje je bilo uporabljeno pri načrtovanju vodovoda v manjšem naselju. V nalogi so prikazane vse faze BIM načrtovanja vodovodnega omrežja. In the thesis, we discuss the advanced design of drinking water supply systems, i.e. a very important process in modern societies, which is directly or indirectly included in numerous legislative and regulatory provisions which are presented below in more detail. Furthermore, technology water supply systems and the situation in Slovenia are presented, as well as specific sanitary requirements that the supply systems must meet. We present the elements of water supply system and methods for designing such infrastructure systems. We explore the advantages of BIM-assisted design of drinking water supply systems and the tasks a mechanical engineer participating in a project team has to perform. A dedicated BIM tool was used in designing water supply system in a small settlement, and we present all the stages that such BIM-supported design of water supply network involves.

V magistrski nalogi se osredotočamo na problematiko vodnih izgub v vodovodnih sistemih. Odkrivanje vodnih izgub je lahko podprto z množico digitalnih tehnologij, ki pripomorejo k hitrejšemu odkrivanju in odpravljanju okvar na vodovodnih sistemih. V teoretičnem delu magistrske naloge izdelamo načrt merilne kampanje za odkrivanje vodnih izgub, ki je podprta z uporabo digitalnih tehnologij. V praktičnem delu opisujemo realizacijo načrtovane merilne kampanje, izvedene v sodelovanju z upravljavcem vodovodnega sistema, in analiziramo njene rezultate. MSc thesis focuses on the problem of water loss in water supply systems. Detection of water leakage is crucial for management and reduction of water loss. Theoretical part of the MSc thesis focuses on development of a measuring campaign, supported by variety of digital technologies, with a goal of identifying the sections of water supply system with the highest amount of water leakage. In the practical part of the MSc thesis we describe the implementation of planned campaign, with the help of the water supply service provider, and analyse its results.

Znotraj vodovodnih sistemov se tvorijo biofilmi, ki so posledica biološkega obraščanja. Biološko obraščanje otežuje zagotavljanje mikrobiološko in kemično varne vode. Prav tako je vzrok za ogromne finančne izgube ter predstavlja veliko breme za javno zdravje. V magistrski nalogi smo pripravili različne modelne sisteme na mezo skali z vsemi ključnimi elementi vodovodnih sistemov. Prav tako smo optimizirali metodo, ki pri odsotnosti pretoka omogoča tvorbo večjih količin različno zrelih biofilmov na površini PMMA stekelca. To nam je omogočalo proučevanje: (i) učinkovitosti različnih tokovnih razmer pri preprečevanju biološkega obraščanja, (ii) učinkovitosti različnih tokovnih razmer pri odstranjevanju že ustanovljenih biofilmov in (iii) učinkovitosti različnih oblik hidrodinamske kavitacije pri uničenju planktonskih bakterij modelnega mikroorganizma E. coli. Ugotovili smo, da industrijsko relevantne tokovne razmere ne omogočajo učinkovitega odstranjevanja že ustanovljenih biofilmov, in ne preprečijo biološkega obraščanja. Prav tako smo ugotovili, da s spiranjem pri povišanih pretokih ni mogoče v celoti odstraniti biofilmov v vodovodnih sistemih. Z uporabo logističnega modela smo opisali vpliv lokalnih tokovnih razmer na odstranjevanje in strukturiranost biofilmov. Opazili smo, da fenotipsko prilagajanje na lokalne tokovne razmere znatno prispeva k mehanski stabilnosti biofilmov. Prav tako smo opazili, da tok fluida mimo mrtvega kanala povečuje snovni prenos in naplavljanje planktonskih bakterij v mrtvi rokav. Ko so znotraj mrtvega rokava biofilmi enkrat ustanovljeni, jih je s tokovnimi razmerami v glavnem kanalu nemogoče odstraniti in predstavljajo kronični vir za kolonizacijo preostalega vodovodnega sistema. Hidrodinamska kavitacija ni učinkovito uničila planktonskih bakterij. Biofilms form inside water distribution systems as a result of biofouling. Biofouling makes it difficult to provide microbiologically and chemically safe water. Furthermore, it is the cause of enormous financial losses and poses challenges to public health. In this thesis, we prepared several model water distribution systems on a mesoscale with all the key elements. We have optimized a method that, under stagnant conditions, allows for the formation of large quantities of differently mature biofilms on PMMA slides. This allowed us to study (i) the effectiveness of different flow regimes in preventing biofouling, (ii) the effectiveness of different flow regimes in removing already established biofilms, and (iii) the effectiveness of various forms of hydrodynamic cavitation in destroying planktonic bacteria of a model microorganism E. coli. We have found that industrially relevant flow regimes are insufficient for the removal of already established biofilms or for biofouling prevention. We have also observed that it is practically impossible to completely remove biofilms in water distribution systems with increased volumetric flow rates. We have used a logistic model to describe the structuring and removal of biofilms as a response to the local flow conditions. Furthermore, we have observed that phenotypic adaptation to local hydrodynamic conditions significantly contributes to the mechanical stability of biofilms. We have also observed that fluid flow past dead-ends increases the mass transfer and accumulation of planktonic bacteria into the dead-end. Once established within dead-ends, it is impossible to remove biofilms with increased flow in the main channel. Such biofilms present a chronic source for colonization of the rest of the water distribution system. Hydrodynamic cavitation did not efficiently kill planktonic bacteria.

Zaradi okoljskih skrbi v zadnjih nekaj desetletjih in povečane ozaveščenosti ljudi so se z novo zakonodajo povečale zahteve po učinkoviti in trajnostni rabi pitne vode. Izvajalci gospodarske javne službe (v nadaljevanju GJS na področju oskrbe s pitno vodo) zato ves čas iščejo nove načine za izboljšanje stanja in delovanja obstoječih vodovodnih sistemov. V Sloveniji so po zakonu upravljalci vodovodnih sistemov dolžni vzdrževati infrastrukturo v takšnem stanju, da lahko zadovoljujejo potrebe po pitni vodi v skladu s standardi oskrbe. V magistrskem delu je opisana metodologija, katere namen je oceniti tehnično stanje cevovodnih odsekov na izbranem območju. Z njo lahko določimo posamezne dele cevovodnega omrežja, ki so najbolj potrebni rehabilitacije, ti. kritične odseke. V prvem delu magistrske naloge je na kratko predstavljena zakonodaja s področja oskrbe s pitno vodo, struktura vodovodnih sistemov, proces poslabševanja stanja vodovodnih cevi, posledice in vzroki za nastanek okvar ter dejavniki, ki vplivajo na poslabšanje stanja vodovodnih cevi. V drugem delu je opisana metodologija, ki je bila izdelana in sestavljena na podlagi pregledane literature, lastnega znanja in poznavanja programske opreme. V tretjem delu je prikazana uporaba metodologije na izbranem območju obravnave. Na koncu magistrskega dela so predstavljeni dobljeni rezultati in njihova verifikacija. Poleg rezultatov je prikazan primer podrobne analize cevovodnega odseka za izdelavo strategije rehabilitacije cevovodnih odsekov na izbranem kritičnem odseku. Due to environmental concerns and increased awareness over the past few decades, the new legislation has increased demands for efficient and sustainable drinking water use. Public water utilities are constantly looking for new ways to improve the condition and operation of existing water supply systems. According to the legislation, in Slovenia water utilities are obliged to maintain their infrastructure in such condition that they can satisfy the needs for drinking water. The thesis describes a methodology, which aims to assess the technical condition of the pipes in water distribution system. With this methodology, it is possible to determine the individual sections of pipe networks, that are most needed for rehabilitation, so-called critical sections. In the first part of this thesis, we briefly presented the legislation from the field of drinking water supply, the structure of water supply systems, pipe deterioration process, causes and consequences of a pipe failure, factors that contribute to pipe deterioration. The second part describes the used methodology, which was designed and built based on literature reviewed, own expertise and software knowledge. The third part shows the use of the methodology in the selected area. At the end result and their verification are presented and an example of a detailed analysis of the pipe section is given for elaborating pipe rehabilitation strategies of the critical pipe sections.

Pomen vode za zdravje in preživetje ljudi je neprecenljiv, zato njena onesnaženost predstavlja vedno večji problem. Ker je naravna pitna voda nenadomestljiva in neprecenljiva javna dobrina, je ravnanje z viri pitne vode in oskrba z zdravstveno neoporečno pitno vodo do potankosti urejena z evropskimi in slovenskimi predpisi. Predpise, ki jih mora izpolnjevati pitna voda, določa Pravilnik o pitni vodi, hkrati pa izvajalce dejavnosti oskrbe s pitno vodo obvezuje, da je notranji nadzor nad pitno vodo vzpostavljen po načelih sistema HACCP. HACCP je mednarodno uveljavljen preventivni sistem za zagotavljanje varnega živila, ki določa načine kontrole in prepoznava kritične kontrolne točke. Materiali, ki so v stiku s pitno vodo, predstavljajo potencialno nevarnost za zdravstveno ustrezno pitno vodo in s tem posredno tudi za zdravje ljudi, saj lahko procesi njihove razgradnje privedejo do migracij med materialom in vodo. Čeprav so bili prvi polimerni materiali proizvedeni že ob koncu 19. stoletja, jih na splošno še vedno uvrščamo med novejše materiale. Tako se v zadnjem času vedno več uporabljajo tudi v vodovodnih sistemih. Kljub temu, da njihova uporaba prinaša številne prednosti, pa so z njihovo uporabo povezane tudi določene slabosti. Zato je zelo pomembno, da pri načrtovanju in gradnji objektov upoštevamo, kakšne materiale izberemo in vgrajujemo, kakšne so njihove lastnosti in kakšni možni vplivi na zdravstveno ustreznost pitne vode. V diplomski nalogi so predstavljeni polimerni materiali, ki se najpogosteje uporabljajo v vodovodnih sistemih, njihova kemijska sestava, lastnosti in namen uporabe. Zajeti so tudi aditivi in polnila, ki se jim dodajajo, njihov vpliv na lastnosti polimerov ter vpliv polimernih materialov na zdravstveno ustreznost pitne vode. Zanimal nas je tudi način in metode preskušanja teh materialov. Rezultati in ugotovitve so podane z analizo SWOT, ki razkriva glavne prednosti in slabosti uporabe polimernih materialov v vodovodnih sistemih. Hkrati analiza SWOT ponuja nove priložnosti za izboljšave, ob tem pa opozarja na težave, ki se lahko pojavijo. Na koncu smo opravili še študijo dejanskega stanja vgrajenih materialov v Pomurskem vodovodu – v sistemu C. The importance of water for health and livelihood of the people is priceless, so its pollution constitutes a growing problem. Since natural drinking water is irreplaceable and invaluable public good, handling with sources of drinking water and its supply is very strictly regulated by the European and Slovenian regulations. The regulations of drinking water are exactly provided by the regulation Pravilnik o pitni vodi. It also commits the operators on drinking water supply to the internal control of drinking water by the principles of the HACCP system. HACCP is an internationally established preventive system for ensuring food safety that specifies control methods and recognizes the critical control points. The materials in contact with drinking water pose a potential health risk to the wholesome drinking water and thus indirectly also to human health, because their decomposition processes may lead to the migration between the material and the water. Although the first polymeric materials were produced at the end of the 19th century, we still place them amongst newer materials. Thus recently, these materials are increasingly being used in water supply systems. Despite the fact that their use has a number of advantages, their use also has some disadvantages. It is crucial to consider which materials will be selected and installed during facility design and construction, what are their characteristics and potential impacts on the wholesome drinking water. The thesis presents the polymeric materials that are commonly used in the water supply systems, their chemical composition, properties and intention of use. This also includes additives and fillers which have been added, their influence on the properties of polymers and polymer material impact on the wholesome drinking water. The subjects of interest are also the ways and methods of testing these materials. The results and conclusions are presented by a SWOT analysis that reveals the main advantages and disadvantages of the polymeric materials usage in water distribution systems. The SWOT analysis also offers new opportunities for improvements and additionally draws attention to the problems that may occur. Finally, we have made a study of the actual situation of the installed materials in the System in Pomurje – C system.

Magistrsko delo temelji na primerjavi in ekonomski analizi že vzpostavljenega vodovodnega sistema, ki je v fazi prenove. V raziskavi bomo za območje Gornje Radgone in Radencev naredili primerjavo črpalk z in brez frekvenčne regulacije za različne premere cevovodov. Opisali bomo lokacijo in trenutno stanje, predstavili bomo črpalke, njihovo delovanje, prednosti in slabosti. Izračunali bomo karakteristike cevovodov, potrebo po vodi, porabo in strošek elektrike za različne konfiguracije. Zanima nas strošek investicije in obratovalni stroški v življenjskem obdobju. Stroške bomo med seboj primerjali in ugotovili optimalnost vzpostavljenega sistema. Master work is based on the comparison and economic analysis of already established water supply system, which is being renewed. The study will be a comparison of pumps with and without frequency regulation for various diameters of pipelines in the area of Gornja Radgona and Radenci. We will describe the location and current status, we will present pumps and their operation, their advantages and disadvantages. We will calculate the characteristics of pipelines, water consumption and cost of electricity for a variety of configurations. We are interested in the cost of investment and operating costs over the life span. We will compare the costs and find optimality of the established system.