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V diplomski nalogi sem iskal optimalno ščetko za komutatorski motor sesalne enote tipa 458.3.302-11. Izbral sem šest ščetk iz različnih materialov, ki jih uporabljamo za sesalne enote različnih moči. Moj cilj je bil s pomočjo meritev temperature in raziskave zgradbe same ščetke določiti tisto, ki je za izbrano sesalno enoto najbolj primerna. To sem naredil tako, da sem v šest enakih sesalnih enot vstavil šest izbranih ščetk in opravil meritve pri enaki moči 800 W. Meril sem napetost, tok in moč, hkrati pa sem z IR kamero meril tudi temperaturo. Na podlagi rezultatov meritev sem najprej določil emisivnosti ščetk, nato pa izbral optimalno ščetko za izbrano sesalno enoto in svojo izbiro tudi utemeljil. Ugotovil sem, da je optimalna izbira ščetka X13Cu, saj se glede na zgradbo in temperaturno odvisnost pri maksimalni moči, torej 800 W, najmanj obrablja. S primerno izbiro ščetke sem tako zagotovil, da je življenjska doba motorja daljša, kar pomeni, da sem dosegel želen cilj. In my diploma, I was searching for an optimal brush for a commutator motor of a vacuum cleaner. I chose six brushes made out of different materials, which are used for vacuum motors of different powers. My aim was to determine the most suitable brush for the vacuum motor by measuring the temperature and examining the structure of the brush. I did that by inserting six different brushes in six identical vacuum motors and performed the measurements at the same power of 800 W. Voltage, current and power were measured and at the same time the thermal camera was measuring the temperature. Firstly, I determined emission factors of brushes and then based on the temperature measurements chose a brush that was optimal for the selected vacuum motor and justified my decision. I have found that the optimal choice for my vacuum motor was the brush X13Cu, since it was least worn out based on the structure and temperature dependence at a maximum power of 800 W. With the appropriate selection of the brush I also achieved a longer life motor lifetime, which means that I have achieved the desired goal.

EU si je leta 2007 zastavila srednjeročni podnebno-energijski cilj “20-20-20” z načrtovanim zmanjšanjem porabe energije za 20 % do leta 2020. Cilj je relativno ambiciozen in ob normalnem razvoju dogodkov ne more biti dosežen brez prispevka učinkov ekodizajn zakonodaje. Energijske nalepke za električne gospodinjske aparate se v EU uporabljajo že od leta 1995. Dobre izkušnje je EU nadgradila leta 2001 s Strategijo za trajnostni razvoj, ki je napovedala Direktivo o okoljsko primerni zasnovi proizvodov (ekodizajn). Slednja že od leta 2005 skrbi za dvig “okoljske učinkovitost” proizvodov, povezanih z energijo. Gre za delovanje v smeri zmanjšanja negativnega vpliva na okolje in porabo virov na vseh stopnjah življenjskega kroga proizvoda: od surovin in proizvodnega procesa, prek uporabe proizvoda do njegove izrabe, vključno z vidiki izrabljenega proizvoda kot odpadka (ločeno zbiranje, recikliranje, ponovna uporaba, odlaganje). Z dosedanjimi rezultati regulative ekodizajn in označevanja z energijsko nalepko so pretežno zadovoljni tako potrošniki in trgovina, kot tudi proizvajalci in Bruselj. Energijska učinkovitost reguliranih kategorij se je v povprečju bistveno izboljšala najbolj očitno v primeru hladilno-zamrzovalnih aparatov, pralnih in sušilnih strojev. Povprečna poraba energije na gospodinjstvo se sicer zmanjšuje, toda delež elektrike med viri energije se občutno veča. Evropska gospodinjstva uporabljajo čedalje več električnih aparatov, med njimi tudi več kot 300 milijonov sesalnikov. Slednjim je vse do nedavne regulacije povprečna priključna moč več desetletij stalno rasla. Sesalniki se tako le na prvi pogled morda zdijo obrobnega pomena, toda dejansko izpolnjujejo vse kriterije za ekodizajn ukrepe: znaten obseg prodaje, pomemben vpliv na okolje, velik potencial za izboljšave energijske učinkovitosti, dosegljiv brez visokih stroškov. Zato je EU je leta 2013 v svojo obsežno regulativo ekodizajn vključila tudi sesalnike. Odločno jim je omejila vhodno moč in določila dodatne stroge omejitve: minimalno zmogljivost pobiranja prahu, maks. dovoljeno hrupnost in izpust prahu ter min. operativno življenjsko dobo. Hkrati za sesalnike predpisuje energijsko nalepko, s čimer zagotavlja primerno informiranost potrošnikov. Ukrepi so relativno strogi, zato se velja vprašati ali bi lahko EU svoje cilje na tem področju dosegla tudi na kakšen drug učinkovit način. Obstajajo namreč alternative, večkrat uporabljene tudi v praksi. Samoreguliranje proizvajalcev s prostovoljnim sporazumom je legitimna alternativa, ki jo ponuja sama direktiva ekodizajn. Na voljo so tudi drugi posredni načini, s finančnih spodbudami/trošarinami, z informacijskimi kampanjami ipd. Toda analize kažejo na boljšo učinkovitost zakonskih predpisov v primerjavi z alternativnimi rešitvami. Še posebej, ko ima regulacija široko podporo deležnikov (proizvajalcev, IS in držav članic). Postopek priprave ekodizajn zakonodaje za sesalnike, sestavljen iz predpisanih ključnih faz, je vodila Evropska Komisija. Sodelovala sta tudi Svet EU in Evropski parlament ter mnogi zunanji akterji (predvsem proizvajalci in interesna združenja). Da bi lahko razumeli konkretne korake od pobude do objave uredbe, se moramo seznaniti z zakonodajnim postopkom, zakonodajno pobudo in z zastopanjem interesov v EU. Proces je bil dolgotrajen, skoraj 6 let od podpisa pogodbe za pripravljalno študijo do objave uredb v Uradnem listu EU (od prve konkretnih pobude za vključitev sesalnikov pa celo več kot 10 let), kar je dolga doba tudi po internih merilih Komisije. Zato domnevamo, da so deležniki temeljito preučili vse ključne vidike zadeve. Kljub temu ne moremo izključiti možnih kritik, nezadovoljstva ali nasprotovanja manjšega dela zainteresiranih subjektov in medijev. Postopek je bil zelo kompleksen. K sodelovanju je pritegnil veliko število udeležencev, zahteval je mnoge posvete, forume, sestanke, študije, ocene, analize. Da je bodoča uredba lahko uspešno prestala glasovanja na odborih, je Komisija ves In 2007 the EU has set a medium-term climate and energy objective "20-20-20", which includes 20 % reduction of the primary energy needs by 2020. The goal is ambitious and at normal development of events can not be achieved without the contribution of the effects of ecodesign legislation. Energy labels for household electrical appliances in the EU are in use since 1995. The good experience were upgraded into the 2001 Strategy for sustainable development, announcing the Directive of ecodesign requirements for products (ecodesign directive). The latter is since 2005 responsible for raising "environmental performance" of energy related products. It is working towards reducing the negative environmental impact and resource consumption at all stages of the product life cycle: from raw materials and production process, through the use phase of the product, until the end of its life, including aspects of the end-of-life management (separate collection, recycling, reuse, disposal). The results so far of ecodesign and labelling legislation have mostly satisfied both consumers and trade, as well as manufacturers and Brussels. The average energy efficiency of the regulated categories has significantly improved most obviously in the case of refrigerators, freezers, washing machines and tumble dryers. The average energy consumption per household is decreasing, but the share of electricity among the power sources is significantly increasing. European households are using more and more electrical appliances, including more than 300 million vacuum cleaners. The latter were subject to a continuous average input power increase for decades, until the recent regulation. Vacuum cleaners therefore only at first glance may seem marginal, but in fact fulfil all the criteria for ecodesign measures: significant sales volume, notable environmental impact, high potential for energy efficiency improvements, achievable without high costs. Hence the EU included vacuum cleaners into its extensive ecodesign legislation in 2013. It strongly limited the max. input power and set additional strict limits: the minimum performance for dust removal, max. allowed noise level, max. allowed dust re-emission and min. operational lifetime. At the same time the mandatory energy labels for vacuum cleaners were introduced, ensuring the appropriate information to consumers. The measures are relatively strict, so it is worth asking whether the EU could have achieved its objectives in any other effective manner. There exist alternatives, already used in practice. Self-regulation of the industry through a voluntary agreement is a legitimate alternative offered by the ecodesign directive itself. There are also other indirect ways by financial incentives, excise duties, with information campaigns etc. But the analyses show a better efficiency of legal regulations compared to alternative solutions. Especially when regulation has broad support of stakeholders (industry, interest groups and member states). The process of preparation of ecodesign implementing measure for vacuum cleaners, consisting of several prescribed key stages, was in hands of the European Commission. The Council of EU, the European Parliament and many external stakeholders (in particular industry and interest groups) cooperated as well. To understand the concrete steps from the initiative to the published regulation, one needs to learn the basics of the legislative process, legislative initiatives and representation of interests in the EU. The process was rather lengthy, taking almost 6 years since the signing of the contract for a preparatory study to publication of the regulation in the Official journal of the EU (even more than 10 years since the first concrete initiative for the inclusion of vacuum cleaners), which is a long time even according to the Commission's internal criteria. Therefore we assume that the stakeholders examined thoroughly all key aspects of the case. Nevertheless, we can not excl