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The evaluation of a literary work is a continuous, multifaceted process, which takes place through a wide range of diverse individual actions and social and institutional activities. The complexity of this process has deepened with the transition to the information society, and many forms of evaluation have been transferred from the material to the digital realm. In this paper, I am particularly interested in some of those aspects of valuation which, due to the mediatisation of the literary field, as well as the dictates of market logic, can characterise highly institutionalised forms of evaluation or legitimation practices in the literary field, and which we can also observe in the field of Slovenian literature. Thus, alongside the author’s primary evaluation, it is necessary today to take into account the author’s secondary evaluation of his or her own work, and, more generally, to recognise the mechanisms of mediatisation (e.g. eventisation, personalisation, scandalisation) and the consequences that the mediatisation of society has on the literary field: the imposition of the evaluative criterion of media efficiency instead of quality (and consequently the pursuit of visibility, success rather than quality), the media evaluation of works and/or the focus of media attention on authors, the hyperproduction of events, the elimination of the space and means for in-depth reflection on literary production in the mass media and the relocation of this reflection to specialised online media with a narrower readership, the tabloid coverage of literary events. As a direct consequence of the profound mediatisation of society, the formerly unified reading public is being segmented and differentiated, and more or less close (digital) reading communities are being formed; because the media connect very different social fields, the reception of literary works is becoming more heterogeneous, which multiplies and at the same time disperses the factors influencing the evaluation of literary works.

Bacterial overgrowth, also known as dysbiosis, is a common concomitant of canine atopic dermatitis. Microbial diversity is decreased and coagulase-positive staphylococci are more abundant in dogs with canine atopic dermatitis compared to healthy dogs. Antimicrobial therapy restores the diversity of the skin microbiome; however, this effect can diminish after treatment is discontinued. Therapies for skin dysbiosis have traditionally included antibiotics and antiseptic medications. Due to increasing microbial resistance to antibiotics, the era of novel antimicrobial agents for the treatment of skin infections has already begun. Recent research highlights potential new treatment options, of which one of the most promising appears to be the use of bacteriophages. Bacteriophages are viruses that can infect and kill bacteria without having negative effects on human or animal cells. This article provides an update on human and veterinary research on phage therapy as a potential approach for the treatment of bacterial infections, with a focus on the treatment of skin dysbiosis in atopic dogs. The clear clinical potential of phage therapy, its advantages and disadvantages, and the legal, biological, technical, and economic challenges it faces for its further implementation and wider application are outlined.

Izhodišče: Okužbe sečil se pri novorojenčkih pojavljajo bolj pogosto kot pri starejših otrocih. V raziskavi smo želeli analizirati klinično sliko in povezavo s strukturnimi nepravilnostmi sečil ter pridobiti pregled nad povzročitelji in njihovo občutljivostjo za antibiotike. Metode: V retrospektivno raziskavo smo vključili novorojenčke, ki so bili zaradi okužbe sečil hospitalizirani na Kliničnem oddelku za neonatologijo Pediatrične klinike med letoma 2013 in 2021. Podat-ke smo pridobili s pomočjo bolnišničnega informacijskega sistema Clinical. Rezultati: V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 274 novorojenčkov, od tega 69 % dečkov. Delež bolnikov s pridruženimi nepravilnostmi sečil je znašal 39,8 %. Klinični znaki ob sprejemu so bili nespecifični, najpogosteje so se pojavljali vročina (37,1 %), slabše hranjenje (21,5 %) in razdražljivost oziroma neutolažljiv jok (17,1 %). Najpogosteje dokazani povzročitelj okužbe je bila Escherichia coli (60,4 %). Antibiotično zdravljenje je večinoma potekalo v parenteralni obliki (74,8 %) in je v povprečju trajalo 9,6 dneva (mediana 7 dni). Najpogosteje izbrano empirično antibiotično zdravljenje je bilo zdravljenje z ampicilinom in gentamicinom (61,3 %). V 36,5 % je bila osamljena bakterija odporna proti enemu od testiranih antibiotikov. Escherichia coli je bila najpogosteje (36,7 %) odporna proti ampicilinu in v 1,8 % proti gentamicinu. Zaključek: Okužbe sečil se pri novorojenčkih lahko kažejo z nespecifičnimi znaki. Velik delež novorojenčkov ima pridružene nepravilnosti sečil – ti običajno zbolevajo bolj zgodaj kot novorojenčki z zdravimi sečili. Pri tej skupini bolnikov je najpogostejši povzročitelj okužbe prav tako Escherichia coli, a v manjšem deležu, in je v tretjini primerov odporna proti ampicilinu in le redko proti gentamicinu.

Background: Urinary tract infections occur more often in newborns than older children. With our research, we wanted to analyze the clinical picture and the connection with structural abnormalities of the urinary tract and create an overview of the disease agents and their sensitivity to antibiotics. Methods: The retrospective study included hospitalized newborns due to urinary tract infections at the Clinical Department for Neonatology of the Paediatric Clinic between 2013 and 2021. Data were obtained using the Clinical Information System. Results: This research included 274 newborns, of which 69% were boys. The percentage of patients with associated urinary tract anomalies was 39,8%. Clinical signs upon admission were nonspecific; the most common were fever (37.1%), poor feeding (21.5%) and irritation or inconsolable weeping (17.1%). The most commonly discovered pathogen was Escherichia coli (E. coli) (60.4%). Antibiotic treatment was primarily given in the parenteral form (74.8%) and lasted, on average, 9,6 days, with a median of 7 days. The most commonly chosen empiric antibiotic therapy was therapy with ampicillin and gentamicin (61.3%). In 36.5%, the isolated bacteria were resistant to one of the tested antibiotics: Escherichia coli was most often resistant to ampicillin (36.7%) and in 1.8% to gentamicin. Conclusion: Clinical signs of urinary tract infection in neonates are nonspecific. A high percentage of newborns have associated urinary tract anomalies. The average age at the onset of the first signs of the disease is lower in newborns with congenital urinary tract anomalies. In this group of patients, Escherichia coli, as the most commonly isolated pathogen, occurs in a lower percentage and is resistant to ampicillin in a third of the cases and rarely to gentamicin.

Prispevek analizira dve kabinetni žanrski sliki iz druge polovice 18. stoletja, ki sta do konca druge svetovne vojne viseli v dvorcu Podsmreka pri Višnji Gori, danes pa sta v zasebni lasti v Ljubljani. Na podlagi pečatov in oznak na hrbtiščih ju zanesljivo povezuje z zbirko, ki jo je na Dunaju zasnoval Isidor vitez Klarwill (1842–1898), del njegove zbirke pa je ob nakupu posesti Podsmreka na Slovensko pripeljal njegov vnuk Peter Klarwill. Na podlagi študija arhivskih virov razkriva doslej neznane okoliščine prenosa dela rodbinske zbirke v Podsmreko leta 1935, prodajo dvorca Antonu Verovšku leta 1939 ter usodo zbirke in grajske opreme, ki sta ob prodaji dvorca državi po Verovškovi smrti prešli v javno last. Z zapuščino Klarwillov prvič povezuje tudi posamezne umetnine in kose opreme, ki so bili ob prodaji dvorca državi leta 1948 dodeljeni javnim muzejskim zbirkam.

Slovenija sodi med hitro starajoče se države, kar zahteva prilagoditve družbe na različnih področjih. Eno izmed njih je skrb za starejše, ki zaradi težav, povezanih s staranjem, potrebujejo vrsto storitev in pomoči. Del potrebne pomoči lahko pokrijejo formalne storitve (kot je osebna pomoč na domu), zelo pomembni pa so tudi neformalni viri socialne opore (sorodniki, prijatelji, sosedi). Raziskave kažejo, da ima del starejših razmeroma zadostno socialno oporo, obstaja pa tudi nezanemarljiv delež starejših s šibko socialno oporo ali brez virov neformalne socialne opore. Ti so lahko še posebej ranljivi v okoliščinah, kot je pandemija koronavirusa SARS-CoV-2. Tako članek naslavlja značilnosti omrežij socialne opore starejših, ki živijo doma, v času popolnega zaprtja javnega življenja v prvem valu pandemije, in sicer na podlagi podatkov, zbranih v okviru spletnega panela JazVem. Gre za verjetnostni vzorec 605 oseb, starejših od 64 let. V raziskavi so bile merjene čustvena in instrumentalna opora, opora v smislu neformalnega druženja, pa tudi elementi formalne opore in različne značilnosti omrežij. V vzorcu je bila dobra desetina starostnikov z omejenimi viri socialne opore. To so starostniki, ki niso navedli nobenega vira socialne opore, in starostniki s samo oddaljenimi viri socialne opore. Na število in dostopnost virov socialne opore v času pandemije vplivata spol in velikost gospodinjstva starostnika.

Članek obravnava najobsežnejši ohranjeni sklop upodobitev dobrotnikov iz slovenskih samostanov, tj. portrete dobrotnikov in deželnih knezov iz cistercijanskega samostana Stična. Osredotoča se na tipologijo, pomen in slogovne značilnosti z ozirom na sorodne ohranjene cikle iz (notranje)avstrijskih samostanov in z ozirom na njihove likovne in pisne vire. Celopostavni portretni upodobitvi vojvode Leopolda III. in njegove soproge Viride (Narodna galerija, Slovenija), doslej pripisani Ferdinandu Stainerju, razkrivata izrazite sorodnosti s serijo šestih celopostavnih upodobitev dobrotnikov cistercijanskega samostana Vetrinj Ferdinanda Fromillerja. Atribucijo Fromillerju omogoča tudi Fromillerjeva risba dobrotnika, identičnega Leopoldu III., v Koroškem deželnem arhivu. Tudi primerjalna analiza desetih ovalnih portretov stiških dobrotnikov in deželnih knezov omogoča tezo, da so dela nastala v Fromillerjevi delavnici. Portreti so nastali v naslonu na ilustracije v knjigah portretov, kot vir napisov na spodnjem delu ovalov pa je bila identificirana leta 1719 dokončana Idiographia Pavla Puclja.

Prispevek na podlagi temeljite analize računskih knjig župnije Lenart v Slovenskih goricah in njihovih prilog obravnava naročila opreme, ki jo je Janez Ernest II. grof Herberstein (1709–1780) v drugi polovici 18. stoletja pridobil za lenarško župnijsko cerkev. Vrsta zanesljivih novih atribucij in datacij predstavlja temelj nadaljnjemu raziskovanju grofovih naročil v njegovih rezidencah. Herberstein je opremo naročal pri privilegiranih umetnikih iz deželne prestolnice, pri kiparju Johannesu Piringerju (1709–1788) ter slikarjih Johannu Baptistu Antonu Raunacherju (1729–1771) in Antonu Jantlu (1723–1805). Vsi omenjeni umetniki so sodelovali pri prenovah v dvorcu Eggenberg in graški palači, rezidencah Karla Leopolda grofa Herbersteina in njegove žene Marije Eleonore, roj. kneginje Eggenberg.

The use of force in self-defence against non-state actors in the territory of another state not having effective control over activities of non-state actors is subject of numerous controversies. While the traditional approach limits the use of force in self-defence from Article 51 of the UN Charter to the inter-state relations, the ever-present threat of international terrorism triggered new trends in expanding the notion of self-defence to private armed attacks. In the past, countries justified their use of force against non-state actors on the territory of another state by attributing the attack to the host state. However, in the last few years, especially in the context of fight against ISIL in Syria, an unwilling or unable host state doctrine received an unprecedented attention. The authors of the paper present prevailing legal arguments for the use of force against non-state actors and assess whether a wider understanding of Article 51 of the UN Charter has emerged.

Z uporabo presvetlitvene tehnike in barvanja skeleta za hrustančno in kostno tkivo smo spremljali vzorec osifikacije skeleta pri navadni krastač Bufo bufo, katerih ličinke imajo izredno hiter razvoj. Osredotočili smo se na osifikacijo hrbtenice, oplečja in okolčja ter okončin, s poudarkom na osifikaciji njihovih distalnih delov. Ugotovili smo, da so hrustančne zasnove skeleta ob koncu premetamorfoznega obdobja (faza 34) že oblikovane. Prve pokostenitve se pojavijo v prometamorfozi (faza 39) in sicer, sočasno v nevralnih lokih, v diafiznem delu proksimalnih elementov sprednjih in zadnjih okončin in v proksimalnem delu črevnic okolčja. Oplečje je v tej fazi še v celoti hrustančno. Osifikacija je med prometamorfozo bolj intenzivna in postopoma napreduje v kranio – kavdalni smeri vzdolž hrbtenice in od proksimalnih v distalne dele okončin, prav tako se širi iz osrednjega dela dolgih kosti okončin proti epifiznim koncem. Osifikacija prstov poteka v posteriorno – anteriorni smeri glede na os okončine. Tako kot pri večini brezrepcev, je skelet krastače ob zaključku metamorfoznega klimaksa (faza 46) skoraj popolnoma osificiran. Hrustančni ostajajo osrednji dorzalni del hrbtenice in distalni konci prečnih odstavkov vretenc, kavdalni del postsakralne regije, epifizni konci dolgih kosti okončin in karpus ter metakarpus, ter nadlopatici oplečja in sramnici okolčja. Rezultati raziskave so potrdili konzervativnost splošnega vzorca osifikacije skeleta dvoživk, navkljub da je razvoj ličink krastače v primerjavi z ostalimi brezrepci bistveno hitrejši.

The aim of the contribution is to reconstruct the symbolic landscape on the base of the folk tradition in the Upper Vipava Valley and surroundings. However, there are visible differences in observed elements between the valley and the plateau, which is the result of the duration of its being inhabited and the density of population. It is to be understood from the folk tradition that the Nanos plateau has been considered as a holy mountain before the arrival of Christianity.