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Pri deročem toku se pogosto pojavi dvofazni tok, ki ga spremlja močno razgibana, nestacionarna vodna gladina. S klasičnimi merilnimi metodami določitev povprečnega poteka vodne gladine, posebno z večjo prostorsko ločljivostjo, praktično ni možna. Pri analizi sotočja dveh deročih tokov, kjer se oblikuje stoječe valovanje z veliko vertikalno dinamiko gladine, smo za meritve gladine uporabili lasersko skeniranje. Članek prikazuje, da je z obdelavo meritev te brezkontaktne merilne metode mogoče določiti tako srednji potek kot tudi fluktuacije vodne gladine. Rezultati širijo uporabo te merilne metode, ki prinaša pomembne informacije o lastnostih vodnega toka, na številna področja hidrotehnike. Prikazane so tokovne razmere na sotočju, kjer so bile iz izmerjene dinamike vodne gladine v merilnih prerezih za nabor 168 kombinacij dveh dotokov z visokimi vrednostmi Froudovih števil (2 < Fr Two-phase flow often occurs in supercritical flows, accompanied by a highly dynamic, non-stationary water surface. Determining the average water surface profile, especially with higher spatial resolution, is practically impossible using conventional measurement methods. In the analysis of supercritical confluence flow, where standing waves with high vertical dynamic of water surface are formed, laser scanning was used to measure the free-water surface. Average profile as well as fluctuations of water surface can be determined with processing of (processed) measurements of this non-contact measurement method, as presented in this paper. The results contribute to wider use of this measurement method, which provides important information on water flow properties to many fields of hydro-engineering. Flow conditions are shown at confluences, where measurements of water surface dynamics in measured cross-section for 168 combinations of two flows with high values of Froude numbers (2 < Fr

The impact of flooding is significantly greater in urban areas than in rural environments, as the exposure and value of property and the likelihood of endangering human lives is higher. There is therefore a great need for hydraulic models, which can predict the direction and extent of flooding. Buildings pose obstacles to water flow, considerably affecting its course, wherefore buildings should be taken into account in hydraulic models. This study compared two different ways of taking account of buildings in mathematical hydraulic models. The first approach models buildings by increasing the value of the hydraulic roughness coefficient for building footprints, while the second approach includes buildings in a digital terrain model at their locations. We also analysed the sensitivity of modelling results in respect of the cell size of the computational mesh, which can significantly affect the results of hydraulic model. Hydraulic analysis was carried out with 2D model for area of Gornja Radgona, which would be the flood of the Mura River in the event a part of flood protection wall collapsed. The impact of cell size and the approach of modelling buildings on the run-off regime and flood. Posledice poplav so bistveno večje v urbanih kot v ruralnih območjih, saj so izpostavljenost in vrednost premoženja ter verjetnost ogrožanja človeških življenj večji. Zato je potreba po hidravličnih modelih, ki predvidijo smeri in obseg poplavljanja, velika. Objekti predstavljajo ovire v vodnem toku in bistveno vplivajo na njegov potek, zato jih je treba upoštevati v hidravličnih modelih. V študiji smo primerjali dva načina upoštevanja objektov v hidravličnih matematičnih modelih, in sicer s povečanjem vrednosti koeficienta hidravlične hrapavosti oziroma z zvišanjem navideznega terena na mestih objektov nad nivo poplavljenosti. Analizirali smo tudi občutljivost rezultatov modeliranja glede na velikost celice računske mreže, ki lahko bistveno vpliva na rezultate hidravličnega modela. Hidravlično analizo smo izvedli s polnim 2D hidravličnim modelom za območje Gornje Radgone, ki bi ga Mura poplavila v primeru porušitve dela betonskega zidu, ki mesto ščiti pred visokimi vodami. Kazalniki za analizo velikosti vpliva različnih načinov upoštevanja objektov in velikosti računskih celic na odtočne razmere ter poplavno nevarnost znotraj obravnavanega območja so bili med drugim globina in hitrost vodnega toka, obseg poplavljenosti ter prostorska porazdelitev razredov poplavne nevarnosti. Preverili smo tudi časovne spremembe potovanja poplavnih voda preko urbanega območja.

V razvitem svetu ima zbiranje odpadkov dolgo tradicijo in danes zajema veliko večino odpadkov. Po povečevanju deleža zajema, ki je potekalo v preteklosti je sedaj pozornost namenjena izboljšavam zbiranja v smislu večje učinkovitosti, podpori novim zahtevam za ponovno uporabo odpadkov ter udobni in dobri storitvi za uporabnike. Zbiranje odpadkov je v sistemu ravnanja z odpadki še posebej pomembno, ker predstavlja neposredni stik z uporabniki ter je izvedbeno in poslovno pomemben. Najbolj razširjen je t.im. prinašalni sistem, kjer uporabniki prinašajo ločene frakcije na najbližje zbirno mesto, vse bolj pa se uveljavlja sistem »od vrat do vrat« po katerem zbiralec odpadkov le-te pobira neposredno pri uporabniku. Slednji pristop zahteva prilagoditve a prinaša tudi nove možnosti za izboljšanje sistema zato je zanimiva primerjava obeh pristopov. Oba pristopa sem v moji diplomi tudi bolj podrobno opisala. V literaturi sem poiskala primerjave oz. poročila za delovanje obeh sistemov z vidika izvedbe, učinkovitosti in stroškov. V sklopu naloge sem opravila pogovore s predstavniki komunalnih podjetij, kjer sistem od vrat do vrat vsaj delno uporabljajo, da sem dobila podatke o izkušnjah z uvedbo. Navedena je tudi analiza uvedbe novega sistema v naselju Grčna ter nekaj alternativnih pristopov k zbiranju odpadkov. Na osnovi raziskave zaključujem, da je postopna uvedba sistema od vrat do vrat smiselna saj predstavlja nadgradnjo sistema predvsem v smislu izboljšanja upravljanja z viri in uvaja večjo sledljivost. Prehod je predvsem organizacijski izziv, medtem ko se stroški izvajanja dolgoročno ne dvignejo. In the developed world, we have a long tradition of waste collection, which today includes the vast majority of the waste we produce. After the increase of the collected waste share in the past years, the focus has recently been shifting towards the improvement of waste collection strategies in terms of effectiveness, new recycling methods and a comfortable customer experience of high quality. Waste collection plays an especially important role in the system of waste management, since it involves a direct contact with the users. It is thus very significant as far as its execution and financial management are concerned. The most common system is the so-called »carrying« system where users bring their separated waste units to the closest collection site. Another important system winning recognition is the door-to-door system where waste management companies collect waste directly from their users. This strategy requires adaptations, but it also offers new possibilities of improvement. A comparison of both systems thus offers interesting cues. In my diploma thesis, I describe both systems in detail. I include comparative studies and reports on both systems from the viewpoint of performance, effectiveness and expenses. I have discussed with the representatives of local municipal solid waste management companies to gain information on their introduction of the door-to-door system, which is currently being employed at least partially. The thesis includes an analysis of the new system of Grčna, an area of the city of Nova Gorica. Additionally, I present some alternative municipal solid waste collection strategies. Based on my research, I can conclude that a gradual introduction of the door-to-door system represents a reasonable solution, since it includes an upgrade of the system in terms of resource management and better waste tracking. Since the introduction of this system does not mean an increase of performance expenses in the long term, I see this transition as a possible, though demanding organizational challenge.

V Sloveniji in po svetu je obseg območij poplavne nevarnosti velik, zaradi podnebnih sprememb pa naj bi se te površine še povečale. Pri nas se želi z bodočo gradnjo zgostiti pozidavo v območjih pozidave, kar pomeni, da bo treba stopnji poplavne nevarnosti prilagoditi tudi gradnjo objektov. Amfibijska gradnja stavb prinaša kakovostne dopolnitve k vodotesni oz. vodoodporni gradnji, ki se uporabljata na območjih poplavne nevarnosti. Zagotavlja varnost pred poplavitvijo, zato niso potrebne sanacije po poplavi, nima čezmernih vplivov na okolje oz. vodne tokove ter omogoča vključitev v podobo soseske in ohranja obstoječi arhitekturni značaj. Predstavljeni so glavne značilnosti in konstrukcija amfibijske stavbe, pravni vidiki umeščanja take gradnje pri nas ter nekaj primerov iz sveta.

Eden glavnih načinov prenosa invazivnih tujerodnih vrst med vodnimi ekosistemi po svetu so balastne vode, zato želimo z različnimi sistemi za obdelavo balastnih voda zmanjšati njihov negativni vpliv oziroma preprečiti širjenje invazivnih organizmov, ki so v njih. Merila za določanje učinkovitosti sistemov so pripravljena v okviru Mednarodne konvencije za nadzor in ravnanje z ladijskimi balastnimi vodami in sedimenti, ki pa še ni začela veljati. Ena od možnosti čiščenja balastnih voda so naprave s hidrodinamsko kavitacijo, v katerih se v glavnem elementu naprave ustvari nenadno zmanjšanje lokalnega tlaka, ki poškoduje ali uniči organizme v pretakajoči se balastni vodi. Predstavili bomo razvoj nove naprave, ki je pri ustvarjanju hidrodinamske kavitacije učinkovitejša kot obstoječe naprave, ki uporabljajo isti proces obdelave vode. S hidravličnimi poskusi smo najprej razvili novo zasnovo z intenzivnim tvorjenjem kavitacije, nato so sledili biološki poskusi z morsko vodo iz Piranskega zaliva, s katerimi smo preverili še učinek kavitacijske obdelave na morske organizme. Ta je bil ovrednoten z doseženo stopnjo poškodovanosti treh ciljnih morskih organizmov. Preverili smo tudi, ali bi lahko s separacijo, kot predobdelavo morske vode, učinek naprave še izboljšali. Rezultati primerjave kažejo večjo učinkovitost nove naprave na vseh testiranih organizmih in boljše obratovalne lastnosti od obstoječih kavitacijskih sistemov.

The Floods Directive has brought a common denominator of flood problem affairs management to the EU but does allow differences in its implementation in the Member States, as they have different geographical, social, and economic conditions. The common goal is a transparent assessment of the situation and reduction or management of flood risks, wherein the Member States can independently and differently select the return periods of high water and the level of risk, which leads to different legal regimes in fl ood areas. Therefore, the spatial placement is typical of individual areas of the river basin (in a Member State, Federal State); different legal regulation may also occur in the placement of interventions in the space on the adjacent banks of an interstate watercourse, which will be shown on the border stretch of the Mura River.

Due to its topographical characteristics extensive flat areas present thesurfaces where high waters might spill and retain. This has a significant impact on the transformation of flood waves, i.e. peak attenuation and lengthening of the propagation time and, consequently, positive impact on flood safety of downstream areas. The impact of theretention area on the flood wave propagation over the studied area depends on the quantity of water mass spilled into the retention area and run off regime on it. The conveyance and retention capacity of the area is significantly influenced by the land use. Since agricultural useand shrub or forest vegetation on the flood areas are generally permitted, the paper presents the results of a hydraulic analysis of the impact of vegetation extensiveness, as one of theland use, on the runoff regime in a retention area and thereby on flood wave propagation. By selected indicators the impact of the land use in the retention area on the runoff regimeand flood hazard within the studied area was analysed, as well as the impact of the landuse in the retention area on downstream conditions for theoretically assumed geometry of the riparian areas. The findings are then compared with the hydraulic response of the floodarea of Krško-Brežiško polje, where HPP Brežice is under construction. Obsežna ravninska območja zaradi svojih topografskih lastnosti predstavljajo prostor, kjer se visoke vode lahko razlijejo in zadržijo. To ima pomemben vpliv na preoblikovanje poplavnih valov, tj. znižanje konice in podaljševanje potovalnega časa vala ter posledično ugoden vpliv na poplavno varnost dolvodnih območij. Vpliv retenzijskega prostora na potovanje visokovodnega vala čez obravnavano območje je odvisen predvsem od količin vodne mase, ki se prelijejo na retenzijsko površino, in odtočnih razmer na njej. Na pretočno in zadrževalno sposobnost med drugim pomembno vpliva tudi raba prostora. Ker je na poplavnih območjih praviloma dovoljena kmetijska raba oz. grmovna ali gozdna zarast, prispevek podaja rezultate hidravlične analize vpliva obsežnosti zarasti, kot ene od rabe prostora, na odtočne razmere v retenziji in s tem na potovanje poplavnih valov. Z izbranimi kazalniki je analiziran tako vpliv rabe prostora retenzije naodtočne razmere in poplavno nevarnost znotraj obravnavanega območja kot tudi vpliv rabe prostora retenzije na dolvodne razmere za teoretično predpostavljeno geometrijo obvodnega prostora. Ugotovitve so nato primerjane z odzivom poplavnega območja Krško-Brežiškega polja, kjer se pripravlja gradnja HE Brežice.

The present-day water supply services use advanced technologies in order to provide their customers with constantly improving services. This involves the adoption of a pro-active approach to the operational management of distribution networks as a means of improving customer satisfaction. As a result, an analysis of the necessary changes in the network management and the operations, and their effects on customers, along with the reduction of operating costs and investments, was performed with optimisation tool called genetic algorithms. This paper presents work performed on a small but complex, water-suply system. The work comprised building a model, model calibration, and an analysis of the development perspectives to ensure the long-term coverage of customer neeeds, while taking into account the limited resources available. During the work some tools were developed, based predominantly on the EPANET software, which uses genetics algorithms as an optimisation procedure. This enabled an advanced analysis of the existing performance of the water-supply system as well as an analysis of the different development options. V današnjem času se tudi na področju vodenja sistemov za oskrbo z vodo vse bolj uporabljajo napredna orodja. Z njimi se skuša zajeti tako uspešno poslovanje službe, ki je zadolžena za vodenje, kakor zagotoviti nemoteno oskrbo z vodo. Za dosego takih ciljev, pri katerih je treba iskati optimalno rešitev med ekonomskimi, pravnimi in tehničnimi kriteriji, smo uporabili orodje imenovano genetski algoritmi. Nalogo smo izvedli na stvarnem manjšem, vendar kompleksnem vodovodnem sistemu. Na vzpostavljenem umerjenem hidravličnem modelu smo izvedli analizo možnih posegov, s katerimi bi zagotovili dolgoročno nemoteno oskrbo z vodo s čim manjšimi spremljajočimi stroški. Med delom smo razvili orodje, ki temelji na programski opremi EPANET in za optimizacijski del uporablja genetski algoritem. To nam je omogočilo napredno analizo trenutnih obratovalnih razmer vodovodnega sistema in iskanje optimalne rešitve med možnimi razvojnimi rešitvami. ...

Ker se novi trendi vse bolj nagibajo k sonaravnemu urejanju vodotokov oziroma obvodnega prostora, smo se v nalogi ukvarjali z ukrepom živih mej kot ene od predstavnic le teh, za zmanjšanje erozijske nevarnosti na poplavnih območjih. Sonaravni ukrepi imajo poleg zaščitne tudi ekološko funkcijo, saj izboljšajo življenjske pogoje za vodni in obvodni živelj. Za izbrano poplavno območje reke Hudinje smo s hidravličnim modelom preverili vpliv rabe tal ter različne scenarije uporabe živih mej, ugotovitve pa podkrepili s številnimi prikazi. Vpliv izbranih ukrepov smo primerjali z obstoječim stanjem in tako upravičili njihovo izbiro. Prikazali smo primerjave globin, gladin, hitrosti ter strižnih napetosti za različne pretoke. Ugotovili smo, da raba tal pomembno vpliva na samo odpornost. Zaradi podnebnih sprememb in napovedi večanja tako intenzitete kot pogostosti visokih voda je potrebno skrbno načrtovati rabo prostora ter ukrepe na poplavnih območjih. Due to latest trends which are more oriented to the sustainable regulation of watercourses or riparian space, we focused in this master thesis on the measure of hedgerows, as one of their representatives, to reduce the erosion risk in flood areas. Sustainable measures have beside protection, also ecological function as they improve living conditions for aquatic and riparian life. For the selected flood area of Hudinja river we, used a hydraulic model to check the impact of land use and various scenarios for the use of hedges and supported the findings with numerous demonstrations. We compared the impact of the selected measures with the existing conditions and thus justify their choice. We presented comparisons of depths, levels, velocities, and shear stresses for different flows. We discovered that land use has a significant impact on resilience itself. Due to climate change and the forecast of an increase in both the intensity and frequency of high waters, it is necessary to carefully plan the use of space and measures in flood areas.

V magistrski nalogi se osredotočamo na problematiko vodnih izgub v vodovodnih sistemih. Odkrivanje vodnih izgub je lahko podprto z množico digitalnih tehnologij, ki pripomorejo k hitrejšemu odkrivanju in odpravljanju okvar na vodovodnih sistemih. V teoretičnem delu magistrske naloge izdelamo načrt merilne kampanje za odkrivanje vodnih izgub, ki je podprta z uporabo digitalnih tehnologij. V praktičnem delu opisujemo realizacijo načrtovane merilne kampanje, izvedene v sodelovanju z upravljavcem vodovodnega sistema, in analiziramo njene rezultate. MSc thesis focuses on the problem of water loss in water supply systems. Detection of water leakage is crucial for management and reduction of water loss. Theoretical part of the MSc thesis focuses on development of a measuring campaign, supported by variety of digital technologies, with a goal of identifying the sections of water supply system with the highest amount of water leakage. In the practical part of the MSc thesis we describe the implementation of planned campaign, with the help of the water supply service provider, and analyse its results.

Prostorsko planiranje sodi med vrste negradbenih protipoplavnih ukrepov. Visokovodni dogodki so s spremljajočo erozijo naraven pojav, ki v okviru prostorskega načrtovanja predstavljajo omejitev rabe prostora. Raba tal skupaj z lastnostmi vodnega toka vpliva na strižne napetosti, ki se pojavijo pri toku vode preko poplavnih območij v času visokovodnih dogodkov. Ko vrednosti strižnih napetosti presežejo mejne strižne odpornosti, pride do erozije. Erozijske nevarnosti ob objektih, kjer se lahko pojavijo večje hitrosti vodnega toka, nismo obravnavali. Planiranje rabe obvodnega prostora mora biti premišljeno in skladno z veljavnimi predpisi. Ključno je, da izberemo rabe, ki so po svoji zasnovi odpornejše na erozijsko delovanje vode. Od rabe tal je odvisna hidravlična hrapavost, zato lahko s spreminjanjem le-te vplivamo na zadrževanje vode, zmanjšanje hitrosti vodnega toka, na lokalno globino in obseg poplavne vode. Z evidentiranjem prekoračenih strižnih obremenitev smo pokazali vzročno posledične zveze med rabo prostora in visokovodnimi procesi. Izbiro in spreminjanje rabe tal uvrščamo med sonaravne ukrepe, saj poleg hidravlične vključujejo tudi ekološko funkcijo. Upoštevanje varstvenega vidika v postopku urejanja prostora sledi ciljem trajnostnega prostorskega razvoja. Skladno s tem in veljavnimi predpisi smo v magistrskem delu podali predloge scenarijev s sonaravnimi ukrepi. V scenarijih je predvidena celovita ureditev obvodnega prostora, ki poleg zagotavljanja boljše odpornosti vključuje obravnavano območje v sistem zelenih površin Šoštanja. Spatial planning is one of the non-structural flood protection measures. High water events and the accompanying erosion are natural phenomena, which in the context of spatial planning represent a restriction when it comes to land use. Land use together with water flow properties influences the shear stresses that occur when water flows through floodplain areas during the high water events. Erosion occurs when the value of the shear stresses exceed limits of the shear resistance. Erosion hazards near buildings, where higher water flow velocity could occur, were not dealt with. Planning of the use of the riparian space has to be thought-out and in accordance with the applicable regulations. The key is to choose uses, which are more resistant to water erosion. Hydraulic roughness depends on land use and by changing the land use, we can influence water retention, reduce the speed of the water flow, the local depth, and extent of the flood prone areas. By recording exceeded shear loads, the cause and effect links between land use and high water processes have shown. The selection and change of land use are classified as sustainable measures because, in addition to the hydraulic function, they also include an environmental function. Consideration of the environmental aspect in the process of spatial planning follows the objectives of sustainable spatial development. In accordance with this and the applicable regulations, this master's thesis presents the proposals for scenarios with sustainable measures. A comprehensive arrangement of the riparian area is envisaged in the scenarios, which, in addition to ensuring better resilence, includes the area in the system of green areas of Šoštanj.

V magistrski nalogi se ukvarjam z vodnogospodarskimi podlagami za izvajanje ustreznega ravnanja oz. nadzora pri obratovanju in za določanje vsebine ter dinamike rednega vzdrževanja vodnih zadrževalnikov. V sklopu naloge so narejene analize zastavljene problematike majhnih zadrževalnikov, s testnim primerom na zadrževalniku Savci, iz treh vidikov: umestitev zadrževalnika v prostor, določitve razpoložljivega volumna z analizo čim več vplivnih podatkov in analizo usklajenosti s Pravilnikom pri obratovanju in vzdrževanju. Ugotovljene so pomanjkljivosti v vsebinah prostorskih aktov, zato so podana priporočila in predlogi za dopolnitev le teh. Pri analizi razpoložljivega volumna zadrževalnika Savci sem prikazal povprečne vodne količine, ki so na voljo za rabo po posameznih mesecih. Rezultat izračuna izkazuje vodni primanjkljaj v obdobju od aprila do oktobra. Predlagam analizo zahtev primarnih/podrejenih rab vodnega zadrževalnika glede razpoložljivost volumna s katero bi se določilo skrbnika in končnega uporabnika ter ureditev medsebojnih odnosov med obstoječimi uporabniki in možnosti potencialnih rab. Pri analizi spremljanja stanja zadrževalnika Savci in načina obratovanja ločeno po elementih zadrževalnika (pregrada, preliv, temeljni izpust z opremo … ) sem dobil ločen prikaz manjkajoče vsebine v pravilniku. Predlagam dopolnitev Pravilnika za obratovanje in vzdrževanje z vsebinami primarne in sekundarne rabe, z opisom medsebojnih pravic in obveznosti ter razdelitvijo stroškov obratovanja in vzdrževanja zadrževalnika. Z upoštevanjem v nalogi navedenih smernic in priporočil bi bila natančno določena umestitev v prostor, definirano vplivno območje zadrževalnika in podane omejitve v le tem. Analiza razpoložljivega volumna, določitev skrbnika in končnih uporabnikov ter definirane obveznosti in pravice bi omogočile učinkovitejše obratovanje in vzdrževanje zadrževalnika s pravično razdelitev stroškov, s tem pa tudi povezano večjo skrb in odgovornost s strani obstoječih uporabnikov in več možnosti za potencialne uporabnike. In the master's thesis I deal with the water management foundation for further actions or controlled operation and to determine content and dynamics of regular maintenance of the water reservoirs. In the thesis, analysis of the problems regarding small reservoirs, with a sample of reservoir Savci, is given from three points of view: spatial placement of the reservoir, determining available volume by analysing as many relevant information as possible and analysing accordance with the Regulation of operating and maintaining. Content of some of the spatial acts was found to be incomplete, so the recommendations and suggestions for improvement of those are given. The analysis of available volume of reservoir Savci shows average quantity of water that is disposable by month. Results of calculation show water shortage in the period from April to October. I suggest analysis of demands of primary/subordinated uses of water reservoir according to the available volume that would determine a caretaker and an ultimate user, by arranging interpersonal relations between existing users and possibilities of potential uses. The analysis of state of the reservoir Savci and how it functions separately by the elements of reservoir (barrier, weir, basic release with equipment…) gave me a separate view of missing content in the regulation. I suggest replenishment of the Regulation of operating and maintaining with contents of. primary and secondary uses, with descriptions of rights and responsibilities, as well as distribution of expenses of operating and maintaining of a reservoir. If the guidelines and recommendations were followed, it would precisely determine its spatial placement, define influenced area of a reservoir and give the limits within it. Analysis of an avaliable volume, determining a caretaker and defined responsibilities and rights would enable more efficient operating and maintaining of a reservoir with a righteous distribution of expenses, which comes hand in hand with more concern and responsibilities for the existent users and more possibilities for potential users.

Podlipščica je levi pritok Ljubljanice, ki ima v svojem zgornjem in srednjem teku hudourniški značaj. Hudournik je bil v preteklosti sistematično urejan, največja ureditvena dela so potekala v obdobju med obema svetovnima vojnama. Pri tem je bila dosledno upoštevana varovalna funkcija, s čimer se je zavarovalo imetje prebivalcev ter njihove kmetijske površine, nista pa bili upoštevani tudi estetska in okoljska funkcija ureditve hudournika. Regulacija Podlipščice je tako predvsem v spodnjem teku popolnoma porušila naravno dinamiko vodotoka. V diplomskem delu predlagamo nekaj alternativnih ukrepov, predvsem v spodnjem teku pri vzdolžni ureditvi, kjer je naravna dinamika vodotoka povsem porušena. Alternativne ukrepe smo poiskali v inženirski biologiji. Podlipščica is a left afflux of Ljubljanica. In its upper and middle section it has a creek character. In the past the creek was systematicly regulated, most of the work was finished between the two world wars. During the regulation the protective function was well considered since a protection of the inhabitants belongings was at risk. But unfortunately at the same time theestetic and environment protection functions were ignorized. It caused a demolition of the natural dynamic in the lower section. With the help of the biological ingeenering we suggest some alternative steps in the lower section.

Opisana je urejenost hudournikov Trebiža in Suhelj, izpostavljeni so ključni problemi oz. kritične točke ter predstavljeni možni pristopi za odpravo le-teh. Človek z različnimi vrstami dejavnosti vse bolj posega v nekoč odmaknjene predele naravnega okolja, kar se skupaj z vedno bolj ekstremnimi vremenskimi pojavi kaže tudi v povečani hudourniški dejavnosti. Poleg tega so vlaganja v hudourničarstvo veliko premajhna, večina ukrepov se nanaša na odpravo posledic, veliko manj pa je vloženega v preventivo. Slovenija spada med države z bolj izrazito hudourniško dejavnostjo, saj jo prepreda več kot 8000 km hudournikov. Treba bi bilo izdelati načrte o erozijski ogroženosti območij, na podlagi katerih bi lahko sprejeli potrebne ukrepe. Trebiža in Suhelj ležita v severozahodnem delu Slovenije z veliko letno količino padavin. Oba imata zelo erodibilno zaledje, v spodnjih delih pa tečeta skozi naselji, ki sta jih že večkrat ogrozila, zadnjič leta 2003. Stanje obstoječih varovalnih objektov je dokaj slabo, na nekaterih mestih že kritično, predvsem v zgornjih delih. V zadnjih letih so bile manjše ureditve izvedene le na Trebiži. Treba bi bilo zgraditi nekaj novih in sanirati poškodovane stare objekte na obeh hudournikih. S tem bi zaščitili naselji Rateče in Podkoren pred škodljivim delovanjem voda. The regulation of torrents Trebiža and Suhelj is described, essential problemsor critical spots are exposed, and possible approaches for their elimination are presented. By means of various activities a man intrudes upon used-to-be remote areas of natural environment, which together with more and more extreme weather phenomena results in increased torrential activity. Furthermore, investments into torrent science are insufficient, most measures are connected with the elimination of consequences, much less is invested intoprevention. Slovenia is one of the countries with more distinctive torrential activity it is crisscrossed by more than 8000 km of torrents. Plans on erosive endangerment of areas should be elaborated, on their basis necessary measures could be accepted. Trebiža and Suhelj are located in the southwest part of Slovenia with a significant average annual rainfall. They both have very erosive hinterland and in the lower parts they flow through settlements that have been endangered for many times, lately in the year 2003.The condition of existing protective structures is quite bad, on some places even critical, above all in the upper parts. During last years minor regulations were carried out only on Trebiža. Some new structures should be built and the damaged ones should be restored on both torrents. By such measures settlements Rateče and Podkoren would be protected from harmful wateractivity.

Na povodju hudournika Brut je bilo slutiti, kasneje so tudi domačini to potrdili, da so nekateri cevni prepusti poddimenzionirani. Zato je bila narejena temeljita analiza odtočnega režima ter analiza pretočnih zmožnosti posameznih objektov. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da so trije cevni prepusti premajhni ter da je vzdrževanje struge in objektov zelo slabo. Nato so bile izračunane zadovoljive dimenzije cevnih prepustov, ki lahko prevajajo vode, ki se pojavljajo s pogostostjo 50-ih let, kar je bilo tudi določeno za sprejemljivo stopnjo tveganja. Izkazalo se je, da je za poplavljanje dveh cevnih prepustov krivo predvsem odvodnjavanje z avtoceste, dokončane leta 2004. za naslednjo težavo se je izkazalo pomanjkanje vzdrževanja objektov. Zato na nekaterih objektih voda uhaja in erozijsko ter poplavno ogroža človekove objekte in dejavnosti dolvodno. Na drugem kraku hudournika pa je primer dobre prakse. Tam so ob izgradnji nove ceste za Osp, pred več kot 40-imi leti, zgradili sistem sedmih pregrad, ki lahko prevajajo 100-letne vode, večina celo 500-letne, ki še danes trdno stojijo in odlično opravljajo svojo nalogo podpiranja brežin in manjšajo moč hudourniški vodi. Zaključek ugotovljenega je pokazati, da je prava pot v preventivi (pravilno projektiranje in vzdrževanje), ne pa čakanje na kurativo (sanacije po poplavnih dogodkih). On drainage basin of the stream Brut it was assummed and later even locals confirmed that some of culvert pipes are under measured. Because of this, it was made detailed analysis of runoff regime and throughput capacities for each stream object. It was summed up that three culvert pipes have to small capacities and that maintenance of the stream is really bad. Than it was calculated what would be satisfactory dimensions for pipes with risk factor lower than 50-years waters, which is in the same time even acceptable risk rate in this Thesis. It showed out that two culvert pipes are flooding becauseor runoff from new highway. Next problem is maintenance of stream and supporting objects. Because of this, on some objects the water is escaping from stream and than makes flood and erosion risk for mans objects and activities downstream. However, on the other arm of the stream we have example of good practice. More than 40 years ago, while there were building a new road, they built even big system of seven water barriers. Most of those can withstand even 500-years waters and today they still perfectly do their job of consolidating slopes and lowering stream impact force. Essence found that is better prevent with right design and maintenance, than waiting on post-flood rehabilitation.

Intenziteta in pogostost visokovodnih dogodkov v Sloveniji v zadnjem času narašča, kar pomeni, da se pogosteje srečujemo tudi s posledicami poplav. Odnašanje materiala oz. erozija površja je le ena izmed njih, nastane pa kot posledica preseženih strižnih obremenitev vodnega toka. Poplavne površine imajo sicer določeno strižno odpornost, ki je določena glede na rabo tal oz. pokrovnost terena. Z modeliranjem poplavnega toka lahko določimo doseg visokih voda in preučimo njihov vpliv na površje. Glede na rezultate dvodimenzionalnega hidravličnega modela lahko določimo erozijsko ogrožena območja, z umeščanjem ekoremediacij pa je nevarnost odnašanja materiala mogoče omejiti. Za namen diplomske naloge je bila narejena analiza 100-letnega visokovodnega dogodka na Selški Sori pri naselju Praprotno. Poplavne razmere so bile modelirane v programu HEC-RAS, obdelava in prikaz rezultatov pa sta potekala s pomočjo GIS orodij. Obravnavana je bila ureditev za omejitev erozijske nevarnosti, in sicer z umestitvijo sonaravnih ukrepov v prostor. Slovenia has been experiencing greater flood intensity and frequency in the last couple of years. Therefore, the country has also been dealing with flood consequences more regularly. One of the flood effects is also soil erosion, which arises due to surpass of shear stress of the water flow. Each floodplain area has a particular shear resistance, which is defined also through the land use, respectively land cover. Information of the high-water’s reach is gained through the flood event modelling, which enables the examination of its impact on the land. The two-dimensional hydraulic model specifies the erosion-exposed areas, while the ecoremediation measures helps restricting the erosion’s negative impact. This thesis focuses on the analysis of a 100-year high-water event on the river Selška Sora by the village of Praprotno. The flood conditions were modelled in HEC-RAS 2D software, while the processing and graphical demonstration of the results were performed using GIS tools. A regulation with hedges to restrict erosion hazard was analysed.

Zaradi okoljskih skrbi v zadnjih nekaj desetletjih in povečane ozaveščenosti ljudi so se z novo zakonodajo povečale zahteve po učinkoviti in trajnostni rabi pitne vode. Izvajalci gospodarske javne službe (v nadaljevanju GJS na področju oskrbe s pitno vodo) zato ves čas iščejo nove načine za izboljšanje stanja in delovanja obstoječih vodovodnih sistemov. V Sloveniji so po zakonu upravljalci vodovodnih sistemov dolžni vzdrževati infrastrukturo v takšnem stanju, da lahko zadovoljujejo potrebe po pitni vodi v skladu s standardi oskrbe. V magistrskem delu je opisana metodologija, katere namen je oceniti tehnično stanje cevovodnih odsekov na izbranem območju. Z njo lahko določimo posamezne dele cevovodnega omrežja, ki so najbolj potrebni rehabilitacije, ti. kritične odseke. V prvem delu magistrske naloge je na kratko predstavljena zakonodaja s področja oskrbe s pitno vodo, struktura vodovodnih sistemov, proces poslabševanja stanja vodovodnih cevi, posledice in vzroki za nastanek okvar ter dejavniki, ki vplivajo na poslabšanje stanja vodovodnih cevi. V drugem delu je opisana metodologija, ki je bila izdelana in sestavljena na podlagi pregledane literature, lastnega znanja in poznavanja programske opreme. V tretjem delu je prikazana uporaba metodologije na izbranem območju obravnave. Na koncu magistrskega dela so predstavljeni dobljeni rezultati in njihova verifikacija. Poleg rezultatov je prikazan primer podrobne analize cevovodnega odseka za izdelavo strategije rehabilitacije cevovodnih odsekov na izbranem kritičnem odseku. Due to environmental concerns and increased awareness over the past few decades, the new legislation has increased demands for efficient and sustainable drinking water use. Public water utilities are constantly looking for new ways to improve the condition and operation of existing water supply systems. According to the legislation, in Slovenia water utilities are obliged to maintain their infrastructure in such condition that they can satisfy the needs for drinking water. The thesis describes a methodology, which aims to assess the technical condition of the pipes in water distribution system. With this methodology, it is possible to determine the individual sections of pipe networks, that are most needed for rehabilitation, so-called critical sections. In the first part of this thesis, we briefly presented the legislation from the field of drinking water supply, the structure of water supply systems, pipe deterioration process, causes and consequences of a pipe failure, factors that contribute to pipe deterioration. The second part describes the used methodology, which was designed and built based on literature reviewed, own expertise and software knowledge. The third part shows the use of the methodology in the selected area. At the end result and their verification are presented and an example of a detailed analysis of the pipe section is given for elaborating pipe rehabilitation strategies of the critical pipe sections.

Ob večjih reguliranih vodotokih so se v preteklosti po opustelih rečnih rokavih vzpostavljale mlinščice predvsem za pogon vodosilnih objektov. S časoma, ko se je mlinarstvo začelo opuščati, se je s tem prekinilo tudi vzdrževanje odvzemnih objektov in dolvodnih kanalov. Danes se je pojavila težnja po ponovni oživitvi in ovodenitvi mlinščic. Pogosto je problem sprememba morfologije ali poglabljanje glavnih strug, ki danes mlinščicam ne omogočajo več zadostnega dotoka vode. Zato je treba vtočni objekt oblikovati na način, da bo izpolnjen pogoj vodnega gospodarstva o neprekinjenem in zadostnem dotoku v oživljeno mlinščico. V nalogi je reševanje problema predstavljeno na primeru 11-mlinskega potoka ob Muri. Za ugotovitev najbolj optimalne oblike vtočnega objekta je bil s pomočjo programske opreme HEC-RAS vzpostavljen 2D hidravlični model. Dostopni vhodni podatki so se predhodno obdelali in pripravili v programski opremi ArcGIS. Analizirane so bile štiri različne ureditve zajetja in vtočnega objekta ter razmere primerjane s sedanjim stanjem. Za posamezno ureditev je bil preverjen vpliv na zagotovitev stalnega in neprekinjenega dotoka v času nizkega vodostaja Mure ter možnost vpliva na omejevanje odvzema in s tem na poplavne razmere v času visokih voda. Za preprečitev poplavljanja vzdolž 11-mlinskega potoka je na vtočnem objektu potrebna regulacija zapornice. Zaradi predvidene uporabe hidromehanske opreme je bil analiziran scenarij za primer ustreznega delovanja zapornic in za primer strojeloma. V ta namen je bil izdelan pravilnik o manevriranju z zapornico in predlagana vzpostavitev dodatnega visokovodnega zaporničnega objekta. In the past along the larger regulated watercourses small streams were established by abandoned river sleeves, primarily for the purpose for propulsion of mills. With the time when the mill began to abandon, the maintenance of the watercourses was also interrupted. Today there has been a tendency to regenerate those streams. The problem is the change in the morphology of the main watercourse, which today do not provide the side streams a sufficient supply of water. For this purpose, the intake facility must be designed in such a way that the condition of the water economy will be met for continuous and sufficient inflow. In the thesis, solving the problem is presented on the example of an 11-mlinski stream along the Mura River. To determine the most optimal shape of the intake facility, a 2D hydraulic model was established using the HEC-RAS software. Accessible input data was pre-processed and prepared in ArcGIS software. Four different examples of the intake facility were analyzed and compared with the situation at the present time. For each arrangement, the impact on the provision of a continuous inflow during the low water level of the Mura River and the impact on the flood safety during high waters were verified. Due to the planned use of hydromechanical equipment a scenario was analyzed for the case of operational gates and for the case of machinery defect. In order to prevent flooding along the 11-mlinski stream, the gates at the intake facility needs to be managed. For this purpose, rules on maneuvering the gate was made and the establishment of a flood facility was proposed.

V diplomski nalogi so predstavljena teoretična izhodišča za izvedbo vodovoda in odvodnje v naseljih, ki so v drugem delu naloge aplicirana na naselje Stočje v Kropi, na Gorenjskem. V prvem delu naloge sta predstavljena mešan in ločen kanalizacijski sistem, gradnja kanalizacije in vodovoda, glavni gradniki vodovodnega sistema in zakonodaja, ki velja na tem področju. Pri kanalizaciji so omenjena kanalizacijska dela, pri vodovodu vodovodna. V drugem delu je gradnja obeh sistemov z vsemi detajli bolj natančno opisana za območje Stočja v Kropi. V tem delu naselja sem predlagala dve trasi poteka vodov ter v nadaljevanju analizirala ustreznejšo, glede na časovni potek gradnje kanalizacije in vodovoda (skupno ali ločeno). Sistem sestoji iz daljšega primarnega voda s petimi sekundarnimi vodi. Naredila sem popis del in obračuna stroškov ločene in skupne gradnje. Izračun sem naredila na podlagi profilov, katerih globino sem izračunala na osnovi gravitacijske odvodnje vode ter geodetskega posnetka terena. Pri skupni gradnji sem ugotovila, da ta prinaša nižje stroške izgradnje, v primerjavi z ločeno gradnjo. Poleg tega takšen način gradnje prinaša še druge prednosti, kot so, enkraten poseg na določeni trasi, možnost gradnjo izvesti samo z enim izvajalcem, časovno hitrejša gradnja in rekonstrukcija celotnega cestnega telesa. Pitna voda mora biti neoporečna in dobre kakovosti, saj kot osnovno živilo vpliva na naše zdravje. Zdravstveno neustrezna voda povzroča razne bolezni, zato so kvalitetni vodovodni in kanalizacijski sistemi izrednega pomena. S sočasno izvedbo vodovodnega in kanalizacijskega sistema lahko zagotovimo kakovostno zgrajeno omrežje ter hkrati znižamo celotno višino investicije. Graduation thesis introduces the theoretical principles for construction of water supply and urban drainage systems, which are then applied on settlement Stočje in Kropa, Carniola region. In the first part the general characteristics and construction of the simultaneous and separate sewer system, together with the main elements of the water supply system and legislation in this field are presented. In the second part, the construction of both systems is described in detail for the settlement Stočje in Kropa. In this part of the settlement I have proposed two alternative pipe lines and analysed which option is better, according to the way of construction (simultaneous or separate). The system is comprised of one primary pipe and five secondary pipes. An inventory of construction work was made, together with the assessment of costs for simultaneous and separate construction. The calculations were based on the profiles for different pipe sections, based on gravitational water drainage system principles and surveying data. Simultaneous construction proved to be cheaper, when compared to separate one. Moreover, this way of construction brings additional benefits, such as construction can take place only once at one location, possibility of one contractor, faster construction and reconstruction of the whole road, not only a part of it. Drinking water has to be safe and impeccable, as it has influence on our health. If the sanitary water is inadequate, it can cause different diseases that is why the water distribution and sewerage systems need to be of a sufficient quality. With the simultaneous construction, we can provide appropriate systems and reduce the costs of the investment.

Že stoletja se v Sloveniji izkorišča vodno energijo rek in potokov. V ta namen so v preteklosti klasični jezovi predstavljali najpomembnejše vodne objekte. V diplomskem delu je obravnavano, kako prečna zgradba v vodotoku vpliva na rabo obvodnega prostora, na potek gladine ter na druge razmere. Cilj je ugotoviti, kakšen je vpliv jezu na Dreti in kaj se zgodi, če obstoječi jez spremenimo. V ta namen so s pomočjo programskega orodja HEC-RAS izdelane tri situacije – obstoječe stanje in dve situaciji, in sicer ko je jez odstranjen in ko je znižan. Hidravlične razmere novih situacij so nato primerjane z obstoječim stanjem, kar nam pomaga razumeti vpliv, ki ga povzročajo prečne zgradbe v vodotoku. For centuries, the water power of rivers and streams has been used in Slovenia. For this purpose, in the past, classical dams represented the most important water facilities. The diploma thesis deals with how the transversal structure in the watercourse influences the use of the waterside space, the course of the surface and other conditions. The goal is to determine the impact of the dam on Dreta and what happens if the existing dam is to be changed. To this end, three situations have been created using the HEC-RAS software tool - the current situation and two situations, when the dam is removed and when it is lowered. The hydraulic conditions of the new situations are then compared with the current situation, which helps us to understand the impact caused by transversal structures in the watercourse.

V zadnjih desetletjih se podnebje vse hitreje spreminja, ob tem pa so vse pogostejši tudi skrajni vremenski pojavi, kot so vse obilnejši nalivi, ki ob vse bolj pozidanih površinah in vse več regulacijah vodotokov privedejo do večjega in hitrejšega padavinskega odtoka. Skupek vseh teh dejavnosti in pojavov lahko privede do poplav. V diplomskem delu sem zato preučil možnost povečanja suhega zadrževalnika Logatec na potoku Reka, ki bi izboljšal poplavno varnost naselja Logatec. Analizo sem naredil s pomočjo sodobnih računalniških orodji GIS in AutoCAD. V GIS sem pridobil vse potrebne prostorske podatke, ki sem jih nato obdelal v programu ArcGis. V programu AutoCAD sem nato izdelal nekaj inženirskih risb pregrade zadrževalnika, tako za obstoječe stanje kot za načrtovano. Izdelal sem celotno analizo vplivov načrtovane rešitve na širši prostor in predlagal ustrezne rešitve za zmanjšanje neugodnih vplivov. The climate has been constantly changing over the last few decades. One of those changes are more common extreme weather phenomena such as heavy rainfall. With a growing percentage of developed areas and consequently regulated watercourses that leads to faster and bigger superficial drain of precipitation waters. The combination of all alleged can lead to floods. I chose to study the possibility of enlargment of dry reservoir Logatec on Reka waterflow in my bachelors degree thesis. Its enlargement would improve flood safety of the settlement Logatec. The analysis was made using modern computer GIS tools and programme AutoCAD. The GIS were used to gain all of the required spatial data that was later processed in ArcGis programme. AutoCAD was used to make engineering sketches of both existing and planned state of the container dam (barrier). Complete analysis of the planned solution effects was made and adequate solutions for inconvenient effect reduction were proposed.

Na svetu vedno večjo pomembnost dobiva pitna voda in z njo povezani vodni viri. Eden izmed njih je tudi vodonosnik, ki je zmožen v sebi držati velike količine podtalnice. Gladina podtalne vode konstantno niha v odvisnosti od pogojev, ki jim je v nekem časovnem obdobju izpostavljena. V tem diplomskem delu je preučen vpliv treh različnih scenarijev na nivo podtalnice v izbranem vodonosniku v Stahovici. Najprej bo v programu HEC – RAS narejen hidravlični model Kamniške Bistrice na odseku, ki nam služi kot hidravlični robni pogoj. V programu FREEWAT bo nato izdelan model vodonosnika in izvedena simulacija toka podtalnice pod vplivom reke, črpanja vode iz vodnjaka in padavin z zalednimi vodami. Rezultati bodo tudi ovrednoteni in analizirani. The importance of drinking water around the world is getting bigger every day and so does the importance of water sources connected to it. Aquifer is one of the sources that is capable of holding enormous quantities of groundwater. The underground surface of groundwater is constantly changing due to the effect of many different conditions it is exposed to in certain period of time. The effect of three different scenarios on the groundwater surface in an aquifer in Stahovica will be studied in this Graduation Thesis. At first a hydraulic model of river Kamniška Bistrica that represents hydraulic boundary will be made with a program HEC – RAS. Model of the aquifer and the simulation of groundwater flow under the influence of river, pumping well and precipitation with surrounding waters will be made with the help of FREEWAT. The results of the simulation will be evaluated and analyzed.

V nalogi je na podlagi podanih izhodišč in usmeritev podrobno predstavljen razvoj večkriterijske metode (metoda MCA) za analizo in določanje primernosti obravnavanih območij ali porečij za gospodarske rabe vode. Poudarek je na hidroenergetski rabi vode, ki je ena od najbolj aktualnih in tudi navzkrižnih s cilji doseganja dobrega stanja voda. Metoda MCA kot novost na tem področju vključuje postopek umerjanja vrednosti iskanih modelnih parametrov (modelnih spremenljivk) metode MCA. Umerjanje temelji na izboru podatkov za umerjanje, ki predstavljajo odseke ali območja, ki so primerni in neprimerni za analizirano vrsto gospodarske rabe vode, ter na izboru ciljne funkcije, s katero se ocenjuje uspešnost določenega seta izbranih vrednosti za iskane modelne parametre. Ker je lahko prostor rešitev velik, metoda predvideva tudi uporabo orodij za iskanje optimalnih rešitev ali blizu optimalnim rešitvam, kot so na primer genetski algoritmi. Razvita metoda MCA je uporabljena na treh vodotokih, kjer se je izkazalo, da je za učinkovito določitev odsekov vodotokov glede primernosti za hidroenergetsko rabo potrebno manj merodajnih indikatorjev, kot se je na začetku predvidevalo. Za ovrednotenje uspešnosti metode je v nadaljevanju izvedena primerjalna analiza, ki vključuje primere z različnimi izhodišči, kot so drugačen način določitve vrednosti modelnih spremenljivk, drugačna izbira podatkov za umerjanje ter drugačen način vrednotenja in ocenjevanja variant po določenem indikatorju. Dodatno je bila izvedena še primerjalna analiza na drugem vodotoku, na katerem so se primerjali rezultati z upoštevanjem umerjenih vrednosti modelnih spremenljivk z rezultati, ki so bili na tem vodotoku predhodno že pridobljeni in so upoštevali vrednosti modelnih spremenljivk, ki so bile določene na podlagi strokovne presoje s sodelovanjem deležnikov. V zaključku so podane razprava o glavnih ugotovitvah in uspešnosti razvite metode MCA, potrditev delovnih hipotez ter potreba po dodatni potrditvi in nadaljnjem delu. On the basis of the specified starting points and guidelines, the thesis presents in detail a development of a multi-criteria method (the MCA method) for analysing and determining the suitability of the examined areas or catchments for economic use of water. The emphasis is on hydropower use of water, which is one of the most topical uses, but also one which conflicts the most with the objectives of achieving good water status. As a novelty in this field, the MCA method comprises the process of calibrating the values of the searched model parameters (model variables) of the MCA method. The calibration is based on the selection of calibration data representing sections or areas that are suitable and unsuitable for the analysed type of economic water use, as well as on the selection of the objective function which is used to evaluate the performance of a particular set of selected values for the searched model parameters. Due to a large solution space, the method also foresees the use of tools for searching optimal or near-optimal solutions, such as genetic algorithms. The developed MCA method was applied to three watercourses, where it appeared that for efficient determination of watercourse sections regarding their suitability for hydropower use fewer relevant indicators were required than initially assumed. To evaluate the method performance, a comparative analysis is further carried out, which includes examples with different starting points, such as a different method of determining the values of model variables, different selection of calibration data and a different method for evaluating and scoring of variants by a given indicator. In addition a comparative analysis was also performed on other watercourse where results got by application of calibrated values of model variables were compared with results got by application of values of model variables which were previously defined by expert judgement and stakeholders’ involvement. The conclusion comprises a discussion on main findings and performance of developed MCA method, confirmation of working hypotheses and establishes the need for additional confirmation and further work.

Možnost uporabe tehnologij brez izkopa je v Sloveniji še relativno neraziskano področje, dočim je njihova uporaba v tujini že stalna praksa. Magistrsko delo nudi vpogled v možnosti uporabe tehnologij brez izkopa na področju vgradnje ter rehabilitacije vodovodnih cevi v Sloveniji. V prvem delu magistrskega dela smo se osredotočili na slovensko in nizozemsko zakonodajo ter pristope na področju vodooskrbe ter tehnologij brez izkopa. Za boljše razumevanje stanja smo se dotaknili tudi tehničnega stanja vodovodnih sistemov obeh držav. V drugem delu magistrske naloge je bil narejena klasifikacija tehnologij vgradnje brez izkopa, kot alternative tradicionalni vgradnji z izkopom jarkov. Prav tako je bil narejen pregled tehnologij rehabilitacije vodovodnih cevi. K rehabilitaciji smo prišteli čiščenje vodovodnih cevi, njihove lokalne popravke, obnovo ter zamenjavo. Hkrati smo izdelali tudi medsebojno primerjava tehnologij rehabilitacije. Predstavili smo shematske prikaze odločanja o rehabilitaciji vodovodnih cevi in v tretjem delu magistrskega dela prikazali njihovo uporabo na štirih različnih vodovodnih odsekih na različnih lokacijah. The use of trenchless technologies is a relatively unexplored field of study in Slovenija, while their use is a common practice in many other countries. The thesis offers an insight into the possibilities for the use of trenchless technologies in the field of installation and rehabilitation of water mains in Slovenija. The focus in the first part of the thesis is mainly on the slovenian and dutch policy in the field of water supply and trenchless technologies. Also, we briefly discussed the technical information about slovenian and dutch water supply in order to better understand the reasons for their similarities and the differences. In the second part of the thesis the classification of the technologies for trenchless water pipe installation had been made as an alternative to the traditional open – trench installation. In addition, an overview of the technologies for the rehabilitation of water mains had been made. With the term rehabilitation we included cleaning, repairs, renewal and replacement of the water mains. The comparison between the rehabilitation technologies had been discussed as well. Third part of the thesis presents flowcharts for decision–making about the suitable technology for the rehabilitation of water mains. In the end we tested the use of flowcharts in four different water main locations.

Z eksperimentalno raziskavo smo analizirali hidrodinamične razmere na območju asimetričnega pravokotnega sotočja pri deročih dotokih z višjimi vrednostmi Froudovih števil (2 %Fr % 12), pri katerih se pojavi dinamično, razpenjeno stoječe valovanje. Da bi fenomenološko določili sovisnosti med integralnimi parametri vodnih tokov in lastnostmi stoječega valovanja na območju sotočja, smo najprej izvedli meritve topografije vodne gladine za 168 kombinacij dveh tokov (scenarijev na sotočju). Za meritve prečnega poteka gladine smo uporabili lasersko skeniranje, ki kot sodobna brezkontaktna merilna tehnika omogoča meritve pojavov z veliko dinamiko ter prostorsko in časovno ločljivostjo. Kljub razširjenosti laserskega skeniranja pa to za zajem topografije gladine čiste vode, brez dodanih primesi, plovcev ipd., še ni bilo uporabljeno. Zaradi narave interakcije med laserskimi žarki in gladino vodnih teles smo v prvem delu raziskali, ali % in pod kakšnimi pogoji % je lasersko skeniranje uporabno za zajem topografije vodne gladine. S primerjavo teh meritev z referenčnimi vrednostmi drugačnih merilnih tehnik smo potrdili prvo hipotezo, da je % tako pri laboratorijskih kot tudi terenskih meritvah % mogoče z laserskim skeniranjem zelo natančno zajeti potek vodne gladine predvsem razburkanih, dvofaznih tokov z veliko vertikalno dinamiko, torej kompleksnejših hidravličnih pojavov, kjer so druge merilne metode manj uspešne oziroma neuporabne. V drugem delu smo uporabili sistematične meritve vodne gladine po prerezih na območju sotočja pri vseh scenarijih za določitev srednjega poteka gladine in z izdelavo mrežnih modelov izdelali topografije stoječega valovanja. S tem smo pridobili pomembno podlago za analizo topologije sotočja. Rezultati so potrdili drugo hipotezo, da je mogoče zapisati fenomenološke zveze med vhodnimi, geometrijskimi in hidravličnimi parametri tokov ter glavnimi značilnostmi vodnih struktur, ki se pojavljajo na sotočjih pri deročem toku. Nove fenomenološko izpeljane enačbe, ki opisujejo prečni in vzdolžni potek gladin ter tudi višino fluktuacij, opišejo topologijo vodne gladine v ustrezni meri ter tako prinašajo informacije o procesih in njihovi magnitudi, ki so pomembne za inženirsko prakso. We used an experimental study to analyse the hydrodynamic conditions at an asymmetric right-angled confluence with incoming supercritical flow at higher Froude numbers (2 % Fr % 12), where dynamic, foamed standing waves form. For a phenomenological determination of the relations between the integral parameters of water flows and the characteristics of standing waves at the confluence area, we first measured water surface topographies for 168 combinations of two flows (i.e. scenarios at the confluence). Laser scanning was used to measure transversal water surface profiles, which, as a modern non-contact measurement method, allows for measurements of the phenomena with high dynamics as well as high spatial and temporal resolution. Despite its widespread use, laser scanning has not yet been used to acquire clean water topography, without any additional substances, floats, etc. Given the nature of interactions between laser beams and water body surfaces, we investigated, in the first part, the conditions under which laser scanning can be applied in water surface topography measurements. Comparing these measurements with the reference values of other measurement methods supported the first hypothesis that, both in laboratory and field measurements, laser scanning allows for a precise determination of water levels, particularly of turbulent, two-phase flows with high vertical fluctuations, i.e. complex hydraulic phenomena where other measurement methods are less successful or unsuited. In the second part we used the systematically measured water surfaces in the individual cross-sections in the confluence area for all the scenarios for determining the water level%s mean value, and by producing mesh models we constructed the topographies of standing waves. This provided an important basis for analysing confluence topography. The results supported the second hypothesis, i.e. that it is possible to record phenomenological relations between input, geometrical, and hydraulic flow parameters and the main characteristics of flow structures forming at confluences with incoming supercritical flows. The new, phenomenologically-derived equations modelling the formation of surfaces in the transversal and longitudinal directions and the fluctuation level describe the water surface topology to a satisfying degree, resulting in important information about the processes and their magnitude for engineering workWe used an experimental study to analyse the hydrodynamic conditions at an asymmetric right-angled confluence with incoming supercritical flow at higher Froude numbers (2 % Fr % 12), where dynamic, foamed standing waves form. For a phenomenological determination of the relations between the integral parameters of water flows and the characteristics of standing waves at the confluence area, we first measured water surface topographies for 168 combinations of two flows (i.e. scenarios at the confluence). Laser scanning was used to measure transversal water surface profiles, which, as a modern non-contact measurement method, allows for measurements of the phenomena with high dynamics as well as high spatial and temporal resolution. Despite its widespread use, laser scanning has not yet been used to acquire clean water topography, without any additional substances, floats, etc. Given the nature of interactions between laser beams and water body surfaces, we investigated, in the first part, the conditions under which laser scanning can be applied in water surface topography measurements. Comparing these measurements with the reference values of other measurement methods supported the first hypothesis that, both in laboratory and field measurements, laser scanning allows for a precise determination of water levels, particularly of turbulent, two-phase flows with high vertical fluctuations, i.e. complex hydraulic phenomena where other measurement methods are less successful or unsuited. In the second part we used the systematically measured water surfaces in the individual cross-sections in the confluence area for all the scenarios for determining the water level%s mean value, and by producing mesh models we constructed the topographies of standing waves. This provided an important basis for analysing confluence topography. The results supported the second hypothesis, i.e. that it is possible to record phenomenological relations between input, geometrical, and hydraulic flow parameters and the main characteristics of flow structures forming at confluences with incoming supercritical flows. The new, phenomenologically-derived equations modelling the formation of surfaces in the transversal and longitudinal directions and the fluctuation level describe the water surface topology to a satisfying degree, resulting in important information about the processes and their magnitude for engineering work

V magistrski nalogi smo želeli preveriti vpliv merilnega jaška s pripadajočimi armaturami na merilno negotovost treh preizkušenih merilnikov pretoka. Predstavljeno je teoretično ozadje meritev pretoka, njihov namen, uporaba, različne tehnologije merjenja, telemetrija, ter merilna negotovost in njeno določanje. Naloga temelji na izvedbi in analizi meritev pretoka, ki sem jih opravil v laboratoriju Katedre za mehaniko tekočin na Fakulteti za gradbeništvi in geodezijo, Univerze v Ljubljani. Preizkušeni merilniki pretoka so bili turbinski merilnik pretoka (Flostar M), ultrazvočni merilnik (FlowIQ 3100) in elektro magnetna merilna palica Signet 2552 Magmeter . Kot referenčni merilnik sem uporabil Thomsonov preliv s standardizirano prelivno ploščo z V zarezo (kot 53°8'). V prvem naboru meritev sem želel določiti vpliv merilnega jaška s pripadajočimi armaturami (dva FF spojnika, lovilec nesnag, montažno demontažni kos in zaporna armatura) na merilno negotovost preizkušenih merilnikov. Poleg tega sem izvedel še dodatni nabor, v katerem sem zadostil vsem namestitvenim pogojem proizvajalca ter preveril kako to vpliva na pripadajočo merilno negotovost. Pri analizi rezultatov smo se ravnali skladno z zahtevami mednarodnega standarda ISO 5168 »Meritve pretoka tekočin – Postopki ocenjevanja negotovosti« iz leta 2005 in za vsak merilnik v odvisnosti od pretoka določili merilno negotovost tipa A. Rezultate izmerjenih pretokov in pripadajoče razširjene merilne negotovosti sem prikazal v obliki grafikonov. In the presented work, we wanted to check the effect of the measuring shaft with the associated fixtures on the measurement uncertainty of the three tested flow meters. The reader is presented with theoretical background of flow measurements, their purpose, application, various measurement technologies, telemetry, and measurement uncertainty and its determination. The master’s thesis was based on the implementation and analysis of the flow measurements I performed in the laboratory of the Department of Mechanics of Liquids at the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, University of Ljubljana. The tested flow meters were turbine gauge (Flostar M), ultrasonic meter (FlowIQ 3100) and electromagnetic measuring rod (Signet 2552 Magmeter). As a reference gauge, I used Thomson weir with a standardized top plate which has a V-notch (angle 53 ° 8 '). In the first set of measurements, I wanted to determine the influence of the measuring shaft with the associated fixtures (two FF connectors, a dirt catcher, a disassembling piece and locking fixtures) on the measurement uncertainty of the tested meters. In addition, I carried out an additional set in which I met all the installation conditions of the manufacturer and checked how that influences the associated measurement uncertainty. In analyzing the results, we complied with the requirements of International Standard ISO 5168: "Measurement of Liquid Flow - Uncertainty Assessment Procedures" of 2005. For each meter we determined the measurement uncertainty of type A as a function of flow. I showed the results of the measured flows and the associated extended measurement uncertainty in the form of graphs, standard ISO 5168.

Diplomsko delo obravnava področje decentraliziranega gospodarjenja z vodo na primeru objekta AMASIKO v Ugandi. Gradnja objekta AMASIKO je potekala v sklopu študentskega projekta za izgradnjo učnega centra za socialno ogrožene otroke in mladino, ki živijo na ulicah. Naloga predstavi obstoječo situacijo vodooskrbe in ravnanja z odpadnimi vodami. Predlaga rešitve za optimizacijo čiščenja in ponovne rabe vode, ki upoštevajo omejitvene dejavnike ekonomske, socialne in tehnične narave. Graduation thesis discusses decentralised water management in AMASIKO halfway home in Uganda. Constructing the halfway home was a part of a student project for building a new home for deprived street children. The thesis focuses on current water supply and wastewater management situation. It presents practical suggestions for wastewater treatment improvements and wastewater reuse, considering economic, social and technical aspects.

Diplomska naloga obravnava probleme, ki se ne pojavljajo zgolj na Tržiški Bistrici, ampak tudi drugod po Sloveniji. Največji problem so dotrajani jezovi, ki so vzrok za kar nekaj negativnih posledic. Največja težava je prehod vodnih organizmov preko jezov, saj so ribje steze prav tako kot jezovi zelo dotrajane ali pa jih ni. To povzroča fragmentacijo habitatov, kar škodi vodnim in obvodnim organizmom. Druga težava pa so suhe struge, ki so velik povzročitelj pogina rib in drugih vodnih in obvodnih organizmov. Proti prevelikim odvzemom vode v času malih pretokov so uveljavili Uredbo o kriterijih za določitev ter načinu spremljanja in poročanja ekološko sprejemljivega pretoka, katera omejuje lastnikom malih hidroelektrarn prevelik odvzem. Glavni cilji so izboljšati prehodnost vodnim organizmom, omogočiti ekološko sprejemljiv pretok in povečati število obratovalnih ur hidroelektrarne. Na podlagi izbranih ciljev in pogojev, je predstavljena rešitev rekonstrukcije enega izmed jezov na Tržiški Bistrici, male hidroelektrarne Zvirče. Predvidena rešitev je izdelana na idejnem projektu s potrebnimi izračuni in tehničnimi risbami. Primer je zasnovan na podlagi teoretičnih izhodišč in drugih delujočih jezov ter starih projektov, ki zaradi različnih razlogov niso bili dokončani. The thesis focuses on problems that do not only affect the river Tržiška Bistrica, but are also common to other parts of Slovenia. The biggest problem lies in the poor condition of the dams, which has various negative consequences. The most problematic among them is the hindered passage of river organisms over the dams as the fishways are, just like the dams themselves, also in poor condition or even non-existent. This causes habitat fragmentation, harming organisms in and along the rivers. The second big problem is related to dry riverbeds, a major culprit for killing off several species of organisms living in or near the rivers. To counter the excessive levels of water abstraction, the government issued the Decree on criteria for determination and on the mode of monitoring and reporting of ecologically acceptable flow, which prevents owners of smaller hydroelectric plants from abstracting too much water. The main goals of the decree are to ease the passage of river organisms as well as to enable ecologically sustainable river discharge levels while increasing the number of peak hours of hydroelectric plants. Based on the chosen goals and conditions, the thesis proposes a solution for the reconstruction of the dam providing water for the small hydroelectric plant Zvirče, which is one of several dams on the Tržiška Bistrica. The proposed solutions are part of a preliminary design including all the necessary calculations and technical drawings. The proposal is based on the theoretical framework as well as on examples pertaining to other working dams and older projects that were left unfinished for various reasons.

Izgradnja pregradnih objektov na vodotokih povzroča hidromorfološke spremembe na rečnem sistemu. Na vodnih akumulacijah se zaradi zadrževanja visokih voda spremeni odtočni režim kakor tudi dinamika premeščanja plavin. Sedimenti se v odvisnosti hidrodinamičnih pogojev odlagajo in erodirajo na območju akumulacijskega bazena in s tem povročajo morfološke spremembe dna, ki vplivajo na volumen akumulacije. Morfološke spremembe – predvsem zaponjevanje akumulacijskih volumnov s sedimenti – povzročajo vplive na izvajanje namenskih rab na akumulacijah. V nalogi so predstavljena teoretična izhodišča upravljanja večnamenskih akumulacij, premeščanja plavin in metod analize morfoloških sprememb na akumulacijah.V praktičnem delu naloge smo za območje večnamenske plitve akumulacije Pernica I na podlagi obstoječih hidroloških, topografskih in podatkov o lastnostih sedimenta izdelali statično analizo sprememb volumna akumulacije z uporabo GIS programskih orodij ter v drugem delu dinamično analizo spreminjanja morfologije dna z uporabo dvorazsežnostnega hidravlično matematičnega modela morfoloških sprememb. Na podlagi umerjenega morfološkega modela smo simulirali morfološke spremembe dna do leta 2020 ter njihov vpliv na primarno namembnost akumulacije – zadrževanje visokih voda. The construction of barrier structures on the watercourses causes hydro morphological changes in the river system. Water reservoirs due to the retention of high waters change the drainage regime as well as the dynamics of sediment transport. Sediments are as a function of hydrodynamic conditions deposited and eroded in the area of the reservoir and cause morphological changes in the reservoir batimetry. Morphological changes - especially the accumulation of sediments - have many effects on the implementation of dedicated uses on reservoirs. The paper presents the theoretical foundations of the management on multi-purpose reservoirs, sediment transport and a description of methods for analysis of morphological changes in reservoirs. The practical part of the thesis was to analyse a multipurpose shallow reservoir Pernica I based on of existing hydrological, topographical and sediment characteristics. Firstly a static analysis of changes in volume of the reservoir using GIS software tools was made and secondly a dynamic analysis of the changing morphology of the reservoir bathimetry with using a two-dimensional hydraulic mathematical model of morphological changes. Based on the calibrated morphological model a simulation of morphological changes untill 2020 and their impact on the primary purpose of reservoir (floodwater retention) was simulated.

Magistrsko delo obravnava eksperimentalno raziskavo vtočnih razmer na črpališču za hladilne stolpe v Nuklearni elektrarni Krško. Nastajanje površinskega vrtinca tipa 6 v vtočnem bazenu ni bilo sprejemljivo za obratovanje CT1 črpalke in hladilnega sistema nasploh. Za ustrezno ukrepanje je bilo treba podrobno poznavanje tokovnih razmer. Opravljene so bile terenske meritve in zasnova fizičnega hidravličnega modela v merilu 1:16 v laboratoriju. V teoretičnem delu so na splošno opisani črpalni sistemi, vtočne zgradbe in centrifugalne črpalke. Poleg tega je predstavljeno teoretično ozadje vodnega toka z ohranitvenimi zakoni, črpalnega sistema, toka s prosto gladino, dimenzijske analize s poudarkom za tok s prosto gladino ter merilna negotovost. V nadaljevanju je podan pregled raziskav obravnavane problematike. Predstavimo izkustven pristop ter priporočila standarda ANSI/HI za načrtovanje vtočnih zgradb ter za načrtovanje fizičnega hidravličnega modela z merilno tehniko in meritvami. V eksperimentalnem delu je predstavljen dejanski primer z analizo razmer, terenskimi meritvami in modelnimi preizkusi v laboratoriju. Preizkusi so bili narejeni za različne obratovalne režime CT črpalk. Rezultati so pokazali dobro ujemanje med modelom in prototipom, saj so bile dobljene podobne tokovne razmere s pojavljanjem površinskega vrtinca tipa 6 na enakem območju. Z namestitvijo dodatnih elementov in ovir v vtočni bazen smo skušali preprečiti nastajanje vrtinca. Ukrep s podaljšano vmesno steno je zagotovil ugodne tokovne razmere v sprejemljivih mejah po kriterijih standarda ANSI/HI. This master's thesis deals with an experimental research of the intake flow conditions on cooling towers pumping system in the Nuclear Power Plant in Krško. Formation of the free surface vortex type 6 in the pump sump was not acceptable for the operation of the CT1 pump and the cooling system in general. Detailed flow conditions in the intake structure were needed. Field measurements as well as a design of the physical hydraulic model with a scale factor 16 were conducted in the laboratory. Pumping systems, intake structures and centrifugal pumps are described in the theoretical part of this paper. This section provides a theoretical background in describing the flow through conservation laws pumping systems, free surface flow, dimensional analysis, with an emphasis on free surface flow and measurement uncertainty. The chapter is followed by an overview of research dealing with the issues of intake structures. The empirical approach and recommendations of Standard ANSI/HI for pump intake design and for designing a physical hydraulic model are introduced. At the end of the theoretical part, measurement techniques and measuring procedures are included as well. The following experimental sections presents an example of the analysis of a CT pumping station, providing field measurements and model tests in the laboratory. The model tests were made for different operational conditions of pumps. Comparison between the model and the prototype showed a good agreement with the formation of identical free surface vortex type 6 in the same area of the sump. In order to prevent the formations of an unfavorable free surface vortex, the geometry of intake structures with the additional elements and obstacles were modified. The model test which included an installation of an extended intermediate wall provided favorable flow conditions in the acceptable criteria of Standard ANSI/HI.

V magistrski nalogi je obravnavano področje fizičnega hidravličnega modeliranja. Fizični hidravlični modeli so neizogibno podvrženi vplivu modelnega merila zaradi porušenega medsebojnega razmerja sil, ki delujejo na prototipu in na modelu. Ta razmerja so predstavljena v obliki brezdimenzijskih števil. Opisani so zakoni modelne podobnosti in podane omejitve pri uporabi fizičnih hidravličnih modelov. Podane so teoretične osnove prelivanja vode čez preliv. Vpliv modelnega merila je bil analiziran na primeru treh geometrijsko podobnih prelivov v merilih 1:26, 1:50 in 1:100, na katerih so bili izmerjeni tlaki na prelivu, vzdolžni potek prelivne gladine in pretočna sposobnost. Razlike tlakov na prelivu in vzdolžnih potekov gladine so manjše od merilne negotovosti meritev. Pri določitvi pretočnega koeficienta je bila skupaj z meritvami uporabljena tudi teoretična enačba, v kateri so upoštevani ključni parametri. Dominantni vpliv na velikost pretočnega koeficienta ima viskoznost vode, medtem ko je vpliv površinske napetosti praktično povsem zanemarljiv in je bil opazen šele na modelu v merilu 1:100. The master’s thesis is addressed to the area of the physical hydraulic modeling. Physical hydraulic models, or scale models, are inevitably influenced by the so called scale effects due to disturbed ratios of forces acting on the prototype and the model. These ratios are expressed by the nondimensional numbers. General laws of mechanical similarity are presented. Theoretical bases of the weir flow are also presented. Scale effects were analyzed in the case of the three geometrical similar weirs, made in 1:26, 1:50 and 1:100 scales. The measurements of pressures on the weir surfaces and longitudinal water surface courses have shown the measurement uncertainty is greater than their differences. The discharge coefficient was evaluated by the means of measurements and the equation, which takes into account the essential parameters of the scale effects. It has been shown that a higher relative impact of the scale effects is due to viscosity while surface tension is mostly negligible as it was detected only in the smallest model in the 1:100 scale.

V disertaciji smo proučevali poplavljanje in zamuljevanje inundacijskega območja spodnjega odseka meandrirajoče reke. Z dvorazsežnim hidravličnim modeliranjem smo določili cone odvajanja pretoka na inundacijskem območju. Primerjali smo stanje poplavljanja v času konice poplavnega vala in spremembo po odtekanju poplavne vode, da bi sklepali o razvoju vodotokov in zamuljenosti inundacije. Proučevali in primerjali smo rezultate različnih raziskovalnih metod (hidravlično modeliranje, geomorfološke metode, sedimentološke raziskave, določanje starosti slojev vzorcev), da bi ocenili, kakšne posledice bi izzvale podnebno pogojene spremembe pretokov na obseg območja poplavne nevarnosti. Analizirali smo geomorfološke značilnosti meandrirajočega spodnjega odseka reke. Določili smo morfometrijske parametre zavojev in ugotovili trend dolgoročnega razvoja meandrov in vodotoka. In the dissertation the flooding and silting up process of the inundation area of downstream sections of the meandering river were studied. The travel zones in the flood-plain forming during the travel time of the flood-wave were determined by using 2D hydraulic modelling. The flooded status of the inundation area was compared during the flood peak and the falling limb of the flood wave in order to get information about the changes of the river bed and the silting up of the inundation area. The results of different research methods were compared (hydraulic modeling, geomorphological methods, sedimentological analyses, dating of the layers in the sediment sample) to evaluate the possible effect of the changes of discharge on the flood hazard due to the climate change. The geomorphological characteristics of the meandering outfall river sections were studied. Morphometric parameters and the trend of long-term development of the meanders and the river were evaluated.

V diplomskem delu je bila raziskana ideja zadrževanja Pake v Velenjskem jezeru pri visokovodnem valu s povratno dobo 100 let, saj bi v primeru takega dogodka Šoštanj ponovno trpel hudo gmotno škodo. Velenjsko jezero, ki se napaja iz hudourniških vodotokov gričevja Sopote in Lepene je eno večjih v Sloveniji, zato je bila v naši hipotezi pričakovana zadostna retenzijska sposobnost jezera. V primeru zadrževanja Pake v jezeru bi morali zadržati tudi Sopoto in Lepeno. Predpostavljeno je bilo, da se visokovodna valova Sopote in Lepene pojavita prej, zato bi čimvečji del teh valov odvedli še pred prihodom vala Pake. Za preverbo predpostavke sta bila v programu HEC-HMS 4.1 za povodji Sopote in Lepene, glede na ugotovljene podatke časovnega poteka stoletnih dnevnih padavin, topologije, pedologije ter rabe tal, izračunana hidrograma enote, ki sta podala podatke o času pojava konic pretoka, maksimalnem pretoku in volumnu. Hidrogram Pake je bil ob znanem stoletnem pretoku določen z analizo podatkov nihanja gladine ob večjih padavinskih dogodkih v zadnjih dveh letih in pol, odkar so vzpostavili samodejno merjenje na vodomerni postaji Velenje. Hidravlične razmere razbremenjevanja Pake v Velenjsko jezero v takšni meri, ki bi omogočila da se skozi Šoštanj spusti le tak pretok, ki bi ga bila struga zmožna prevajati, so bile izračunane v Excelu in nazorno predstavljene s pomočjo izrisanih grafikonov. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da se določeno količino visokega vala hudournikov lahko odvede še pred prihodom visokega vala Pake ter da je retenzijska zmožnost jezera dovoljšna za obravnavan ukrep. Možnost umestitve ukrepa v prostor je bila prikazana še z izdelavo idejne zasnove razbremenilnega objekta. Na koncu so se določile tudi smernice v morebitnih prihodnjih fazah študije. This diploma thesis explores the idea of impounding water from the Paka River in Lake Velenje in the event of a flood wave with a 100-year return period. If such an event were to take place, Šoštanj would once again be subject to substantial material damage. Lake Velenje, which feeds from torrential waters of the Sopota and Lepene hills, is one of the biggest lakes in Slovenia, so it was expected to have substantial capacity for water retention. If the Paka River were impounded in the lake, the Sopota and Lepena waters would have to be impounded as well. It was assumed that the flood waves from Sopota and Lepena would appear prior to the one from Paka, therefore some water from these waves would be drained before the arrival of the Paka wave. To test this assumption, the program HEC-HMS 4.1 was used to create hydrographs for Sopota and Lepena, which show information about peak flow times, maximum flow, and volume. The hydrographs were calculated using data about the timing of maximum daily precipitation with a 100-year return period that was researched and established within the thesis, as well as data on topology, pedology and soil use. The hydrograph for the Paka River was calculated through analysis of changes in water level during major precipitation events over the past two and a half years since automatic data collection was established at the Velenje gauging station. The hydraulic conditions for attenuating the Paka River into Velenje Lake at a scale that would only send as much water through Šoštanj as the existing stream banks can handle were calculated in Excel and visually presented using plotted graphs. It is established that a certain amount of the flood waves from torrential waters can be drained before the arrival of the flood wave from the Paka River and that, in this case, the retentive capacity of the lake is sufficient for the proposed measure. The possibility of implementing the proposed measure is further demonstrated by creating a conceptual design of the mitigating facility. Finally, guidelines are established for possible further phases of the study.

Slovenija je zelo vodnata dežela. Na nekaterih predelih se to pokaže, kot težava s občasnim poplavljanjem ob ekstremnih dogodkih. Po drugi strani, je človek v preteklosti spreminjal poplavne ravnice za svojo namensko rabo in tako reki odvzel prostor za razlitje. V letih med 2007 in 2010 je na večjem delu države prišlo do takšnih dogodkov. Slednje je tudi sprožilo težnje po ureditvi poplavne varnosti in tako zaščite državljanov in imetja. V diplomski nalogi sem skušal predstaviti primernost sonaravnega urejanja na takšnih območjih. Za vse skupaj sem si najprej skušal predstaviti z zakoni, ki na tem področju veljajo. V nadaljevanju pa razčlenil, kaj sonaravno urejanje in ekoremediacije so in kaj pomenijo za zadrževanje vode na določenem območju ter kako to vpliva na višino poplavne konice pri takšnih ekstremnih dogodkih. Skušal sem razviti idejo, kako neko območje obogatiti s takšnim posegom in kako lahko slednje izkoristimo tudi v druge namene, kot je rekreacija, turizem in izobraževalni namen. Vse skupaj sem preveril s orodjem Hec Ras, in sicer z 2D modeliranjem, na izbranem odseku poplavne reke Vipave. Slovenia is a highly affluent country. This is showed on some parts, as problem with occasional flooding on extreme events. On the second hand, a human was changing floodplains for his own dedicated use and that is how the place for a spillover events was took away from rivers. In years during 2007 and 2010, events like these took place on major part of a country. That also initiated aspirations for regulation of flood security and protections of citizens and property. I tried to introduce appropriateness of sustainable arranging on such areas in a thesis. Firstly, I tried to present myself all of it together with laws, that are valid on this field. I analysed hereinafter, what sustainable arranging and ecoremediations are and what does it mean for water retention on a certain area and tried to show how this influences on height of flood peak time at such extreme events. I also tried to develop idea, how to enrich certain area with such encroachment and how we can use it in other purposes, like recreation, tourism and educational intention. All together was than checked with a program Hec Ras, with 2D modeling, in a chosen section of flood river Vipava.