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Nešplja (Mespilus germanica L.) ali mušmula spada v družino rožnic (Rosaceae) in izvira iz jugozahodne Azije. Poznamo več sort nešpelj, in sicer 'Domača' ali 'Navadna' nešplja, 'Kraljevska' ali 'Royal', 'Holandska' in 'Nottingham' nešplja. Plodovi so značilne temno rjave barve z veliko muho. Tehnološko zreli plodovi niso užitni, zato jih po obiranju shranimo v temnem in hladnem prostoru, da se umedijo ali pa jih pustimo na drevesu, da so izpostavljeni slani. Plodovi nešplje so bogat vir primarnih in sekundarnih metabolitov, ki imajo koristne in zdravilne učinke na zdravje ljudi. V magistrski nalogi smo preučevali vpliv različnih načinov shranjevanja na vsebnost izbranih primarnih in sekundarnih metabolitov v plodovih nešplje. Ugotovili smo, da plodovi nešplje vsebujejo največ fruktoze (59,2 g/kg sveže mase (FW)) in glukoze (54,4 g/kg FW), med organskimi kislinami pa jabolčne (8,4 g/kg FW) in kinske kisline (8,8 g/kg FW). Izmed fenolov predstavljajo največje vsebnosti predstavljajo fenolne kisline (532,85 mg/kg FW) in flavanoli (375,21 mg/kg FW). Ugotovili smo, da se s shranjevanjem nešpelj zmanjšuje vsebnost vseh primarnih in sekundarnih metabolitov. Umedene nešplje, ki so skladiščene v kleti, imajo značilno najmanjše vsebnosti vseh analiziranih metabolitov. Ugotavljamo, da je zaradi precej velike vsebnosti metabolitov v plodovih nabranih po slani, to najprimernejši način shranjevanja za nešpljo. Takrat so plodovi užitno zreli in hkrati vsebujejo velike vsebnosti fenolnih snovi. Medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) belongs to Rosaceae family and is indigenous to southwest Asia. There are several cultivars of common medlar plant: ‘Domača’ or ‘Navadna’, 'Royal', 'Hollandia' and 'Nottingham'. The fruits are typically dark brown with a big calyx. Technologically ripe fruits are not edible, therefore they need to be stored in a dark and cold place after harvesting in order to undergo bletting. Alternatively, they can be left on a tree to soften and become bletted by frost. The medlar fruits are rich in primary and secondary metabolites, both of which have beneficial and healing health effects. In this master thesis the influence of different ways of storage procedures on the content of selected primary and secondary metabolites in medlar fruits were studied. The major determined sugars in fruits were fructose (59.2 g/kg fresh weight (FW)) and glucose (54.4 g/kg FW), whereas malic acid (8.4 g/kg FW) and quinic acid (8.8 g/kg FW) were major acids in medlar. Among the phenolics phenolic acids (532.85 mg/kg FW) and flavanols (375.21 mg/kg FW) were major groups. It was determined that storage reduces the content of all primary and secondary metabolites. Bletted medlars which were stored in a cellar had the lowest content of all metabolites. It was established that the most appropriate method of storage is harvesting fruit after natural hoarfrost. The fruits are at that time edibly ripe and at the same time possess high contents of metabolites.

Za poliploidne rastline je značilno, da imajo zaradi pomnoženih kromosomov zmožnost utišanja ali izražanja novih genov, ki boljše vplivajo na rast, razvoj in druge lastnosti rastline. Na primeru konoplje (Cannabis sativa L.) in hmelja (Humulus lupulus L.), katera se gojita večinsko za uporabo sekundarnih metabolitov, ima indukcija poliploidnosti velik pomen. Konoplja se po svetu prideluje v medicinske namene za pridobivanje kanabinoidov CBD-ja in THC-ja. Slednji ima psihoaktivne učinke in zaradi tega večina držav na svetu konopljo uvršča med ilegalne droge. Z indukcijo poliploidnosti lahko mi povečamo ali zmanjšamo vsebnost določenih kanabinoidov ter tako omogočimo bolj ekonomično pridelavo. Pri hmelju je podobno in sicer so glavni pridelek ženska socvetja, s prisotnostjo alfa-kislin, katera se uporabljajo v pivovarski industriji. Z indukcijo poliploidnosti, specifično triploidnosti, lahko pridelujemo partenokarpa socvetja, katera ni potrebno predčasno tretirani z raznimi substancami, z namenom odstranitve semen, ki bi znižala ekonomsko vrednost in okus pridelka. Namen diplomskega dela je predstavitev do sedaj uporabljenih metod indukcije poliploidnosti pri teh dveh vrstah. Polyploid plants are characterized by the ability to use or express new genes, which have a beneficial influence on the growth, development and other characteristics of the plant, due to the multiplied chromosomes. In the case of cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) and hops (Humulus lupulus L.), which are grown mostly for the use of secondary metabolites, the induction of polyploidy is of great importance. Cannabis is grown worldwide for medical purposes to obtain cannabinoids CBD and THC. The Latter has psychoactive effects and as a result most countries in the world classify cannabis as an illegal drug. By inducing polyploidy, we can increase or decrease the content of particular cannabinoids to enable more economical farming. In the case of hops, it is similar, the main yield are female inflorescences, which contain alpha-acids, that are used in the brewing industry. By inducing polyploidy, especially triploidy, we can grow parthenocarpic inflorescences, which do not need to be prematurely treated with various substances, to remove seeds, which would reduce the economic value and taste of the crop. The aim of the thesis is to present techniques that have been used to induce poliploidy in cannabis and hop.

Hmelj je trajna ovijalka, primarno gojena zaradi uporabe v pivovarstvu. Za pivovarstvo so uporabni storžki hmelja, ki s svojimi bioaktivnimi snovmi pivo konzervirajo in mu dajejo prepoznavno aromo in okus. Storžke uporabljajo tudi v proizvodnji farmacevtskih pripravkov. Poleg storžkov so uporabni tudi mladi poganjki, ki se uporabljajo kot zelenjava, preizkušajo pa tudi potencialno uporabnost listov in plodov. Storžki in poganjki ter tudi listi in plodovi vsebujejo snovi, ki imajo bioaktivno delovanje. Bioaktivne snovi, ki so lahko primarni ali sekundarni metaboliti, hmelju dajejo sedativne, estrogene, protimikrobne, antioksidativne, antikancerogene in druge lastnosti. Najbolj so raziskane bioaktivne snovi v storžkih, med njimi zlasti eterična olja, hmeljeve smole in hmeljevi fenoli. Med fenoli sta najbolj zanimiva ksantohumol in 8-prenilnaringenin, ki velja za enega najmočnejših fitoestrogenov. Zaradi enostavne uporabe in brez primerov klinično obravnavanih alergijskih reakcij in stranskih učinkov ima hmelj velik potencial v farmaciji. Hops is a perrenial climbing plant, primarily cultivated for its use in brewing. Hop cones are used in brewing, whose bioactive compounds conserve beer and give it its distinctive aroma and taste. Hop cones are also used in manufacturing pharmaceuticals. In addition to cones, young shoots are used as vegetables, potential uses for leaves and seeds are also being investigated. Cones, shoots, as well as leaves and seeds contain bioactive compounds. Bioactive substances, which are primary or secondary metabolites, give the hops sedative, estrogenic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer and other properties. Bioactive compounds found in hop cones are the most studied, especially essential oils, hop resins and hop phenolics. Among the phenolics, the most interesting ones are xanthohumol and 8-prenylnaringenin, the latter is considered to be one of the most potent phytoestrogens. Because of its simple use and unregistered allergic reactions or side effects, hops have great potential in pharmaceutical use.

Izvedli smo lončni poskus na dveh vrstah čilija C. annuum L. 'Chili-AS Rot' in C. chinense Jacq. 'Naga Morich'. Rastline smo namakali pod dvema različnima namakalnima režimoma, in sicer optimalno namakanje do poljske kapacitete in deficitno namakanje do 50 % poljske kapacitete (nadzorovan sušni stres). Preučevali smo, kako zmanjšana količina vode oziroma sušni stres vplivata na količino in kakovost pridelka (primarne in sekundarne metabolite v plodovih čilijev). Deficitno namakanje je imelo vpliv na količino, saj so imele rastline pri vseh terminih vzorčenja manjše pridelke. Pri vrsti C. chinense 'Naga Morich' je deficitno namakanje vplivalo na samo cvetenje, saj so proti koncu cvetovi začeli odpadati. Vsebnosti sladkorjev so bile manjše pri rastlinah v sušnem stresu, tako pri vrsti C. annuum 'Chili-AS Rot' kot pri vrsti C. chinense 'Naga Morich'. Deficitno namakanje je vplivalo na vsebnost organskih kislin. Pri sorti C. annuum 'Chili-AS Rot' so bile vsebnosti citronske, kinske, fumarne, šikimske in oksalne kisline večje pri optimalno namakanih rastlinah ter vsebnosti jabolčne kisline so bile identične pri obeh tipih namakanja. Sorta C. chinense 'Naga Morich' je vsebovala več citronske kisline pri optimalnem namakanju. Vsebnosti ostalih organskih kislin so bile večje pri rastlinah v sušnih razmerah. Sorta C. annuum 'Chili-AS Rot' je vsebovala več askorbinske kisline in skupnih fenolnih spojin ter manj kapsaicina in dihidrokapsaicina pri optimalnemu namakanju pri poljski kapaciteti. Sorta C. chinense 'Naga Morich' je vsebovala več askorbinske kisline, skupnih fenolnih spojin, kapsaicina in dihidrokapsaicina pri optimalnemu namakanju. A pot experiment was conducted on two species of chilies C. annuum L. 'Chili-AS Rot' and C. chinense Jacq. 'Naga Morich'. Plants were irrigated at two different irrigation regimes, optimal irrigation or field capacity and deficit irrigation or 50 % field capacity, which can be treated as drought stress. The effects of drought stress on quantity and quality of the yield (primary and secondary metabolites), were studied. Deficit irrigation affected yield quantity, as both chili species had lower yield at deficit irrigation. Species C. chinense 'Naga Morich' under deficit irrigation abscised the flowers, thus no fruits were harvested at the third picking. Concentrations of sugars were lower at both plant species under deficit irrigation. Concentrations of organic acids in fruits of C. annuum 'Chili-AS Rot', such as citric acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, fumaric acid, quinic acid were higher at optimal irrigation. Malic acid concentrations were similar at both irrigation treatments. In the fruits of C. chinense Jacq. 'Naga Morich', the concentration of citric acid was higher with optimal irrigation. Concentrations of other organic acids were higher at deficit irrigation. C. annuum 'Chili-AS Rot' had higher concentration of ascorbic acid and total phenolic content at optimal irrigation and higher capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin concentrations in stressed plants. C. chinense 'Naga Morich' had higher concentrations of ascorbic acid, total phenolic content, capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin at optimal irrigation regime.

Na območju gorenjske regije smo v treh poskusih, v obdobju 2011–2015, analizirali morfološke parametre korenov in vsebnost metabolitov v korenčku (Daucus carota L.), pridelanem po smernicah ekološke in integrirane pridelave. Vsebnost primarnih in sekundarnih metabolitov smo analizirali s pomočjo sistema visokotlačne tekočinske kromatografije v kombinaciji z masno spektrometrijo (HPLS-MS), glede na kultivar ('Rodelika', 'Fanal' in 'Rolanka'), vrsto uporabljenega gnojila (organsko in mineralno), povečano količina dušika in kalija v gnojilu ter leto pridelave. Dodana hranila so v obeh pridelovalnih sistemih značilno povečala (od 47–262 %) pridelek korenčka vseh preizkušenih kultivarjev, glede na kontrolno obravnavanje (negnojene parcele). V ekološko pridelanem korenčku je bilo značilno manj jabolčne (43 %), fumarne (19 %) in šikimske kisline (23 %) ter več piruvične (80 %) in askorbinske kisline (12 %) v primerjavi z integrirano pridelanim korenčkom. Vsebnost fenolnih kislin in karotenoidov je bila sortno značilna. Koreni kultivarja 'Fanal' so vsebovali 30 % manj karotenoidov kot koreni kultivarjev 'Rodelika' in 'Rolanka'. V korenih kultivarja 'Rolanka' je bilo 21 % in 48 % več fenolnih kislin v 'Rodelika' in 'Fanal'. Povečana količina dodanega dušika in kalija je povečala vsebnost saharoze (10 %) in zmanjšala vsebnost derivatov ferulne kisline (105 %) glede na manj gnojen korenček. V korenih negnojenega korenčka je bilo 37 % manj saharoze, 64 % manj jabolčne kisline in 10 % več askorbinske kisline ter 74 % več derivatov ferulne kisline glede na povečano gnojenje z N in K. Zrelost korena je imela značilen vpliv na vse analizirane metabolite, leto pridelave pa le na vsebnost glukoze (65 % manj), jabolčne kisline (36 % več), askorbinske kisline (26 % manj) in fenolnih kislin, ki jih je bilo v letu 2012 160 % več glede na leto 2011). V tretjem tj. lončnem poskusu smo pridelali korenček za analizo izotopske sestave dušika, ki bi služil kot marker za ločevanje ekološko in integrirano pridelanega korenčka. Uporaba organskega ali mineralnega gnojila je značilno vplivala na izotopsko sestavo dušika v korenčku (organsko gnojen korenček je imel 47–107 % več težjega izotopa 15N kot korenček, gnojen z mineralnimi gnojili), vendar pa metoda izotopske sestave δ15N ni dovolj natančna, da bi jo uporabili kot edini kriterij za preverjanje pristnosti ekološke pridelave. In the period 2011–2015 we conducted three experiments in the Gorenjska region in which we analysed morphological parameters of the taproots and the content of metabolites in carrots (Daucus carota L.) grown according to the organic and integrated growth guidelines. The content of primary and secondary metabolites was analysed with high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (HPLS-MS). We considered cultivar ('Rodelika', 'Fanal' and 'Rolanka'), type of fertiliser (organic and mineral), the increased amount of nitrogen and potassium and the year of growth. In both growing systems the added nutrients significantly increased the yield of all cultivars (from 47 % to 262 %) as compared to the control plots (not fertilised). Organically grown carrots contained significantly less malic acid (43 %), fumaric acid (19 %), and shikimic acid (23 %). On the other hand, they contained more pyruvic acid (80 %) and ascorbic acid (12 %) compared to the carrots from the integrated growth system. The content of phenolic acids and carotenoids dependend on the cultivar. 'Fanal' contained 30 % less carotenoids than 'Rodelika' and 'Rolanka'. 'Rolanka' taproots contained 21 % and 48 % more phenolic acids than 'Rodelika' and 'Fanal' respectively. The increased amount of added nitrogen and potassium influenced saccharose content which was increased by 10 %, and reduced the amount of ferulic acid derivatives by 105 % as compared to the less heavily fertilised carrots. The taproots of unfertilised carrots contained less saccharose (37 %), less malic acid (64 %), more ascorbic acid (10 %) and more ferulic acids derivatives (74 %) with regard to the increased fertilisation with nitrogen and potassium. Taproot maturity significantly influenced all the metabolites we had analysed while the year of growth only influenced glucose content (65 % less), malic acid (36 % more), ascorbic acid (26 % less) and phenolic acids (160% more in 2012 as compared to 2011). In the third experiment, which was a pot experiment, we grew carrots for the analysis of the isotopic composition of nitrogen which would serve as a marker in determining growing system (organic or integrated). Using organic or mineral fertiliser, respectively, significantly influenced the isotopic composition of nitrogen in the carrots (organically grown carrots contained from 47 % to 107 % more of the heavier isotope 15N than the ones fertilised with mineral fertilisers, however, the method of isotopic composition δ15N is not accurate enough to be used as a sole criterion in determining the authenticity of organic growth.