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Merjenje glukoze med obremenitvenimi testiranji je preprost in cenovno ugoden način merjenja fizioloških spremenljivk. Individualni glukozni prag (IGT) je najnižja vrednost glukoze med stopnjevanim obremenitvenim testom in sovpada z individualnim anaerobnim pragom. Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti kinetiko glukoze med obremenitvenim testom na kolesu, možnost določitve IGT ter primerjava z drugimi laktatnimi in ventilatornimi spremenljivkami. Metode: V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 27 mladih kolesarjev (starost M = 17,7 SD = 1,0 let in V̇O2max M = 70,7 SD = 4,5 ml.kg.min-1), ki so opravili stopnjevan obremenitveni test z začetno obremenitvijo 100 W in povečanjem 20 W/min do odpovedi. Vsaki 2 minuti je bila opravljena meritev krvnega laktata in glukoze, spremljane so bile ventilatorne spremenljivke. Opravljena je bila analiza kinetike glukoze med testom, izračunan individualni glukozni prag (IGT) ter druge laktatne in ventilatorne spremenljivke. Opravljena je bila primerjava IGT z drugimi ventilatornimi in laktatnimi pragovi. Rezultati: Kinetika glukoze jasno kaže padanje v začetnih stopnjah s povečevanjem v zadnjih stopnjah. Glukoza je 5 min po testu še vedno značilno povišana navkljub aktivni regeneraciji pri obremenitvi 50 W. IGT je bil izračunan pri 305 (SD = 41) W. Relativna vrednost IGT je nastopila pri 75,2 % Wmax. IGT je značilno različen od VT in Rise 1 mmol, medtem ko sovpada z LT, OBLA, Dmax, RCP in RQ1. Korelacijska analiza je pokazala srednje pozitivne povezave med spremenljivkami in IGT (r = .43 - .68, p < .05). Zaključek: Raziskava je prva raziskava te vrste na tako dobro treniranem vzorcu in dopolnjuje obstoječo literaturo z vpogledom v primerjavo IGT z drugimi spremenljivkami. IGT je uporabna in cenovno dostopna spremenljivka, ki se lahko uporablja v kontekstu fizioloških testiranj. Potrebne so še dodatne raziskave za boljše razumevanje IGT ter aplikacijo v vrhunskem športu. Measuring glucose during exercise testing is a simple and cost-effective way to assess physiological variables. Individual glucose threshold (IGT) is the lowest glucose value during an incremental exercise test and corresponds to the individual anaerobic threshold. The purpose of this study was to determine the kinetics of glucose during a cycling incremental exercise test, assess the possibility of determining IGT, and compare it with other lactate and ventilatory variables. Methods: The study included 27 young cyclists (mean age = 17.7 SD = 1.0 years and V̇O2max mean = 70.7 SD = 4.5 ml.kg.min-1), who performed an incremental exercise test starting at 100 W with an increase of 20 W/min until exhaustion. Blood lactate and glucose measurements were taken every 2 minutes, and ventilatory variables were monitored. The glucose kinetics during the test were analyzed, and individual glucose threshold (IGT) and other lactate and ventilatory variables were calculated. IGT was compared with other ventilatory and lactate thresholds. Results: The kinetics of glucose clearly showed a decrease in the initial stages and an increase in the final stages of the test. Glucose levels remained significantly elevated 5 minutes after the test, even during active recovery at 50 W. IGT was calculated at 305 (SD = 41) W, with a relative value of 75.2% of Wmax. IGT significantly differed from VT and Rise 1 mmol, while it corresponded to LT, OBLA, Dmax, RCP, and RQ1. Correlation analysis showed moderate positive correlations between variables and IGT (r = .43 - .68, p < .05). Conclusion: This study is the first of its kind on such a well-trained sample and adds to the existing literature with unique insight into comparison of IGT with other variables. IGT is a useful and affordable variable that can be used in the context of physiological testing. Further research is needed to better understand IGT and its application in elite sports.

Magistrsko delo je namenjeno tako sferi profesionalnega kot rekreativnega cestnega kolesarstva. Cilj je bil ugotoviti priljubljenost kolesarstva in njegov vpliv na različne kolesarske organizacije v Sloveniji. Izvedli smo šest polstrukturiranih intervjujev z deležniki, ki delujejo na različnih ravneh v kolesarstvu. Intervjuvanci so bili predstavnik strokovnega sveta KZS, profesionalni cestni kolesar, športni novinar, trener in vodja mladinske ekipe, selektor mladinske reprezentance in športni direktor mednarodne profesionalne ekipe. Na podlagi analize njihovih odgovorov in obstoječe literature smo ugotovili, da deležniki opažajo porast priljubljenosti kolesarstva v Sloveniji. Vzroke pripisujejo kolesarskim rekreativnim prireditvam, pretekli pandemiji COVID-19 in uspehom slovenskih profesionalnih kolesarjev. Priljubljenost kolesarstva dojemajo kot pozitivno, še zlasti z vidika lažjega pridobivanja sponzorjev in zagotavljanja finančnih sredstev. Na samo vsebino in organizacijo njihovega dela priljubljenost tega športa nima pomembnega vpliva, prinesla je le višje število aktivnih mladih kolesarjev, ki šele vstopajo v svet profesionalizma. This master thesis is dedicated to the field of professional and recreational racing cycling. The aim was to determine the popularity of cycling and its impact on various cycling organizations in Slovenia. We conducted six semi-structured interviews with stakeholders involved in cycling at different levels. The interviewees included a member of the Slovenian Cycling Federation, a professional road cyclist, a sports journalist, a coach and youth team manager, a youth national team selection coach, and a sports director of a professional international cycling team. Based on the analysis of their responses and existing literature, we found that the stakeholders observed an increase in the popularity of cycling in Slovenia. They attribute this to recreational cycling events, the past COVID -19 pandemic, and the successes of Slovenian professional cyclists. The popularity of cycling is perceived as positive, especially in terms of making it easier to attract sponsors and secure financial resources. It does not significantly impact the content and organization of their work, but it has led to a higher number of active young cyclists just entering the professional world.

Namen magistrske naloge je bil ugotoviti, kakšni obremenitvi so podvrženi kolesarji na dirki Po Sloveniji in kakšen napor tovrstna obremenitev izzove. Zanimalo nas je, kako se napor spreminja znotraj posamezne etape in preko več zaporednih dni dirke. Prav tako smo želeli raziskati, kako na napor kolesarja vpliva tip etape, ki smo jih razdelili med ravninske in gorske. Kolesarstvo velja za enega izmed fizično bolj zahtevnih športnih panog, še posebej to velja za etapne dirke. Te so pogosto zajete v analizo, a običajno se raziskovalci osredotočajo na daljše etapne dirke, ki trajajo osem ali celo enaindvajset dni. V raziskavi smo se osredotočili na krajšo petdnevno dirko Po Sloveniji, na kateri še ni bilo narejeno toliko raziskav in je zaradi svojega krajšega trajanja zanimiva za primerjavo z daljšimi dirkami. V raziskavo je bilo vključeno sedem kolesarjev, a so trije izmed njih med tretjo etapo odstopili, zato so bili v analizo zajeti podatki štirih kolesarjev, ki so uspešno prevozili vseh pet etap. Analizirali smo pet spremenljivk vsakega kolesarja, in sicer povprečno absolutno moč, povprečno relativno moč, povprečno frekvenco srčnega utripa ter koeficienta obremenitve TSS in TRIMP. Na podlagi analize smo ugotovili, da med posameznimi deli etape ne prihaja do statistično pomembnih razlik in kolesarji tako v prvem delu kot drugem delu etape premagujejo podoben napor. Enako velja tudi za posamezne dele dirke, saj med naporom v prvem in drugem delu nismo ugotovili statistično pomembnih razlik. Te se niso pokazale niti ob analizi absolutnih vrednostih, ki smo jih podrobneje analizirali zaradi majhnega vzorca. Še najbolj so se razlike nakazovale med različnimi tipi etap, a tudi te niso bile statistično značilne, je pa zato vrednost TRIMP na gorskih etapah znašala 21 % več kot na ravninskih, kar nakazuje na razliko v obremenitvi in naporu kolesarja na posamezni etapi. The aim of this master thesis is to examine the external and internal training load of cyclists during the Tour of Slovenia. The thesis shows how the external training load varies within a single stage and over several consecutive days of the race. Distinguishing between flat and mountain stages, the research also observes how the cyclist’s external training load is affected by the stage type. Cycling is considered to be one of the most physically demanding sports, particularly in stage races. Even though these have been thoroughly analyzed, researchers typically focus on longer stage races of eight or even twenty-one days. This study is focused on the shorter, five-day, Tour of Slovenia, which has not yet been the subject of much research. Given the shorter duration of the race, its comparison with longer races makes it an interesting study subject. Seven cyclists were included in the study, three of them, however, withdrew during the third stage. Therefore, the analysis was only carried out on the data of the four cyclists who completed all five stages. Five variables were analyzed for each cyclist, namely average absolute power, average relative power, average heart rate and the TSS and TRIMP load factors. The analysis shows no statistically significant differences between different parts of the stage. Moreover, it indicates the cyclists’ external training load was similar in both parts of the stage. The same conclusion applies to the different parts of the race, as the study indicates no statistically significant differences between the external training load in the first and second part. The differences were unobserved even in the absolute values, which were analyzed in more detail due to the small sample size. The most significant differences were observed between different stage types, yet, they were not statistically significant either. However, the TRIMP value on mountain stages was 21% higher than on flat stages, which does indicate a difference in the external and internal training load of the cyclist on each stage. The aim of this master thesis is to examine the external and internal training load of cyclists during the Tour of Slovenia. The thesis shows how the external training load varies within a single stage and over several consecutive days of the race. Distinguishing between flat and mountain stages, the research also observes how the cyclist’s external training load is affected by the stage type. Cycling is considered to be one of the most physically demanding sports, particularly in stage races. Even though these have been thoroughly analyzed, researchers typically focus on longer stage races of eight or even twenty-one days. This study is focused on the shorter, five-day, Tour of Slovenia, which has not yet been the subject of much research. Given the shorter duration of the race, its comparison with longer races makes it an interesting study subject. Seven cyclists were included in the study, three of them, however, withdrew during the third stage. Therefore, the analysis was only carried out on the data of the four cyclists who completed all five stages. Five variables were analyzed for each cyclist, namely average absolute power, average relative power, average heart rate and the TSS and TRIMP load factors. The analysis shows no statistically significant differences between different parts of the stage. Moreover, it indicates the cyclists’ external training load was similar in both parts of the stage. The same conclusion applies to the different parts of the race, as the study indicates no statistically significant differences between the external training load in the first and second part. The differences were unobserved even in the absolute values, which were analyzed in more detail due to the small sample size. The most significant differences were observed between different stage types, yet, they were not statistically significant either. However, the TRIMP value on mountain stages was 21% higher than on flat stages, which does indicate a difference in the external and internal training load of the cyclist on each stage.

Namen magistrskega dela je bilo ugotoviti in celovito predstaviti značilnosti tekmovalnih disciplin dirkališčnega kolesarstva. S tem namenom je bil v magistrski nalogi izveden sistematični pregled obstoječih raziskav, ki so preučevale značilnosti vseh tekmovalnih disciplin dirkališčnega kolesarstva. Dirkališčno kolesarstvo velja v svetu za eno izmed najrazvitejših ter najbolj priljubljenih vej tekmovalnega kolesarstva. V Sloveniji omenjena panoga prav tako spada med bolj razširjene, ki je v zadnjih nekaj letih deležna še dodatnega razvoja. Izjemno pomemben delež k temu zagotovo prispeva izgradnja notranjega velodroma v Češči Vasi pri Novem Mestu, ki v slovenskem prostoru zagotavlja unikatne pogoje za izvedbo vadbenega procesa ter tekmovaj vseh kategorij tekmovalnega kolesarstva. Obravnavana veja kolesarstva spada med najbolj unikatne veje tekmovalnega športa nasploh, saj jo sestavlja kar 11 poddisciplin, ki jih delimo v dve skupini, in sicer v skupino šprinterskih disciplin ter v skupino vzdržljivostnih disciplin. Za vsako izmed poddisciplin so značilne specifične tekmovalne zahteve, ki posledično pogojujejo fiziološke, morfološke in psihološke značilnosti ter tehnično in taktično znanje tekmovalcev in tekmovalk. Zaradi morebitnih podobnosti dirkališčnih disciplin s preostalimi panogami ter disciplinami tekmovalnega kolesarstva smo v uvodu opisali njihove značilnosti in zahteve. Ugotavljanje morebitnih podobnosti disciplin lahko zaradi interdisciplinarnega prenosa znanj koristno vpliva tudi na sam vadbeni proces ter večjo tekmovalno uspešnost. Poleg tega smo v uvodu opisali tudi vse pomembne gibalne in funkcionalne sposobnosti v kolesarstvu, delovanje fizioloških energetskih sistemov ter navsezadnje tudi zgodovinski razvoj kolesarskega športa tako po svetu kot v Sloveniji. V razpravi smo opredelili dirkališčno kolesarstvo ter opisali vse posamezne poddiscipline. Ob tem smo navedli ter opisali vse zunanje dejavnike, ki v večji ali manjši meri vplivajo na kolesarje in kolesarke ter navedli in opisali smernice poteka vadbenega procesa tako šprinterskih kot tudi vzdržljivostnih disciplin. Magistrsko delo športni stroki tako nudi natančnejše razumevanje širokega področja dejavnikov, ki v končni fazi vplivajo na tekmovalno uspešnost v vrhunskem športu. The aim of this master's thesis is to identify and comprehensively present the characteristics of track cycling disciplines. For this purpose a systematic review of research was conducted, examining the characteristics of each competitive track cycling discipline for elite categories of men and women competitors. Track cycling is considered as one of the most developed and popular cycling disciplines of competitive cycling in the world. It is also one of the more widespread cycling disciplines in Slovenia, which recently began with additional development of this cycling branch. The recent construction of the indoor velodrome in Češča Vas near Novo Mesto certainly contributes an extremely important part to this, which provides unique conditions for carrying out the training process and competitions in all categories of competitive cycling. Track cycling is one of the most unique branches of competitive sports in general, as it consists of as many as 11 sub-disciplines, which are divided into two groups, namely the group of sprint disciplines and the group of endurance disciplines. Each of the sub-disciplines is characterized by specific competition requirements, which condition the physiological, morphological and psychological characteristics as well as the technical and tactical knowledge of male and female competitors. Due to possible multi-dimensional similarities of track disciplines with other disciplines of competitive cycling, we described characteristics and requirements of the latter in the introduction. Determining possible similarities between disciplines can also have a beneficial effect on the training process itself and subsequently greater competitive performance due to the interdisciplinary transfer of knowledge. In addition, in the introduction we also described all the important physical and functional characteristics of performance in cycling, physiological energy systems and, ultimately, the historical development of cycling in the world and on Slovenian territory. In the discussion, we defined track cycling and a detailed description of all individual sub-disciplines. At the same time, we also listed and described all external factors that have a greater or lesser influence on cyclists, and additionally listed and described the guidelines for organizing training process of both sprint and endurance disciplines. The sports profession will thus benefit from a more precise understanding of the wide range of factors that ultimately affect competitive performance in elite sports due to this thesis.

Namen magistrskega dela je pregled literature in primerjava splošnega ogrevanja in specifičnih tipov ogrevanja v kolesarstvu ter njihova smiselnost uporabe. Pozitivni učinki ogrevanja so zvišanje telesne in mišične temperature, pospešen krvni pretok, zmanjšanje viskoznosti mišic, manjšanje percepcije mišične zakrčenosti in izboljšanje mišične koordinacije. Kolesarske discipline, ki smo jih podrobneje raziskali, so cestno kolesarstvo (cestna dirka in posamezna vožnja na čas), gorsko kolesarstvo (olimpijski kros in maraton kros), ciklokros in dirkališčno kolesarstvo. Učinkovito ogrevanje je pomemben del vsakega začetka vadbe. Zaradi visokih obremenitev, ki jih kolesarji premagujejo, je izbira pravilnega ogrevanja izjemnega pomena. Ker imajo različne kolesarske discipline različne karakteristike, je treba individualno prilagoditi tudi specifičnost ogrevanja. V kolesarstvu ogrevanje običajno izvedemo na kolesu, saj je glede na številne raziskave to zaradi učinkovitosti in kakovosti najbolj priporočljivo. Ostale tipe ogrevanj – aktivne, pasivne in različne kombinacije obeh tipov – se odsvetuje, saj imajo negativen vpliv na maksimalno in povprečno moč kolesarjenja. Ogrevanje naj traja med 15 in 20 minut, odvisno od intenzivnosti in kolesarske discipline. Pri vseh kolesarskih disciplinah ogrevanje začnemo počasi, nizko intenzivno in postopno dvigujemo intenzivnost, da dosežemo nivo intenzivnosti med 50 % in 60 % VO2 max. Nato sledi visokointenzivni del ogrevanja, med katerim izvedemo 2–3 šprinte, ki trajajo od 10 do 30 sekund, regeneracijska doba po vsakem intervalu traja med 30 sekund in 3 minutami, njena dolžina je sorazmerna z intenzivnostjo, številom in dolžino šprintov. Daljši in intenzivnejši, kot je šprint, ter višja, kot je obremenitev, daljši je čas regeneracije. Pri kros maratonu, olimpijskem krosu in vožnji na čas zaradi tekmovalne intenzivnosti šprinte izvedemo pri intenzivnosti 90 % VO2 max oziroma nad laktatnim pragom. Intenzivni del ogrevanja za pripravo na cestno dirko naj bi se opravil nad 70 % VO2 max, večina ogrevanja pa v aerobnem območju. V dirkališčnem kolesarstvu je med ogrevanjem priporočljivo vključiti tri 10-sekundne intervale intenzivnosti 70 % VO2 max, saj to pozitivno vpliva na dvig zmogljivosti. Po končanem intenzivnem delu mora doba regeneracije (lahkotno kolesarjenje) trajati med 5 in 10 minut, da glavni del oziroma dirko začnemo relativno spočiti in ogreti. Navedene okvirne smernice protokolov ogrevanja, ki so natančneje predstavljene v razpravi magistrskega dela, bodo v pomoč športnikom in trenerjem. Z njimi lahko v različnih kolesarskih disciplinah oblikujejo učinkovito, kvalitetno in specifično individualno usmerjeno ogrevanje, ki bo preventivno vplivalo na poškodbe in pozitivno na dvig kolesarske zmogljivosti ter uspešnosti. The aim of this master thesis is to review of literature and compare general warm-up and specific types of warm-up in cycling and wheter they are logically used. The positive effects of warming up include increase in body and muscle temperature, increased blood flow, reduced muscle viscosity, reduced perception of muscle cramps and improved muscle coordination. The cycling disciplines that we researched in more detail are road cycling (road race and individual time trial), mountain biking (Olympic cross country and marathon cross country), cyclocross and track cycling. Warming-up in the introductory part is an important part of every training. Cyclist have to overcome very high loads of intensity in training, so the choice of the right warm-up is even more crucial. As different cycling disiciplines have different characteristics, the specifity of the warm-up needs to be adapted individually. The most common and beneficial way of warm-up in cycling is usually done on the bike, because of the effectiveness and quality. Other types of warm-ups, such as active, passive and various combinations of both types, are not recommended as they have a negative impact on the maximum and average cycling power.The longitude of the warm-up should be between 15 and 20 minutes, again it depends on the intensity of training and which cycling disciplines we choose. In all of them, we start the warm-up at a slow, low intensity and then gradually increase the pace and intensity to reach an intensity level between 50% and 60% VO2 max. This is followed by a high-intensity warm-up, it makes sense to include 2-3 sprints, lasting from 10-30 seconds, the recovery period after every sprint lasts between 30 seconds and 3 minutes, its length is proportional to the intensity, number and length of sprints. The longer and more intense the sprint nad higher the load, the longer is the recovery time. In cross-marathon, Olympic cross-country and time trial sprints are performed at an intensity of 90% VO2 max or above the lactate threshold due to the competitive intensity. The intensive part of the warm-up to prepare for a road race should be done above 70% VO2 max, and most of the warm-up is in the aerobic zone. In track cycling, it is recommended to include three 10-second intervals at intensity of 70% VO2 max, as it has a positive and increasing effect on performance. After finishing the intensive work, the recovery period (light cycling) should last between 5 and 10 minutes, so that the main part or the race begins in a well warmed-up and rested state. The indicated framework guidelines for warm-up protocols, which are precisely presented in the thesis discussion, will be helpful for athletes and coaches. It will surve as a support in different cycling disciplines, so they can design an efficient, high-quality and specifically individually oriented warm-up, which will have a preventive effect on injuries and a positive effect on cycling performance and results.

Uspeh v kolesarstvu je odvisen od številnih dejavnikov. Eden glavnih je vzdržljivost, pomembna pa je tudi moč, še posebej pri pospeševanju, vožnji v strme klance, za zaključke dirk. Za preverjanje tovrstne sposobnosti kolesarjev uporabljamo teste za oceno anaerobnih sposobnosti. Mi smo uporabili 30-sekundni Wingate test, vsakemu kolesarju pa smo izmerili še telesno višino in sestavo telesa z bioimpedančno metodo. Glavni namen magistrske naloge je bil primerjava anaerobne kapacitete med gorskimi kolesarji v spustu, enduru, krosu in cestnimi kolesarji. Želeli smo ugotoviti razlike v telesnih značilnostih in anaerobni kapaciteti med posameznimi kolesarskimi disciplinami, ugotoviti povezavo tega s tekmovalno uspešnostjo ter kriterije nadpovprečno uspešnega kolesarja za vsako disciplino posebej. V analizo je bilo vključenih 39 kolesarjev (9 kolesarjev v enduru, 10 kolesarjev v spustu, 9 kolesarjev v krosu in 11 cestnih kolesarjev), starejših od 18 let, ki tekmujejo pod okriljem KZS. Za obdelavo podatkov smo uporabili program IBM SPSS Statistics, kjer smo za ugotavljanje razlik v povprečjih uporabili enosmerno ANOVO za neodvisne vzorce, za ugotavljanje povezanosti med tekmovalno uspešnostjo in posameznimi spremenljivkami pa Pearsonovo korelacijo med pari spremenljivk. Pri vseh statističnih analizah je bila upoštevana stopnja tveganja α = 5 %. Pri primerjavi telesne teže so bile razlike statistično značilne med disciplinama spust in kros (75,6 kg in 67,6 kg). Blizu statistične značilnosti je bila tudi primerjava disciplin enduro in kros (74,9 kg in 67,6 kg). Statistično značilne so bile razlike v % maščobe med tekmovalci endura, krosa in cestnega kolesarstva (14,4 %, 10 % in 8,5 %). Med istimi disciplinami je bila razlika tudi v % mišičevja (48,8 %, 51,2 % in 52,3 %). Statistično značilne razlike so bile zaznane tudi za ITM, vendar Post Hoc testi dejanskih razlik niso zaznali. Največja razlika je bila med kolesarji v spustu oz. kolesarji v enduru in kolesarji krosa (23,3 za spust in enduro in 21,1 za kros kolesarje). Rezultati, izmerjeni na Wingate testu, med disciplinami niso pokazali statistično značilnih razlik. Največja razlika je bila pri indeksu utrujenosti, ki je bil pri cestnih kolesarjih nižji kot pri kolesarjih ostalih disciplin (55,3 % proti > 60 % pri ostalih). Prav tako ni bilo statistično značilnih razlik med disciplinami pri absolutni in relativni anaerobni kapaciteti. Preverili smo povezanost tekmovalne uspešnosti z izmerjenimi telesnimi lastnostmi in sposobnostmi. Pri disciplini enduro je bila statistično značilna povezava med tekmovalno uspešnostjo in telesno težo, mišičevjem (kg) in minimalno močjo. Uspešnejši so bili tisti z višjo telesno težo, več mišičevja in večjo minimalno močjo. Pri spustu statistično značilnih povezav s tekmovalno uspešnostjo ni bilo. Pri krosu je bila statistično značilna povezava med tekmovalno uspešnostjo in telesno višino, relativnim upadom moči in relativnim upadom moči na sekundo. Uspešnejši so bili višji kolesarji z večjim relativnim upadom moči in relativnim upadom moči na sekundo. Pri cestnih kolesarjih je bila statistično značilna povezava med tekmovalno uspešnostjo in starostjo ter minimalno močjo. Uspešnejši so bili starejši kolesarji z večjo minimalno močjo. Ustvarili smo tudi kriterije nadpovprečnega kolesarja tekmovalca za vsako disciplino posebej, na podlagi katerih se lahko vsak kolesar po opravljenem Wingate testu primerja z najboljšimi. There are many factors that determine success in cycling. On the forefront we have stamina, followed by strength, especially when accelerating, riding uphill the steep slope, for race endings. To measure this ability in cyclists we use tests for evaluating anaerobic capability. We used 30-second Wingate test. We also measured each cyclist’s height and body composition with bioimpedance analysis. The main purpose of this master thesis was comparison of anaerobic capacity between downhill, enduro, cross-country and road cyclists. We wanted to compare differences in body characteristics and anaerobic capacity between each cycling discipline, find correlation of these with competitive performance and criteria for above average cyclist for each cycling discipline. There were 39 participants in this study (9 enduro mountain bikers, 10 downhill mountain bikers, 9 cross-country mountain bikers and 11 road cyclists), all of them were older than 18 years old and compete under KZS (Slovenian Cycling Federation). For statistical analysis we used IBM SPSS Statistics program. To determine the differences in mean values we used One-way ANOVA for independent samples, for correlations between competitive performance and individual variables we used Pearson’s correlation between variable pairs. For each statistical analysis we used risk level of α=5 %. When comparing body weight statistically significant differences have been found between disciplines downhill and cross-country (75,6 kg and 67,6 kg). Nearly statistically significant was also comparison between disciplines enduro and cross-country (74,9 kg and 67,6 kg). Statistically significant was a difference in % of body fat between enduro, cross-country and road racers (14,4%, 10% and 8,5 %). In previously mentioned disciplines there was also difference in % of musculature (48,8%, 51,2% and 52,3%). Statistically significant differences were noticed when comparing BMI, but Post Hoc tests didn’t find the differences between groups. The biggest difference was noticed between downhill or enduro cyclists and cross-country cyclists (23,3 for downhill and enduro and 21,1 for cross-country cyclists). Wingate's test results didn’t show any statistically significant differences between cycling disciplines. The biggest difference was noted in fatigue index, which was lower in road cyclists than in cyclists of other disciplines (55,3% vs. >60% in other disciplines). There weren’t any statistically significant differences between disciplines when comparing absolute and relative anaerobic capacity. We checked correlation between competitive performance and measured body characteristics and capabilities. Statistically significant correlation between competitive performance and body weight, musculature (kg) and minimal power was proved in enduro discipline. More successful were heavier riders, those who had more musculature and higher minimal power. There were no statistically significant correlations with competitive performance in downhill. With cross-country was statistically significant correlation between competitive performance and height, relative power drop and relative power drop per second. On the other hand, with road cyclists we discovered statistically significant correlation between competitive performance and age and minimal power. More successful were older cyclists with greater minimal power. We designed criteria for above average cycling racers for every discipline separately, wherewith comparison between the best racers and each cyclist who finished Wingate test is possible.

Namen magistrskega dela je bil ugotoviti, kolikšen je vpliv rezultatov oziroma točk mladih triatloncev na t. i. Dnevu talentov z njihovo tekmovalno uspešnostjo na tekmovanjih. Zanimalo nas je tudi, ali v doseženih rezultatih obstajajo razlike med starostnima skupinama in spoloma merjencev. Vzorec merjencev je bil sestavljen iz 301 triatlonca obeh spolov. Le-ti so bili razdeljeni v dve starostni skupini. Prva skupina je sestavljala mlajše merjence, stare od 14 do 16 let, drugo skupino so sestavljali starejši merjenci, stari med 17 in 23 let. Uporabljeni so bili njihovi rezultati na dogodku, imenovanem Dnevi talentov od leta 2013 do 2019, in tekmovanjih v okviru Triatlonske zveze Slovenije oziroma Mednarodne triatlonske zveze. Pri prvih dveh hipotezah, pri katerih smo ugotavljali ali spol in starost vplivata na dosežene rezultate, smo ugotovili, da med spoloma obstajajo razlike v doseženem skupnem času. Prav tako smo na podlagi rezultatov potrdili drugo hipotezo za mlajše merjence, kjer smo pri moških zaznali višje stopnje povezanosti. Za kategorijo starejših merjencev druge hipoteze nismo potrdili niti zavrnili, saj smo imeli premalo število ženskih rezultatov. Pri zadnji hipotezi pa smo ugotavljali rezultate plavalnega dela meritev in vpliv le-teh na tekmovalno uspešnost. Ugotovili smo, da so v nekaterih letih zaznane višje povezave med plavalnim delom in doseženimi točkami Slo pokala, nekatera leta pa ravno obratno. Vsebina naloge je osredotočena na trenažni proces mladih triatloncev. Dodan je tudi sklop o razvojnem procesu in odraščanju otrok ter o vplivu trenažnega procesa. Naloga razpravlja o osnovnih principih in načelih treninga, definirati poskuša tudi same vadbene količine. Govori o načrtovanju, vodenju in spremljanju samega procesa treniranja, ki predstavlja ključne elemente za uspešen končni tekmovalni rezultat. The purpose of my thesis is to explore the influence of the results of young triathletes at the so called »Talent Day« on their success on competitions. In addition to this I also studied whether the differences between the results were also related to the differences between the competitors' age or gender. The sample consisted of 301 triathletes of both genders. They were divided into two age groups. The members of the first group were younger juniors, aged between 14 and 16. The members of the second group were juniors aged from 17 to 23 years. Their results from the event of the so called »Talent Day« and from the competitions organized by the Triathlon Association of Slovenia and the International Triathlon Association between 2013 and 2019 were used in the study. The first two hypotheses assumed that the gender and the age of the competitors had an influence on the results and came to a conclusion that members of different genders achieved different results of time total. The second hypothesis was also confirmed for the group of younger juniors where a higher level of connection was noticed in boys. The second hypothesis was neither confirmed nor disproved due to an insufficient number of female results. The last hypothesis examined the results of the swimming part and its impact on the competition success. The findings showed that in some years there was a higher connection between the swimming part and the total results and in some years the situation was just the opposite. The contents of the thesis focuses on the training process in young triathletes. There is also a section on the development of children and its characteristics and its influence on the youth's process of growing up. There is a discussion on the basic principles of training and an attempt at a definition of the training quantities. It also deals with the planning, managing and monitoring of the training process that represent the key element for a successful final result.

Gorsko kolesarski turizem, osrednja tema našega dela, je eden od načinov preživljanja prostega časa. Pogojen je z veliko različnimi dejavniki, med katerimi po našem mnenju prevladuje krajevni vidik, ki ga v teoretičnem delu podrobneje razdelimo. Dotaknemo se dveh popolnoma različnih geografskih okolij gorsko kolesarskega turističnega aspekta. Na eni strani pretežno gorsko obarvano slovensko okolje, v primerjavi s primerom hrvaške Dalmacije. Na prvi pogled sicer popolnoma različni okolji, a zaradi svoje kulturne zgodovine razkrivata podoben začetni pristop k razvijanju gorsko kolesarske ponudbe, z nekajletnim zaostankom Hrvaške. Področje strokovno usposobljenih kadrov slednjih se kaže v organizaciji odmevnih prireditev in projektov. Slovenija na eni strani v koraku s časom, v svetovnem merilu, Hrvaška zaradi tradicije v ekipnih športih na tem segmentu zaostaja, a vendar dokazuje pomembnost dobrih zgledov preteklosti sosednje Slovenije. V zadnjih letih se kaže sodelovanje posameznikov obeh predstavnic pri izvedbi odmevnejših mednarodnih dogodkov, tako na ravni vrhunskega kolesarstva, kot tudi rekreativno turističnega. Osrednji predmet naše razprave je predstavitev turistične ponudbe gorskega kolesarstva na otoku Braču, ki leži v osrčju hrvaške Dalmacije. Organizacija delovanja kolesarskega centra Big Blue sport je s svojo širino delovanja zagotovo eden najboljših kolesarskih centrov v Dalmaciji in tako odličen primer dobre prakse. Eden od ciljev magistrskega dela je privabiti in navdušiti nove ponudnike, ki se s kolesarskim turizmom srečujejo prvič in tiste že izkušene, ki bi radi svoje dosedanje delo oplemenitili s ključnimi podrobnostmi za svoj napredek. One of the ways we spend our free time is also the central theme of our work, mountain biking tourism. It is conditioned by many different factors, among which, in our opinion, the local one predominates, which we divide in more detail in the theoretical part. We touch on two completely different geographical environments of the mountain biking tourist aspect. On the one hand, the predominantly mountain-colored Slovenian environment compared to the case of Croatian Dalmatia. At first glance, completely different environments, due to their cultural history, reveal a similar initial approach to the development of mountain biking, with Croatia a few years behind Slovenia. The field of professionally qualified staff of the latter is reflected in the organization of high-profile events and projects. Slovenia, on the one hand, keeping in step with the time on a global scale, Croatia lagging behind because of the tradition in team sports in this segment, but it proves the importance of good examples of the past of neighboring Slovenia. In recent years, the participation of individuals from both representatives has been evident in the implementation of major international events, both at the level of top-level cycling, as well as in recreational tourism. The main subject of our discussion is the presentation of the tourist offer of mountain biking on the island of Brač, which lies in the central part of Croatian Dalmatia. The organization of the Big Blue sport cycling center with its breadth of operations, is certainly one of the best cycling centers in Dalmatia and thus an excellent example of good practice. One of the goals of the master's thesis is to attract and inspire new providers who are encountering cycling tourism for the first time and those already experienced who would like to enrich their work with key details for their progress.

Pomen moči in stabilnosti trupa v vsakdanu je vedno bolj izpostavljena tema. V magistrskem delu nas je zato zanimala pomembnost moči in stabilnosti trupa v kajaku in kanuju na divjih vodah v povezavi s tekmovalno uspešnostjo. Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti moč povezanosti med maksimalno močjo stabilizatorjev trupa in tekmovalno uspešnostjo v kajaku in kanuju. Prav tako nas je zanimala moč povezanosti med vzdržljivostjo stabilizatorjev trupa in tekmovalno uspešnostjo v slalomu na divjih vodah, želeli smo ugotoviti tudi kakšna medmišična razmerja imajo tekmovalci ter ali so blizu teoretičnim vrednostim ali ne. Vzorec je zajemal 32 merjencev, ki so prihajali iz obeh disciplin, tako iz kajaka (22) kot iz kanuja (10) na divjih vodah. V raziskavo so bili zajeti predstavniki obeh spolov. Starost merjencev je bila 20.41±5.31. Testiranje smo izvedli v dveh delih. Na napravi Back Check proizvajalca dr. Wolff se je merila maksimalna moč fleksije in ekstenzije trupa, lateralnih odklonov levo in desno ter maksimalna sila potega in potiska. V drugem delu smo izvedli standardiziran test po McGillovi metodi za testiranje vzdržljivosti trupa. Pridobljeni rezultati so pokazali, da pri upogibalkah trupa ni statistične razlike v korelacijskem koeficientu med maksimalno močjo (p=0.098 r=0.289) oziroma vzdržljivostjo (p=0.222 r=-0.215) v povezavi s tekmovalno uspešnostjo, ima pa vzdržljivostni rezultat negativni predznak. Iztegovalke trupa so pri vzdržljivostnem delu testiranja dosegle višjo moč povezanosti (p=0.003 r=-0.409) s tekmovalnim uspehom kot pri testu maksimalne moči (p=0.079 r=0.305). Statistično pomembni rezultati so bili pri testu lateralnega odklona levo in desno v obeh segmentih – maksimalne moči (Desno: p=0.022 r=0.391, Levo: p=0.026 r=0.381) in vzdržljivosti (Desno: p=0.022 r=-0.391, Levo: p=0.011 r=-0.433). Pri testu maksimalne sile potega in potiska nismo zaznali skoraj nikakršne povezanosti s tekmovalno uspešnostjo v kajaku in kanuju na divjih vodah (r=0.155 r=0.201). Ugotovili smo, da razmerja stabilizatorjev trupa odstopajo od teoretičnih vrednosti za več kot 5 %. The importance of strength in the stability of the torso in each day has been a growing topic of choice. In the Master's thesis we were therefore interested in the importance of strength in the stability of a kayak in a canoe in wild waters in relation to performance results. The purpose of the study was to determine the strength of the relationship between maximal core muscle strength and resultant performance in kayak and canoe. I was also interested in the power of the relationship between trunk muscle endurance and performance, and finding out what kind of inter-muscle relationships the competitors had, and whether or not they were close to theoretical values. The sample consisted of 32 investigators, both from their discipline, both from the kayak (22) and from the canoe (10). The survey included representatives of all genders. The subjects' age was 20.41 ± 5.31. The testing was performed in two parts. On the device Back Check dr. Wolff is the maximum strong flexion in torso extensions, left and right lateral deflections, and maximum pull force in the thrust. In the second part, we performed a standardized test according to McGill's method for testing the endurance of the hull. The results obtained showed that in the case of core bends and statistical differences in the correlation coefficient between maximum strenght (p = 0.098 r = 0.289), durability (p = 0.222 r = -0.215) may be related to competitive performance in order to have endurance results of negative signs. The trunk extensions thus achieved higher louver strength (p = 0.003 r = -0.40) in competitive endurance than the highest power (p = 0.079 r = 0.305). Statistically significant results, so that the left-to-right side-deviation scale had the highest strength (Right: p = 0.022 r = 0.391 Left: p = 0.026 r = 0.381) in endurance (Right: p = 0.022) r = -0.391, Left: p = 0.011 r = -0.433). At the highest possible thrust in the thrust, we did not detect any significant association with competitive performance in a wild-water canoe kayak (r = 0.155 r = 0.201). We found the hull stabilizer ratio to be more than 5 % of theoretical values.

Najnovejša disciplina v gorskem kolesarstvu, poimenovana enduro, predstavlja izzive za veliko gorskih kolesarjev. Tekmovanje v disciplini enduro je sestavljeno iz večjega števila etap. Tekmovalci tekmujejo na vnaprej določenih etapah, kjer se meri čas. Teren, na katerem potekajo etape, je podoben terenu za spust z gorskimi kolesi, vendar lahko vključuje tudi dodatne krajše vzpone, kot je to značilno za proge v olimpijski disciplini kros. Tekmovanja na svetovnem nivoju so se začela komaj leta 2013, zato je specifične literature o treningih za to disciplino zelo malo. Za marsikaterega tekmovalca sta (tudi v svetovnem pokalu) način tekmovanja in način treniranja, zlasti v pripravljalnem obdobju, še vedno uganka. Disciplina enduro od tekmovalca zahteva razvoj različnih gibalnih sposobnosti. Razvoj vzdržljivosti za »transferje« med etapami, moč in koordinacijo za obvladanje kolesa na strmih spustih, hitrost za kratke vzpone na posameznih etapah itn. Zaradi omenjenih lastnosti je pristop do treningov nekoliko drugačen kot pri drugih disciplinah gorskega kolesarstva. Disciplina enduro spada glede na trajanje tekmovanja med vzdržljivostne športe, zaradi česar veliko tekmovalcev ne najde povezave s treningom za moč. V nalogi smo predstavili, zakaj je prav za vzdržljivostne športnike priporočen oziroma potreben trening za razvoj moči. Predstavili smo nekaj oblik treninga moči, ki različno vplivajo na telo. The newest discipline in mountain biking, named »enduro« has attracted racers from different mountain bike disciplines: downhill, cross country and even four cross. Rather than just have one track in a race weekend (like downhill and olympic cross-country), enduro takes place on many different tracks called »stages«. Downhills are timed and count for overall win, up-hills are not but have a timed limit. Riders usually have to pedal up, some times chair-lifts or gondola lifts are used. On Race days, atletes are on their bikes for 6 hours or more therefore endurance training has to be a big part of their training program. But they also need speed for the downhills, strenght to hold on steep parts, sprinting ability for the short climbs inbetween stages and on-point bike handling skills. Because the discipline is so new (first EWS-enduro world series was organised in 2013) the knowledge for getting the right training combination is still unknown to many atletes, also the literature for enduro specific training is very rare to find. The purpase of this thesis is to show how strenght training affects endurance performance in enduro mountain bikers. Few decades ago, there was an strong oppinion that strenght training doesnt work for endurance atletes, mostly due to gaining extra muscle mass. That thinking changed through time. On the second part of this thesis, some training methods on how to improve different kinds of strenght, if done correctly, are presented.

Namen diplomskega dela je bil predstaviti in opisati vse vrste gibalne sposobnosti moči. Pri tem je bil glavni poudarek diplomskega dela na dvigu maksimalne moči in študiji primera le-te na vrhunskem športniku judoistu. Moč kot temeljna gibalna sposobnost ter maksimalna moč kot njena vrsta s svojimi učinki močno vpliva na posameznikovo uspešnost na terenu in v specifičnih okoliščinah športa. Pri vrhunskih športnikih so vse gibalne sposobnosti razvite na zelo visokem nivoju, določene že do platoja. Za razliko od drugih gibalnih sposobnosti se s treningom dviga maksimalne moči ter posledično tudi splošne moči izboljša uspešnost v specifičnih trenažnih in tekmovalnih okoljih. Kot omenjeno jedro diplomske naloge predstavlja maksimalna moč. Le-ta je dobro opisana in predstavljena. Pred začetkom treninga maksimalne moči je predhodno potrebno pravilno tehnično izvajanje vaj in dobra telesna priprava, gibljivost in ogretost telesa. Pri tej vrsti treninga gre za vzburjenost tako mišičnega kot tudi živčnega sistema. To pomeni, da je trening maksimalne moči energetsko zelo potraten, kljub temu da je število ponovitev zelo majhno. Ker gre pri vadbi za premagovanje velike teže bremen, je pomembna pravilna asistenca in medsebojno zaupanje vadečega ter asistenta. Poleg splošnih dejstev o treningu maksimalne moči je dodatna vrednost in pomemben del diplomske naloge vključitev razvoja in dviga slednje v študijo primera vrhunskega judoista. Pri tem gre za predstavitev cikilizacije celotne vadbe in vključitev treninga maksimalne moči v že tako natrpan program treninga in tekmovanj. Med dvema cikloma maksimalne moči so bila opravljena tri testiranja mejne teže. Drugo in končno testiranje kažeta na visok dvig sposobnosti. Trening maksimalne moči je vseboval pet vaj s prostimi utežmi. Vaje, ki so se izvajale, so: počep, pri katerem se je maksimalna moč glede na prvo testiranje dvignila za 9,5 %, mrtvi dvig, ki se je izboljšal za 17,2 % glede na prvo testiranje, nalog, pri kateremu se je moč povečala za 14,4 %, za 14,4 % se je povečala moč pri potisku s prsi. Moč potega k prsim se je glede na prvo testiranje povečala za 18,7 %. Njihovo izvajanje je v nalogi slikovno predstavljeno. The purpose of this thesis is to present and describe all types of strength as a movement ability. The main focus of this work is on improving and raising maximum strength with the case study on a professional judo athlete. Strength as a fundamental movement ability and maximum strength as its kind strongly effect and influence on athletes individual's performance and success. With top athletes, all movement skills are developed at a very high level, determined by the plateau. Unlike other movement skills, training of maximum strength, and consequently, training of general strength improve the success of specific training and competitive environments. As mentioned, the core of this thesis focuses on the development of maximum strength, which is well described and presented. Before starting maximum strength training, the proper technical implementation and correct execution of exercises are required as well as an adequate warm-up. This type of training involves arousal in both the muscular and nervous system, which means that the training is very energy-demanding, despite the small number of repetitions. Because this training is about overcoming heavy loads it is essential to assist appropriately and to establish trust between the assistant and the athlete performing the maximal movement. In addition to the general facts about maximum strength training an essential part of this thesis, that adds additional value, is the implementation of development and elevation of the latter on an example of a professional judo athlete. The thesis is also presenting the entire training program and application of maximum strength training into an already packed cyclisation program. Between two cycles of maximum strength we did three tests of main weight. The second and final test indicates a high increase in the one-repetition maximum testing. The training program consisted of five exercises using free weights. The exercises performed were: squats in which maximum strength improved by 9.5 %, deadlift by 17.2 %, bench push by 14.4 %, bench pul by 18.7 % and clean pull improved by 14.4 % in reference to the first test. Their implementations are visually shown in the thesis.

Cilj diplomske naloge je bil dokazati uporabnost terenskega testa ”enonožni most zadnje lože”. Z njim smo ugotavljali vzdržljivost v moči zadnje stegenske mišice ter morebine asimetrije, ki se pojavljajo med nogama. Glede na dobljene rezultate lahko določimo potencialne možnosti za poškodbo posameznega merjenca. Vzorec merjencev je sestavljalo 37 nogometašev Nogometnega kluba Rudar. Sodelovali so kadeti in mladinci stari od 14 do 18 let. Meritve so potekale med samim procesom treninga v sklopu letnih pripravah. Pri meritvah smo uporabili že omenjeni test “enonožni most zadnje lože”. Za potrebe meritev smo potrebovali mehko podlago in škatlo v višini 60 cm, na katero so merjenci naslonili merjeno nogo. Za potrebe statistične obdelave smo uporabili kratko anketo z vprašanji o dominantni nogi, prejšnjih poškodbah itd., za računalniško statistično obdelavo pa program SPSS 22.0 (IBM corporation, New York, ZDA). Podatki normalno porazdeljeni, zato smo uporabili statistično metodo parnega T-testa. Analiza rezultatov je pokazala značilne razlike (p=0,010) med levo in desno nogo. Podatki ankete so prav tako pokazali, da pri merjencih prejšnje poškodbe niso bile izrazito povezane z rezultatom meritev. Meritev enonožni most zadnje lože predstavlja, hitro, enostavno in dobro orodje za zaznavo splošne moči in asimetrij v moči zadnje stegenske mišice nogometašev. The aim of this thesis was to prove the usefulness of the “single leg bridge test” field test in soccer. Using this test, we measured the endurance in power of hamstring muscles and the potential asymmetry that appears between legs. Depending on the results obtained, we can determine the possibility extent of individual hamstring muscles to get injured. We tested 37 young soccer players from Soccer club Rudar. We had two different selections, U17, and U19 (juniors and cadets). They were tested during their summer preparations for the upcoming season. We performed the test in the field during their afternoon training. For testing, we used the above-mentioned »single leg bridge test«. In order to perform the test, we used a soft pillow and a box, which measured 60 cm in height. We used the box for the testees to place on the leg which was measured. We also prepared a survey to get some personal information about previous injuries, dominant leg etc. For statistical purposes, we used SPSS 22.0 (IBM Corporation, New York, ZDA). All the data were normal, so we used the Paired samples T-test. The analysis showed statistic differences (p=0,010) between right and left leg. Results showed that there was no significant difference between players who had suffered injuries before and previously non- injured athletes. Results has shown that 40% of young football players suffers from below average hamstring strength. Single leg bridge test is a fast, simple and quality test to get results for asymmetries in hamstring of football players.

Namen magistrskega dela je primerjava telesne sestave in telesnih asimetrij med levim in desnim zgornjim in spodnjim udom med spoloma ter med starostnimi kategorijami znotraj spola. V raziskavo je vključenih 94 reprezentantk in reprezentantov kadetskih, mladinskih in članskih kategorij v odbojki. Za merjenje antropometričnih značilnosti smo uporabili tehnologijo NX-16 [TC]2 3D za skeniranje telesa, s pomočjo katere smo izmerili obseg nadlahti, podlahti, komolca, zapestja, stegna, kolena, meč, dolžino noge, roke in stegnenice ter višino kolena in meča. Za merjenje telesne sestave smo uporabili elektro bioimpendančno napravo (EBI) Inbody 720 tetrapolarni 8-točkovni elektrodni sistem (Biospace CO., Ltd.), s katero smo izmerili telesno maso, indeks telesne mase, skeletno mišično maso, delež maščobne mase, delež vode v telesu, pusto maso rok in pusto maso nog. Rezultati so pokazali, da obstajajo med odbojkaricami in odbojkarji statistično značilne razlike v deležu telesne maščobe in skeletne mišične mase. Pri primerjavi telesnih asimetrij kadetinj in članic v zgornjem delu telesa nismo ugotovili statistično značilnih razlik. Ob upoštevanju asimetričnosti večje od 5 %, nismo ugotovili statistično značilnih razlik v asimetričnosti med kategorijami znotraj spola. Nadaljnje longitudinalne raziskave na tem področju bi lahko zagotovile obširnejši vpogled glede na zahteve specifičnega treninga pri športih, kjer je ena od okončin ali strani telesa, dominantna. Podatki o telesnih (a)simetrijah so uporabni za načrtovanje in izvedbo treningov, kjer želimo vključevati bilateralne vaje za razvoj gibalnih sposobnosti. Na ta način lahko preprečimo poškodbe, ki nastanejo zaradi stresorjev, izboljša pa se tudi telesna pripravljenost – posledica so boljši rezultati. The purpose of this master thesis is to compare body composition and body asymmetries between the left and the right side of the upper and lower limbs between the two genders, as well as separately within each of the gender categories. The research included 94 female and male cadet, junior and senior volleyball players. Anthropometric characteristics were analysed using the NX-16 [TC]2 3D body scanner, which we used to measure upper arm girth, forearm girth, elbow girth, wrist girth, thigh girth, knee girth, calf girth, the length of the leg, arm and thigh length, as well as the height of the knee and the shin. Body composition was measured with bioelectrical impedance machine (EBI) Inbody 720 tetrapolar 8-Point Tactile Electrode System (Biospace CO., Ltd.), which we used to measure body weight, body mass index, skeletal muscle mass, body fat percentage, body water percentage and the fat free mass of the arms and legs. The results show that there are statistically significant differences between the female and male volleyball players when comparing their body fat percentage and their skeletal muscle mass. Comparing body asymmetries of the female cadets and seniors, we found no statistically significant differences regarding their upper body composition. Taking into account asymmetries that had to be bigger than 5%, we found no statistically significant differences of the asymmetries within the gender categories. Further longitudinal research of this area could provide a better insight into the demands of specific training in sports where one of the limbs or sides of the body is dominant. The information regarding the differences of the two sides of the body is very useful for drawing up training plans in which we want to include bilateral exercises. This lowers the risk of injuries that occur due to stressors, while also improving fitness and consequentially providing better results.

Namen raziskovalne naloge je bil ugotoviti vpliv, pogostost, način in namen uporabe športnih aplikacij na populaciji rekreativnih športnikov. Vzorec raziskave je zajemal 194 rekreativnih športnikov, od tega 97 ženskega in 97 moškega spola, starih med 16 in 73 let. Uporabljena je bila metoda spletnega anketiranja s pomočjo posebej prirejenega in izdelanega vprašalnika. Ugotovili smo, da so moški rekreativni športniki pogostejši uporabniki športnih aplikacij, več je namreč žensk (82,1 %) kot moških (17,9 %), ki ne uporabljajo športnih aplikacij. Športne aplikacije za analizo in spremljanje svoje vadbe uporablja 62 % moških v primerjavi z 38 % vseh vključenih žensk. V nadaljevanju je bilo ugotovljeno, da večina rekreativnih športnikov uporablja ciljno usmerjene športne aplikacije, posebej za njihovo vrsto športa (51,6 %), in ne športnih aplikacij, ki jih ponudniki prodajajo skupaj s športno tehnologijo. Športne aplikacije so v večini primerov (51,6 %) uporabljene za analizo podatkov izvedenih športnih dejavnosti. Pri spremenljivkah z neznačilnimi razlikami (p=0,345) smo ugotovili, da zagnani rekreativni športniki v primerjavi s priložnostnimi rekreativnimi športniki v večji meri uporabljajo aplikacije, ki so jim ponujene ob nakupu športnih pripomočkov in da v večji meri za analizo in spremljavo svoje vadbe uporabljajo posebej za to namenjene športne aplikacije. Zaključili smo z mislijo, da z neustavljivo hitrim razvojem mobilne tehnologije lahko v prihodnosti pričakujemo tudi razvoj virtualnega trenerja, ki bo zadovoljeval željam posameznika in mu bo glede na njegove fizične predispozicije in zmožnosti (laktat, poraba kisika, dihalni količnik izmenjave plinov) uspel generirati ustrezen trening program, ki ga bo vodil do zastavljenih ciljev, z možnostjo preprečevanja poškodb in pravočasnega odkrivanja stanja pretreniranosti. The purpose of this assignment was to find out the impact, frequency, manner and goal of usage of sports applications on population of recreational sportsmen. The sample of this research represented 194 recreational sportsmen, of which 97 were females and 97 were males, between the ages of 16 and 73. We used a method of online poll with additional help of specifically designed and arranged questionnaire. We learned, that male recreational sportsmen are more frequent users of sports applications, because there is a lot more women (82,1 %) that men (17,9 %), that aren't using sports applications. 62% of males in comparison to 38% of all females are using sports applications for analyzing and tracking their training routines. Hereinafter it was learned, that majority of recreational sportsmen are using apps, specificaly planned for their type of sport (51,6 %), and not sports apps, which manufacturers are selling alongside with sports technology. Sports applications are in the vast majority of cases (51,6%) used for analyzing data produced during sports activities. At variables with uncharacteristic differences (p=0,345) we discoverd, that enthusiastic recreational sportsmen in comparison with occasional recreational sportsmen, mostly use apps which are offered when purchasing sports accessories and mainly used for analysis and accompaniment of their training using particularly intended sports apps. We finished with a thought that with unstopable fast progress of mobile technology we can expect development of virtual trainer in the future, who will satisfy the needs of individuals and will according to their fisical predisposition and ability (oxygen consumption, respiratory rate of gas exchange) be able to generate appropriate training program, which will lead him to his set goals, with a posibility of preventing injuries and detecting state of overtraining in time.

Glavni namen diplomskega dela je bil na podlagi anketnega vprašalnika ugotoviti značilnosti trenažnega procesa mlajših kategorij v kolesarstvu. Zanimali so nas predvsem najpogosteje uporabljeni načini, metode in količina treninga ter najpogostejši način analize treninga. Poleg tega nas je v okviru spremljanja treninga zanimala tudi pogostost uporabe merilca srčnega utripa ter merilca moči. V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 99 cestnih ter gorskih kolesarjev in kolesark treh različnih starostnih kategorij (mlajši mladinci, starejši mladinci, mlajši člani), ki so nosilci licenc Kolesarske zveze Slovenije. Zasnovani anketni vprašalnik so kolesarji izpolnili v sklopu preostalih meritev, ki jih opravljajo na Fakulteti za šport. Na podlagi rezultatov anketnega vprašalnika smo ugotovili, da med starostnimi kategorijami obstajajo razlike v najpogostejšem načinu ter količini treninga. Ugotovitve namreč kažejo, da je trening v skupini najpogostejši način treninga v mlajših kategorijah, medtem ko kolesarji starejših kategorij najpogosteje trenirajo sami. Razlike v količini treninga so se pokazale v manjši tedenski in letni količini opravljenega treninga kolesarjev mlajših kategorij. Razlike v količini treninga so se pokazale tudi med spoloma. Dolgotrajne aerobne oblike treninga so se pokazale kot najpogosteje uporabljena metoda treninga, uporaba aplikacij pa kot najpogostejši način rednega spremljanja oziroma analize treninga. Ugotovili smo tudi, da med starostnimi kategorijami obstajajo razlike v pogostosti uporabe merilca srčnega utripa in merilca moči. Glede na ugotovitve je tako uporaba merilca srčnega utripa in merilca moči v starejših kategorijah pogostejša. The main purpose of the thesis was to determine the training process characteristics of younger age groups in cycling based on a survey questionnaire. We were interested in studying the most frequently used approaches, methods and amount of training along with the most common form of training analysis. We also aimed to determine the frequency of heart rate monitor and power meter use in terms of monitoring of training. To this end, 99 road and mountain cyclists of different age groups (junior under 17, junior under 19, elite under 23), who are Slovenian Cycling Federation license-holders, took part in the survey. They responded to the designed survey questionnaire as part of other measurements taken at the Faculty of Sport in Ljubljana. Based on the results we found that there are some differences between the age groups with regard to the most common type and amount of training. The findings show that training in groups is the most common type of training in younger age groups, whereas older cyclists usually train alone. The differences in the amount of training were most notable when it comes to a weekly and yearly amount of training of younger cyclists, which was lower. We were also able to show a difference in the amount of training between the genders. Long term aerobic training methods have been identified as the most frequently used training method, while the use of applications proved to be the most frequent type of regular monitoring or training analysis. We found that there are some differences in the frequency of heart rate monitor and power meter use, which are more frequently used in older categories.