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V diplomski nalogi na kratko predstavimo zgodovino betona in zgodovino izdelave betonskih elementov. V prvem delu naloge je predstavljen postopek izdelave predizdelanih betonskih elementov - tehnologija izvedbe del. Preučili smo proces od tehnološke priprave in načrtovanja elementov do končnih izvedenih betonskih elementov. Za ta proces so potrebne velike tehnološke kapacitete in delovni kader, ki omogoča, da priprava opaža, armature in betona za produkte poteka nemoteno. Zaradi boljšega vpogleda v proces izdelave elementov smo obiskali enega od proizvodnih obratov v Sloveniji in na praktičnem primeru prikazali, kako se dela izvajajo. Sledi opis vseh korakov tehnologije izvedbe, vse do transporta in vgradnje elementov na gradbišču. Drugi del naloge se osredotoči na kontrolo kakovosti izdelave predizdelanih betonskih elementov, kar je ena od prednosti tovrstne izvedbe del. Pregledali smo, kako je potrebno v samem procesu priprave elementov kontrolirati kakovost izvedbe in kako se kasneje kontrolira izdelane končne produkte. Kontrola kakovosti sledi predpisanim standardom, ki smo jih za posamezne produkte tudi pregledali. V tem poglavju so zbrane informacije in izkušnje, pridobljene z opazovanjem dela v obiskanem proizvodnem obratu. Ponovno so prikazani koraki izvedbe elementov iz prvega dela naloge, tokrat s poudarkom na kontroli kakovosti. S tem je pripravljen pregled, na kaj vse je potrebno biti pozoren in kaj vse je potrebno nadzorovati v postopku izvedbe elementa, da je le ta pripravljen v skladu z zahtevami ter posledično primeren za vgradnjo in uporabo. This thesis gives a brief overview of the history of concrete and the history of the production of concrete elements. In the first part of the work, the process of making precast concrete elements is presented - the technology of performing the work. The process from the technological preparation and design of the elements to the finished precast concrete elements is examined. This process requires a large technological capacity and manpower to ensure that the preparation of formwork, reinforcement and concrete for the products runs smoothly. To gain a better insight into the process of manufacturing the elements, one of the production facilities in Slovenia was visited and a practical example was used to show how the work is carried out. Subsequently, all steps of the production technology up to the transport and installation of the elements on site are described. The second part of the thesis deals with quality control in the production of precast concrete elements, which is one of the advantages of this type of work. An overview is given of how the quality of workmanship must be controlled during the preparation of the elements and the subsequent inspection of the final manufactured products. Quality control is carried out according to the prescribed standards, which have also been reviewed for each product. This chapter summarises the information and experience gained during the observation of the work in the visited production facility. It repeats the steps of implementing the elements from the first part of the thesis, this time focusing on quality control. This gives an overview of what to look for and what needs to be checked during the production of the element to ensure that it meets the requirements and is therefore suitable for installation and use.

Namen predstavljenega diplomskega dela je predstavitev določitve kriterijev za izbiro tehnologije izgradnje objekta – mostu, ki je zaradi reliefno neugodnega terena, ter razpoložljivih zemljišč predstavljal za izvajalca del, velik logistični in organizacijski zalogaj. V razpisni dokumentaciji je bila predvidena izgradnja mostu z dvema podpornima stebroma in dvema krajnima opornikoma z izvedbo dilatacij na opornikih, izvajalec del pa je z izdelavo PZI dokumentacije preprojektiral z razpisno dokumentacijo določeno konstrukcijo v kontinuiran okvir (integralno konstrukcijo) brez dilatacij. Z investitorjevo odobritvijo take zasnove objekta, je izvajalec storil prvi korak k izboru ustrezne podporne konstrukcije, za katero je značilno, da je hitro in učinkovito sestavljena in razstavljena po izvedbi napenjanja mostu. Z namenom zmanjšanja stroškov se je izvajalec del odločil, da bo izdelavo temeljenja in spodnje konstrukcije izvedel v jesenskem času, zgornjo konstrukcijo in ostala zaključna dela zaradi rizika - slabega vremena, pa pričel z deli v spomladanskem času, ter zaključil konec jeseni naslednje leto. V nadaljevanju naloge je opisan postopek izbire tehnologije izgradnje mostu in pomembni dejavniki, ki so vodili izvajalca k izbiri tehnologije. The aim of the diploma thesis is determination of criteria for the selection of technology used in the structure under consideration – bridge. The construction presents, from logistic and organisational view, significant endeavour due to demanding terrain and lack of space available for construction activities. The tender documentation indicated that the bridge under construction will have two supporting columns and two abutments, where the expansion joints were planned as well. The selected contractor proposed, in accordance with the construction contract, re-design where an integral structure (continuous frame) with no expansion joints was foreseen. After approval of the client, the contractor selected scaffolding that can be composed and decomposed fast and efficiently after tensioning the cables. In order to reduce the costs, the contractor decided to execute the foundations and substructure in the fall, while the superstructure and the final works were executed in the spring and the fall of the second year.

Diplomsko delo obravnava tehnološke postopke, vključene v izdelavi vidne betonske površine. V prvem delu opisujemo in kategoriziramo vidno betonsko površino v skupine z različnimi dodatnimi označbami, ki natančno opišejo kvaliteto izvedbe. Predstavljeni so načini izdelave vidnega betona in napake, ki jih lahko povzročimo. Prav tako je obrazložen vpliv materialov na končni izdelek. V praktičnem delu je opisana dejanska izvedba vidne betonske površine na podpornem zidu. Obrazložena je izbira oblog in pomožnih materialov za doseg željenega rezultata. Opisani so tudi nastali problemi in napake. The diploma deals with the processes involved in the manufacturing of visible concrete surfaces. In the first part we describe and categorize visible concrete surface in groups with additional terms that accurately describe the quality of execution. Featured are ways of making visible concrete and defects, which are caused by incorrect handling. It also explains the effect of the materials in the final product. The practical part describes the actual implementation of visible concrete surfaces on a retaining wall. It explains the choice of form liners and auxiliary materials to achieve the desired result. Further it describes the problems and errors encountered in the process.

V projektni nalogi so v glavnem predstavljene značilnosti opažnih sistemov in v manjši meri tudi nosilnih odrov. Velik poudarek je na določevanju pritiska sveže betonske mešanice na opaž, kjer je prikazan tudi sam način izračuna le-tega po večih postopkih. Za simpatizerje opažnih sistemov Doka lahko projektna naloga služi kot pripomoček pri uporabi njihovih aplikacij in pri izdelavi opažnega načrta s programom Tipos. In the project work are mainly presented the characteristics of paneling systems and to a lesser extent also the carrier stages. The main emphasis is on determining the pressure of the fresh concrete mixture on the formwork, where also the way of calculation of it, according to several procedures, is shown. For sympathizers of formwork systems Doka, the project work can serve as an accessory in the usage of their applications and in the production of the formwork plan with the program Tipos.

Diplomska naloga spada na področje tehnologije gradnje visokih objektov in se osredotoča na opažne sisteme v gradbeništvu. V prvem delu diplomske naloge smo se osredotočili na osnovne značilnosti opaža in različne načine izdelave opažev. Podrobneje je predstavljena razdelitev opažev od tradicionalnih postopkov opaženja do prenosnih, drsnih, fiksnih in izgubljenih opažnih konstrukcij, ki so primerne za specifične vrste gradnje. Osrednji del diplomske naloge je namenjen predstavitvi izdelkov podjetij Epic, Doka in Peri, ki sodijo med vodilna podjetja, ki se ukvarjajo s sodobno opažno tehnologijo. Predstavljeni so opaži za plošče in stene ter nosilna konstrukcija določenega opažnega sistema. The thesis deals with the field of tall construction objects and focuses on formwork systems in civil engineering. In the first part of the thesis we focus on the basic characteristics and different ways of producing the formwork. More specifically it presents the classification of the panels from traditional methods of paneling, portable, sliding, fixed and lost formwork structures that are appropriate for specific types of construction. The main part of the thesis is devoted to the presentation of products of different companies such as Epic, Doka and Peri, who are among the leading companies dealing with modern formwork technology. Formwork for panels, walls and load-bearing structure of certain formwork system is presented.

Diplomsko delo obravnava standardizacijo in zakonske predpise v Republiki Sloveniji na področju opažev. Standardizacija na tem področju ni enolično zbrana in pregledno združena v enem samem standardu, ampak jo je treba izluščiti iz večih različnih standardov. Republika Slovenija je, s svojim inštitutom za standardizacijo (SIST), članica evropske organizacije za standardizacijo- CEN (European Committee for Standardization), ki obsega vsega 33 držav članic. Vse članice so zavezane izpolnjevati sprejete stnandarde in jih, po potrebi, prilagoditi geografskim specifikam posamezne države v okviru nacionalnih dodatkov, kot tudi zakonskim predpisom, ki so standardom nadrejeni akti. Področje opaževanja je z leti eskaliralo v razvoju, izpopolnjevanju materialov za opaževanje, tehnik opaževanja in razopaževanja, vplivov različnih sistemov opažev na stroške investitorja in zahtevnosti operiranja z njimi itd. Vse našteto je posledica povpraševanja po kakovosti, hitrosti, stroških in končnem izgledu opaženih konstrukcij, ki so neposredno vezani na vedno večje zahteve pri investitorjih in konkorence na trgu samem. Diplomsko delo skuša na pregleden in strukturiran način analitično prikazati zakonske predpise za opaže in združiti pregled zahtev iz standardov, kolikor je na podlagi izdanih tehničnih predpisov to mogoče. Thesis deals with standards and regulations in the field of formwork in the Republic of Slovenia. Because the standardization in this area is not uniformly collected and transparently integrated in a one single standard we have to extract its content from a variety of different standards. The Republic of Slovenia is with its Institute for Standardization (SIST) a member of the European Organization for Standardization-CEN (European Committee for Standardization) and includes all together 33 Member States. All members are required to meet accepted stnandarde and, if necessary, adjust the geographical specifics of each country under the national supplements, as well as the legal requirements as acts superior to standards. Over the years the field of formwork has escalated in the matter of development, training materials for paneling, techniques of paneling and stripping of formwork, influences of various formwork systems in expenses of the investor and the complexity of the dealing with it etc.. All of this is due to the demand for quality, speed, cost and final appearance of the formwork structures, which are directly related to the increasing demands of investors and market competition itself for all mentioned. Thesis analytically attempts to show in a transparent and structured way regulations for formworks and combine the requirements in standards as much is on the basis of the technical regulations possible.

V diplomskem delu obravnavamo vidni beton kot arhitekturni gradbeni material. Posvečamo se predvsem vidnim in čutnim lastnostim njegove površine ter načinom njegove izdelave in obdelave. V prvem, teoretičnem delu, orišemo zgodovinski razvoj in začetke uporabe vidnega betona. Temu sledijo primeri in načini gradnje iz tega materiala. Vse od vrst in tipov opažev, do načinov obdelave betonske površine za dosego različnih lastnosti teksture in barve. Sklop zaključimo z novostmi na tem področju, ki potrjujejo vsestransko uporabo betona v arhitekturi in gradbeništvu. V drugem delu prikažemo nekaj praktičnih primerov uporabe vidnega betona pri gradnji manjših, stanovanjskih objektov ter predstavimo lastno zasnovo enodružinske hiše iz vidnega betona na izbrani lokaciji ob Mestnem parku v Mariboru. The thesis addresses exposed concrete as architectural building material with sensual and visual qualities of its surface as well as methods of producing and treating it. In the first, theoretical, part we discuss the historical development of concrete and origins of visible concrete. It is followed by examples and methods of construction, from different types of formwork to treatments of concrete surfaces to achieve various texture and colour characteristics. The part is concluded with innovations in this field, confirming the versatile use of concrete in architecture and civil engineering. In the second part some practical applications of the exposed concrete in the construction of smaller residential buildings are shown. We also present our own design of a single family house, using exposed concrete, at the selected location by the City park in Maribor.

Diplomska naloga obravnava opis del rekonstrukcije stropne plošče in njihovo tehnologijo izvedbe predstavljene na realnem primeru. Zajema izris obstoječega in novega stanja s programom Allplan, rušitvena dela, dimenzioniranje opažev z opažnimi načrti, pripravo opažev in armature za betoniranje, pripravo betonske mešanice, statični izračun armiranobetonske plošče in njenih podpornih elementov s programom Frilo ter izris armaturnih načrtov s programom Allplan. This graduate thesis describes the reconstruction of the ceiling plate and the implementation technology using a real-life example. It comprises the drawing of the existing and new situation using Allplan, a description of demolition works, determining formwork dimensions together with formwork plans, preparing formwork and reinforcement for the concrete, preparing the concrete mixture, the structural calculation of the reinforced concrete plate and its support elements using the Frilo software and drawings of reinforced concrete plans using Allplan.

Diplomsko delo obravnava sodobne načine opaževanja vertikalnih in horizontalnih konstrukcij, kakor tudi njihove naloge in tehnične zahteve. Obravnava elemente posameznega sistema in prikazuje njihovo uporabo. Diplomsko delo služi kot pripomoček pri izbiri sodobnega opažnega sistema v današnjem času. Following dissertation processes modern ways of panneling vertically and horizontally constructions with their functions and technical requisitions. It processes elements of individual systems and shows their usage. These dissertation serves as an implement with choice of a modern panelling system in the present.

Diplomsko delo obravnava gradnjo v betonu predvsem z arhitekturnega vidika, zasnovano po trajnostnih načelih. V prvem sklopu obravnavamo beton kot material v splošnem, kratek pregled zgodovine le-tega, večji del pa posvečamo vidnemu betonu. Tega obravnavamo s treh vidikov: vgradnje, površinske obdelave in novih tehnologij v vidnem betonu. Vgradnjo obdelamo po načelih trajnostnega razvoja, saj opisujemo pravilno izvedene postopke le-te (opaževanje, izolacijo, stike…). Pri površinskih obdelavah in novih tehnologijah pa dokazujemo beton, kot zelo inovativen material s številnimi možnostmi obdelave. V drugem sklopu so prikazani primeri stanovanjskih objektov, izbrani glede na različne tehnologije obdelave površin vidnega betona. Pri tem opisujemo arhitekturo in jo kritično presojamo na podlagi rešitev, ki smo jih spoznali v prvem sklopu diplomskega dela. The thesis discusses the construction with concrete in particular from the architectural point of view, designed according to sustainable principles. In the first section we discuss concrete as a material in general, we provide a brief overview of its history, but most of it is devoted to exposed concrete. We discuss it from three perspectives: the mounting, surface treatments and new technologies in exposed concrete. The mounting process follows the principles of sustainable development, since we describe the operations carried out correctly according to it (paneling, isolation, contacts ...). In the case of surface treatments and new technologies we are proving concrete as a very innovative material with a number of processing options. The second section shows examples of residential buildings, selected according to different technologies of processing areas with visual concrete. In doing so, we describe the architecture and critically judge on the basis of solutions, to which we came in the first part of the thesis.

Diplomska naloga obravnava pomen opaža pri današnji visokogradnji. Osredotoča se na obravnavo opažnih sistemov dveh najbolj znanih proizvajalcev opažne opreme. V nalogi je zajeta tako primerjava stroškov opaževanja celotnega objekta, kot tudi vrednostna analiza posameznih esencialnih opažnih elementov. V njej so opisane značilnosti računalniških programov za opaževanje in med drugim so izdelani tudi opažni načrti, ki jih podajajo omenjeni programi. Rezultat diplome bi naj pokazal najoptimalnejšo izbiro opaža v gradbeni praksi. The diploma thesis points out the importance of formwork in today's construction of high buildings. It focuses on evaluating the panelling systems of two most renowned formwork equipment manufacturers. The thesis includes the comparison of panelling cost for the whole building, as well as the value analysis of separate essential formwork elements. The characteristics of formwork software are described and among others, the shuttering plans provided by mentioned programs are elaborated. The aim of the diploma thesis is to show the optimum choice of formwork in the civil engineering practice.

V diplomskem delu so opredeljeni načini opaževanja horizontalnih in vertikalnih konstrukcij, ter njihovo podpiranje, kakor tudi njihov zgodovinski razvoj. Diplomsko delo zajema tudi njihovo uporabnost, ter služi kot pripomoček pri odločitvi za posamezni način opaževanja, omogoča pa tudi primerjavo stroškov. The topic of the diploma work is the description of different type of formworks and scaffolding structures and their historical development. It discusses also the different ways of using such structures and can be therefore very helpful when the decisions about using the different formwork systems should be taken.