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Leta 2016 je slovensko podjetje Bijol na trgu ponudilo nov izdelek, zgibni traktor Bijol BWS 160. Stroj so kupili tudi v podjetju SiDG, kjer je nastala potreba po študiju dela na tem gozdarskem zgibniku. Delo smo opravljali v gozdnogospodarski enoti Javornik. V raziskavi smo ugotavljali strukturo delovnega dne pri spravilu iglavcev in učinke spravila glede na različne smeri spravila, razdalje vlačenja, naklone vlak in razdalje zbiranja. V petih snemalnih dneh smo izmerili 1300,20 minute delovnega časa, 1030,8 minute produktivnega časa, opravili smo 38 ciklov spravila lesa, v katerih smo pospravili 191,4 m3 sortimentov. Ugotovili smo, da je v povprečnem delavniku 65,22 % produktivnega časa, delež neproduktivnega pa 34,78 %. Povprečno breme v naši raziskavi je znašalo 5,04 m3, največje 8,04 m3, najmanjše pa 1,37 m3 pri povprečni spravilni razdalji 311 m in povprečni razdalji zbiranja 28,6 m. Ugotovljeni povprečni dnevni učinek je bil 36,37 t oziroma 38,28 m3, medtem ko je povprečna učinkovitost dela v produktivnem času znašala 5,38 min/m3, v delovnem času pa 6,82 min/m3. Učinek dela najbolje pojasnimo s spremenljivkami razdalja vlačenja, razdalja zbiranja, masa bremena ter število kosov v bremenu. Slovenian producer Biol premiered the new Bijol BWS160 cable skidder to international market in 2016. The skidder was also bought in the Slovene state forests (SiDG), where the need for workstudies was soon evident. The case study took place in the forest management unit Javornik, where the structure of worktime, and efficiency of skidding was determined for skidding of conifers. The study aimed at controlling skidding direction, skidding distance, winching distance and inclination of skid trails. In five days of studies 1300,2 minutes of worktime, and 1030 minutes of productive time were measured. During that time 38 cycles were observed, in which 191,4 m3 of timber were skidded to the forest road. It was determined that in the average workday the productive time takes 66,22% of time, while the non-productive time takes 34,78%. The average skidder load in our research was 5,04 m3, with the range from 8,04 to 1,37 m3, while the average skidding distance amounted to 311 m, and the average distance to load was 28,6 m. The average daily efficiency was 36,37t or 38,28 m3, while the average productivity in productive time amounted to 5,38 min/m3, and to 6,82 min/m3 in worktime. Efficiency can be explained best with variables: skidding distance, distance to load, mass of load and number of logs in the load.

V podjetju Žaga-Zora d.o.o. se ukvarjajo z razžagovanjem iglavcev za različne naročnike žaganega lesa. Tudi mere žagarskih asortimentov so različne in so določene z naročilom. Analizirali smo konkretno naročilo s stališča količinskega izkoristka in s stališča zmogljivosti tehnologije. Ugotovili smo, da optimalni izkoristek naročila lahko dosežemo le z ustreznim izborom hlodovine. Najvišji izkoristek naročila je znašal 54,0 %. Kot primarna stroja se uporabljata polnojarmenik in tračni žagalni stroj. Analiza zmogljivosti obstoječe tehnologije je pokazala, da lahko naročilo 520 tramov (dimenzij 120 mm x 140 mm x 4000 mm) izdelamo na polnojarmeniku v 5,43 urah, na tračnem žagalnem stroju pa v 8,35 urah. Če bi v obstoječo tehnologijo vključili nov večlistni krožni žagalni stroj, bi lahko naročeno količino tramov izdelali s kombinacijo polnojarmenika in večlistnega krožnega žagalnega stroja v 4,41 urah, s kombinacijo tračnega žagalnega stroja in večlistnega krožnega žagalnega stroja pa v 4,58 urah. Ugotovili smo, da bi se čas izdelave naročila z uvedbo novega stroja zmanjšal In Žaga-Zora Company the core business is producing of conifer sawn timber for different clients. Sawn timber comes in a variety of specific dimensions and shapes in accordance with the customer%s order. We analyzed an actual order from the standpoint of quantitative efficiency and technology performance. We have found that optimal raw material for certain order has to be chosen to reach optimal cutting efficiency. The highest cutting efficiency per order was 54.0%. The company is equipped with a primary machine, a frame saw and also a band saw. Research of the capacity of existing technology shows that the order for 520 wooden beams (dimensions 120 mm x 140 mm x 4000 mm) can be performed in 5.43 hours on a frame saw while in 8.35 hours and on a band saw. If a new multiple-blade circular saw would be included into our technology the same quantity of wooden beams could be made in 4.41 hours with a frame saw and multiple-blade circular saw, while in 4.58 hours with a band saw and multiple-blade circular saw. The research shows that the time to realize an order would be decreased

Raziskali smo vsebnost ekstraktivov vejic navadne smreke (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), navadne jelke (Abies alba Mill.) in rdečega bora (Pinus sylvestris L.) v destilatih (žganju) in v Soxhlet ekstraktih vejic. Vsebnost ekstraktivov smo določali pri vejicah, ki smo jih odvzeli spomladi in jeseni. Za destilacijo smo uporabili surovo žganje iz jabolk, za Soxhletovo ekstrakcijo pa metanol, različno koncentriran etanol in surovo žganje. Surove ekstrakte smo očistili z dietil etrom, da smo ločili nepolarno frakcijo od polarne. Gravimetrično smo v vzorcih izmerili količino celokupnih ekstraktivov. Z UV-Vis spektrofotometrično analizo smo kolorimetrično izmerili vsebnost celokupnih fenolov, s tekočinsko kromatografijo visoke ločljivosti (HPLC) pa vsebnost vitaminov, torej retinola, askorbinske kisline in tokoferola. Rezultati so pokazali, da vejice vseh proučevanih drevesnih vrst vsebujejo več celokupnih ekstraktivov in fenolov jeseni kot spomladi. Vejice smreke so vsebovale največ ekstraktivov, jelove pa najmanj. V destilatih so bile količine ekstraktivov bistveno nižje kot v ekstraktih. HPLC analiza je pokazala, da so vitamini v vejicah iglavcev v večji meri prisotni spomladi. Največ askorbinske kisline so vsebovali smrekovi in borovi vzorci. Retinola je bilo jeseni največ v jelovih, spomladi pa v borovih vzorcih. Tokoferola nismo zaznali v nobenem vzorcu. Dokazali smo, da se z uporabo vejic iglavcev pri žganjekuhi del ekstraktivov drevesnih tkiv predestilira v pitno žganje. The content of extractives of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) twigs was investigated in distillates (spirits) and Soxhlet extracts of twigs. The effect of two growth periods on the amount of extractives was examined. For distillation, we used apple raw spirit, and for Soxhlet extraction methanol, differently concentrated ethanol and raw spirit. The crude extracts were purified with diethyl ether to separate the nonpolar fraction from the polar one. The amount of total extractives was measured gravimetrically in the samples. UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis measured the content of total phenols colorimetrically. The content of vitamins, i.e. retinol, ascorbic acid and tocopherol, was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the twigs of all the studied tree species contain more total extractives and phenols in the autumn than in the spring. Spruce twigs contained the most extractives and firs the least. The quantities of extractives were significantly lower in the distillates than in the extracts. HPLC analysis showed that the vitamins in the conifer twigs are more present in the spring. Most ascorbic acid contained spruce and pine samples. Retinol was highest in firs in autumn and pine in spring. We did not detect tocopherol in any sample. We have shown that by using conifer twigs in spirits, part of the tree tissue extractives is pre-distilled into potable spirits.

V prispevku so predstavljene najnovejše anatomske raziskave v skorji. Našteti so glavni razlogi manjšega zanimanja za raziskave zgradbe skorje v primerjavi z lesom. Opisana je sezonska dinamika nastanka floema pri drevesih iz zmernega in sredozemskega podnebja ter vpliv okoljskih razmer na strukturo floemskih branik. Prikazana je povezava med širino floemskih in lesnih prirastkov pri drevesih različnih vitalnosti. Na koncu je omenjen še vpliv različnih procesov, ki potekajo v skorji, na meritve dendrometrov In the paper, most recent anatomical studies in bark are presented. Main reasons for smaller interests in barkanatomy studies compared to wood are listed. Seasonal dynamics of phloem formation in trees from temperate and Mediterranean climate as well as influence of environmental conditions on the structure of phloem increments are described. Link between phloem and wood increments in trees of different vitality is shown. Finally, impact of numerous secondary changes, occurring in the bark, on dendrometer measurements is discussed.

Kalijev permanganat je kot reagent v transmisijski elektronski mikroskopiji (TEM) zelo uporaben za ugotavljanje prisotnosti lignina v različnih morfoloških področjih lesa. Ker je metoda le kvalitativna, je priporočljivo rezultate, ugotovljene s TEM, potrditi še s kakšno drugo kvantitativno metodo,kot je npr. UV-mikrospektrofotometrija (UMSP). Metoda UMSP je zelo primerna za določanje vsebnosti lignina in njegove porazdelitve v lesnem tkivu. V članku je predstavljena metodologija in uporabnost TEM ter UMSP pri proučevanju porazdelitve lignina v celični steni. Potassium permanganate represents a useful tool in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the localization of lignin in various morphological regions of wood. Since this method only provides qualitative estimation, another quantitative method is recommended to verify the results obtained by TEM, such as UV-microspectrophotometry (UMSP). The UMSP method was found to besuited for the determination of lignin content and its distribution in woodytissue. The present paper provides a methodical description and presents the applicability of TEM and UMSP for studies in the topochemistry of lignin distribution within cell walls.

Kalijev permanganat je kot reagent v transmisijski elektronski mikroskopiji (TEM) zelo uporaben za ugotavljanje prisotnosti lignina v različnih morfoloških področjih lesa. Ker je metoda le kvalitativna, je priporočljivo rezultate, ugotovljene s TEM, potrditi še s kakšno drugo kvantitativno metodo,kot je npr. UV-mikrospektrofotometrija (UMSP). Metoda UMSP je zelo primerna za določanje vsebnosti lignina in njegove porazdelitve v lesnem tkivu. V članku je predstavljena metodologija in uporabnost TEM ter UMSP pri proučevanju porazdelitve lignina v celični steni. Potassium permanganate represents a useful tool in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the localization of lignin in various morphological regions of wood. Since this method only provides qualitative estimation, another quantitative method is recommended to verify the results obtained by TEM, such as UV-microspectrophotometry (UMSP). The UMSP method was found to besuited for the determination of lignin content and its distribution in woodytissue. The present paper provides a methodical description and presents the applicability of TEM and UMSP for studies in the topochemistry of lignin distribution within cell walls.