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The aim of the research is to assess the influence of pszchosocial factors of the working environment on the working capacitz index of health workers in clinical and hospital activities. ...

This paper is a result of the author's comprehensive research on the impact of Byzantine law on the early Slavonic law in the Slavic states neighboring the Byzantine Empire. The subject matter of analysis is the content of 19 articles of Zakon sudnyi lyudem (Court law for laity), the earliest collection of Slavonic laws which is believed to originate from the second half of the 9th century. Even though this collection of early Slavonic laws comprises a total of 32 articles, these 19 articles are particularly interesting because their content was a result of reception and further adaptation of respective articles contained in the Byzantine Code known as the Ecloga, originating from the first half of the 8th century. In the course of reception of the Byzantine legal norms, the editors of this early Slavonic legal document introduced significant modifications in the contents of some articles; these modifications are highly important in the attempt to reconstruct the social, economic, political, religious and legal circumstances in the state of reception. Out of the 19 modified articles, as many as 17 articles regulate the subject matter of criminal (penal) law. Upon a comparative analysis of the contents of respective provisions contained in the Byzantine Ecloga and the Slavonic legal document Zakon sudnyi lyudem, the author has noted two prominent tendencies underlying the process of reception and modification of the Byzantine law. The first tendency was reflected in the fact that the punishment for some criminal offences in the Slavonic collection of laws were relatively more lenient than those contained in the respective articles of the Byzantine Ecloga; thus, instead of the cruel punishment involving the mutilation of body parts (such as: cutting off one's nose/hand/fingers, or blinding the perpetrator) which was prescribe in the Ecloga, the editors of the Slavonic legal document prescribed different forms of monetary punishment (such as a fine or confiscation of property), or servitude (selling the perpetrator into slavery). The second prominent tendency was that the editors of the Slavonic legal document amended the traditional types of criminal sanctions by introducing a corpus of ecclesiastical law penalties and penances (such as: long-term fasting which could last for years; temporary prohibition of attending church services or taking part in the Divine Liturgy; prohibition of receiving the Holy Communion; etc.) The latter development is the result of the editors' intervention and modification of the legal norms received and adopted from the Ecloga, particularly given the fact that none of the provisions in the Byzantine code contained any form of punishment which was within the jurisdiction of ecclesiastical (canon) law.

This paper focuses on the historical and legal analysis of the Contract between Russia and Byzantium dating from 911, which is one of the oldest Slavic legal texts that have been preserved until the present time. As a first-class historical source, the Contract is of the utmost importance for the history of the Middle Ages, the Russian and Slavic history in general, but also for the history of the most ancient Russian law, and therefore, the Slavic law too. Attention is paid to the content of the norms of the criminal law which protects people and their property. The content of these legal norms is analyzed in the context of the ancient Russian common law, which the Contract refers to several times, naming it 'the Russian Law', but also in the context of the legal code 'The Russian Pravda' which is a hundred years younger. The aim of the research was to show that certain regulations of the Contract not only represent the time when they were written, but also carry in themselves the echo of the previous decades and even centuries. In other words, these regulations represent the time when the first elements of authority towards the early state were being built and when many primeval customs and common rules of the primordial community were being transformed into legal customs and unwritten legal norms, while the primordial clan tribal organization was falling apart.

The Law on the Trial of People (Zakon sudnyi lyudem) is one of the earliest historical sources of Slavonic law which is believed to have been made in the second half of the 9th century and at the beginning of the 10th century. The original manuscript of this document has not been preserved but there are several transcripts contained in the collection of miscellaneous Russian civil and canonical documents, the oldest of which dates back to the 13th century. This historical legal document primarily comprises penal law provisions but there is also a number of articles on civil law and civil procedure. Although this legal document has been the subject matter of theoretical study ever since the mid-19th century, many of these hypotheses have not yielded the specific answers until the present day. Most legal theoreticians support the hypothesis that this legal document originally comes from Bulgaria, where it was enacted as an official legislative act during the rule of one of the two Bulgarian rulers: either Prince Boris (in the period from 865 to 889 at the latest) or his son Simeon (893-927). The second hypothesis suggests that the origin of this document may be traced back to the rule of the Bulgarian Prince Boris and that it was enacted around the year 885 (at the time when numerous disciples of Cyril and Methodius arrived to Bulgaria from Moravia); however, the supporters of this hypothesis consider that it was not an official legislative act but rather a private collection of laws compiled by an anonymous author. There are two additional (but less prevalent) hypotheses: under the first hypothesis, this legal document was made in Great Moravia and, under the second, it was made in the Byzantine district of Strimon. There is a common agreement among the researchers on the time when it was made (in the second half of the 9th and at the beginning of the 10th century) as well as on its legal content and scope. There is no dispute about the fact that this legal document was modeled upon the 726 Byzantine Code Ecloga. Zakon Sudnyi Lyudem contains 32 articles, only three of which (Articles 1, 2 and 7a) are not based on the Byzantine Ecloga. Only ten of the remaining 29 articles (Articles 11, 14, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25 and 30a) are literal translations of the respective Ecloga articles. The remaining 19 articles are adapted versions of the Ecloga provisions and they contain significant modifications, particularly in respect of penal provisions. In this article, the author suggests the methodology for a further research on this legal document and points out the fact that these modifications are an abundant source of material which should be subject to a more extensive and comprehensive research from the sociological, historical and religious standpoints. The author considers that a general analysis of such an example of partial reception of a foreign law as well as the particular analysis of the contents of these modifications emerging in the process of reception may provide important answers on the specific social reality of early original Slavonic states and ultimately contribute to a better understanding of the phenomenon underlying the development of early states in general.

U radu su prikazani ciljevi i metode oplemenjivanja trešnje (Prunus avium L.) i višnje (Prunus cerasus L.), kao i najznačajniji rezultati na stvaranju novih sorti. U poslednjih 30 godina u svetu je stvoreno preko 500 sorti trešnje i preko 200 sorti višnje. Najveći broj novih sorti trešnje je stvoren u Ukrajini, a zatim slede SAD, Rusija, Rumunija, Kanada, Francuska, Italija i Mađarska. Najveći broj novih sorti višnje stvoren je u Rusiji, Ukrajini, Poljskoj, Rumuniji, Mađarskoj i Nemačkoj. This paper presents the objectives and methods of breeding sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) and sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.), as well as the most important results in the creation of new cultivars. In the last 30 years over 500 of new cultivars of sweet cherry and over 200 cultivars of sour cherry were created in the world. The largest number of new cultivars of sweet cherry was created in Ukraine, followed by USA, Russia, Romania, Canada, France, Italy, and Hungary. The largest number of new cultivars of sour cherry was created in Russia, followed by Ukraine, Poland, Romania, Hungary, and Germany.

Doktorska disertacija ima za cilj da teoretski i empirijski, kontrolicano, sistematski i kritički ispita hipotezu formiranja modela optimizacije postupaka tehničke dijagnostike, pri izboru najznačajnijih parametara u određivanju sigurnosti funkcionisanja sastavnih komponenti sklopova hidroelektrane. Određenim vrednostima analizirane pouzdanosti određen je univerzalni model optimizacije na osnovu model blok dijagrama i mernih mesta. NJihovim međusobnim uticajem i povezanošću formira se: korelacija parametara optimizacije mehaničkih oscilacija i temperature, korelacija parametara optimizacije mehaničkih oscilacija i pohabanosti ležajeva i korelacija parametara optimizacije radnih temperatura i pohabanosti leđajeva. Ovakav model je univerzalnog tipa jer se može primeniti i na složene sisteme, bez obzira na dimenzije komponenti sklopova., The doctorssca dissertacion problems connected to gear choice which havebeen exited by now have been solved in the paper. This model we can determining optimal modeltehnical diagnostic hydro electric plants. It has been done by its general quality estimation well asproblem of quality control. That was solved here on the example of gears. One of the aims of thepaper is development of personal approach to quality evoluation and compound mechanicalsystems reliability, gear in this case. The evoluation process of design solution has been done bycomputing the value for every gear being analysed and based on that it has been establishedwhich gear is better.

UVOD: Hronične rane se definišu kao rane koje nisu blagovremeno i adekvatnim redosledom dovršile reparativne procese u cilju uspostavljanja anatomskog i funkcionalnog integriteta u toku 6 nedelja. Procenjuje se da 1-2% populacije u razvijenim zemljama boluje od hronične rane. Najveći procenat hroničnih rana se javlja kod dijabetičara. Sve hronične rane karakteriše prolongirana i pojačana proinflamatorna kaskada što ne dozvoljava započinjanje proliferativne faze zarastanja rane. Poremećena glikoregulacija kod dijabetičara dovodi do razvoja endoteliopatije i neuropatije. Kao posledica ovih promena se javlja stopalna ulceracija. Osnovni postulati lečenja stopalne ulceracije podrazumevaju zaustavljanje ponavljanog oštećenja tkiva uzrokovanog posturalnim mehaničkim pritiskom, debridman rane, kontrolu infekcije i inflamacije, adekvatno previjanje i adekvatnu regulaciju glikemije. Sve mere imaju za cilj smanjenje stimulacije imunskih ćelija i produkcije proinflamatornih citokina, proteaza i reaktivnih kiseoničnih radikala. Željeni rezultat su morfološke i biohemijske promene koje će omogućiti hroničnoj rani da progredira iz inflamatorne u proliferativnu fazu i time dovrši proces zarastanja. CILJ: Utvrditi kliničke i histomorfološke promene u hroničnoj ulceraciji dijabetesnog stopala kod pacijenata kod kojih je primenjena terapija rasterećenja od mehaničkog pritiska, modifikovanom totalnom kontaktnom imobilizacijom, kao i ispitati korelaciju između brzine i obima zarastanja hronične ulceracije dijabetesnog stopala i promene histomorfoloških parametara u odnosu na primenu modifikovane totalne kontaktne imobilizacije. MATERIJAL I METODE: Prospektivnim istraživanjem je uključeno 80 ispitanika, starijih od 18 godina, koji boluju od dijabetesa sa dobrom glikoregulacijom (HbA1C ≤ 8%), a koji imaju neuropatsku ulceraciju na plantarnoj strani stopala, bez znakova infekcije i išemije (ankle-bračial index, ABI ≥ 0,7) u prethodnih 8 nedelja (SINBAD skor ≤ 3). Ispitanici su nasumično podeljeni u dve grupe, od po 40 ispitanika. Prvoj grupi (TKI grupa) je nakon inicijalnog pregleda postavljena totalna kontaktna imobilizacija, koju su nosili tokom tri nedelje, nakon čega je ulkusna promena bioptirana. Ovoj grupi ispitanika je, nakon skidanja totalne kontraktne imobilizacije, rana previjana tokom naredne 4 nedelje. Drugoj, kontrolnoj grupi (K grupa), ispitanika je biopsija ulkusne promene uzeta nakon incijalnog pregleda. Ovi ispitanici su praćeni i previjani, na isti način kao i prva grupa, tokom 4 nedelje. Pored patohistološke analize uzete biopsije ulkusne promene, vršeno je merenje površine rane, pre, tokom i nakon završenog tretmana. REZULTATI: U istraživanju je učestvovalo 59 (73,7%) muškaraca i 21 (26,3%) žena, prosečne starosti 65,4 godine. Većina ispitanika nije imala štetne navike (pušenje, konzumiranje alkohola). Većina ispitanika je imala tip 2 dijabetes melitus (72; 92,5%), bez statistički značajne razlike između TKI i K grupe (Fisher’s exact test = 0,72; p = 0,68). Prosečna vrednost ABI za TKI grupu je iznosila 0,90 ± 0,19, dok je za K grupu iznosila 0,91 ± 0,14, bez statistički značajne razlike između grupa ((U=755,50; p = 0,66). Klasifikacija ulkusnih promena vršena je prema SINBAD klasifikacionom sistemu. Kod svih ispitanika je gradus 1 imalo 33 (41,2%), gradus 2 15 (18,8%) a gradus 3 je imalo 32 (40%) ispitanika. Nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika između ispitanika sa totalnom kontaktnom imobilizacijom i ispitanika iz kontrolne grupe sa različitim SINBAD gradusima (χ2 test = 1,95; p = 0,38). Prosečno trajanje ulceracije pre početka tretmana je u TKI grupi iznosilo 5 meseci (najkraće 1 mesec, najduže 24 meseca), dok je u K grupi bilo 3 meseca (najkraće 1 mesec, najduže 19 meseci), bez statistički značajne razlike između grupa (U=637,00; p = 0,11). Prosečna površina ulceracije pre početka tretmana je kod TKI grupe iznosila 2,46 ± 1,22 cm2, a kod K grupe 2,52 ± 1,14 cm2 , bez statistički značajne razlike među grupama (U = 752,50; p = 0,65). Otkrivena je jaka pozitivna korelacija između dužine trajanja i površine ulceracije pre početka tretmana (r = 0,74; p < 0,001). Kod najvećeg broja ispitanika TKI grupe (23; 57,5%) je ulceracija trajala kraće od 5 meseci sa prosečnom površinom 0,56±0,14 cm2, dok je kod 17 (42,5%) ispitanika iste grupe trajala duže od 5 meseci sa prosečnom površinom 1,87±0,33 cm2. Utvrđena je statistički značajno manja površina ulceracije kod pacijenata koji su imali trajanje ulkusa kraće od 5 meseci (U = 73,00; p = 0,001). Kod TKI grupe je došlo do smanjenja površine ulceracije već nakon 3 nedelje nošenja imobilizacije za prosečno 28,23%, prosečna vrednost površine iznosila je 1,81 ± 1,13 cm2, a na kraju tretmana se površina ulceracije smanjila za 61,87% u odnosu na inicijalnu površinu, prosečne vrednosti površine 1,12 ± 1,20 cm2. U kontrolnoj grupi je na kraju tretmana došlo do povećanja prosečne površine rane za 13,05 ± 19,86% u odnosu na prosečnu inicijalnu površinu hronične ulceracije. Kod TKI grupe je, kod 38 (95%) ispitanika, patohistološkom analizom verifikovana distribucija granulacionog tkiva i neovaskularizacije na više od 66% površine pregledanog uzorka biopsije. Kod kontrolne grupe je kod najvećeg broja ispitanika, patohistološkom analizom dobijen rezultat najveće distribucije inflamatornih ćelija, ćelijskog debrisa, hiperkeratoze i fibroze. Utvrđena je statistički značajna povezanost između vrste tretmana i konačnog išoda nakon tretmana (Fisher’s exact test = 61,59; p < 0,001). Korelacioni koeficijent (Cramer’s V = 0,88; p < 0,001) ukazuje na jaku pozitivnu korelaciju između ove dve varijable. Od ukupnog broja ispitanika sa poboljšanim stanjem hronične ulceracije, čak 36 (97,3%) ispitanika pripada grupi koja je nosila totalnu kontaktnu imobilizaciju, dok je samo 1 (2,7%) ispitanik iz kontrolne grupe imao poboljšano stanje hronične ulceracije. Bez poboljšanog stanja hronične ulceracije, bilo je samo 4 (9,3%) ispitanika koji su nosili totalnu kontaktnu imobilizaciju, dok je 39 (90,7%) ispitanika bilo iz kontrolne grupe. ZAKLJUČAK: Lečenje hronične ulceracije dijabetesnog stopala primenom totalne kontaktne imobilizacije, dovodi do mehaničkog rasterećenja od posturalnog pritiska na gaznu površinu, čime se pokreću reparativni procesi u hroničnoj ulceraciji sa konsekutivnim bržim smanjenjem površine i dubine rane. Histomorfološke promene ove terapije se odlikuju redukcijom inflamatornih ćelija, ćelijskog i bakterijskog debrisa, fibroze i hiperkeratoze u ulkusu kao i povećanjem neoangiogeneze i stvaranjem granulacionog tkiva. Raniji početak terapije mehaničkog rasterećenja i kraće trajanje ulkusa povoljno utiču na brzinu zarastanja rane. Mehanički debridman i redovno previjanje antiseptičnim rastvorom dovode do većeg obima i bržeg zarastanja hronične ulceracije kod pacijenata kod kojih je pre tretmana primenjena totalna kontaktna imobilizacija, u odnosu na grupu pacijenata kod kojih nije primenjeno rasterećenje od mehaničkog pritiska na ulkus., INTRODUCTION: Chronic wounds are defined as wounds that have not completed the reparative processes in a timely and adequate order in order to establish anatomical and functional integrity within 6 weeks. It is estimated that 1-2% of the population in developed countries suffers from a chronic wound. The highest percentage of chronic wounds occurs in diabetics. All chronic wounds are characterized by a prolonged and intensified pro-inflammatory cascade that does not allow the initiation of the proliferative phase of wound healing. Disturbed glycoregulation in diabetics leads to the development of endotheliopathy and neuropathy. As a consequence of these changes, foot ulceration occurs. The basic postulates of treating foot ulceration include stopping repeated tissue damage caused by postural mechanical pressure, debridement of the wound, control of infection and inflammation, adequate dressing and adequate regulation of glycemia. All measures are aimed at reducing the stimulation of immune cells and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, proteases and reactive oxygen radicals. The desired result is morphological and biochemical changes that will allow the chronic wound to progress from the inflammatory to the proliferative phase and thereby complete the healing process. OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical and histomorphological changes in chronic diabetic foot ulceration after mechanical pressure relief therapy (off-loading therapy), with modified total contact cast, as well as to examine the correlation between the speed and extent of healing of chronic diabetic foot ulceration and changes in histomorphological parameters in relation to the use of modified total contact cast. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study included 80 patients, over 18 years of age, who suffer from diabetes with good glycoregulation (HbA1C ≤ 8%), and who have plantar neuropathic ulcer, without signs of infection and ischemia (ankle-brachial index , ABI ≥ 0.7) in the previous 8 weeks (SINBAD score ≤ 3). Patients were randomly divided into two groups (40 patients each). After the initial examination, the first group (TCC group) underwent off-loading treatment using total contact cast, which they wore for three weeks, after which the ulcer was biopsied. For this group of patients, after removing the total contact cast, the wound was bandaged twice a week, during the next 4 weeks. The second, control group (C group), had a biopsy of the ulcer taken after the initial examination. These subjects were bandaged twice a week, in the same way as the first group, for 4 weeks. In addition to the pathohistological analysis of the biopsy of the ulcer, the wound surface was measured before, during and after the treatment. RESULTS: 59 (73.7%) men and 21 (26.3%) women participated in the research, with an average age of 65.4 years. Most of the patients had no harmful habits (smoking, alcohol consumption). Most patients had type 2 diabetes mellitus (72; 92.5%), with no statistically significant difference between the TCC and C groups (Fisher's exact test = 0.72; p = 0.68). The average ABI value for the TCC group was 0.90 ± 0.19, while for the C group it was 0.91 ± 0.14, with no statistically significant difference between the groups (U=755.50; p = 0.66) The classification of ulcer changes was performed according to the SINBAD classification system 33 (41.2%) of all subjects had grade 1, 15 (18.8%) grade 2 and 32 (40%) grade 3 subjects. It was not determined statistically significant difference between patients with total contact cast and patients from the control group with different SINBAD grades (χ2 test = 1.95; p = 0.38). The average duration of ulceration before the start of treatment was 5 months in the TCC group (the shortest was 1 month, the longest was 24 months), while in the C group it was 3 months (the shortest was 1 month, the longest was 19 months), with no statistically significant difference between the groups (U=637.00; p = 0.11). The average area of ulceration before the start of treatment in the TCC group was 2.46 ± 1.22 cm2, and in the C group 2.52 ± 1.14 cm2, with no statistically significant difference between the groups (U = 752.50; p = 0.6 5). A strong positive correlation was found between the duration and the area of ulceration before the start of treatment (r = 0.74; p < 0.001). Majority of the patients in the TCC group (23; 57.5%), had the ulceration less than 5 months with an average surface area of 0.56±0.14 cm2, while in 17 (42.5%) patients, in the same group, it lasted longer than 5 months with an average surface area of 1.87±0.33 cm2. A statistically significantly smaller surface area of ulceration was found in patients who had an ulcer lasting less than 5 months (U = 73.00; p = 0.001). In the TCC group, there was a decrease in the ulcer surface area, already after 3 weeks of wearing cast by an average of 28.23%, the average value of the surface area was 1.81 ± 1.13 cm2, and at the end of the treatment, the surface area of ulceration decreased by 61.87% in relation to the initial surface area, average values 1.12 ± 1.20 cm2. In the control group, at the end of the treatment, there was an increase in the average surface area of the wound by 13.05 ± 19.86% compared to the average initial surface area of chronic ulceration. In the TCC group, in 38 (95%) patients, pathohistological analysis verified the distribution of granulation tissue and neovascularization on more than 66% of the surface area of the examined biopsy sample. In the control group, the pathohistological analysis showed the highest distribution of inflammatory cells, cellular debris, hyperkeratosis and fibrosis in the majority of patients. A statistically significant association was found between the type of treatment and the final outcome after treatment (Fisher's exact test = 61.59; p < 0.001). The correlation coefficient (Cramer's V = 0.88; p < 0.001) indicates a strong positive correlation between these two variables. Of the total number of subjects with an improved chronic ulceration condition, as many as 36 (97.3%) patients belong to the group that wore total contact cast, while only 1 (2.7%) subject from the control group had an improved chronic ulceration condition. Without improved chronic ulceration, there were only 4 (9.3%) patients who wore total contact cast, while 39 (90.7%) subjects were from the control group. CONCLUSION: Treatment of chronic ulceration of the diabetic foot using total contact cast leads to mechanical relief from postural pressure on the tread surface, which triggers reparative processes in chronic ulceration with a consecutive faster reduction of the surface area and depth of the wound. The histomorphological changes of this therapy are characterized by a reduction of inflammatory cells, cellular and bacterial debris, fibrosis and hyperkeratosis in the ulcer, as well as an increase in neoangiogenesis and the formation of granulation tissue. An earlier start of off-loading therapy and a shorter duration of the ulcer have a favorable effect on the speed of wound healing. Mechanical debridement and regular dressing with an antiseptic solution lead to a more extensive and faster tissue repair of chronic ulceration in patients who underwent off-loading treatment, compared to the group of patients who were not relieved of mechanical pressure on the ulcer.

Mоrfоloškа i mоlеkularnа kаrаktеrizаciја pоtеnciјаlnih klоnоvа sоrtе vinоvе lоzе Vrаnаc Rezime Klonska selekcija se zasniva na unutarsortnoj genetičkoj varijabilnosti. Genetske varijacije potiču uglavnom od sponatanih, prirodnih mutacija, koje se, ukoliko su dobre, mogu registrovati i putem vegetativnog umnožavanja sačuvati. Verovatnoća pojave unutarsortne varijabilnosti povećava se starenjem vinograda, kao i kod sorti koje su zastupljene na značajnim površinama u određenom području. Sorta Vranac je najzastupljenija sorta Crne Gore koja svoje granice uzgajanja ne temelji samo na prostoru sa kog potiče, već je prisutna na području Zapadnog Balkana. Kao stara sorta podložna je spontanom mutiranju. Cilj rada ove disertacije je bio potencijalna izolacija elitnih čokota sorte Vranac, čijim bi se nastavkom kroz postupak selekcije izdvojili novi klonovi. Istraživanja su obavljena na mikrolokalitetu "Aerodrom" kompanije "13. jul - Plantaže" u vinogradu starom više od četrdeset godina. U prvoj faza klonske selekcije 2014. godine definisani su klonski kandidati sa poboljšanim proizvodnim karakteristima u poređenju sa sortom populacijom. Za eksperiment je korišćen skup od oko 10 000 čokota, od kojih je vizuelnom ocenom za dalju analizu izdvojeno 104 čokota. Sublimacijom sveukupnih analiza izdvojena su na kraju 21 potencijalna klona sorte Vranac. Tokom dvogodišnjeg perioda (2015 i 2016) proučavani su klimatski i edafski uslovi ispitivanog lokaliteta, a kod 21 selekcionisanog klona ampelografska i molekularna karakterizacija, analiza virusnih infekcija, fenološke osobine, rodnost, osobine grozda i bobice, kvalitet šire, hemijski analiza vina i degustaciona ocena vina. Analiza parametara srednjih mesečnih i godišnjih temperatura pokazala je da su temperaturni uslovi lokaliteta bili veoma povoljni za izvođenje ekperimenta. Subregion Podgorica prema vrednosti srednje vegetacione temperature (VEGT) pripada “vrućoj” klimatskoj grupi. U odnosu na vrednosti Vinklerovog indeksa (WI) nalazi se u Regionu V (C III). Količina padavina bila je takođe zadovoljavajuća. Ampelografska ispitivanja, kao i molekularna karakterizacija su pokazali da ne postoje značajne razlike između ispitivanih klonova, tako da svi oni pripadaju sorti Vranac. Razlike između klonskih kandidata bile su uočljive u privredno-tehnološkim karakteristikama grozda i bobice, kao i u hemijskim i senzornim karakteristikama vina. Ispitivani klonovi nisu pokazali razlike u odnosu na kvalitativne karakteristike mladog lastara, mladog lista, lastara, cvasti i zrelog lista, dok je neznatno odstupanje utvrđeno za osobine grozda i bobice. Molekularna analizom, na osnovu SSR markera utvrđena je sličnost između ispitivanih klonova. Na osnovu ELISA testa ustanovljeno je da su virusi GLRaV-1 i GLRaV-3 bili prisutni kod svih testiranih klonskih kandidata, dok je GFLV virus bio prisutan kod 9 potencijalnih klonova. Početak vegetacije posmatranih klonskih kantidata započinjao je od 18-20.03.2015., odnosno 16-20.03.2016. Aktiviranje pupoljaka za 2015. godinu je registrovano u periodu od 02.04-09.04., odnosno 27.03-02.04., za 2016. godinu. Početak cvetanja se tokom 2015. godine‚ odvijao u periodu od 15.05-23.05., odnosno 16.05-20.05., za 2016. godinu. Šarak grožđa je tokom 2015. godine u zavisnoti od klonskog kandidata nastupio od 13.07-22.07., odnosno od 16.07-24.07., u 2016. godini. Sazrevanje lastara je u obe ispitivane godine nastupilo gotovo identično kod svih klonova. Klonovi su prema koeficijentu potencijalne rodnosti podeljeni u tri grupe: sa niskim, srednjim i visokim, i svaka grupa brojala je po 7 klonova. U pogledu krupnoće grozda, najzastupljeniji su bili klonski kandidati sa srednje grozdovima (150-225 g), ukupno 13. Najveći prosečan prinos po čokotu i ukupan broj grozdova imao je klon V9 (24/1). Klon V10 (27/5) imao je najniže vrednosti ovih pokazatelja. Prosečna masa grozda je bila najmanja kod klona V2 (4/28), a najveća kod V6 (14/20)... Clone selection is based on intra-varietal genetic variability. Genetic variations come mainly from spontaneous, natural mutations, which, if good, can be registered and preserved through vegetative propagation. The probability of intra-varietal variability increases with the aging of vineyards, as well as with varieties that are present in significant areas in a particular teritory. The Vranac variety is the most represented variety of Montenegro, which does not base its cultivation boundaries only on the area from which it originates, but is present in the Western Balkans. As an old variety, it is susceptible to spontaneous mutation. The aim of this dissertation was the potential isolation of elite vines of the Vranac variety, the continuation of which would single out new clones through the selection process. The research was conducted on the micro-locality "Aerodrom" of the company "July 13 - Plantations" in a vineyard more than forty years old. In the first phase of clonal selection in 2014, clonal candidates with improved production characteristics were defined in comparison with the variety population. A set of about 10,000 vines was used for the experiment, of which 104 vines were selected by visual assessment for further analysis. By sublimation of the overall analyzes, 21 potential clones of Vranac variety were isolated at the end. During the two-year period (2015 and 2016) the climatic and edaphic conditions of the examined locality were studied, and in 21 selected clones ampelographic and molecular characterization, analysis of viral infections, phenological characteristics, yielding, cluster and berry characteristics, quality of must, chemical analysis of wine and tasting evaluation of wine. The analysis of the parameters of the mean monthly and annual temperatures showed that the temperature conditions of the site were very favorable for performing the experiment. According to the value of mean vegetation temperature (VEGT), the Podgorica subregion belongs to the “hot” climate group. In relation to the values of the Winkler index (WI) it is located in Region V (C III). The amount of precipitation was also satisfactory. Ampelographic investigation, as well as molecular characterization showed that there are no significant differences between the examined clones, so they all belong to the Vranac variety. Differences between clone candidates were noticeable in the economic and technological characteristics of clusters and berries, as well as in the chemical and sensory characteristics of wine. The examined clones did not show differences in relation to the qualitative characteristics of young shoots, young leaves, shoots, inflorescences and mature leaves, while a slight deviation was found for the characteristics of clusters and berries. Molecular analysis, based on SSR markers, established similarity between the examined clones. Based on the ELISA test, it was found that the GLRaV-1 and GLRaV-3 viruses were present in all tested clone candidates, while the GFLV virus was present in 9 potential clones. The beginning of the vegetation of the observed clonal candidates started from 18- 20.03.2015., ie 16-20.03.2016. Activation of buds for 2015 was registered in the period from 02.04- 09.04., ie 27.03-02.04., for 2016. The beginning of flowering took place in 2015 in the period from 15.05-23.05., ie 16.05-20.05., for 2016. During 2015, depending on the clone candidate, a veraison of grapes appeared from 13.07-22.07., ie from 16.07-24.07., in 2016. The maturation of shoots in both examined years occurred almost identically in all clones. The clones were divided into three groups according to the potential yieding coefficient: low, medium and high, and each group had 7 clones. In terms of cluster size, the most common were clone candidates with medium clusters (150-225 g), a total of 13. Clone V9 (24/1) had the highest average yield per vine and the total number of bunches. Clone V10 (27/5) had the lowest values of these indicators. The average bunch weight was the lowest in clone V2 (4/28), and the highest in V6 (14/20)...

Prema literaturnim podacima poslednjih godina velika pažnja je usmerena ka operativnom riziku i mortalitetu koji su postali najvažniji kriterijumi u ocenama rezultata rada hirurških ustanova, ali i svakog hirurga posebno. Zahvaljujući kompleksnom profilu pacijenata koji se podvrgavaju hirurškim intervencijama, precizna procena operativnog rizika postaje sve teža. Predikcija ishoda intervencije u najvećoj meri zavisi od preoperativnih faktora rizika. Ipak, neminovno je da i faktori koji su vezani za samu operaciju u određenom stepenu utiču na ishod hirurške intervencije. Shodno tome, dobar model za procenu rizika treba da obuhvati faktore koji će imati najbolju prediktivnu vrednost. Thoracoscore je prvi bodovni sistem razvijen od strane Francuskog udruženja grudnih i vaskularinih hiruga. Zbog nedovoljne primene tokom poslednje decenije i nekonzistentnih rezultata nije došlo do širokog međunarodnog prihvatanja ovog modela i njegove rutinske upotrebe. Ova činjenica ukazuje na nedostake samog modela i potrebu za rekalibracijom u cilju postizanja bolje saglasnosti između predikcije operativnog rizika i kliničkog stanja bolesnika. Cilj rada je bio da se ustanovi realna vrednost Thoracoscore bodovnog sistema u proceni operativnog rizika i mortaliteta nakon anatomskih i neanatomskih resekcija pluća u našim uslovima, i da se utvrdi prediktivna vrednost faktora rizika koji nisu obuhvaćeni Thoracoscore bodovnim sistemom na ishod grudno-hirurških operacija. Istraživanje je sprovedeno po tipu prospektivne kliničke studije i obuhvatilo je 957 bolesnika operisanih na Klinici za grudnu hirurgiju Instituta za plućne bolesti Vojvodine. Izvršene hirurške procedure bile su anatomske resekcije (lobektomija, bilobektomija, pneumonektomija, Sleeve resekcija, segmentektomija) i neanatomske resekcije pluća (Wedge resekcija i druge atipične resekcije). Thoracoscore je izračunat za svakog bolesnika na osnovu devet parametara: godine starosti, pol, ASA skor, dispnea skor, procena opšteg stanja bolesnika, dijagnostička grupa, hitnost operacije, vrsta operacije i broj komorbiditeta. S obzirom da prediktivna vrednost Thoracoscore bodovnog sistema u proceni operativnog rizika nije bila adekvatna realnom stanju, regresionom analizom je evaluiran značaj tri nova faktora: forsirani ekspiratorni volumen u prvoj sekundi (FEV1), reoperacija i hirurški pristup (torakotomija, video-asistirana torakoskopija – VATS). Nakon što je univarijantnom analizom potvrđeno da su ovi faktori nezavisni prediktori operativnog ishoda, originalni Thoracoscore model je rekalibrisan. Multivarijantnom analizom putem logističke regresije izračunati su novi beta koeficijenti za originalnih devet faktora, kao i za tri nova, te je kreiran lokalni model za procenu operativnog rizika koji je prilagođen našoj populaciji. Prosečna starosti bolesnika bila je 62 ± 7,52 godina. Većinu uzorka (60,7%) činili su pripadnici muškog pola. Najveći broj resekcija činile su lobektomije (61,4%). Malignitet je bio najučestalija indikacija za operaciju (90,3%). Najveći broj bolesnika imao je 1-2 komorbiditeta (64,3%). Prosečna stopa operativnog rizika na osnovu Thoracoscore-a (4,7% ) bila je veća je od stvarnog (2,9%) intrahospitalnog mortalita (p, According to the literature data, over the past several years, great attention has been focused on operative risk and mortality which have become the most important criteria in evaluating the results from surgical departments and individual surgeons, as well. Because of complex profiles of patients undergoing surgical interventions, it is becoming more difficult to assess the risk precisely. Prediction of surgical outcomes mostly depends on the preoperative risk factors. However, factors related to the procedure itself effect the surgical outcome to a certain degree. Therefore, a good risk assessment model must contain factors which will have the best predictive value. Thoracoscore is the first scoring system developed by the French Association of Thoracic and Vascular Surgeons. Due to insufficient utilization over the past decade and inconsistent results, this model has not been widely accepted for routine use. This fact indicates that the model lacks certain aspects and needs to be recalibrated in order to achieve better concordance between the predicted operative risk and the clinical state of the patient. The aim of this study was to determine real value of Thoracoscore scoring system for estimation of operative risk and mortality following anatomic and non-anatomic lung resections in our settings, and to determine predictive value of factors not included in Thoracoscore on the outcome of thoracic surgeries. This prospective study included 957 patients who underwent lung resections at the Thoracic surgery clinic of Institute for Lung Diseases of Vojvodina. Performed surgical procedures were anatomic lung resections (lobectomy, bilobectomy, pneumonectomy, Sleeve resection, segmentectomy) and non-anatomic lung resections (Wedge resection and other atypical resections). Thoracoscore was calculated for each patient based on the following nine parameters: age, gender, ASA score, dyspnea score, performance status classification, diagnostic group, urgency of surgery, surgical procedure and number of comorbidities. Because predictive value of Thoracoscore did not correspond to the actual results, regression analysis was used to evaluate the significance of three new risk factors: forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), reoperation, and surgical approach (thoracotomy, video-assisted thoracoscopy – VATS). After univariate analysis confirmed that these three factors are independent predictors of operative risk, the original Thoracoscore model was recalibrated. With the use of multivariate analysis by logistic regression, new beta coefficients were calculated for the original nine parameters, as well as for the new three, and consequently a local model for surgical risk assessment that is adapted to our population was created. Average age of patients was 62 ± 7.52 years. Most of the patients were males (60.7%). Lobectomies constituted the largest number (61.4%) of performed surgeries. The most common indications for surgery were malignant causes (90.3%). Most frequently, patients had 1-2 comorbidities (64.3%). Mean operative risk based on Thoracoscore (4.7%) was greater than the actual intrahospital mortality (2.9%) (p

UVOD: Uspešnost revaskularizacije aortoilijačne bolesti procenjuje se prohodnošću (patentnošću) nakon revaskularizacije i brojem komplikacija. Osnovni cilj ove studije je bio utvrditi da li postoji razlika u učestalosti komplikacija, prohodnosti (patentnosti) i uticaj prohodnosti arterija donjeg vaskularnog korita na rekonstrukcije aortoilijačne bolesti nakon lečenja endovaskularnim i klasičnim hirurškim pristupom. MATERIJAL I METODOLOGIJA: uzorak je činilo 229 bolesnika lečenih od aortoilijačne bolesti koji su pripadali TASC-u B i C a nakon procene prohodnosti femoropoplitealnog segmenta kao i broja prohodnih potkolenih arterija, bolesnici su stratifikovani u dve glavne grupe a svaka grupa od po tri podgrupe prema kvalitetu utočnog korita. Prvu grupu čine bolesnici sa jednoetažnom ili multiplim kraćim lezijama aortoilijačne signifikantne stenoze, sa ne signifikantnom aortoilijačnom stenozom i sa aortoilijačnom okluzijom. Drugu grupu čine bolesnici sa višeetažnom aortoilijačnom signifikantnom stenozom uz signifikantnu femoropoplitealnu stenozu i/ili popliteokruralnu stenozu. Studija je kreirana kao retrospektivna i prospektivna gde smo pratili rezultate revaskularizacije endovaskularnim procedurama i klasičnim hirurškim pristupom. REZULTATI: Računanjem Mahalanobisove distance između homogenost jednoetažne, multiplih kraćih lezija i višeetažne aortoilijačne bolesti kod ispitivanih bolesnika dobija se najmanje rastojanje između homogenost jednoetažne, multiplih kraćih lezija i višeetažne aortoilijačne bolesti zato smo se i rukovodili da jednoetažne lezije, multiple kraće lezije tretiramo endovaskularnim procedurama a višeetažne lezije klasičnim hirurškim pristupom. Nije bilo statističke značajne razlike među komplikacijama endovaskularnih procedura i klasičnog hirurškog pristupa p>0,1. U lečenju aortoilijačne bolesti endovakularne procedure imaju manji broj bolničkih dana, podjednaku primarnu asistiranu patentnost ali nešto slabiju primarnu patentnost u odnosu na klasični hirurški pristup dok je sekundarna patentnost neznatno lošija od klasičnog hirurškog pristupa. Da bi smo odreditli uticaj prohodnosti arterija donjeg vaskularnog korita na rekonstrukcije aortoilijačne bolesti kreirali smo matematički model kome smo dali obeležja prema kome bi mogli prognozirati smanjenje primarne patenosti nakon aortoilijačne revaskularizacije endovaskularnim procedurama i klasičnim hirurškim pristupom. Postojanjem značajnih razlika između stepena patentnosti u odnosu na obeležja faktora rizika, definisali smo funkciju razgraničenja svih mogućih kombinacija od dva stepena patentnosti. Na osnovu te funkicije (x) moguće je izvršiti prognozu kom stepenu patentnosti pripada (dobra,solidna, loša) za bolesnike koji nisu obuhvaćeni ovom studijom, kao i pouzdanost tom stepenu. ZAKLJUČAK: Aortoilijačna bolest je u većini slučajeva udružena sa bolešću donjeg vaskularnog korita. Bez obzira na ekstenzivnost aortoilijačne bolesti endovaskularne procedure su efektivna i bezbedna, adekvatna alternativa klasičnom hirurškom pristupu. Ova studija pokazuje da su endovaskularne procedure i klasični hirurški pristup u lečenju aortoilijačne bolesti komplementarne a ne komparativne metode., BACKGROUND. The effectiveness of revascularization aortoiliac occlusive disease is the estimated patency after revascularization and is connected to the number of complications. The main objective of this study was to determine whether there is a difference in the incidence of complications and patency of lower artery vascular tree on the reconstruction aortoiliac occlusive disease after treatment of endovascular and conventional surgical approach. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY: The sample consisted of 229 patients treated for the aortoiliac occlusive disease who belonged in TASC B and C after a mobility assessment of the femoropopliteal segment and the number of walk-on below knee arteries, patients were stratified into two groups and each group of three subgroups according to the quality of the inflow. The first group consists of patients with one storey or multiple shorter lesions, and aortoiliac significant stenosis with aortoiliac not as significant stenosis and occlusion aortoiliac. The second group consists of patients with multi-floor aortoiliac significant stenosis with a significant femoropopliteal stenosis and/or popliteocrural stenosis. The study was designed as a retrospective and prospective study, where we track the results of endovascular revascularization procedures and compare to the conventional surgical approach. RESULTS: By calculating the Mahalanobis distance between the homogeneity of one story, multiple lesions and multi-storey short aortoiliac occlusive disease the studied patients received a minimum distance between the homogeneity of one story, multiple lesions and multi-storey short aortoiliac disease, multiple lesions treated fewer endovascular procedures and multi-storey lesions than a classical surgical approach. There were no statistically significant differences among the complications of endovascular procedures and classic surgical approach p> 0.1. The patients treated with aortoiliac (endovascular) procedure have fewer hospital days, equal-assisted primary patent protection or slightly less primary patent protection compared to a traditional surgical approach while secondary patent protection is slightly worse than the classic surgical approach. In order to determine the impact of vascular patency of the arteries of the lower stories to the reconstruction treatment of aortoiliac occlusive diseases, we have created a mathematical model to which we gave the characteristics by with which it could predict the reduction of primary patency of aortoiliac revascularization after endovascular procedures and the conventional surgical approach. The existence of significant differences between the degree of patent protection in relation to the characteristics of the risk factors, we have defined the function of the demarcation of all possible combinations of two degrees of patent protection. Based on this function of (x) it is possible to forecast to what extent patent protection belongs (good, solid‚ bad) for patients who are not included in this study, as well as the reliability of this level. CONCLUSION: the aortoiliac occlusive disease is in most cases associated with vascular disease of the lower artery vascular tree. Regardless of the extensiveness of the disease, aortoiliac occlusive disease endovascular procedures are safe and effective, an adequate alternative to the conventional surgical approach. This study shows that endovascular procedures and the conventional surgical approach in the treatment of aortoiliac occlusive diseases with a complementary rather than competitive method.

Istraživanjima u okviru ove doktorske disertacije na osnovu većeg broja kvalitativnih i kvantitativnih osobina izvršena je morfološko-anatomska karakterizacija i evaluacija 75 genotipova vinogradarske breskve u okviru kolekcije oglednog dobra “Radmilovac”, Poljoprivrednog fakulteta u Beogradu. Istraživanja su obuhvatila i analizu varijabilnosti i korelacione povezanosti osobina, a sve u cilju izdvajanja perspektivnih genotipova sa akcentom na stonu potrošnju. Karakteristike fenofaze cvetanja i sazrevanja, anatomske karakteristike lista, broj zametnutih i ubranih plodova, biohemijski sastav ploda i organoleptička ocena svežih plodova utvrđeni su metodama standardnim za ovu vrstu istraživanja, dok su morfološke karakteristike pojedinih organa utvrđene merenjem ili ocenjivanjem pomoću UPOV i ECPGR deskriptora za breskvu. Ispitivana kolekcija vinogradarske breskve pokazala se kao značajan genofond sa visokim stepenom varijabilnosti osobina. Među ispitivanim genotipovima ispoljile su se veoma značajne razlike u pogledu vremena cvetanja i sazrevanja, bujnosti stabla, rodnosti, krupnoće i kvaliteta plodova. U ispitivanoj kolekciji genetička varijansa je dominirala u ukupnoj varijabilnosti vremena sazrevanja plodova kao i osobina stabla (visina stabla, visina krune, prečnik krune, visina debla, obim debla), grančice (dužina i debljina grančice), lista (dužina i širina liske, indeks oblika liske, površina liske), cveta (prečnik cveta, dužina i širina kruničnih listića, indeks oblika kruničnih listića, broj prašnika, dužina i širina antere, dužina tučka) i ploda (masa koštice, sadržaj rastvorljive suve materije, sadržaj ukupnih kiselina i ukupnih šećera, izgled ploda, ukus ploda i ukupna senzorna ocena). To znači da su ove osobine strogo ili u velikoj meri pod kontrolom genotipa i da kao takve predstavljaju merodavni prikaz ispitivane kolekcije, na osnovu kojih se može sa većom pouzdanošću vršiti dalja selekcija sa ciljem povećanja rodnosti i poboljšanja kvaliteta ploda... The research for this doctoral dissertation was based on a large number of qualitative and quantitative traits of the vineyard peach and it comprised morphological and anatomical characterization and evaluation of 75 vineyard peach genotypes within a collection of the “Radmilovac” Experimental Station of the Belgrade Faculty of Agriculture. The research also comprised the analysis of variability and correlation of traits in order to select prominent genotypes, particularly genotypes suitable for fresh consumption. Flowering and maturity traits, anatomic traits of peach leaves, fruit set and number of harvested fruits, biochemical composition and an organoleptic evaluation of fresh fruits were determined with standard methods for this type of research, whereas morphological traits of certain organs were determined after measuring or evaluation with UPOV and ECPGR descriptors for peach. The studied collection of the vineyard peach was proved to be a significant genepool with high variability of traits. Among the studied genotypes there were very significant differences in time of flowering and maturity, tree vigour, yielding, fruit size and quality. The genetic variance dominated the total variability of fruit maturity time, as well as tree traits (tree height, canopy height, canopy diameter, trunk height, trunk volume), traits of shoot (shoot length and thickness), leaf (leaf length and width, shape index, leaf area), flower (flower diameter, petal length and width, petal shape index, number of stamens, anther length and width, pistil length) and traits of fruit (stone weight, soluble dry matter content, total acids and total sugars, fruit appearance, taste and an overall sensory mark). It means that these traits are fully or to a large extent controlled by genotype. Hence they give a reliable overview of the collection, based on which further selection for better yields and better quality can be done more accurately...

U periodu od 2010. do 2012. godine proučavana je varijabilnost i izvršena identifikacija i karakterizacija 13 klonova Oblačinske višnje na osnovu osobina pojedinih njihovih organa, proizvodno-tehnoloških osobina i osobina polena. Osobine pojedinih organa ispitivanih klonova Oblačinske višnje određene su ocenjivanjem na osnovu deskriptora za višnju i merenjem odgovarajućih parametara. Od hemijskih osobina ploda utvrđivani su: sadržaj rastvorljivih suvih materija, sadržaj ukupnih i invertnih šećera, sadržaj saharoze, sadržaj ukupnih kiselina i sadržaj ukupnih antocijana. Od fenoloških karakteristika proučavane su vreme cvetanja i vreme sazrevanja. Broj zametnutih plodova i broj ubranih plodova utvrđeni su na osnovu rezultata slobodnog oprašivanja. Rodnost proučavanih klonova izražena je preko prinosa po stablu i koeficijenta rodnosti. Otpornost na prouzrokovače bolesti (Wilsonomyces carpophylus, Blumeriella jaapii i Monilinia fructigena) ispitivana je u uslovima prirodne infekcije. Od osobina polena proučavane su morfološke karakteristike polena, skenirajućim elektronskim mikroskopom i klijavost polena, metodom naklijavanja in vitro na hranljivoj podlozi sa saharozom i agar-agarom. Kod kvalitativnih osobina utvrđena je različita zastupljenost klonova po proučavanim kategorijama. Na ekspresiju većine kvantitativnih osobina, veoma značajan ili značajan uticaj ispoljili su proučavani klonovi, a kod određenog broja osobina ispoljen je i veoma značajan ili značajan uticaj godine ispitivanja i interakcije klon × godina. Među proučavanim osobinama najveće učešče genetičke varijabilnosti u ukupnoj fenotipskoj varijabilnosti utvrđeno je za obim debla (82,83%), a najmanje za odnos dužine i širine polena (0,67%). Najmanje učešće godine u ukupnoj varijabilnosti ustanovljeno je za širinu grebena i širinu brazde na egzini polena (0,00%), a najveće za prečnik letorasta (89,98%). Interakcija klon × godina najviše je uticala na ispoljavanje širine grebena na egzini polena (23,29%), a najmanje na ispoljavanje obima i visine debla, dužine lisne drške, prečnika cveta, širine kruničnih listića, dužine peteljke ploda, širine i debljine ploda, mase ploda i koštice, sadržaja rastvorljivih suvih materija, ukupnih i invertnih šećera, prinosa po stablu, dužine polena, dužine i širine kolpe i broja grebena na 100 μm2 površine egzine (0,00%)... In the period from 2010 to 2012, the variability of 13 Oblačinska sour cherry clones was studied and the identification and characterization was provided, based on some traits of their organs, production-technological properties and pollen characteristics. The traits of individual organs of the examined sour cherry clones were determined by evaluating on the basis of descriptors for sour cherry and measuring the appropriate parameters. Also, the chemical fruit properties were determined: soluble solids, total sugars, invert sugars, sucrose, total acids and total anthocyanins. Flowering and ripening time were studied from the phenological characteristics. Initial and final fruit set were determined on the basis of open pollination. Productivity of the studied clones was expressed over the yield per tree and the yield efficiency. Resistance to diseases (Wilsonomyces carpophylus, Blumeriella jaapii and Monilinia fructigena) was studied under the conditions of natural infection. From pollen traits, morphological characteristics of pollen by scanning electron microscope and pollen germination by germination method in vitro on the medium with sucrose and agar-agar were studied. Concerning qualitative characteristics different numbers of clones per studied categories were determined. Regarding majority of quantitative traits, very significant or significant influence investigated clones, and in a certain number of traits, very significant or significant impact of year and the interaction clone × year were manifested. Among the studied traits the highest part of genetic variability in total phenotype variability has been found for trunk circumference (82.83%), and least for the pollen length and width ratio (0.67%). The least influence of a year in total variability was found for ridge width and furrow width of the pollen exine (0.00%), and the largest for diameter of the branches (89.98%). The interaction clone × year the most influenced on the expression of the ridge width of the pollen exine (23.29%), and the least on the expression of trunk circumference, trunk height, leaf petiole length, flower diameter, width of petals, fruit stalk length, fruit width and thickness, fruit and stone weight, soluble solids content, total and invert sugars, yield per tree, pollen length, colpus length and width and the number of ridges on 100 μm2 of the exine area (0.00%)...

Boljom prevencijom aterosklerotskih bolesti i uvođenjem invazivnih procedura endoluminalnim pristupom u lečenju koronarne bolesti i karotidne bolesti, hirurške procedure u poslednje dve decenije postaju sve kompleksnije i teže. Profil pacijenata podvrgnutih revaskularizaciji miokarda postaje sve rizičniji i procentualno se povećava broj polivaskularnih pacijenata za koje je neophodno uraditi dodatne procedure na karotidnim arterijama, bilo da su one urađene simultano, u dva ili tri akta. To su pacijenati koji imaju značajne aterosklerotske lezije na jednoj ili obe karotidne arterije zajedno sa značajnim suženjima koronarnih arterija. Algoritmi koji se nude u projektovanju operativne taktike ni danas nisu strogo definisani i vrlo često zavise od individualne procene i stava hirurga koji izvode ove procedure. Ishod operativnog lečenja ovih pacijenata često zavisi od hirurške taktike i ustanove u kojoj se oni operativno leče. Prediktori ishoda operativnog lečenja bi mogli biti važan faktor u selekcioniranju pacijenata u preporuci taktike operativnog lečenja. U tezi su analizirani klinički aspekti preoperativno i postoperativno, postoperativni mortalitet - 30 dana posle operacije i jednu godinu posle operacije. Analiziran je uticaj faktora: starost, pol, neurološka disfunkcija, infarkt miokarda do 90 dana pre operacije, nestabilna angina, diabetes mellitus, bilateralna stenoza karotidnih arterija kod 94 pacijenta koji su operisani u Klinici za kardiohirurgiju Instituta za kardiovaskularne bolesti Vojvodine u Sremskoj Kamenici u periodu 2007-2012g. Kod svih je, preoperativno, nađeno da imaju značajne promene na koronarnim i karotidnim arterijama. Pacijenti su podeljeni u dve grupe po tipu izvršene operacije. Prvu grupu su sačinjavali pacijenti koji su operisani u odvojenim operacijama karotidnih arterija i revakularizacije miokarda, a drugi su operisani simultano operacijom karotidnih arterija i revaskularizacijom miokarda. U metodologiji su korišćene metode retrospektivnog i prospektivnog istraživanja. Korišćena je elektronska baza podataka Instituta za kardiovaskularne bolesti Vojvodine, vođen je intervju sa pacijentima. Korišćeni su i pregledi doppler sonografije karotidnih arterija koji su rađeni u drugim ustanovama. Mortalitet-30 dana i jednu godinu posle operacije je bio prihvatljivo nizak, pacijenti su poboljšani u posmatranim parametrima. Neurološki morbiditet na 30 dana i jednu godinu posle je bio prihvatljivo nizak. Prediktori mortaliteta su bili pušenje 30 dana i godinu dana posle operacije u obe grupe. Prediktor morbiditeta 30 dana i jednu godinu nakon operacije bila je hiperlipoproteinemija. Ženski pol je bio nezavisni prediktor mortaliteta u grupi pacijenata operisanih u više aktova. Pacijenti operisini simultano su bili teži po simptomima ( NYHAklasi) i u većem riziku (EU2 score), ali nisu imali statistički značajno veću smrtnost u odnosu na grupu operisanu u više aktova., Surgical procedures have become more complex and difficult in the past two decades due to the better prevention of atherosclerotic diseases and the introduction of invasive procedures with endoluminal approach to treating coronary and carotid artery diseases. The profile of patients undergoing myocardial revascularization is becoming riskier. There is also increase in the percentage of patients with polyvascular disease who need additional procedures on the carotid arteries, whether they are done simultaneously or in two or three acts. These are the patients who have significant atherosclerotic lesions in one or both of the carotid arteries along with the significant narrowing of the coronary arteries. Algorithms that are offered to plan operative tactics are still not strictly defined and often depend on the individual assessment of surgeons and the attitude of certain institutions that perform the procedure. The outcome of surgical treatment of these patients often depends on surgical tactics and the institution in which they are treated. Predictors of surgical treatment outcome could be an important factor for the selection of patients and the recommendation of operative treatment tactics. The thesis analyzed pre- and postoperative clinical aspect as well as 30-day and one-year postoperative mortality. The influence of the following factors was analyzed: age, sex, neurologic dysfunction, myocardial infarction occurring 90 days after surgery, unstable angina, diabetes mellitus, and bilateral carotid artery stenosis in 94 patients that underwent cardiac surgery at the Clinic of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Vojvodina in Sremska Kamenica in the period from 2007 to 2012. All patients had significant changes on the coronary and carotid arteries. The patients were divided into two groups according to the type of surgery. The first group consisted of the patients who underwent carotid artery surgery and myocardial revascularization separately. The second group of patients underwent carotid artery surgery and myocardial revascularization at the same time. Methods of retrospective and prospective research were used in the methodology. Electronic data base of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Vojvodina was also used and the patients were interviewed. Doppler of carotid arteries performed both in our institution and in other institutions was used. Mortality, 30-day and one-year post surgery, was acceptably low. The patients were improved in the observed parameters. Neurologic morbidity 30 days and one year after surgery was acceptably low. Smoking 30 days and one year after surgery was predictor of mortality in both groups. Hyperlipoproteinemia 30 days and one year after surgery was predictor of morbidity. Female sex was independent predictor of mortality for the first group of patients. The second group of patients were more complex according to the symptoms (NYHA class) and with greater risk (EU2 score), but their mortality rate was not statistically significant in relation to the first group of patients.

Предмет истраживања ове дисертације је примена тапијског система, као врсте евиденције непокретности, на територијама насељеним јужнословенским народима који су били под отоманском влашћу. Докторску дисертацију чине увод, три поглавља и закључак. У уводу је прецизиран предмет и циљ истраживања, као и полазне хипотезе. Дат је преглед постојеће литературе о овој материји, уз њихову критичку анализу. Наведен је одабир објављених извора који су коришћени у истраживању, као и преглед необјављених, садржаних у појединим фондовима историјских архива у Србији. Прво поглавље докторске дисертације посвећено је својинским односима и тапијском систему у Отоманском царству. Полази се од претпоставке да је тапијски систем утемељен у отоманском схватању својине и тимарском систему, који је био темељ војног и економског уређења Царства. Објашњене су особине класичног тимарског система и његова постепена дезинтрегација увођењем илтизама и развојем процеса читлучења. Сагледава се тапија, настала у тимарском систему као документ којим се доказују и преносе стварна права на непокретностима, њено порекло, развој и врсте. Тимарско-спахијски систем промењен је танзиматским реформама, када је учињено и потпуно законодавно регулисање тапијског система. Објашњен је ефекат танзиматских реформи на друштвене и својинске односе у Царству и сагледане су промене које су у домену земљишних односа и тапијског система донели поједини закони. Други део је посвећен Србији, која је једина од јужнословенских држава имала аутономан развој тапијског система у XIX веку. Најпре су посматрани својински односи и тапијски систем до добијања статуса самоуправе, потом и напори српских власти да регулишу својинске односе након укидања тимарско- спахијског система у самоуправној Кнежевини. У другом делу овог поглавља разматран је значај доношења Српског грађанског законика. Објашњена су његова решења о евиденцији непокретности и каснија нормативна активност којом је, због немогућности установљавања баштинских књига, продужено важење тапијског система. The research subject of this doctoral dissertation is the application of the tapu system, as one of the types of evidence of real estate, in the South Slavic territories which were under Ottoman rule. The dissertation consists of an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion. The introduction contains a survey of the current literature, an overview of the consulted sources, the research hypotheses and the research objectives. The first chapter is devoted to the property relations and the tapu system in the Ottoman Empire. The origins of the tapu system lay in the Ottoman conception of ownership and the timar system, which was the military and economic foundation of the empire. The characteristics of the classic timar system are explained, as well as its disintegration by the introduction of Iltizam and the gradual process of creation of huge čitluk domains. In the timar system, the tapu emerged as a document to prove and transfer property rights on real estate. Later, with the tanzimat reforms, the timar system was altered and the tapu system was fully regulated through legislation. The second chapter is devoted to Serbia, which is the only South Slavic state that had an autonomous development of the tapu system in the nineteenth century. First, the property relations and the tapu system are studied in the period before Serbian autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. Next, the efforts of the Serbian authorities to regulate the property relations after the abolishment of the timar system are analyzed. In the second part of this chapter the provisions on the evidence of real estate in the 1844 Serbian Civil Code are discussed. Soon after its adoption, the impossibility of establishing land registers became evident and the authorities continued to rely on the existing tapu system. This way, tapu’s acquired formal significance and the transfer of tapu replaced entry into the land registers. Further, through the use of numerous archival sources the development of tapu is reconstructed, subsequently in the period before autonomy, then in the period after autonomy till 1844 and finally in the period after 1844 till the end of the nineteenth century. Each time is looked into the way of issuing, the different types of tapu and their legal significance.

Kod sorte šljive Pozna plava, u trogodišnjem periodu, ispitivano je više citoembrioloških aspekata koji su vezani za dinamiku odvijanja procesa oplođenja, tokom prvih deset dana od momenta punog cvetanja. Fluorohromnim bojenjem analizirana je vitalnost semenih zametaka kao i kvantitativni parametri rasta polenovih cevčica, u tri varijante oprašivanja: slobodno oprašivanje, stranooprašivanje i samooprašivanje. U varijanti stranooprašivanja korišćen je polen sorti šljive Hanita, Čačanska najbolja i Presenta. Klijavost polena korišćenih oprašivača prethodno je utvrđena in vitro na agaro-saharoznoj podlozi, dok su morfološke osobine polena analizirane pomoću skenirajućeg elektronskog mikroskopa. U ispitivanim varijantama oprašivanja analizirano je inicijalno i finalno zametanje plodova. U dvogodišnjem periodu ispitivano je funkcionalno stanje embrionove kesice u prvih deset dana od momenta punog cvetanja u dve varijante: slobodno oprašivanje i bez oprašivanja (kontrola). U trogodišnjem periodu, u poljskim uslovima, ispitivan je uticaj temperature, na interakciju muškog gametofita i ženskog sporofita. U analiziranim morfološkim karakteristikama polena sorta šljive Pozna plava se razlikovala od ostalih sorti, gde je izuzev širine polenovog zrna, u svim ostalim analiziranim parametrima imala najveće vrednosti. Analiza kvantitativnih parametara rasta polenovih cevčica u stubiću tučka pokazala je najbolje vrednosti u varijanti stranooprašivanja, dok se u sve tri godine ispitivanja kao najslabila pokazala varijanta slobodnog oprašivanja. Prisustvo inkompatibilnih polenovih cevčica u gornjoj trećini stubića kao i pojava njihovog specifičnog rasta u plodniku u svim analiziranim varijantama oprašivanja bila je izražena u manjoj meri, tako da nije imala većeg uticaja na broj oplođenih semenih zametaka, a samim tim i na broj inicijalno i finalno zametnutih plodova. Analiza semenih zametaka u varijanti slobodnog oprašivanja pokazala je da oni u vreme punog cvetanja u najvećem broju sadrže embrionove kesice koje se nalaze u ranoj osmojedarnoj fazi. Takođe, i u varijanti bez oprašivanja je utvrđen ovaj stadijum u vreme punog cvetanja, koji je brzo prelazio u petojedarni stadijum. Over a three-year period, a study was conducted on the Pozna plava cultivar, focusing on a number of cyto-embryological aspects related to the dynamics of fertilisation process during the ten-day phase that follows the moment of full bloom. Fluorochrome dying was used to analyse the vitality of ovules and the quantitative growth parameters of the pollen tubes, thorough three pollination variants: open pollination, cross pollination, and self pollination. In the cross-pollination variant, pollen of the Hanita, Čačanska najbolja and Presenta cultivars was used. An agarosesucrose base was used for in vitro pre-determination of pollen germination of the used pollenisers, whereas the pollen morphological traits were analysed using the scanning electronic microscope. Initial and final fruit set was analysed in the examined pollination variants. In the two years of the study, functional condition of the embryo sac was examined within the first ten days following the moment of full bloom, comprising two variants: open pollination and no-pollination (as the control group). The impact made by temperature on the interaction between the male gametophyte and female sporophyte was examined during the three-year period of study. The analysis of the morphological characteristics of the pollen, the Pozna plava cultivar recorded different results compared to the other cultivars, reaching the highest values in all of the analysed parameters except the pollen grain width. The analysis of the quantitative growth parameters of the pollen tubes inside the style revealed the highest values in the self-pollination variant, whereas the lowest values of this parameter were recorded in the open pollination variant, in all the three years of the research. The presence of incompatible pollen tubes in the upper third of the style, as well as occurrence of their specific growth inside the ovary in all of the analysed pollination variants was less expressed and had no significant impact on the number of fertilised ovules, thus having no major impact on the number of initial and final fruit set. The analysis performed in the open pollination variant showed that in the full bloom most of the ovules contained embryo sacs in the early eight-nucleate phase...

The interest of the professional public in the field of civil engineering for usage of self-compacting concrete and potentials of implementation of recycled aggregate in making of this type of concrete is on the rise, primarily because of the dwindling reserves of natural raw materials, and because of the increasing amounts of construction rubble and waste. The experimental-theoretical analysis implemented in this dissertation was used to monitor and analyze behaviour of reinforced concrete continuous beams made of self-compacting concrete made from natural (river) aggregate, as well of continuous beams in which the coarse natural aggregate was replaced in varying proportions, with the quality aggregate made of recycled concrete prefabricates. In addition to defining the ultimate strength state, the ultimate serviceability state was verified, while the stress-strain states of the beams and formation of plastic joints was monitored. Comparative analysis of experimental results was conducted, in which continuous beams with varying share of steel reinforcement made of self-compacting concrete with natural aggregate and the beams made of the self-compacting concrete with quality recycled aggregate were compared. By using the finite element method, continuous beams were modelled, and numerical non-linear analysis was conducted. The continuous beams where coarse natural aggregate was partially replaced by the recycled aggregate are comparable, in structural terms, and competitive with the beams made of self-compacting concrete made with natural aggregate, and they are also justified in terms of environment protection.

By building a branched state organization (administration, judiciary as well as their constitutional and legal basis) the Constitutionalist Regime (1838-1858) protected interests of commending oligarchy and bureaucracy loyal to it, through stifling the activity of progressing young urban bourgeoisie. A peasant, who became a conservative owner of the land, also wanted strong government and legitimacy in order to protect his private land ownership of requiring and robbery of the commanding oligarchy and bureaucracy. Judiciary primarily had the role of a protector of their interests but in the conditions of young and fragile statehood it manifested serious defects. Defects of the newly constitutionally introduced judiciary regulated by the law as an important element of the state organism manifested themselves in: overloaded courts, slow trials, nonprofessional, so to speak, layman staff, formalism, lack of regulations in the proceedings, accumulation of small cases, court clerks acting like lawyers, etc. That's why the focus of the research, besides presenting three-level organization of judiciary, will be on its functioning and also explaining causes of shortages it manifested in this functioning with the special accent on court independency which could not be realized due to the observed defects.

periodu od 2010. do 2013. godine u ekološkim uslovima Kraljeva proučavane su anatomske, morfološke i fiziološke osobine reproduktivnih organa kod pet sorti oraha (Šampion, Šejnovo, Gajzenhajmski 139, Gajzenhajmski 251 i Elit) i jednog spontanog sejanca. U radu je dat detaljan opis građe muških i ženskih cvetova na anatomskom i morfološkom nivou. Morfometrijska analiza resa, antera, polenovih zrna, ženskih cvetova, semenih zametaka i embrionovih kesica pokazala je da na neke morfometrijske parametre ne utiču značajno faktori spoljašnje sredine i da se oni mogu uspešno koristiti za determinaciju sorti. Procesi diferencijacije muških i ženskih cvetova, uključujući i procese formiranja muškog i ženskog gametofita, odvijali su se sukcesivno i istim redosledom kod svih ispitivanih genotipova i u svim godinama, a razlike po godinama i među genotipovima odnosile su se prvenstveno na vreme početka i dužinu trajanja pojedinih faza razvitka. U radu su definisane, detaljno opisane i fotodokumentovane karakteristične faze razvojnih procesa, a njihova dinamika prikazana je grafički za svaki genotip. Tip dihogamije ispoljio je značajan uticaj na dinamiku razvoja generativnih pupoljaka i cvetova. Između mikrofenofaza u razvitku muških i ženskih cvetova i stadijuma u formiranju spora i gameta u njima utvrđen je visok stepen podudarnosti, što omogućava da se na osnovu morfoloških promena na cvetovima prate histološke promene u sporogenim tkivima i gametofitima cvetova. Na morfološke osobine rodnog drveta (debljinu i dužinu rodnih letorasta i plodonosnih prirasta, broj nodusa i strukturu pupoljaka na grančicama i po nodusima) značajan uticaj ispoljili su genotip i faktori spoljašnje sredine. Na indukciju muških i ženskih cvasti značajno su uticali genotip, godina, razvijenost grančice i položaj pupoljka na grančici. Prisustvo ženskih cvetova ili mladih plodova na plodonosnim mladarima u nekim slučajevima imalo je negativan uticaj na indukciju novih generativnih pupoljaka na plodonosnim prirastima... Over the period of 2010-2013, under the environmental conditions of Kraljevo, the anatomical, morphological and physiological properties of reproductive organs were studied in five walnut cultivars ('Šampion', 'Sheinovo', 'Geisenheim 139', 'Geisenheim 251' and 'Elit') and one chance seedling. A detailed description of both the anatomical and the morphological structure of staminate and pistillate flowers is provided. The morphometric analysis of catkins, anthers, pollen grains, pistillate flowers, ovules and embryo sacs showed that some morphometric parameters are not significantly affected by environmental factors and that they can be successfully used for cultivar identification. The differentiation of staminate and pistillate flowers, including the formation of male and female gametophytes, occurred in successive stages following the same sequence of events in all genotypes studied and in all years, with differences across years and genotypes primarily regarding the onset time and length of particular developmental stages. Characteristic stages in the developmental processes are defined, detailed and photodocumented, and their dynamics is graphically presented for each genotype. The type of dichogamy exhibited a significant effect on the developmental dynamics of generative buds and flowers. A high degree of correspondence was determined between the microphenological phases of staminate and pistillate flowers and the stages of spore and gamete formation, which enables the observation of histological changes in sporogenous tissues and gametophytes based on changes in flower morphology. The morphological properties of the bearing wood (thickness and length of bearing shoots and bourse shoots, number of nodes, and structure of buds on the shoots and at nodes) were significantly affected by genotype and environmental factors. The induction of staminate and pistillate inflorescences was significantly affected by genotype, year, degree of shoot development and bud position on the shoot...

Contract of mandate is a contract by which one party (the proxy) requires that without or for a fee undertakes certain legal transactions in the name and on behalf of another party (authoriser), which gives authority to the job. The subject of this contract is not material, but a legal transaction. This means that the proxy in the name and for the account of the principal states will, in terms of the conclusion of a specific legal transaction. However, by taking legal work on behalf of the principal, the proxy does not become a creditor or the debtor, but it remains authoriser. In other words, undertaking legal work on behalf of others, means that legal facts organized in this way, or performed legal transactions directly satisfy the principal and at the same time and all of the possible effects that these products belong to the principal legal affairs, since the attorney concluded legal work on behalf of the principal. In modern law the scope of legal activities that can be undertaken through a representative, it is really great and distinct. Today, in contemporary law, accepted rule is that legal issues can take proxies unless law expressly does not prohibit it. For example, the possibility of representation is not permissible in the will. This definition of the term contract authorization point to the fact that this is only one possible way of representation. Representing such a legal relationship on the basis of which a person takes legal affairs in the name and on behalf of another person, based not only on the agreement of the contracting parties but also on other acts, such as the law, the statute of the legal person, court decisions etc. Contract of mandate has its origins in Roman times, and therefore from the Roman law. At the time this contract had certain peculiarities that today, the contemporary law does not recognize. First of all, the old Roman law does not recognize the principle on which basis legal matters can be taken in someone else's name and for someone else, but it was thought that the legal work is done by only those persons who directly conclude a specific legal transaction. Even later, when there was a need for guidance of else’s affairs, the principle used provided that the attorney takes legal affairs for the grantor always in his own (the attorney’s) name. In further, this meant that the attorney from the moment of conclusion of the legal transaction became a creditor or a debtor, with the obligation to transfer effect of a legal transaction to the grantor. In Roman law, the authorized person could undertake factual jobs, not just legal, provided that he is not seeking any reward for the undertaken work. In further, this meant that, in the initial stage of development of Roman law, this agreement was amicable and based on trust and, therefore belongs to the group of good legal jobs. So, mandatum was concluded with a friend or a person that owed a favor. According to Romans, this mandate was more an `empirical constatation ` than a` rational principle`. In the further development of Roman law, this agreement was a twosided unequal binding contract (contractus bilateralis inaequalis), since the proxy obliged to perform free some job on behalf of the principal, who gave the warrant for that job to the proxy. Despite the fact that there was no legal obligation on the side of the principal in terms of the award, mandatum was considered contractus bilateralis inaequalis, since the authoriser had an obligation to the attorney, in case that the proxy had costs for the completed work. This agreement belonged to the group of consensual contracts. In short, mandatum in Roman law was a bonded relationship. Its definition is: Mandatum is a contract by which one party (authoriser, mandant) requires the other party (representative, mandator) to perform some affair in its account, and the other side undertakes to perform the obligation for free. When we are talking about the realization of demands of the mandate, the representative had at his disposal actio mandati directa. Mandatum was based on the bearing of personal trust between authoriser and representative, so the death of any of them, led to the termination of authorization given the contract extinguished. Mandator had no right to continue using the authorization if mandant died, nor the heirs of the mandator were obliged to execute the orders which he received from a client. But the obligations of both parties which were in some way completed while they were alive are crossing to the successors of both parties. Also, whenever one party wished to terminate the contract through unilateral cancellation, mandatum would be extinguished. In modern law, the power of attorney has a broad application, and in a practical legal system it occurs frequently. With this contract the person who does not want to, guided by any reasons, participate in a specific legal affair (eg. for reasons of incompetence, incapacity or absence) authorizes another person to work in someone else's name and the account, and in this way, all legal and property effects that would have been achieved in the presence of authoriser, belong to an authoriser. The contemporary law provides an award for the proxy (eg. award for the attorney). The subject of this dissertation will also be the analysis of the development of the power of attorney, in medieval society, through the French Code Civil, the Austrian civil code, the Serbian civil code, the German and the Swiss civil code. In the legal provisions that determine the power of attorney in the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia there are no big differences. The only difference is the number of the articles of the Law on Obligations, as well as in other laws that contain provisions devoted to the power of attorney. For example, in the Republic of Macedonia these are the articles 81-86, and in the Republic of Serbia, under number 89-94. Legal provisions that determine the power of attorney in both republics come to the fact that the power of attorney represents an authorization for representation, that authoriser gives to an attorney by the legal transaction. The existence and scope of the power of attorney are independent of the legal relationship on which basis they are given. By law, the proxy may be a legal entity. The attorney can undertake only those legal transactions for which he is authorized. Authoriser can narrow or revoke his authorization, even if he renounced this right in the contract. Revocation of power of attorney and its narrowing has no influence on the third person who has concluded a contract with a representative, or perform other legal work, and did not know nor had to know that the power of attorney is revoked, or narrowed. The power of attorney ceases by termination of a legal entity as a proxy, as well as by the death of a representative. The reason of the similarity of these provisions in the two republics is in the fact that they were once part of the same large country. Thus, legislators are now, in separate states, considering this problem in a similar way.

Предмет докторске дисертације је рад два ванредна суда – Чрезвичајног суда над бунтовницима (1839) и Преког суда формираног поводом Катанске буне (1844). Први је формиран пошто је пропала Јованова буна, коју је подстакао кнез Милош Обреновић (1815–1839, 1858–1860) с циљем да ослаби утицај својих противника у Државном савету и васпостави своју апсолутну власт. Формирању Чрезвичајног суда претходила је истрага против осумњичених за учешће у буни, коју су водиле чак четири истражне комисије. Оне су током свог рада користила следећа доказна средства: признања окривљених, суочења окривљених, сведоке, суочења окривљених и сведока и писане исправе. Чрезвичајни суд почео је са радом 25. јула 1839. И он је спровео доказни поступак, у којем су коришћена мање-више иста доказна средства. Пошто су изведени докази, Чрезвичајни суд је приступио доношењу пресуда. Мање важни окривљени су или ослобођени кривице или осуђени на благе казне, док су они за које је Чрезвичајни суд устанио да су били покретачи и организатори буне осуђени на вишегодишње казне лишења слободе. Мање важни осуђени помиловани су још за време рада Чрезвичајног суда, да би недуго након тога уследило и помиловање важнијих осуђеника.Катанска буна, догађај који је представљао повод за формирање другог ванредног суда, представља неуспели покушај присталица династије Обреновић да оборе устваобранитељски режим, одиграо се између 22. и 25. септембра 1844. Против неких од заробљених бунтовника истрагу су водили Тома Вучић Перишић, командант војске упућене да угуши побуну, и Стеван Новаковић, судија шабачког окружног суда. Истражни поступак, и то против свих окривљених водио је и сам Преки суд. Сем доказних средстава наведених у излагању о Чрезвичајном суду, у истрази коју је водио Преки суд употребљавано је и јемство представника власти за окривљене. Организатори и предводници буне осуђени су на смрт, они који су знали за буну пре њеног избијања, а то нису пријавили властима, на доживотну робију, лица која су се придружила бунтовницима на казне лишења слободе у различитом трајању, а они који су искористили метеж настао побуном за крађе на телесне казне или затвор од две године. У току 1845. и 1846. један број осуђених ослобођен је даљег издржавања казне, а неким осуђеницима казне су ублажене. Међутим, већина осуђених наставила је да издржава казне по слову пресуда Преког суда.Разлог због којег је Преки суд био строжи него Чрезвичајни суд лежи у политичким околностима у којима су они деловали. Противници кнеза Милоша 1839. нису имали подршку у народу и због тога нису смели строгим кажњавањем да одвраћају потенцијалне присталице од себе. С друге стране, 1844. није постојала реална опасност од повратка Обреновића на српски престо. То је омогућило уставобранитељској власти да много строже казни покушај обреновићевске реакције., Predmet doktorske disertacije je rad dva vanredna suda – Črezvičajnog suda nad buntovnicima (1839) i Prekog suda formiranog povodom Katanske bune (1844). Prvi je formiran pošto je propala Jovanova buna, koju je podstakao knez Miloš Obrenović (1815–1839, 1858–1860) s ciljem da oslabi uticaj svojih protivnika u Državnom savetu i vaspostavi svoju apsolutnu vlast. Formiranju Črezvičajnog suda prethodila je istraga protiv osumnjičenih za učešće u buni, koju su vodile čak četiri istražne komisije. One su tokom svog rada koristila sledeća dokazna sredstva: priznanja okrivljenih, suočenja okrivljenih, svedoke, suočenja okrivljenih i svedoka i pisane isprave. Črezvičajni sud počeo je sa radom 25. jula 1839. I on je sproveo dokazni postupak, u kojem su korišćena manje-više ista dokazna sredstva. Pošto su izvedeni dokazi, Črezvičajni sud je pristupio donošenju presuda. Manje važni okrivljeni su ili oslobođeni krivice ili osuđeni na blage kazne, dok su oni za koje je Črezvičajni sud ustanio da su bili pokretači i organizatori bune osuđeni na višegodišnje kazne lišenja slobode. Manje važni osuđeni pomilovani su još za vreme rada Črezvičajnog suda, da bi nedugo nakon toga usledilo i pomilovanje važnijih osuđenika.Katanska buna, događaj koji je predstavljao povod za formiranje drugog vanrednog suda, predstavlja neuspeli pokušaj pristalica dinastije Obrenović da obore ustvaobraniteljski režim, odigrao se između 22. i 25. septembra 1844. Protiv nekih od zarobljenih buntovnika istragu su vodili Toma Vučić Perišić, komandant vojske upućene da uguši pobunu, i Stevan Novaković, sudija šabačkog okružnog suda. Istražni postupak, i to protiv svih okrivljenih vodio je i sam Preki sud. Sem dokaznih sredstava navedenih u izlaganju o Črezvičajnom sudu, u istrazi koju je vodio Preki sud upotrebljavano je i jemstvo predstavnika vlasti za okrivljene. Organizatori i predvodnici bune osuđeni su na smrt, oni koji su znali za bunu pre njenog izbijanja, a to nisu prijavili vlastima, na doživotnu robiju, lica koja su se pridružila buntovnicima na kazne lišenja slobode u različitom trajanju, a oni koji su iskoristili metež nastao pobunom za krađe na telesne kazne ili zatvor od dve godine. U toku 1845. i 1846. jedan broj osuđenih oslobođen je daljeg izdržavanja kazne, a nekim osuđenicima kazne su ublažene. Međutim, većina osuđenih nastavila je da izdržava kazne po slovu presuda Prekog suda.Razlog zbog kojeg je Preki sud bio stroži nego Črezvičajni sud leži u političkim okolnostima u kojima su oni delovali. Protivnici kneza Miloša 1839. nisu imali podršku u narodu i zbog toga nisu smeli strogim kažnjavanjem da odvraćaju potencijalne pristalice od sebe. S druge strane, 1844. nije postojala realna opasnost od povratka Obrenovića na srpski presto. To je omogućilo ustavobraniteljskoj vlasti da mnogo strože kazni pokušaj obrenovićevske reakcije., The subject of this doctoral dissertation are two irregular courts – Irregular Court for Rebels (1839) and Martial Court formed on the occasion of Katanska Rebellion (1844). The first of these two courts was formed after Jovan’s rebellion, incited by Prince Miloš Obrenović (1815–1839, 1858–1860) with the goal of weakening the authority of his opponents in State Council and renewal of the ruler’s absolute power, had been quenched. Antecedent of the Irregular Court’s establishment, four investigation boards had undertaken the investigation against the persons suspected of participation in Jovan’s Rebellion. In the course of the inquiry the boards produced following evidence: suspects’ confessions, confrontations of suspects, witnesses, confrontations of suspects with witnesses and documentary evidence. Irregular Court commenced its work on July 25th 1839. This institution also performed production of evidence, during which more or less above-cited sorts of evidence were produced. After the evidence had been shown, Irregular Court turned to deliberation. Less important suspects were either acquitted or sentenced to mild punishments, as those who Irregular Court found organizers and instigators of Jovan’s Rebellion are condemned to multiyear prison sentences. The convicts of less significance were pardoned while Irregular Court’s activity was still in progress. Not long after, more important convicts were granted pardon as well. Katane (Hussars)’s Rebellion, the event that occasioned the formation of the second irregular court, represents an unsuccessful attempt of Obrenović dynasty's followers to overthrow Constitution-Defenders' regime. The inquiry against some of the suspects was conducted by Toma Vučić Perišić, the commander of the troops sent to put down Katane's Rebellion, and Stevan Novaković, a judge of Šabac District Court. Martial Court also carried out investigations, of which all suspects were subjects. Besides evidence mentioned in previous paragraph, vouchments for a suspects' moral integrity and rightful political attitude, given by the representatives of local authorities, were also used in the proceedings led by Martial Court. The organizers and instigators of Katane's Rebellion were sentenced to death, the persons who knew that the rebellion would break out and did not report it to the authorities were condemned to perpetual forced labor, the individuals who joined the rebells were sentenced to prison whose duration varied. The people who used Rebellion-provoked tumultation to commit thefts and burgalries were, according to verdicts of Court Martial, to undertake corporal punishments or two-year prison. In 1845 and 1846 a certain number of convicts was pardonned, as some sentences were mitigated. Nevertheless, most of them were not granted pardon.The reason of Martial Court's greater harshness in comparison with Irregular Court lies in political circumstances in which the two institutions worked. Prince Miloš’opponents were not favorite among the people. Therefore they did not want to even more deteriorate their low popularity by admitting Irregular Court to pronounce severe punishments. On the other hand, in 1844 Obrenovićs’ partisans were not serious threat to Constitution-Defenders regime. It enabled power-holders to punish an attempt of Obrenović’s reaction more severely.