Search

A positive attitude towards physical education (PE) is an important component of students’ engagement in classes and extracurricular physical activities. Relying on students’ interests when planning the class work can contribute to the formation of such an attitude. The research was aimed at verifying the effects of the experimental programme “Inclusion of music in Physical Education classes” on the formation of students’ attitude towards PE. An experiment with parallel groups that lasted for 26 classes was applied in the research on the sample of 141 primary school students attending the seventh grade. In the initial and final testing two instruments for measuring the attitudes were applied: the Students’ Attitudes toward Physical Education - SATPE and the Connotative Differential (CD-15). In the final testing, the experimental group also completed the questionnaire on students’ assessment of classes with and without music. The analysis of variance has shown that the experimental group achieved considerably higher scores at the final testing compared to the initial on the cognitive and conative subscales of the CD-15 instrument. This change was not linked to gender, PE grade and involvement in music. It has been shown that students in the experimental group assessed more positively the classes accompanied by music compared to the classes without music, measured by the questionnaire on students’ assessment of classes with and without music. It can be concluded that the application of music has influenced the development of a more positive attitude towards PE, observed via the cognitive and conative dimension, which points to the fact that it is justifiable and desirable to use music in PE education. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 179018 i br. 47015]

Osnovni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati povezanost obrade emocionalno obojenog materijala i bazične strukture ličnosti. Za potrebe istraživanja konstruisana su tri eksperimenta u kojima je ispitivano afektivno primovanje u zadatku evaluativne odluke. Pod afektivnim primovanjem se podrazumeva facilitacija odgovora na neki stimulus ako mu prethodi stimulus iste afektivne valence i/ili inhibicija ukoliko mu prethodi stimulus suprotne afektivne valence. Ispitanicima su na ekranu računara jedan za drugim prikazivana po dva stimulusa iste ili različite afektivne valence (stimulusprim i stimulus-meta), a njihov zadatak je bio da prtiskom na jedan od tastera odgovore da li je drugi stimulus u paru afektivno pozitivan ili negativan. U prvom eksperimentu je korišćen isključivo vizuelni materijal (složene fotografije), u drugom su kao stimulusiprimovi korišćene fotografije, a kao stimulusi-mete reči i u trećem je korišćen samo verbalni materijal (imenice). Vizuelni stimulusi izabrani su iz baze International Affective Picture System (Lang et al, 2008), a verbalni iz baze Konotativni rečnik (Janković, 2000). Bazična struktura ličnosti definisana je modelom Velikih pet (Costa & McCrae, 1985), Dezintegracije (Knežević et al, 2005), Amorala (Knežević, 2003) i Kibernetičkog modela intelektualnog funkcionisanja (Wolf et al, 1992), a operacionalizovana inventarima NEO PI-R, DELTA 10, AMRL 15 i KOG 9. Rezultati analize varijanse su pokazali da se struktura efekta afektivnog primovanja razlikuje u zavisnosti od modaliteta prikazanih stimulusa. U eksperimentu u kome je korišćen isključivo vizuelni materijal dobijen je samo efekat facilitacije negativnih stimulusa. U eksperimentu u kome su kombinovani vizuelni i verbalni stimulusi dobijen je efekat facilitacije za pozitivne stimuluse, kao i efekti inhibicije i za pozitivne i za negativne stimuluse. U eksperimentu u kome je korišćen isključivo verbalni materijal efekti primovanja nisu bili značajni. Rezultati regresione analize su pokazali da postoji povezanost efekata afektivnog primovanja i pojedinih dimenzija bazične strukture ličnosti. Efekat facilitacije negativnih stimulusa u eksperimentu u kome je korišćen vizuelni materijal je povezan sa crtom dezintegracije, a efekat facilitacije pozitivnih stimulusa sa opštim intelektualnim sposobnostima. U eksperimentu u kome je kombinovan verbalni i vizuelni materijal facilitacija negativnih stimulusa je povezana sa dimenzijama amorala i otvorenosti (Velikih pet). I, na kraju, dimenzija otvorenosti je povezana sa kraćim vremenom reakcije na afektivno obojene stimuluse u sva tri eksperimenta. Rezultati su diskutovani u svetlu teorija o procesiranju afektivno obojenog materijala i mehanizama njegove povezanosti sa prostorom bazične strukture ličnosti. The main goal of this research was to examine the relationship between processing of affective material and basic personality structure. We constructed three experiments in which we investigated affective priming in an evaluative decision task. Affective priming is consisted of response facilitation to a certain stimulus if it was subsequent to a stimulus of the same affective valence and/or response inhibition if it was subsequent to a stimulus of the opposite affective valence. Subjects were presented on a computer screen with pairs of stimuli which appeared one after another (stimulusprime and stimulus-target) with either the same or the opposite affective valence. Their task was to determine whether the second stimulus is affectively positive or negative by clicking the appropriate key. In the first experiment, only visual material was used (complex images), in the second experiment photographs were used as stimuli-primes and words as stimuli-targets, whilst in the third experiment only verbal material was used (nouns). Visual stimuli were selected from International Affective Picture System (Lang et al, 2008), and verbal stimuli from Connotative Dictionary (Janković, 2000). Basic structure of personality was defined by the Five-Factor model (Costa & McCrae, 1985), Disintegration, (Knežević et al, 2005), Amorality (Knežević, 2003) and the Cybernetic model of intellectual functioning (Wolf et al, 1992), and operationalized by using inventories NEO PI-R, DELTA 10, AMRL 15 and KOG 9. Results of analysis of variance showed that the structure of affective priming effect differs depending on the sensory modality of presented stimuli. In the experiment in which only visual stimuli were used, only the facilitation effect for negative stimuli proved significant. In the experiment in which visual and verbal stimuli were combined, facilitation effect for positive stimuli and inhibition effects for both positive and negative stimuli were all statistically significant. In the experiment in which only verbal stimuli were used, no priming effects reached statistical significance. Results of regression analysis showed that there is a correlation between affective priming effects and certain dimensions of basic personality structure. In the first experiment in which only visual material was used, facilitation effect for negative stimuli correlates to Disintegration trait and facilitation effect for positive stimuli with intellectual abilities. In the second experiment in which both verbal and visual material was used, facilitation effect for negative stimuli correlates with Amorality and Openness to Experience (Five-Factor model). And, finally, dimension Openness to Experience correlates with shorter reaction time to affective stimuli in all three experiments. Results are discussed in light of theories of affective material processing and mechanisms of its relation to basic personality structure.