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The COVID-19 pandemic is a non-economic, external, and unpredictable shock which directly affects the real economy, having the potential to degenerate into an economic and financial crisis. The paper aim is to find an institutional and structural way by which the economies could manage such shocks without covering unspecified risks or handling unknown uncertainties. In fact, the paper proposes a sui generis immune system of the economy which consists in endowing that economy with an anti-fragile potential to oppose against perturbations (either external or internal), no matter what kind, or their intensity, and even to gain from those perturbations. The proposal is analogous, from structural and functional point of view, with the biological immune mechanism, but it is designed on institutional bases (both discretionary and automatic). The anti-fragility property is more relevant and productive than other similar properties, such as: robustness, resilience, homeostasis and so on.

The author is addressing the problem of systematic inclusion of the topics of social economy into the accredited higher education study programmes in Slovenia. To support the actuality of the research problem, education in social economyis shown as public policies priority on national and European level. The paper aims to answers the question of existence of social economy courses in the study programmes on business (and business-related management) and the question about correspondence of the content of these courses to the needs for competences of actors in the sector of social economy. The paper also presents different types of inclusion of the topics of social economy into the systems of higher education in Europe with the purpose to show possible directions for further development of social economy education in higher education system in Slovenia. The results of the research aim to have didactical, developmental and advocacy value and applicability.

The maritime industry faces the challenge of implementing a digital culture inherent in the 21st century and a modern way of doing business in shipping, maritime ports, and a more expansive, within a whole maritime logistic chain. The main question is the implications for marketing when the maritime business's digital transformation is an emerging issue. The paper is designed using the PEST impact matrix. The systematic literature review, literature analysis, and synthesis are the main methods applied. The most important results are political, economic, social, and technological changes of modern maritime business and their important implications for maritime marketing. These implications revealed the nature of change, the anticipated impact of change, opportunity or threats, and marketing's strategic response to the contemporary external environment.The paper fills the current literary gap and draws attention to the trends of the marketing, business organization, and human resource management in the maritime industry. All is linked with digital culture, which is still developing within the maritime industry.

This paper aims to analyse the determinants affecting the trading of services and examine the causality between the trading of services and the factors affecting the trade. For the study, the fixed effects panel data regression has been used. The results indicate that as the income of a country increases, its trade in services also increases. The use of the internet and mobile phones are also important indicators of trade in services and an increase in their use reduces the cost of trading services. Free trade agreements play an important role in developing countries like Brazil and China for trading services. The paper has been organized as follows –the first section gives a brief introduction about services and the objectives of the study, the second section is a discussion about the existing literature, section three gives the data and methodology used for this study, the fourth section provides the results and analysis, section five concludes the study, and the last section discusses some of the limitations of the study.

Russia's invasion of Ukraine is creating instability in the financial markets, with European stock markets falling, and the effects reflected in energy and food prices. A war scenario brings with it a humanitarian crisis and it is the most vulnerable who suffer the worst consequences. Based on these events it is intended in this paper to test the persistence of returns on the IMOEX capital market, Russian Sovereign OT (10 YR), and the WTI oil index over the period April 24th, 2017, to April 22nd, 2022. To perform this analysis different approaches were undertaken to analyse, if: (i) do the analysed markets exhibit persistence in their returns? The results suggest that the returns do not follow the i.i.d. hypothesis from dimension 2, reinforcing the idea that time series returns are nonlinear in nature or have a significant nonlinear component, except for the Russian capital market, which was expected considering the results of the Ljung-Box (with squares of the returns) and ARCH-LM tests.

Studies revealed that women are less likely to be entrepreneurs and face more disadvantages starting businesses than men, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Thus, the authors investigated the importance of women’s economic empowerment and its impact on the rise of female entrepreneurship and human capital in Botswana. Objectives: The paper aims to get an in-depth insight into the issue and to recognise the most relevant factors and how they influence female entrepreneurship in the selected country. The findings should underline the importance of policies and initiatives for female entrepreneurs and the consequential positive effect on the country’s progress in achieving gender equality and economic growth. Methods/ approach: The research included a case study analysis with four in-depth expert interviews. Data triangulation ensured the study's validity, and the case was examined through pattern matching.

Emerging markets are amongst some of the fastest-growing economies on the globe. However, they must enhance human capital to enable a nation's long-term development. The theory states that the increase in workforce participation highly impacts GDP per capita. Additionally, developing markets can grow even further if they increase women's rate in the labour market. The paper aims to determine the main obstacles for women in the job market and identify the impact of female participation on national development by conducting a case study analysis for Guatemala. The authors decided to apply a data triangulation approach and chose a mixture of three sources of data: documents, archival records, and interviews. Guatemala holds an unfavourable rank in the Global Gender Gap Index. The findings demonstrate that the workforce rate is increasing but still severely lower than the men's rate. In Guatemala, the high number of women in tertiary education does not translate into higher female workforce participation. The main issues are cultural stereotypes, limited access to the job market, and difficulties with combining work and childcare.

The purpose of this paper is to present the overview of the existing literature that examines the effectiveness of the EU economic governance in delivering on EU economic goals. This topic is especially important in the context of the ongoing Review of the economic governance of the EU, launched in October 2021, with the aim to present the recommendations for the further improvement of the EU governance framework. The overview of the existing literature on the effectiveness of the EU governance framework in delivering economic goals, for the period from 2011 to 2019 is focused on two equally important lines: 1. studies examining the relationship between the effectiveness of the governance in achieving economic goals; and 2. studies focused on the impact of the implementation of the policy recommendations on the economic performance of the Member States. Presented overview of the relevant literature shows that significant effort has been put in analysing the effectiveness of the EU governance model. However, complete assessment of the effectiveness of the EU governance model will benefit from further analysis of the impact of the European semester on the economic performance of the Member States and EU as a whole. The examination of this link is crucial for the comprehensive assessment of the role and relevance of the European semester both in the governance and economic framework of the EU.

Paper describes the challenges faced by many innovative companies trying to successfully launch new products on the market. According to existing research, which confirms that a large proportion of newly launched products fail commercially, in addition to the basic characteristics of the new product, the purpose of the thesis is to explore how the organisation can successfully contribute to product success mainly through sales activities or more precisely the sales staff who makes the first contact with customers. Their task is even more complex with more innovative products, as this type of sales is different from the usual, and at the same time requires a good understanding of how customers behave and how they think.The sales staff of Slovenian companies has credible experience in this area, and in the conducted research, they gave their views, opinions and experiences on the way of selling innovative products and how it differs from the sale of products that are already known on the market

Due to more and more stringent environmental regulations, the automotive industry is increasingly turning to the production of electric cars. The rate of their introduction onto the market will be influenced by the opinion of potential buyers. In our research, consumers' views on electric cars in Slovenia, which influence the purchase probability of their buyers' decisions, were investigated. A quantitative research method and an online survey were used. The analysis of the obtained results established the understanding of electric cars among potential consumers and what expectations they have of them, assessed the importance of various features of such cars and determined which ones are more or less important to consumers when buying something. The paper studied how long consumers plan to make a purchase and determined their views on the overall environmental impact of electric cars compared to conventional fossil fuel cars.

The modern world is a world of global trends. Studies often do not take into account the nonlinearity of the process and create the appearance of automatically deepening and expanding global processes that affect all areas of life. Globalization is considered in the article as a non-linear process of spatial interaction, mutual influence and interdependence of the world economy subjects. One of the main periodization criteria of economic globalization is the qualitative changes in spatio-temporal relations. Thepurpose of the paper is to justify the reasons for the emergence of a new phase of globalization. The pandemic has triggered a serious blow to the global interdependent economy. This means that globalization is entering a new phase.

The coronavirus is a phenomenon in the last months. The impact on the economy is devastating, especially on tourism. The national governments put into practice several supportive measures to avert the collapse. A specific tool was introduced for tour operators –the issue of vouchers instead of money refund. This paper aims to identify and analyse the risks of this measure offered by the Czech government. The identification is based on a combination of sources and methods. The methodologies used are open-question questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Preliminary results assume that the real risks associated with vouchers are the validity of insurance, the validity of vouchers and the future cash flow of tour operators.