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Jewellery made of precious stones and metals is a luxury item, referring to goods with excessive consumer properties. At the same time, the sphere of turnover of precious metals, precious stones (PMPS) and products made from them is of strategic importance for the formation and development of the state economy. Businesses operating in this sphere are subject to compulsory registration in a special state register. The government is interested in supporting the jewellery industry and increasing its turnover, which is directly dependent on the population’s demand for PMPS products.Popular demand, in turn, depends on many factors that have their own specificities in relation to the area under study. An assessment of the factors based on expert opinion, conducted by the author with interviews of a group of consumers, the study of scientific research materials and journalistic articles from various Internet resources, indicates the acceptable superiority of offers of jewellery made of precious stones and metals, focused on the potential increase in the possibilities of sunlight.The conclusions presented in the paper on the factors influencing demand are recommended for use in the development of business development strategies and may be useful in making decisions on state regulation of the sale of jewellery made from PMPS.

The article updates the issues of formation and implementation of the logistic mechanism of operation and development of domestic production enterprises. The purpose of the study is to generalize and further develop the methodological foundations of the formation of the logistic mechanism of activities of domestic enterprises. It is proven that the logistic mechanism of the enterprise should be considered as a set of its elements that interact with each other to ensure the proper level of efficiency of logistic activities, implementation of the enterprise's logistics strategy. Such elements are: its subjects, objects, purpose, goals, tasks, aspects of strategy and tactics, tools, means, resource provision, etc. On the other hand, the logistic mechanism has its own specifics associated with purely logistic aspects. It is found that the efficiency of the logistic mechanism of the enterprise should be understood as the ability of the economic entity to ensure smooth and efficient processes of stock management, transportation of material stocks and finished products, warehousing, packaging, freight processing, procurement and distribution; formation of a full-fledged, high-quality and efficiently functioning logistic system; implementation of business logistic strategies. It is argued that the achievement of this goal requires the implementation of such functions as security, rhythmicity, balance, stimulation and the addition of added value. The leading areas of formation and implementation of the logistic mechanism of the enterprise have been identified, namely, inventory management; purchases; transportation; warehousing; distribution; packaging; freight processing. The measures aimed at increasing the efficiency of the enterprise's logistic mechanism should be implemented in accordance with these very directions.

This study examines the disruptions in the operations of state trade enterprises and consumer cooperatives in providing food to the population of Bashkortostan during the Great Patriotic War. The article is based on unpublished documents from the National Archives of the Republic of Bashkortostan, as well as materials from periodicals. It is revealed that the weakening of the state’s control functions led to an increase in embezzlement and theft in trade and public catering enterprises. The combination of reduced trade turnover and the rise in abuses within the supply system resulted in severe food shortages. Supply disruptions affected workers, officials, evacuated populations, children, and medical institutions. Various abuses are discussed, including food ration card counterfeiting, different forms of self-supply, and instances of double provisioning. Attention is given to violations in accounting for population groups and inflated supply norms. It is established that combating abuses in the supply system was complicated by the involvement of enterprise leaders, shop workers, accountants, and representatives of auditing bodies in criminal activities. The conclusion is drawn that despite numerous violations, the supply system only minimally provided essential food items to the population of Bashkortostan with interruptions and not in full.

In recent years, the popularity of the word mercenary and the acronym PMCs (private military company) has increased in scientific and public discourses, which a number of experts associate with the changing world order. The article seeks to identify the reasons for the use of mercenary military force by international actors. The author proceeds from the fact that the fundamental reasons of the mercenary-customer partnership, remain unchanged and are not subject to changes occurring both within States and in the international system. These reasons originate from the imperfections of the military apparatus, which are referred to in the article as "flaws". The author identifies 3 levels of flaws: political, organizational and executive. The political level represents the risks associated with the use of military force for the decision-maker. Hired military force is used to hedge such risks. Problems of the organizational level can be seen in various features of the preparation of a military operation and are often associated with the limitations or slowness of the bureaucratic apparatus. The advantage of a private contractor is greater flexibility. Executive-level problems stem from the inefficiency of the armed forces in carrying out specific combat tasks. Mercenaries often have unique skills and embrace innovations faster than the public sector. Despite the fact that more specific reasons for the use of mercenary military force may depend on the characteristics of the historical period and the political system, the three-level classification of flaws is applicable both over the entire time period and in the vast majority of spheres, including cyberspace.

The aim of the article is to study the demand for educational services in Ukraine under the influence of economic, political and social factors that are effective in the country. Among the main factors influencing the demand for educational services are the COVID-19 pandemic, the full-scale invasion of the russian federation on the territory of Ukraine and, as a result, migration processes, the destruction of educational infrastructure, changes in the structure of the labor market, budget constraints, reduction of funding at the expense of households, etc. The projected value of the reduction in demand for educational services (number of entrants) by 2025 based on the studied parameters is on average 10%. A correlation and regression analysis was carried out to study the demand for educational services of higher education institutions (HEIs) depending on the main demographic, economic, political and social indicators. According to the analysis of the correlation matrix, the factors that have a high level of closeness of interconnection and a direct impact on the number of entrants to HEIs are the number of school graduates, the number of population aged 16–59 years and the employment rate. Factors such as a decrease in education costs, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the occupation have an inverse impact on the number of entrants. The paper considers the study of the effectiveness of the State regulation of admission to the budget form of education in individual specialties. For this purpose, data on the results of the 2023 admission campaign from the Unified State Electronic Database on Education were used. It is found that in 2023, the highest demand is for specialties related to the social and philological direction (Psychology, Journalism), as well as those that have a well-established importance in terms of prestige and employment (Dentistry, International Relations, specialties in the IT profile, etc.). On the other hand, the lowest demand is for engineering specialties, where the competition is two applications for three budget-funded places. The article uses econometric methods of analysis of digital information, analyzes the influence model between the indicators of the passing score and the general competition. Recommendations are provided on the revision of the policy of admission and competitive selection of students in certain specialties, taking into account the existing established trends in the demand for engineering specialties and taking into account the factor of occupation of the country’s territory and, as a result, changes in the structure of production and needs in the labor market.

Numerous factors influence competitiveness in the global oilseed market, including technological innovations, trade policies, consumer preferences, and pricing strategies.This article emphasizes the need for further research in this field to enhance understanding and opti-mize competitiveness in the dynamic oilseed industry. Over the past 25 years, global oilseed production has doubled due to increasing demand for vegetable oils driven by factors such as rising food consump-tion in developing countries, industrial utilization of vegetable oils, dietary shifts favoring plant-based oils, and biofuel adoption. Oilseeds are not only important for human nutrition but also serve as oilseed meal being crucial for animal nutrition.The objective of this research is to assess the competitiveness of major oilseed exporters in the market using the Competitiveness Growth Index. The article tests the hypothesis that “the competitive-ness of Brazil’s soybean exports continues to surpass that of the United States between 2010 and 2020.” Empirical methods are used to substantiate this hypothesis, such as revealed comparative advantage and comparison of country values.The Competitiveness Growth Index is utilized to evaluate the competitiveness of oilseed exports collectively and for each major oilseed among the top six exporters. Through the calculation of the com-petitiveness growth index, the article demonstrates the increasing competitiveness of Brazilian oilseeds and the declining competitiveness of the United States over a 10-year period. Brazil has emerged as the world’s largest oilseed exporter, competing directly with the United States in soybean exports.In the context of growing trade liberalization, globalization, and reduced agricultural subsidies, the competitiveness of the oilseed sector holds strategic importance. As competition among producer re-gions intensifies, the significance of competitiveness further amplifies. Ongoing research in this area will contribute to a better understanding of the factors impacting competitiveness in the oilseed market and facilitate strategic decision-making for industry participants

Relevance of the research topic. The structural transformations of the national economy, competition intensification, and unfavourable demographic changes lead to dramatic changes in the labor market, which is characterized by a mismatch between the demand and the supply of labour and vocational qualification and educational levels as well as types of economic activity. The consequences of the full-scale military aggression of the russian federation in Ukraine weakens the potential of the labor market. Firstly, there are barriers to the free movement of production factors, including workforce. Secondly, there are losses of production facilities and infrastructure. Thirdly, as a result of forced migration, there are negative trends in employment and income. Furthermore, the structure of the labor market has changed significantly: there is an imbalance between labor supply and demand, and regional disparities in the concentration of labor resources deepens. Formulation of the problem. The stabilization of the national labor market, growth in employment, redistribution of the workforce for the post-war recovery of Ukraine's economy require the development of effective labor market management mechanisms in the context of training specialists, formation of special skills, the development of professional education system to minimize educational-professional and regional imbalances. Analysis of recent research and publications. The trends in demand and supply on the labor market, the influence of various factors on its structure are investigated by domestic (V. Antoniuk, V. Brych, V. Heiets, A. Hrishnova, L. Ilich, A. Kolot, M. Krymova, E. Libanova, A. Novikova, I. Petrova, N. Rushchyshyn, Z. Smutchak, L. Shaulska, N. Yakymova) and foreign scientists (D. Alpisbaeva, H. Andersen, G. Becker, G. Brisese, M. Kali, S. McGuinness, M. Popp, A. Robay, P. Sloan, G. Fields, R. Freeman). The results of research of educational and qualification disproportions in the labor sphere are reflected in the works of N. Azmuk, V. Twin, O. Kupets, L. Lisohor, V. Sarioglo, L. Fedunichik, who study the disproportionality of labour supply and demand in terms of the uneven distribution of workers in terms of occupations and economic activities, due to the imbalance between the available and the required levels of professional competence of employees. The development of the system of vocational and technical education as a source of formation of the labour market of vocational professions is described in the scientific developments of A. Amoshi, I. Hnibidenko, M. Dolishny, V. Kutsenko, M. Semikina, V. Shmatova and others. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. Despite some progress in resolving these problems, the impact of the vocational training system on the sectoral and regional disparities in the national labour market is not sufficiently investigated; as well as the risks and threats caused by the military actions in Ukraine are still not taken into account. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. The above-mentioned circumstances make it expedient to assess educational, vocational and sectoral imbalances in the labour market and identify guidelines for redressing the imbalance between labour supply and demand. Method or methodology for conducting research. In the process of research general scientific (analysis and synthesis, abstract-logical, generalization and system analysis) and special methods of studying economic phenomena and processes are used. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The paper analyses the dynamics of the labour market, indicating the steady trend towards the decrease of the number of employed population. An assessment of the structure of demand and supply in the labour market by economic activity and occupational group reveals an excess in the labour market of the economically active population, which associates itself with the following areas of the economy: agriculture, trade and vehicle repair, public administration. There is an unmet demand for workers in the manufacturing industry, transport, health, education. Among the professional groups, a large proportion of the unemployed are trade and service workers, employees and managers, and the most demanded in the labour market are skilled vocational professionals. The results of the study highlight that the current problem of the national labour market and the existing imbalance between the supply of labour and the demand for it is the mismatch between educational services of the vocational training system to the needs of the labour market, insufficient level of vocational education, imperfect state and regional order for skilled workers, lack of effective interaction between stakeholders, insufficient motivation of young people for vocational professions. Conclusion according to the article. In order to overcome the existing negative trends, it is necessary to increase vocational guidance among schoolchildren. This guidance should focus on popularization of relevant and promising professions. It should contribute to strengthening the capacity of public employment services; expand the range of services and improve their quality. Career guidance ought to strengthen the practical component of training of workers and develop the system of dual education. There should be introduction of the program “job security for young people”, initiation of the research on formation of specialties, skills and qualifications, taking into account the strategic outlook of the labour market. Social dialogue in the context of creating conditions for continuing vocational education should be created. There should be promotion of the development of small and medium-sized enterprises as well as constant content of educational programmes to meet the needs of the regional labour market and expand the competencies of skilled workers. State standards for specific occupations on a modular and competency basis should be introduced. There is a strong demand for improvement of the material and technical base of vocational schools as well as modernization of the network of educational establishments. The implementation of these directions will contribute to the formation and development of innovative human capital, restoration of the quality of the workforce, and overcoming the imbalance in the labor market. The balancing of the labor market is the main need for post-war development, and effective employment must be an integral part of post-war reconstruction social policy.

Commercial micro-ingredients of certain types are a gap in the Russian food industry. This article describes the Russian market for micro-ingredients, their impact on the sustainability of domestic food systems, and state support prospects. The study featured the development of micro-ingredient markets in the context of sustainable food systems. It relied on the theory of world-system analysis, as well as on the methods of comparative and statistical analyses. The materials were obtained from the Federal State Statistics Service, the Federal Customs Service, the Russian Export Center, and various rating and information agencies, including publically available data from the UN, the FAO, and the Union of Food Ingredients Producers. The authors assessed the impact of micro-ingredient markets on the sustainability of food systems and the effect of global and domestic market trends on the demand and supply of micro-ingredients. When strategizing state support for domestic producers of micro-ingredients, government should proceed from the availability of raw materials and competition. The article introduces a comparative analysis of the Russian market of flavoring agents, which includes both foreign and domestic producers, and the Russian market of citric acid, represented solely by Chinese companies. In the first case, the government should support the existing domestic producers and strengthen their positions in the Russian markets, with prospects for foreign market penetration. In the second case, the Russian food industry has to launch domestic products able to occupy the Russian market and defeat the powerful foreign competitors that are ready to use dumping. The analysis also revealed the main directions of state support for the domestic production of competitive micro-ingredients and their components. The results can be used to strategize state support measures for the domestic micro-ingredients in order to improve food security and the stability of the Russian food system to external shocks.

Backround. Against the background of the conflict between the director of the Kuibyshev Aviation Institute F.I. Stebikhov and Associate Professor S.S. Mezhevikin, the article examines the role of informal connections in the Soviet academic circles during the Second world war. The purpose of the article is to study the activities of the “most active members of the institute” – the dominant group that controlled the process of distribution of scarce goods and took part in solving the most significant issues facing the team. Materials and methods. The basis of the study was unpublished archival documents located in the funds of the Samara Regional State Archive of Socio-Political History and the Samara National Research University. The methodological basis of the study is the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency. Results. The phases of the conflict are consistently studied, starting from the sending of the teachers to public works and ending with the dismissal. Strategies of behavior of the participants were identified, including complaints to officials and letters to the editorial offices of newspapers. Conclusions. In addition to the formal hierarchy, the institute had a system of informal relations. The most active members of the institute, which had weight and authority in the eyes of the staff, formed a common position on a number of significant issues and largely determined the attitude towards each member of the team. The authors come to the conclusion that it was the most active members of the institute that played a decisive role in the development and resolution of the conflict.

Objective. The purpose of the work is to develop universal logistics approaches to modeling the optimal supply chain management system in the conditions of a multimodal service center.Method. The methodological basis of the study is theoretical and experimental research in the field of creating an effective model of supply chain management in transport systems.Result. A process approach to the strategic management of supply chains for the logistics of transport systems has been formalized, taking into account the influence of a group of factors; developed a methodology for managing relationships with suppliers, taking into account their integration in supply chain management; rational parameters for evaluating the effectiveness of the logistics management system for logistics under given working conditions were determined; a methodology has been developed for managing supply chains of logistics in the conditions of operation of a multimodal service center based on the application of the theory of experiment planning.Conclusion. Optimization of supply chain management (Supply Chain Management, SCM) allows you to effectively plan, form, control and regulate material, financial, information flows throughout the entire life cycle of goods. The resulting regression equations are recommended to be used as a mechanism for analyzing the work with the selected supplier when organizing the optimal management of supply and procurement processes in the transport system in the conditions of operation of the multimodal service center of GRAND MOTORS LLC.

In modern world, under the pressure of buyers on retailers, the main foundations of classical marketing collapse and businesses need to master new pricing tools. Armed with new technologies and techniques, you can effectively influence the economic performance of an enterprise. Therefore, the development of new pricing methods in digital economy is not only an urgent task, but also necessary in the daily activities of business entities. The article describes a price function development model using the main parameters of supply and demand and the generalized Hooke’s law, as the closest one to display the processes of its state. Formulas are given to determine the price and its constituent parameters, taking into account supply and demand indicators, at which it becomes unprofitable for a seller to increase the amount of profit, and to increase the volume of consumption for a consumer. The results obtained allow trading and manufacturing companies during the period of economy digitalization, together with the involvement of financiers and IT experts, to automate the process of calculation and construction of retail prices for their products and move away from manual modeling of these parameters. Purpose is to find, as a first approximation, a mathematical expression of the price, taking into account supply and demand indicators, at which it becomes unprofitable for a seller to increase the amount of profit, and it becomes unprofitable for a consumer to increase the volume of consumption. Methodology: the article describes a model for a price function development using the main parameters of supply and demand and the generalized Hooke’s law. Results: the results obtained allow us to predict profit taking into account the state of demand, while the price of a product may differ significantly from the price calculated by the classical method at the same costs. Practical implication: it is advisable to apply the obtained results for automated calculation and modeling of retail prices for products.

This study aims to analyze the management of the sea transportation business through the operational management of sea transportation, transportation demand and supply in Indonesia. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative. The results of this study showed that the operational management that was done has been carried out properly starting from operational planning, operational scheduling, to operational control. All these activities are carried out in accordance with the operational standards in the company. There are several factors that can affect the demand for sea transportation. These factors are: Economic Factors, Political Factors, and Technological Factors. To meet the very high demand for sea transportation services, a large fleet of ships is needed. The fleet of ships currently operating in Indonesia, was seen by their ownership, consists of national and foreign fleets.

The article presents the author’s approach to the analysis of matching the demand for labor and its supply. The essence of the approach lies in the dynamic assessment the closeness of the relationship between two sets of indicators describing each of the factors. The proposed model for calculating the coefficient characterizing the closeness of the relationship allowed us to consider simultaneously the factors of the formation of demand for labor and its supply, as well as to make quantitative estimates. The approach was tested using the data from the subjects of the Russian Federation situated in the Ural Federal District. The results of the assessment showed that during the period from 2000 to 2019 the closeness of relationship between the indicators of supply and demand factors in the labor market increased. The most significant contribution to the coordination between supply and demand in the regional labor markets is made by the demographic factor, i.e. the share of the population of working age. In addition, in some subjects of the Russian Federation, the functioning of the labor market is quite significantly affected by the retail turnover, the amount of investment in fixed assets and the graduation of specialists. The use of the coefficient of closeness of the relationship allowed us to consider simultaneously all the indicators of the factors of supply and demand in the labor market and make quantitative estimates. Such a unique approach makes it possible to avoid the objectively existing restrictions in the statistical accounting of employment and unemployment

The study is devoted to the energy market of the Sughd region of the Republic of Tajikistan. The features of marketing in the energy sector are highlighted and the authors’ interpretations of the definition of “marketing” in the energy sector are given. The functions of marketing activities in the development of the energy sector of the region are considered. Examples of the correlation between supply and demand for energy products, including electricity, are given for further forecasting the consumption of these products. The ratio analysis of supply and demand of electricity in a certain area was carried out. To identify factors affecting the demand of electricity consumers, an analysis was carried out using statistical and mathematical calculation methods. As a result, a factor that has a greater influence on the demand of electricity consumers has been identified. The ways of solving marketing research for the further successful functioning of the energy company in the interests of society and the social well-being of the population are proposed.Purpose of the study. The purpose of this paper is to study the state of the regional energy market on the basis of marketing research that characterizes the activities of an energy company; identification of indicators such as consumer dissatisfaction with energy products. The paper is based on a dynamic analysis of analytical and statistical information about ongoing processes in the energy sector. The task is to conduct marketing research of supply and demand in the regional energy market.Materials and methods. The information base of the study is analytical information and statistical data on indexes of supply and demand for energy products, including electricity. The methodological basis of the study is represented by statistical methods of information analysis: comparative analysis and analysis of time series.Results. Based on the results of an economic and statistical analysis of consumer demand indicators for the use of energy products, including electricity, factors influencing demand have been identified. Of the three selected factors, it is especially worth noting the demand of consumers using electricity, which are population density indexes, weather conditions and the number of rainfall days in a particular region, it is theoretically established that population density is a more influential index.Conclusion. Energy is the main branch of the national economy of the country, which contributes to the development of the economy and the normal life of the population. Until now, the problem of providing the population and the national economy of the regions of the republic with energy goods and electricity makes us think about new ways to solve the problem. Since hydroelectric power generation in the country is the share of hydroelectric power plants, given the economic and social condition of the country in the power supply system, it will be appropriate to create a marketing system platform.

The article considers a range of issues in the analysis of the consumer society in order to develop an index that characterizes states in terms of the degree of their consumerization. The authors suggest the staging of social changes in the development of the consumer society, the possibility of comparing societies on a scale that reflects this staging, and the presence of distinctive features determined by the mechanism of transition to this type of society. The article explains the role of individual demand, the quantitative increase in the possibilities of which is reflected in its qualitative structure, which determines the growth of the non-material demand, the potential of which far exceeds any possible demand for material goods. Based on the review of studies and statistical data, the authors confirm the central role of branding in the consumer society and develop the consumerization index (IC) as a natural logarithm of the product of the average per capita number of registered trademarks (T) and average per capita consumer spending (S) of households (IC=ln(ST)). The index reflects the space of consumption opportunities for the average individual in a particular society. According to the authors calculations, the lowest values of the index are observed in the poor countries of Asia and Africa, where the consumer society is obviously undeveloped, while the maximum values of the index - in the regions that can be considered a reference in terms of consumption. The authors assessed the convergent and discriminant validity of the index on the indicators of the information society development, economic, political and cultural globalization, and the connections it generates correspond to theoretical expectations. Thus, the constructed index can be considered a valid indicator and can be used in empirical cross-country comparisons based on the concept of the consumer society.

The publication valuates the changes that are expected regarding the supply and demand of jobs in the national labor market under the conditions of digitalization of the economy. The contradictory forecast data and the reasons that cause them are determined. The necessity and possibility of carrying out forecast estimates of labor force supply and demand according to the scenarios of development of the national economy are substantiated. According to forecast estimates, changes in employment by certain types of economic activity in 2025-2030 according to the inertial and targeted scenarios are computed, the consequences of their implementation and the impact on the supply and demand of labor force are defined. The ratios of the demand and supply of labor force and the employed population in the labor market for 2025 and the excess number of employed population in different scenarios of economic development are determined. It is concluded that if the inertial scenario is implemented without accelerated digitalization, the supply of labor force will be 7% more than demand. With the implementation of modern digital and information-communication technologies, almost 29.1% of the potential supply of labor force may remain outside employment. Subject to significant economic growth, taking into account the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), without accelerated digitalization, the demand and supply of labor force will practically be balanced according to the results of computations. Taking into account the implementation of digital and information-communication technologies, the surplus of labor force among the employed can reach 20.9% of the total supply. It is noted that imbalance in the labor market, which arises under the conditions of the implementation of intensive digitalization processes, along with other social risks in the field of employment, will be accompanied by an increase in the volume of labor migration. Attention is focused on the assumption that without the introduction of modern information and digital technologies, Ukraine can remain on the sidelines of world economic and scientific-technological progress, while under such conditions the implementation of the target scenario will be practically impossible

The issue of the formation of the Leningrad airfield network in the pre-war period and its transformation during the years of the blockade are considered. Particular attention is paid to processing statistics of the involved network. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that for the first time a number of data on the results of the work of the airfield construction department of the front and the administration of airfield construction of the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) are being introduced into scientific circulation. The question is raised about the causes of aerodrome-technical problems in the work of aviation in the North-Western direction in the initial period of the war. General information about the airfield network on the “mainland” used by the forces of the 14th air army and the aviation of the Baltic fleet is provided. The author dwells on a detailed examination of the airfields of the Leningrad air hub, their maintenance, use and transformation. Information on the main problems in the use of airfields in the winter period and plans for the development of the network in the period 1942/1943 are given. It is proved that, despite the impressive volume of the airfield network, one way or another involved in the defense of the city, only a limited number of them were used during the most difficult period from the fall of 1941 to the spring of 1943.

The purpose of the study is to clarify and complement the theoretical aspects of the formation of the concept of value chain management, which provides, along with the concepts of demand chain management and supply chain management, the creation of an integral concept of chain management.Methods of research are methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, as well as classification, and tools are binary matrices providing for the joint use of two classification features.As a result of the study, flow management sequences were developed in creating the value of the end user of products and/or services and the stages of transformation of flows of various types; proposed a classification of management situations related to the creation of value; identified the main options for obtaining and assessing the value of the end user of products and/or services; disclosed are processes for optimizing the value of the end user; harmonizing the parameters of value and flows of products and/or services; disseminating and transforming the values of end-users of products and/or services.These results, when further refined, will reveal the areas of interaction between suppliers and consumers in the framework of joint management of values, requirements and supplies; Create prerequisites for improving supply chain management and logistics terminology; Organize better flow management within different chain management concepts, eliminating or reducing cross-functional and other barriers to the creation and delivery of value to end-users of products and/or services.Further areas of improvement include the establishment of harmonized definitions of value chain management, value chain management and supply chain management to provide a basic definition of chain management; clarification of essence, content, causes of occurrence and methods of reduction of barriers on trajectory of movement of flows of control objects and reduction of time for their processing, movement and transformation.

The state of the poultry market and highlights the peculiarities of its functioning has been researchedin the article.The poultry market as competitive and efficient with other meat marketshas been identified.And the poultry industry has maintained a positive production trend in recent years. In Ukraine, the poultry population is growing from year to year. In nineteen years, the number of poultry in agricultural enterprises has increased more than five times. A feature of the poultry market is the concentration of poultry and meat production in agricultural enterprises. More than 85percent of the poultry meat production in the slaughter mass was provided by agricultural enterprises. Most poultry meat was produced in Vinnytsia, Kyiv, Cherkasy, Dnipropetrovsk and Lviv regions. It is substantiated that the increase in poultry meat production is primarily due to the growth of demand from the population in conditions of low purchasing power. Poultry meat remains the most affordable for most meat consumers. In addition, due to a significant reduction in the supply of other types of meat, and consequently rising prices for them, poultry has become a substitute for most meat consumers. At the same time, many consumers have changed their tastes and preferences for a particular type of meat in favor of dietary poultry meat. The balances of supply and demand of poultry meat were analyzed. It has been proven that domestic poultry production fully meets domestic demand and has reserves to increase exports. It is noted that the further development of the domestic poultry market will depend, first of all, on solving the crisis problems in the world. In addition, indicators of production efficiency and product competitiveness will have a significant impact.

Ukrainian higher education is in a state of reforming, which aimes at improving its quality and is accompanied by a reduction in its generality. During the admission campaign in 2020, the concept of «indicative self-cost of educational services» was for the first time used, the purpose of which was to reduce the demand for training at the expense of individuals (contract) in the State-owned higher education institutions. The publication considers the study of the efficiency of the State regulation of qualifying for a government scholarship as to certain specialties. For this purpose, data on the results of the 2020 admission campaign from the unified State electronic database on education were used. The educational space was divided into several subspaces, for each of these the ratio between the number of applications submitted and the license volume was obtained. It was found that the most in demand for a long time are specialties related to jurisprudence, in the smallest demand are specialties of engineering, where the competition is two applications for three budget places (1.50). The publication uses econometric methods of analysis of digital information, assessments of the elasticity of the introductory score according to the general competition and its marginal value are carried out. Recommendations on refusal of expert assessments in the regulation of the students’ admission and redistribution of financial resources in favor of high-demand specialties are provided.

The factors of international trade related to food security of the EAEU member countries, the growth of agricultural and food products turnover have been considered, in view of the existing and required AIC production volumes aimed to provide the population with food products in the amount of rational norms, as well as the scale of food products mutual trade. The need to focus on food self-sufficiency (indicators of physical and economic accessibility, food level and quality) as the main target of national concepts has been noted. The barriers that prevent the formation of a common agricultural market in the EAEU partner States have been reflected.

Ukraine has gone through a difficult and over time long period of recognition of market relations, which was accompanied by the emergence of imbalances. This is also the independence of enterprises with administrative influence on their work; liberalization of prices; low purchasing power of the population, which leads to a decrease in demand; rise in energy prices, as well as unequal exchange between industry and agriculture. As a consequence of the influence of these factors, there are changes in the structure of the cattle herd, the interest of producers in increasing the volume of livestock products is lost, incl. and meat, even at the level of personal peasant farms. Assessment of the state of the beef cattle breeding industry indicates a reduction in the number of fattening cattle in all categories of farms. The main reason for this unsatisfactory trend is the loss of profitability of beef cattle breeding. Studies of its causes have confirmed the influence of indicators of the number of livestock, animal productivity, as well as the cost of production. In 2009-2019 alone, the number of cattle decreased by almost 30 percent. And the available livestock of productive livestock in the households of the population does not provide guarantees and rhythmic supplies of raw materials to processing enterprises. Intermediaries create their problematic influence on the formation of the market for beef cattle breeding. However, even under such conditions, the beef cattle industry confirms its self-sufficiency in the turnover of products. The experience of the developed countries of Europe and the world confirms that the functioning of economic systems, which are based on market conditions, confirms their feasibility, efficiency and viability. The preconditions for the approval of the Ukrainian beef cattle market were the privatization of land and property, restructuring, and in some places the cancellation of debts, the introduction of a fixed tax, and some additional payment for the sold cattle. Therefore, market relations already, and in the future, affect the development of agriculture and beef cattle breeding, which is a multifaceted system with a large number of subjects of production, processing and sale of the industry's products. This is confirmed by weighty factors of the objective need to form a commodity market for beef cattle breeding to meet the demand for food products through the formation of the necessary volumes of their supply. It is also important that the formation of a market for beef cattle breeding, the supply of products should be expressed through the exchange infrastructure: stock exchanges, wholesale markets, auctions, trading houses, company stores, retail trade, city markets. The foregoing confirms the objective need to form a market for beef cattle breeding, while adhering to the principle of competition, which can objectively reproduce the essence of market relations in determining prices, the volume of supply of products supplied to the market and their quality. The market must operate on the basis of the requirements of the laws of value, equilibrium of supply and demand, and fulfill its regulatory function. The advantages of the market system have been convincingly brought to light by many years of practical efficiency and it is recognized as the highest and perfect form of management. In the system of market relations, agriculture is an integral part of the national economic complex, the entire system of economic development. The article proposed by the author provides information on the situation on the market for beef cattle breeding, factors that affect its functioning, as well as the reasons that shape supply and demand. Separate inconsistencies in the activities of the subjects of the market of beef cattle breeding have been established, the elimination of which will provide an improvement in the actual state and improve its functioning. The author of the article guides the participants in the market of beef cattle breeding to take into account the peculiarities of its functioning in their activities, which will contribute to the formation of the necessary volumes of products to meet the existing demand on the market.

The article examines the main trends in meat price formation.It is determined that the methodology and tradition of price functioning have evolved historically in terms of understanding the nature and characteristics of the price. The level of product price contains the conflicting interests of different parts (producer and consumer). It is generalized that the formation of livestock products prices is influenced by supply and demand.It is confirmed that price is a factor that creates demand in case of the low consumers’ purchasing power. The process of prices forming on livestock products is based on the general principles of pricing. However, there are certain features of pricing stipulated from the specifics of production and processing of livestock products.Among the main factors influencing the prices formation on livestock products should be noted the following: natural and climatic conditions, price disparity in agriculture, the presence of a large number of households which deal with raising cattle and poultry,high level of production costs, the presence of multiple links in the production chain, a short period of product storage, a large proportion of low-income population.It is proved that the livestock product prices in market conditions must respond quickly to any changes in the production chain. The analysis of the price situation on the meat market was carried out.It was found that in Ukraine during the study period there is a tendency of increasing purchasing, wholesale and consumer prices.In the first half-year of 2020, there were significant changes in the price situation.The results confirm the trends at the world meat market.It is proved that the situation at the domestic meat market depends on the state of the global market. It is noted that in the future the price situation at the meat market will depend on the purchasing power of the population, the proposal of main meat types, the exchange rate of the national currency, production and export volumes.

The article deals with the issues of public administration efficiency related with the saving of the state budget as well as formation of conditions for increasing the competitiveness of fire-technical and emergency-rescue products.

The publication takes into consideration the current status of the Ukrainian educational services market, it is focused on the competitive relationship between public and private higher education. The dominant tendencies in the transformation of higher education sphere are shown. A detailed analysis of the mechanism for the formation of a minimum tuition fee for higher education is carried out in the context of the introduction of indicative self-cost. Based on the statistics observations of the distribution of the level of average monthly wages in the regions of Ukraine and the city of Kiev, a comparison of the minimum wage (minimum indicative self-cost) for tuition in the specialty 051 «Economics» (ES «Bachelor», day form of training) with the average cost of education in the same specialty for 2019 is carried out. It is displayed that only in three regions the minimum cost is less than the cost of training under the contractual terms in the specialty 051 «Economics», and for two of these three regions the figures are almost equal. Based on the graphic representation of supply and demand curves for private and public education, the possible consequences of the introduction of indicative self-cost of educational services (training) are presented. It is shown that for three regions the introduction of indicative self-cost in 2020 can have a moderate impact on the redistribution of students studying according to the contractual form in favor of private education. However, for all other regions, and especially for the city of Kiev, there will be significant changes in favor of private education, provided there are licensed places in the private HEI, both the existing ones and the established in 2020.

The article uses econometric methods to build the models of supply and demand for educational services concerning the specialty 051 «Economics» and the educational program «Economic Cybernetics». Samples in the models include almost the entire list of higher education institutions, providing studies in the specialty 051 «Economics» and the educational program «Economic Cybernetics», according to data as of 2019. As a quantitative indicator of the offer, the article uses the cost of educational services for the first academic year under the terms of the contract, the demand – the number of applications submitted. As explaining variables considered as a number of objective characteristics of higher education institutions (HEI) are used the following: the number of budget-financed and licensed places, status, form of ownership, and others. As a subjective characteristic, the concept of «elite» is used, defined by binary change. Using quantitative experiments (based on assessments of the adequacy parameters of the models) it is determined that the elite ones should include the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, the National Technical University of Ukraine «Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute», the National University of «Kyiv-Mohyla Academy». The hypothesis of use by the State-owned HEI of the dumping price strategy has been justified in the modeling of the proposal. Differences have been found in attitudes towards the objective and subjective characteristics of HIA by the administration of HIA (supply) and by applicants (demand).

Procurement logistics is considered as one of the main directions of activity that influences the efficiency of enterprise. The works of economists on the topic of the research were analyzed, and different interpretations of the concept of «procurement logistics» were considered. It is specified that there is no single correct definition, but all scholars tend to think that procurement logistics is a set of activities aimed at providing the enterprise with material resources, choosing sources of supply, controlling the fulfillment of orders. Each stage of the enterprise’s procurement logistics is characterized. Particular attention is paid to the stage of selecting sources of supply, as it is up to the supplier to fulfill the objectives of both procurement logistics and the enterprise in general. A detailed research on this process allows to more effectively identifying the ways to improve logistics activities at the enterprise. The process of developing a logistics strategy is considered, when managers try to reach a compromise between the three main objectives of procurement logistics: reducing capital, reducing costs and improving the level of service. It is proposed to include some aspects of procurement logistics management inherent in one of the most prominent transnational corporations (TNCs) Nestl? in the activities by other enterprises to improve their efficiency. The TNC Nestl? has developed a Responsible Sourcing Standard that reflects the current tendencies in procurement logistics to find a reliable supplier and defines the criteria that the supplier must meet. The vectors of procurement management at the enterprise have been identified, which are universal and will allow enterprises to improve the efficiency of logistics management, as well as to minimize costs.

The article presents the methodological basis for solving the problems of improving the efficiency of nuclear power organizations. The management organization principles of the material and technical support system on the basis of identification and analysis macro - and micrologistic system factors that have a significant impact on the implementation of this business process are described.

In the article there researched problems of the management of youth labor-market segment conjuncture. The important part in this question is assigned to the working out labor resources-balance forecast. There considered main tendencies and perspectives of the development of regional youth labor-market segment. The author carried out the analyses of deficient and over professions on the basis of the amount of tension ratio on separate professions of workers and of fice employees.

Category management is a common tool of retail trade which implies product margins to be effectively run through an integrated approach to product category, i.e. control over procurement, pricing, promotion and marketing is centralized. However, category management tools, if borrowed to control procurement in manufacturing companies, cause numerous problems due to some specific restrictions: one part of goods purchased by a manufacturing company is modified during the production process, and the other part is oriented towards the internal customer, rather than external one. The paper develops the method for applying the tools and the introduction algorithm of category management to run procurement in manufacturing companies. The methodological basis of the research includes a system-based approach to forming a logistic system in a company and project approach in management. Through comparing value chains in different sectors, we introduce a fundamentally new concept of category approach to procurement management. Cost analysis helped justify the need for using the category approach within the framework of multi-link technologies so as to reduce procurement costs and solve the problem of increasing the competitiveness of companies. The case studies show that there are two ways to introduce category management in Russian manufacturing companies: category strategy and category team. The use of category team comprised of the representatives from the procurement office and related departments helps overcome cross-functional conflicts of interest and take a fresh look at purchases of familiar products. The team members develop and record a category strategy that describes the current situation in the market for product suppliers and possible optimization options, and regulates further actions on managing the category. The paper specifies the tools and algorithm for adopting the category approach, particularly when choosing a procurement strategy and formalizing it in the documents.

The subject of this work is the problem of describing the dynamic behavior of the price in the market of one product. The typical balance of interaction of supply and demand functions depending on the price is considered. The dynamic model of price evolution is based on the assumption that the demand function at a given time depends on the supply function at all previous points in time, i.e. there is a process with an aftereffect. The core of the integral transformation is a characteristic of the second order, which can initiate periodic regimes in price variables. The aim of the work is to synthesize a mathematical model of price changes in the market of one product and study the stability of its equilibrium states with the manifestation of the structure of marginal cycles. The task of the study is to demonstrate the degree of connection between the problem of stability of equilibrium and the problem of obtaining fruitful results in comparative statics. This duality is the principle of conformity of P. Samuelson. The basic mathematical model of the studied process of price dynamics is a system of two nonlinear differential equations of the first order. The research methods are the nonlinear theory of analysis of dynamical systems, the mathematical theory of stability of systems of differential equations, the conceptual apparatus of analysis of typical bifurcations of birth (death) of the boundary cycle, known as the Andronov-Hopf bifurcation. As a result of a detailed analysis of the properties and parameters of self-oscillating modes, a double cycle is revealed, i.e. there is a fact of coexistence around the equilibrium state of stable and unstable limit cycles. Subsequent mathematical transformations prove that the line of demarcation of these two cycles is completely determined by the static parameters of the studied system, which illustrates the mechanism of action of the principle of conformity of P. Samuelson. Conclusions: on the example of the functioning of the labor market, a comprehensive analysis of the stability of two positive equilibrium states, which characterize the effects of substitution and income. Computer simulations are used to perform computational experiments that demonstrate self-oscillating modes of price changes. As a result of the analysis of the obtained numerical results, it is possible to draw a conclusion about the stability of the limit cycle in the vicinity of the equilibrium state, which corresponds to the substitution effect.

The article is aimed at defining the current tendencies and features of the formation of demand and domestic supply in the consumer goods market of Ukraine in the face of macroeconomic instability. The research period covered 2010-2018, with a reduction of the time series in cases where it is not possible to ensure its homogeneity within the specified interval. Statistics were used to identify structural changes and explore the overall dynamics of consumer spendings of Ukrainian households, retail turnover, consumer prices, consumer products. It is determined that on the demand side the macroeconomic instability causes a reorientation of consumer spendings to meet basic needs for food, health and transport services. In turn, on the supply side there is a drop in production of both most food and consumer durable goods, especially advanced technology products. The identified negative tendencies of decline in the national production, growth of import dependence of the consumer market, presence of a significant gap between the rate of income growth and inflation, transformation of retail infrastructure confirm the need for further research to create the necessary prerequisites for the development of the consumer market in Ukraine.

The article analyzes the compliance of the structure of supply and demand for higher education services with the staffing needs for the development of the Far Eastern Federal District. The authors dwell on the main market factors affecting the demand for higher education (the number of potential consumers, monetary incomes of the population, employment opportunities after graduation, the level of possible wages in the specialty received, the price of secondary vocational education, the needs of economics for specialists with higher education by groups of training areas), their influence on the market for higher education services in the macroregion. In the context of enlarged groups of specialties and areas of training, an assessment of the demand and supply of higher education services and their compliance with the development needs of the macroregion and its constituent entities is given. The article shows that the system of forming management decisions in terms of harmonizing the demand for higher education services, their supply and development needs of the region requires a deeper differentiation in conjunction with factors affecting the market for higher education services. The main directions of improving the system of forming management decisions by redistributing powers between higher education authorities towards the expansion of regional and macroregional authorities are proposed.

The theoretical principles of logistic activity of the enterprise are considered. The concept of «logistic activity of an enterprise» is explored. It is noted that the efficiency of logistic activity depends on a wide range of factors and is characterized by certain features both at separate enterprises, and in different branches. The article describes the market, on which the production enterprise PJSC «Kvazar» operates. The range of products and services provided by the company is presented. The logistic activity of the investigated enterprise in terms of its components is analyzed. The dominants for the development of logistic activity of PJSC «Kvazar» are determined. It is emphasized that the role of Logistics in the life of a production enterprise is very large. The authors determine the problems hindering the efficiency of logistic activity at the enterprise, and propose a number of measures to improve the logistic activities of PJSC «Kvazar», which will allow the company to optimize logistic costs and help to achieve a higher level of competitiveness in the market.

Cyclical fluctuations in the market economy have been the focus of attention of researchers for many years. Today, the process of reproduction is becoming cyclical, which is a problem of interest of all economic agents. The purpose of the article is to reveal the main causes of economic cycles, their nature and to show the effect of cyclical fluctuations on the production process and employment, as well as in the development of a new socio-economic society as a whole. The article shows the essence of each stage, their disadvantages and advantages, influence on the formation of a creatively developed person.

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Copyright of Cybernetics & Systems Analysis / Kibernetiki i Sistemnyj Analiz is the property of V.M. Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics of NAS of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background. Recently, the authors have actively studied the processes of transformation of the peasant culture of the environment under the influence of political, economic, religious, and other factors. A variety of aspects of the Soviet state require theoretical rethinking, especially the domestic economic policy, when the transformations in the rural life of the 1930s led to severe socio-economic consequences for the entire population of the country. The aim of this work is to analyze the state of supply of the rural population of Saratov region during the period of the first five-year plan. Materials and methods. The implementation of the task was achieved through the use of data, the state archive of the contemporary history of Saratov region. Of particular interest were documents of the Soviet Trading Department, letters, reports, verbatims of meetings of employees of the societies and the chairmen of collective farms. Results. The author has studied the material and social security of the rural population, revealed the everyday specifics of meeting the demand of farmers, as well as noted the peculiarities of market relations in a planned economy that played an important role in the self-supply of the population in the 1930s. Conclusions. The analysis of the mechanisms of public supply allows to conclude that trade deficit, low quality of products, constant consumer demand became the main reasons for the development of a black market and speculation. In terms of exemption of agricultural products from collective farms, or selling it to the state at specially installed low procurement prices, the farmers were deprived of material incentives and motivation for quality work.

In the article, from the standpoint of market conditions for the formation of labor demand and supply on qualified human resources, the existing problems of unregulated interaction of a plurality of enterprises of branches of the national economy of Ukraine with a number of higher educational institutions as consumers and suppliers of these resources are considered. The conditions and the scheme of organization of direct interaction of enterprises and educational establishments in the mode of "subject-subject" in the processes of ordering-training-supplying the necessary categories of human resources by minimizing the financial participation of the state budget and the managerial influences of the state are proposed and substantiated. It has been demonstrated that if a new scheme of cluster organization of relations between the subjects of supply and consumption of skilled human resources takes place on the labor market, the advantages of using the proposed organizational decisions from the standpoint of increasing the economic independence of the market participants, the possibilities of increasing the economic efficiency of their relations and, as a consequence, a reduction in the burden on the state budget.

The article presents the main proposals in the present draft of the economic-mathematical research on the development of technologies of staffing in priority directions of development of economic systems of Federal and regional levels (hereinafter — the Project). Note that in the study any economic system is considered as developing if for it some priority areas of its economic development are identified. For such systems, the actual task of representation and calculation of the priority directions of economic systems in the formats of balance sheets of labour resources, generalizing the traditional «sectoral» approach. The solution to this problem is proposed in the framework of the cluster «industry» approach.

The article critically examines the most frequently used in the scientific community the fundamental laws of price formation in a market economy. The author also reveals the incompleteness and lack of complexity in the interpretation of the Marxist direction of the labor theory of value by the subjects of the state economy of the Soviet period. New questions about the role of prices in global market processes, paradigms and definitions of pricing arise in the ongoing radical changes in geo-economics.In the complex interconnection to explore the role, importance, degree of dominance and signs of dominance of the most important basic laws of economic development and factors in the formation and change of prices in the dialectical relationship with changing conditions.The main method of research is the dialectical approach by which the author demonstrates on models the action, interaction, mutual influence of the fundamental laws of the market and the conditions underlying changes in market conditions and, consequently, prices. The fundamental components of the price allocated by the author are investigated as categorical oppositions.The author identifies financial and marketing components in the concept of price, reveals and substantiates the features and conditions that determine the predominance of one of these components. The article shows how under the influence of the laws of the market at different stages of the product’s life cycle in the changing of the entropy of prices is established a vibrational mode associated with the center of swing of the pendulum.Established a legitimate regime of prices’ entropy as the resultant of the interests of the parts of the converging it, determine the trajectory of price fluctuations and gradually comply the neighboring modes (transients) with the most common key law of pricing. To this conclusion, the author comes, exploring the interaction of various laws in the market processes of recent decades.

For metallurgical enterprises, it is important to understand the limits of the most probable values of prices and geographical area for procurement of ferrous scrap in the regions. In order to define the maximal scrap prices in the regions, the authors have developed a mathematical model of “auction purchases”. This model equally assesses price competition between scrap consumers. When setting the price, we consider the territorial imbalances between scrap supply and demand in the regions; costs for scrap transportation from supplier to consumer; price level for scrap in the “windows for exports”. We calculate the lowest price according to the “export parity”. The results of the calculations allow evaluating a range of regional prices and interregional flows of scrap. This approach is unnown in the published works of Russian and foreign researchers. For calculations, we have developed a special software. The following initial data were used: data on railroad transportation of ferrous scrap in the Russian Federation provided by JSC Russian Railways; handbooks of railway tariffs 10–01 between railway stations of the Russian Federation; statistical data on prices of 3A metal scrap in the “windows for exports”. The article presents the formal structure of the model of “auction procurement”, the algorithm of its implementation and the results of calculations. The price level calculated according to the model of “auction procurement” can be used in management practice as potentially highest level of price, which can be reached in the conditions of competition between consumers of scrap in a situation when the negotiations are impossible. The proposed mathematical model allows a metallurgical enterprise to prove and implement a differentiated approach to the formation of regional prices of scrap, and to define regions for scrap purchasing.

Copyright of Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, Sectio F: Historia is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cybernetics & Systems Analysis / Kibernetiki i Sistemnyj Analiz is the property of V.M. Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics of NAS of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the article the authors consider the pricing process at different firms, where price strategies and discounts are used to attract potential buyers and maximize profits. The authors evaluate the most common types of pricing strategies and discounts, trying them on the analyzed companies. As a methodological basis for the study, federal-wide general scientific methods have emerged, as the collection of important economic categories analysis, the year the logical approach is essential to the assessment of the economic year of phenomena, the comparison factors of the studied indicators. The authors of the article evaluate the existing price strategies, which are sufficient number, respectively, for firms to not get confused with the choice, they need a specific study of them. Different types of price strategies allow in market situations to choose the most optimal option, which is necessary in specific conditions. In turn, the seller gives discounts, promotes sales, which, inherently, has an impact on the amount of revenue and creates an attractiveness of the company, firm or other object, that is why the formation of discounts is not only the main element of price policy, but also the method used for creation of financial policy of the organization.

The subject of research in the article is the Institute of Minimum Wage (MW). The purpose of the article is to determine the role of MW in the Ukrainian economy at the present stage of its development and the prospects of this institution. In accordance with the logic of scientific research, research methods such as theoretical analysis, including consideration of individual features and new characteristics of problems, the formulation of hypotheses, analogies and the evaluation of collected facts, mathematical and statistical methods are used in the article. It is noted that due to its special urgency, papers devoted to remuneration of labor, a large number, but the effects of the use of MW are discussed now. It is stressed that in Ukraine the minimum wage is one of the basic social guarantees; therefore it is used mainly for political purposes, and not as an instrument for regulating the labor market and a powerful factor of influence on the economy as a whole. The points of view of Ukrainian scientists and well-known politicians are presented and summarized, which reflect the attitude of society towards the increase of MW and its consequences. The author of the article defends the need to increase the level of incomes of the low-paid category of workers, provided that a number of other tasks are fulfilled, primarily, to increase supply in the labor market, create conditions for the development of domestic business, etc. The article discusses the position of the ILO on the use of MW. The concept of individual economists is presented, reflecting the foreign experience of establishing MW in the form of models. It is noted that official statistics on the increase in the average wage in the country runs counter to the reality and data of the sociological survey. Alternative measures to increase MW are named. Conclusions are drawn on the need for the state to abandon populist views on MW as a means of combating poverty in the direction of considering it as a regulator of the economy. The accent was laid on the fact that the creation of jobs and favorable conditions for the development of business, as well as tax reform, should precede the increase of MW. It is also necessary to fight more actively against monopoly, corruption, and misuse of budget funds. The materials of the article can be used for further investigation of the indicated problem.

Conservation areas are an important element of natural ecosystems conservation. Objects of multifunctional purpose, in particular, national natural parks (NNP) are of particular importance because they maintain the ecological balance in the regions, preserve specificity and use of affecting ecosystems properties. One must have detailed information on the vegetation biomass and its dynamics to determine the deposited carbon stocks in forest ecosystems of a given region. Mainly biomass supply in the forests depends on forest plantations productivity. Our research aims at analyzing the current state of the NNP "Vizhnitsky" functional zoning and main taxation indicators affecting forest productivity (species composition, age, supply and productivity class). To ensure protection, regeneration and recreational use of natural complexes and objects of the NNP "Vizhnitsky" its territory is divided into such functional zones as reserve zone, regulated recreation zone, stationary recreation zone, and economic zone. Functional zones of the park are characterized by different wide woody forest-forming composition with a predominance of white fir, beech and Norway spruce. The average values of forest stands productivity class in all functional zones show high index– І-Іа. In addition, regulated recreation zone has the largest area and supply, 4992, 3 ha and 1796.75 m³ respectively. According to age distribution of the plantations in all functional zones of the park middle-aged plantations predominate, there are the least ripe and overripe plantations. Furthermore, the highest percentage of middle-aged and young stocks is in economic zone – 75.7 and 16.3% respectively. Half-ripe, ripe and overripe forest stands predominate in reserve zone – 26.0 and 3.9%. To conclude, the data obtained during the research will be used to assess the status and dynamics of bioproductivity in the functional zones of the park forests. It will contribute significantly to the preservation of the unique biodiversity of the region, as well as the solution of environmental problems in the region.

Objective: to identify the economic-anthropological component of the development of food market in Tatarstan within the concept of Islamic economy.Methods: discursive, comparative, general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, ethno-sociological survey.Results: the Halal food market of Islamic economy is a subject of scientific and practical interest for several reasons: it is a dynamically developing, promising market with great potential and development opportunities. To achieve the stated objective, the authors analyzed the studies of domestic and foreign scientists on the essence and organization features of the Islamic economy. Conclusions were formulated about what Halal food is primarily associated with the complex religious, not gastronomy requirements. The analysis of the food concepts in the Islamic culture has showed that the fundamental characteristic of food is its permissibility.To determine the concepts of Halal products existing among the Muslims, a Halal products market research was conducted in Kazan. First of all, to determine the ethno-religious profile of the Halal products consumers the structure of ethnic populations was analyzed, the change in their numbers over the last 20 years and the reasons for such change. The next part of research involved conducting a poll among men and women - Tatars aged 18 to 30 years. The main aim of the survey was to determine the causes of food behavior of the population. According to the survey results, the key conclusion was formulated that for this age group the choice of food is not determined by religious considerations but by the desire for healthy and proper nutrition. The survey results allowed to compile a list of recommendations for improvement of the functioning of the Halal market subjects and the state and municipal bodies.Scientific novelty: for the first time an interdisciplinary approach was used (at the intersection of economics, sociology and anthropology) for this research topic. On the basis of the survey, the reasons for consumption of Halal products by the Kazan Muslims were identified.Practical significance: the research results can be applied by the state and municipal authorities to support decisions in the areas of trade regulation, consumer markets, outdoor advertising in the Republic of Tatarstan and in Kazan. In addition, they can be used by economists and anthropologists for comparison and extension of the research areas.

The influence of a stress factor, widespread in modern conditions, on the vitamin status has not been studied enough. At the same time, the negative stress impact can be aggravated against the background of unhealthy nutrition, which in turn affects the vitamin status of the organism. In this regard, the goal of the research was to evaluate the effect of chronic restrict stress on the vitamin supply in rats fed a diet with adequate and increased content of fat, sugar and cholesterol. Material and methods . The experiment was carried out on 37 growing male Wistar rats (initial body weight of 45±5 g) divided into 4 groups. Animals of the 1st (control) and the 2nd groups received a complete semi-synthetic diet (CSSD) (20% protein, 10% fat, 58% carbohydrates in the form of starch, 384 kcal/100 g) for 92 days. The levels of all vitamins and mineral elements in the rats' diets were adequate for growing rats. Rats of the 3rd and the 4th groups were fed a high-calorie, high-fat high-carbohydrate diet (HFHCD) (20% protein, 28% fat, 2% cholesterol, 18% carbohydrates in the form of starch, 20% sucrose, 511 kcal/100 g). Animals of groups 2 and 4 were subjected to daily 90-minute immobilization. The concentration of vitamins A (retinol and retinol palmitate) and E (α-tocopherol) in the blood serum and liver were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, vitamins B1 and B2 in the liver and urine, as well as riboflavin in the blood serum and 4-pyridoxic acid (4-PA) in urine were determined by fluorimetric methods. Biochemical parameters of blood serum were determined on a biochemical analyzer; the total content of fat, triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol (CH) was determined in the liver. Results . Replacing CSSD with HFHCD, both under restraint stress and without, was accompanied by an increase in liver weight by 1.8-2.0 fold, in its fat content by 2.6-3.3 fold, cholesterol by 32.6-35.3 fold and TG - by 33.0-57.6 fold (p=<0.001). An increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity by 1.7-2.0 fold (p=<0.01), in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level by 5.4 fold (p=<0.05) and the atherogenic coefficient by 2.5 fold (p<0.01) as well as a decrease in creatinine and urea level (p=<0.05) in blood serum were revealed. Immobilization was accompanied by a decrease in body weight, liver and liver fat in rats fed both CSSD and HFHCD (p<0.05), but didn't affect the blood serum biochemical parameters, with the exception of an increase in ALT activity. If the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) did not change during immobilization of rats fed the CSSD, then in animals fed the high-calorie diet it decreased by 37.5% (p=<0.05 from the control) under its increase against the background of restrict stress by 78.7% (p=<0.01) compared to the indicator of rats of the 3rd group. Immobilization of rats treated with CSSD was accompanied by an increase in both absolute serum α-tocopherol level and concentration correlated with the level of cholesterol and triglycerides by 26.0-57.5% (p<0.05), with a simultaneous decrease in its content in the liver per 1 g of wet tissue by 22.1% (p=0.041) relative to the indicators of intact animals. Immobilization reduced the level of retinol palmitate in the liver by 2.3 times (p<0.01), but did not affect retinol level in the blood serum. At the same time, indicators of B vitamin status (the content of vitamins B1 and B2 in the liver per 1 g of wet tissue and per organ, blood serum riboflavin level, urinary excretion of riboflavin and 4-PA) did not change, with the exception of thiamine urinary excretion, which reduced compared to the control by 38.8%. In rats fed HFHCD, immobilization had no additional effect on the supply with vitamins A and E. The content of vitamins B1 and B2 in the liver in terms of the whole organ was reduced by 14.0-26.7% relative to the indicator in animals of the 3rd group, not subjected to chronic stress, only due to differences in liver weight in animals of these groups. Conclusion . The data obtained indicate that chronic stress has a negative effect on the vitamin status of the body, worsening the supply with vitamins A, E and B1, and substantiate the feasibility of studying the mechanisms of this effect in order to develop effective vitamin complexes for the treatment and prevention of diseases caused by long-term stress., Competing Interests: Vrzhesinskaya O.A. is a scientific editor and executive secretary of the journal’s editorial board; the other authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright© GEOTAR-Media Publishing Group.)

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