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The working processes and integral characteristics of piston long-stroke low-speed compressor stages are considered. Well-known technologies for increasing the feed rate are considered as objects of comparison: selection of the main dimensions and parameters of the stage; changing the size and design of valves, using elastomeric structural materials; change in the design of the cylinder-piston seal; changing the layout of the suction valve in the working chamber. Indicator efficiency, supply coefficient and tightness coefficient, as well as discharge temperature are considered as integral indicators. The following independent parameters are considered: parameters of the state of the working fluid at suction, discharge pressure, main dimensions and parameters of the stage, distance from the suction valve to the top dead center, seat diameters of the suction and discharge valves, as well as physical and mechanical properties of structural materials. A comparative analysis of the efficiency of the working process of the stage under consideration is carried out using various technologies for reducing the intensity of mass transfer through leaks in the working chamber of a low-speed, long-stroke piston stage. An assessment is made of the achievable value of the feed coefficient with the combined use of various technologies. The features of the working processes of the object under consideration and the relationship between the intensity of mass flows of working gas through leaks in the working chamber of the stage and the technologies used have been studied. The presented results of the theoretical analysis reflect the nature of the change in the integral characteristics of the stage depending on the technologies used to reduce the intensity of mass transfer through leaks in the working chamber of the stage under consideration.

The article discusses the main methods for calculating seals of hybrid power machines. The analysis of works on the designs of hybrid power machines is carried out. The main types of piston seals of pumps, compressors and hybrid power machines are considered, with an emphasis on the main advantages and disadvantages of each type of seal, as well as recommendations on the choice of seals for hybrid power machines. Based on the analysis of the work on the research of piston seals, the main methods for calculating the seals of hybrid power machines are considered and the most suitable one is determined.

A document containing unique information about the seals on medieval acts that were stored in the early 18th century in the archives of the “Moscow” (i. e. Kremlin) monasteries is examined and published in the article. It has been established that this description was compiled by the Monastyrskii Prikaz in 1709 in response to the request of Tsar Peter I and was attached to the letter of I. A. Musin-Pushkin, the Prikaz’s Head. The document was not found and was considered lost, when the Letters and Papers of Emperor Peter the Great were published in 1709. The description contains information about official seals from the archives of two of the four Kremlin monasteries that existed that time — Chudov and Afanasievsky (the courtyard of the Kirillo-Belozersky monastery). Four seals were discovered, described and drawn in the Chudov archive, and one in the Afanasevsky archive. The author considers the description as the origins of scientific sphragistics, since the compilation of this document is clearly out of the scope of practical tasks (identification of the act in the monastic archive and indication of its proper certification).

The paper deals with the representations of rulers on the coinage of Prince Lazar while tracing the iconographic and insignological changes in the depiction of the prince, which reflected Lazar’s political program in different phases of his reign. Modeling his first representations on the dinars he minted on the coinage images of the emperors Dušan and Uroš, shaped on their money according to the formulas of Byzantine imperial images, after consolidating his power, Lazar gradually left the framework of the Byzantine ruler iconography and entered the sphere of the western monarchical image, culminating in the representation of the prince depicted in a profile bust with a laurel wreath, created under the influence of Hungarian coinage.

Introduction. The scope of this paper is 1) to consider the forms of military service of the Persians within the Byzantine army during the first half of the 9th c., 2) to arrange the chronological order of events related to the involvement of the Persians in Byzantine military service as precisely as possible. The author means the Persians called Khurramites who were representatives of the anti-Islamic and anti-Arabic national movement at the north-west of Iran (territories of modern provinces of East Azerbaijan and Khamadan in the Republic of Iran). Methods. The author considers the single events (Byzantine military campaigns, in which the Persians took part, and also the facts of Persians’ arriving in Byzantium) in a more or less strict chronological order. The researcher turns to an analysis of event history and makes a step-by step, consecutive representation of the process of Persians’ arriving to Byzantine military service. The sources were works of Arabic, Armenian, Georgian and Greek authors (chroniclers, geographers, hagiographers) and seals (evidence of sigillography). Analysis. In 833/834 Byzantine Emperor Theophilos received a group of Persian refugees, who escaped from the Arabs and came to Byzantium. These Persians were headed by two chiefs, Theophobos and Naser, obviously, Naser was Theophobos’ father. Part of the Persians with Naser as a chief located in the Byzantine theme (a military-administrative and territorial district) of Anatolikoi, while another part subordinated to Theophobos located in the theme of Armeniakoi. In 837 Theophilos hosted another group of the Persians, who were commanded by Babek. Conclusions. The analysis shows that both in 833/834 and 837 Theophilos established regular military units of the Persians called thourmai, while Persian leaders mentioned above became Byzantine military officials, that are tourmarchoi, i.e. that were those Persian leaders who commanded over Persian ethnic tourmai. These ethnic units continued their existence up to the mid-10th c.

Introduction. Written sources and epigraphic monuments reflecting the history of Early Byzantine Cherson keep a few isolated accounts of some representatives of a large imperial administrative apparatus, which certainly existed in the city from the late 5th to the 8th century (komes, bikarios, doux, and archon). Methods. Sigillographic monuments supply some extra information of the stratum of local officials in the period under consideration. The set of seals of Chersonites and their addressees from the early Byzantine period allows to uncover a variety of correspondents from military and civil departments (magistros, stratelates, droungarios, kommerkiarios, notarios, magistrianos, arkarios, hermeneutes, and others). In my point of view, these sources indicate parallel local officials who worked in Cherson and its environs, show that the city established appropriate bureaucratic offices, and inform of its rather high status as an important strategic, administrative, and economic stronghold. Analysis. Today it is possible to enlarge this group with several new seals from the 6th to the 8th century, partially originating from the vicinity of Cherson. There are molybdoboulla of asekretis, referendarios, chartoularios, genikos kommerkiarios, komes and senator – illoustrios. Results. This way, the early Byzantine seals of Cherson and its neighbourhood supply reasons to consider that, from the 6th to the 8th century, this provincial centre got a number of various magistracies to control different aspects of the city life, from common records management to land register, foreign trade, and diplomatic missions sent by the basileus.

Generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells expanded possibilities of pluripotency and early development studies. Generation of order Carnivora iPS cells from dog (Canis lupus familiaris), snow leopard (Panthera uncia), and American mink (Neovison vison) was previously reported. The aim of the current study was to examine conditions of pinniped fbroblast reprogramming. Pinnipeds are representatives of the suborder Caniformia sharing conservative genomes. There are several ways to deliver reprogramming transcription factors: RNA, proteins, plasmids, viral vectors etc. The most effective delivery systems for mouse and human cells are based on viral vectors. We compared a lentiviral vector which integrates into the genome and a Sendai virus­based vector, CytoTune EmGFP Sendai Fluorescence Reporter. The main advantage of Sendai virus­based vectors is that they do not integrate into the genome. We performed delivery of genetic constructions carrying fluorescent proteins to fbroblasts of seven Pinnipeds: northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus), walrus (Odobenus rosmarus), bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus), Baikal seal (Pusa sibirica), ringed seal (Phoca hispida), and spotted seal (Phoca largha). We also transduced American mink (N. vison), human (Homo sapiens), and mouse (Mus musculus) fbroblasts as a control. We showed that the Sendai virus­based transduction system provides transgene expression one­two orders of magnitude higher than the lentiviral system at a comparable multiplicity of infection. Also, transgene expression after Sendai virus­based transduction is quite stable and changes only slightly at day four compared to day two. These data allow us to suggest that Sendai virus­based vectors are preferable for generation of Pinniped iPS cells.

Abstract. Aim. Marine mammals play the role of "sentries", standing guard over the health and functioning of marine ecosystems. The analysis of data reported in literature was carried out to understand and to evaluate a circulation of representatives of the Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae, dangerous pathogens capable to cause morbidity and mortality in marine warm-blooded animals. Discussion. In the population of marine animals, in the available literature, no more than twenty infectious diseases were described. At the same time, according to preliminary estimates, about 15% of marine mammals die from indicated diseases. Previous studies conducted by various groups of scientists have already shown the circulation of various viral pathogens, which cause different infections in these animals. The present fact indicates the important role of marine mammals in the ecology and spreading of a number of viruses. In accordance with a literature data, representatives of Orthomixoviruses and Paramyxoviruses are among the most dangerous pathogens, which may infect this type of animals. Thus, it was suggested that seals may be infected with a wide range of influenza viruses without prior adaptation. It was emphasized that pinnipeds are one of the reservoir of a human influenza B virus in nature. Infections caused by morbilliviruses, can be the reason of epizootics in a population of seals and among the other species of marine mammals. Signs of a disease are similar to the clinic of carnivore plague. Main conclusions. The data presented in literature is extremely not enough for fully understanding a role of marine mammals as hosts or carriers of potential zoonotic pathogens, such as avian influenza virus (AIV), morbilliviruses and others. Thus, this issue requires further more detailed study.

The seals of Fers Tsotzikos as anthypatos Patrikios and Strategos of Cappadocia and TornikVarazvatche as protospatharios and strategos of Claudia (?) were found in Cherson and Tamatarkha. Both persons belonged to the aristocracy of Tao-Klardzheti (Georgia) and were sent to Byzantium after the annexation of Tao in the year 1000, both made their careers in the provincial administration in the first quarter of the 11th c.; Both families Tzotzikies and Tchortvaneli belong to the middle strata of Byzantine society. Tzotzikies is known as the strategoi of Paristrion, Mantzikert and Artakh, John Tzurbanel, Constantin Tzurbanel, Chortvanel Abukharb were the strategoi too. Fers took part in the plot against emperor Basil II and was tortured (1022), Tornik Varazvatche later was the strategos of Edessa. The find of the seals of Fers Tsotzikos and Tornik Varazvatche in the north of the Black sea testify to the contacts of the strategoi of Asia Minor’s themes with the strategos of Cherson and byzantine (?) administration of Tamatarkha.

The article considers tamga-shaped symbols from excavations at Pshakshitobe, Besinshitobe and Kuyuk-Mardan settlements in Southern Kazakhstan. Tamga symbols on ceramics are represented by various types. They are distinguished by clearly defined application techniques. A vast majority of symbols are based on absolutely straight lines with generally rounded ends. A comparison of tamga-shaped symbols with pasted ornaments frequently encountered in the material culture of Kanguy tribes in the basin of the Syrdaria allows to consider the former as Kanguy. Perhaps, some of them were subsequently used by the local rulers of Chach and Khwarezm. Counterparts of the symbols in questions have been discovered in materials from Achaemenid Iran, ancient Khwarezm and Sarmatiya of 1st –3rd centuries A.D., and the Middle Syrdaria region of 1st – 8th centuries A.D. Further identification and study of tamgas on the ceramics from Otrar oasis with the involvement of materials from excavations will probably allow to draw more substantiated conclusions with respect to their dating and attribution.

Objective. Analysis of environmental status Tyuleniy Island after a 25-year break in ecological and virological expeditions.Discussion. The paper presents the first results of the ecological and virological expedition to the Tyuleniy Island in August 2015 – the first after a 25 year break. Species of colonial seabirds and pinnipeds are described as well as their population interactions with each other and with Ixodidae ticks Ixodes uriae, which parasite in breeding colonies of birds and are hosts and vectors of several arboviruses that pose a potential risk to mammals. Two strains were isolated from common murre cloaca swabs using chicken embryo biological model. Complete genome sequencing permitted to identify these strains as NDV/Uria aalge/Russia/Tyuleniy Island/109/2015 (GenBank ID: KU601398) and APMV-4/Uria aalge/Russia/Tyuleniy Island/115/2015 (GenBank ID: KU601399). Strain of new virus (Bunyaviridae, Nairovirus) was isolated from homogenate of I. uriae on the model of intracerebrally inoculated newborn mice and was identified by sequencing of the fragment (240 nucleotides) of the N-gene.Conclusion. The Tyuleniy Island confirmed its importance as a reservoir of arboviruses. The ecological conditions of the Tyuleniy Island requires urgent action to clean up the island from the old buildings and giving it the status of the reserve.

Рассматриваются материалы Международного коллоквиума по древнерусской и византийской сфрагистике, в которых вводятся в научный оборот данные новых источников. Том состоит из четырех частей: «Византийские печати: публикации», «Византийские печати и мир вокруг», «Печати Руси», «Поствизантийские печати». Исследователи анализируют новые сфрагистические находки Крыма, Тамани, императорские печати Южной Руси, Болгарии и Сицилии. Привлекаются и памятники древнерусской сфрагистики. Материал источников позволяет уточнить реконструкцию прошлого ряда регионов «Византийского содружества», проследить за их связями, добавить новые штрихи к просопографии и ономастике, истории языка и Церкви византийского мира. Анализируются также символический контекст и значение изображений на печатях, влияние и рецепция византийских образцов в Восточной Европе, греческие печати раннего Нового времени. / The materials of International Colloquium on Byzantine and Old Rus’ sphragistics are considered. Data of the new sources introduced in a scientific circulation. The volume consists of four parts: “Byzantine Seals: Publication”, “Byzantine Seals and the World Around”, “Seals of Rus’”, “Post-Byzantine Seals”. The researchers have been analyzed new sphragistic findings of Crimea, Taman, byzantine imperial seals of Southern Rus, seals of Bulgaria and Sicily. The monuments of Old Rus sphragistics are also attracted. The source material allows us to refine the reconstruction of the past of some regions of the “Byzantine commonwealth”, to trace their connections, add new touches to prosopography and onomastics, language history and history of the Church of the Byzantine world. The symbolic context and importance of images on the seals, the impact and reception of Byzantine models in Eastern Europe, the Greek seals of the Early Modern Period are also analyzed.

The article considers the classification of methods and the modification directions of polymer materials for fuel farm equipment on the basis of elastic containers. The technological scheme of installation of gas-phase fluorination products from urethane and fluorine-containing elastomers is worked out the scheme of surface modification of rubber products is considered. Advanced methods of polymer modification are offered.

The topic of this paper is the visual propaganda employed in the Empire of Trebizond to convey a sense of the greatness and power of the imperial dynasty of the Grand Komnenoi. The emperors of Trebizond traced their lineage directly back to the famed Komnenian dynasty and saw themselves as the only legitimate successors to Byzantium after its temporary falling-apart, in 1204, as a consequence of the Fourth Crusade. Though only very few images of the emperors of the Grand Komnenoi have been preserved (on chrysobulls, seals, coins, icons, manuscripts), the evidence provided by Medieval authors (Constantine Loukites and Bessarion) as well as European travelers and scientists of the 17th-20th centuries (J. Bordier, J.P. Fallmerayer, G. Finlay, F.I. Uspenskij, A. Bryer etc.) allows conclusions about the existence of propagandistic portrait images of Trebizond emperors and members of their families in the imperial palace as well as in the most important churches. On the basis of this one may suggest that visual propaganda played an equally important role in Trebizond as in Byzantium. This could be connected with the intention of the Grand Komnenoi to claim their right to the high title of Emperor which, according to the official ideology of Byzantium, only the ruler whose permanent place of residence was Constantinople could possess.

Sigillography brings to our attention a huge number of individuals that would otherwise have remained unknown. Thousands of seals survive that bear, together with religious images, inscriptions indicating the name of their owner, a title and the office held. Based upon the corpus of published seals, the article investigates the contribution of lead seals to our understanding of identity in Byzantium. The geographic expansion of Byzantium in the tenth and eleventh centuries brought a host of populations within the empire’s frontier which for the most part were not Greek-speaking, including Armenians, Georgians, and Christian Arabs. As a consequence, oriental languages appear on Byzantine seals. The seals often show an image of the Virgin or a Saint on one side and an inscription on the other side, or they bear inscriptions on both sides. The legends can be in Arabic or Syriac, Armenian or Georgian alone or are sometimes “mixed”, for instance in Arabic and Greek or Arabic and Syriac. The seal of Andronikos Rogerios – a Westerner who, however, seems to have been fully integrated into Byzantine society – clearly shows Western influence in the choice of the seals’s image. The article discusses the function of inscriptions and images found on seals as a means of understanding ethnic, social, cultural and linguistic identities.

The author examines the different ways, by which foreign borrowings were adopted in the Office of the Crimean Khanate. On the one hand, Tatars adopted specimens from the Moscow and Polish-Lithuanian Chancelleries (e.g. pendant seal), on the other hand, they sought to maintain and even restore ancient terminology related to the Genghisid and Central Asian tradition. Baysa with inscription providing certain rights and privileges on behalf of the ruler was used in the Genghisid Empire and ulus of Jochi. The first Crimean Tatar document, where we meet the term baysa, is a Charter of Shert sent by khan Mehmed III Giray to tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov in September 1624. In 1634, Janibek Giray also wrote about the “golden baysa” apparently as a synonym of seal. Until the mid–17th century, mention of baysa occurs only in the text of the Crimean Charters of Shert sent to Moscow. From 1654, charters with a golden baysa was sent to the Polish king as well. A new form of solemn khan’s charters began to change under the influence of the development of office practice in Moscow and Warsaw. In the same period in the khan’s intitulation appears the formula “the great Padishah of Tat ve Tavgach” – new elements related to the Genghisid and ancient Turkic tradition of Central Asia. Consequently, according to the author, the latter change could be associated with the activities of Shahin Giray and his stay in Persia, or this innovation was imported from the Siberian Khanate.

The research relevance of multi-slotted seals is of practical significance for increasing vibrationreliability of centrifugal pumps. This paper presents the model of a single-disk rotor with seals. The forced radial rotor vibrations are determined taking into account the linearized inertial, damping, gyroscopic, positional, and circulating forces operating on the impeller from the liquid flow side in the annular seals. A theoretical analysis was supplemented with a numerical example, the amplitude-frequency and phase characteristic are presented.

By using a finite-element method the form change of elements of the seal and its influence on the mode of deformation and a degree of leaktightness are investigated.

The byzantine family name “Kataphloron” of civil and military officials (from the 10th to the beginning of the 13th century) has been attested in sources in various forms. By the examination of sources it has been established that the second declination form “Kataphloros” is to be met only in seals, whereas manuscripts and Μount Athos’ documents always use the form “Kataphloron” without any declination. Some isolated cases indicating separation of the proverb “κατά“ are only found in manuscripts later than the 13th century.