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Objectives. The development of computer technology and information systems requires the consideration of issues of their security, various methods for detecting hardware vulnerabilities of digital device components, as well as protection against unauthorized access. An important aspect of this problem is to study existing methods for the possibility and ability to identify hardware errors or search for errors on the corresponding models. The aim of this work is to develop approaches, tools and technology for detecting vulnerabilities in hardware at an early design stage, and to create a methodology for their detection and risk assessment, leading to recommendations for ensuring security at all stages of the computer systems development process.Methods. Methods of semi-natural modeling, comparison and identification of hardware vulnerabilities, and stress testing to identify vulnerabilities were used.Results. Methods are proposed for detecting and protecting against hardware vulnerabilities: a critical aspect in ensuring the security of computer systems. In order to detect vulnerabilities in hardware, methods of port scanning, analysis of communication protocols and device diagnostics are used. The possible locations of hardware vulnerabilities and their variations are identified. The attributes of hardware vulnerabilities and risks are also described. In order to detect vulnerabilities in hardware at an early design stage, a special semi-natural simulation stand was developed. A scanning algorithm using the Remote Bitbang protocol is proposed to enable data to be transferred between OpenOCD and a device connected to the debug port. Based on scanning control, a verification method was developed to compare a behavioral model with a standard. Recommendations for ensuring security at all stages of the computer systems development process are provided.Conclusions. This paper proposes new technical solutions for detecting vulnerabilities in hardware, based on methods such as FPGA system scanning, semi-natural modeling, virtual model verification, communication protocol analysis and device diagnostics. The use of the algorithms and methods thus developed will allow developers to take the necessary measures to eliminate hardware vulnerabilities and prevent possible harmful effects at all stages of the design process of computer devices and information systems.

Measuring the parameters of the antenna pattern is an urgent task in the development and operation of radio engineering systems. This problem can be solved by various methods of antenna measurements. In this case, depending on the radiation zone of the antenna, two main groups of measurement methods are distinguished: methods of direct measurements in the far-field and methods of reconstructive measurements in the near-field. Methods of antenna measurements in the far-field, which allow obtaining direct results, are the most developed and simple, since in the case of the far-field, the angular distribution of the field, regardless of distance, is characterized by a radiation pattern. Methods of the near-field are based on measuring the amplitude-phase distribution of the orthogonal components of the electromagnetic field in the near zone with subsequent recalculation of the parameters and restoration of the spatial radiation pattern of the antenna under study. The comparative analysis of the main groups of antenna measurement methods shows that at the present stage of their development, due to a number of advantages, measurement methods in the near-field with subsequent reconstruction of the radiation pattern of the studied antenna in the far-field are most widely used.

Background. Primary hyperparathyroidism is a common endocrinological disease caused mainly by parathyroid adenoma. The main treatment method is surgery (parathyroidectomy). Therefore, the exact determination of adenoma localization is crucial. Aim. To evaluate the current possibilities of multimodal diagnosis of parathyroid adenomas. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of 49 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism aged 24 to 82 (median 57.9 years) was performed. Modern radionuclide and hybrid technologies were used for topical diagnosis and metabolic assessment of parathyroid adenomas: scanning, single-photon emission computed tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography combined with computed tomography, positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography with 18F-deoxyglucose and 18F-choline. The diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism was confirmed by a biochemical blood test: the level of parathyroid hormone and ionized and total calcium. Results. The study included 43 (87.8%) females and 6 (12.2%) males. The female/male ratio was 7.2:1. Most cases (78.1%) were the hypercalcemic type of primary hyperparathyroidism, and the normocalcemic type was diagnosed in 21.9% of patients. The mean parathyroid hormone level was 145.43 pg/mL, exceeding the reference values by 2.2 times. Parathyroid hormone concentration in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism was 156.38 pg/mL, and mean ionized and total blood calcium levels were 1.43 and 3.04 mmol/L, respectively. The asymptomatic type occurred in 76.7% of patients. The symptomatic type of hyperparathyroidism had 23.3%, manifested with nephrolithiasis, pancreatitis, and bone lesions. Parathyroid adenomas were more often located in the left lobe (42.9%). In 77.6% of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, solitary adenomas were detected. Ectopia of the parathyroid glands was detected in 16.3% of patients, with intrathyroidal location in the left lobe being the most common. Rare locations include the anterior and posterior mediastinum and the esophageal wall. Conclusion. Modern diagnostic multimodal options based on radionuclide and hybrid technologies are crucial in the personalized treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism.

Objective. The article discusses hardware and software methods of protecting the resources of the personal data information system from unauthorized access by means of "sniffing attacks"; the essence of which is to intercept data that is delivered within the observed system in the form of packets.Method. The analysis of the security of resources by the personal data information system regarding unauthorized access to data by means of "sniffing attacks" includes five conditional stages: collecting information in the personal data information system, scanning the personal data information system, gaining access to the personal data information system, securing personal data in the information system, generating a report; at the same time, security analysis it is always associated with unauthorized access to data.Result. To prevent unauthorized access to data by means of "sniffing attacks", the following software and hardware solutions are proposed to minimize the consequences of unauthorized exposure to the personal data information system: the use of the HTTPS protocol, a secure version of the HTTP protocol; the use of a static ARP table generated manually; scanning of the computer network of the personal data information system by the AntiSniff program; encryption of the computer network traffic networks of the personal data information system.Conclusion.The presented hardware and software solutions allow minimizing the consequences of unauthorized impact on personal data information systems.

Introduction Digital technologies used for lower limb amputation patients wearing prostheses are mostly experimental due to the complexity involved in model development of the stump socket. The objective was to develop a technique for additive manufacturing of lower limb prosthetic sockets to minimize negative results using a three-dimensional model of a prosthetic socket and considering anatomy and functionality of the stump. Methods The review included 20 lower limb amputees who were assigned to 3 groups depending on the method of stump scanning. Results The results of prosthetics were evaluated with the stump scanned naked (n = 9), covered with a silicone cloth (n=6) and with the use of embedded components (n = 5). The results of clinical and instrumental examination showed the advantage of the scanning method offered. The symmetry index for the time of foot roll-over was 0.55 ± 0.14 in the first group, 0.63 ± 0.07 in the second group, and 0.85 ± 0.04 in the third group. Discussion The best results of prosthetics in third group were associated with the most favorable load distribution in the receiving cavity of the prosthetic socket due to embedded components. In these cases, processing the digital model was simplified with no need to unload bone prominences. With scanning of a naked stump, processing a digital model was complicated and required professional skills. This solution had the potential to prevent any sort of direct physical contact to avoid inadequate modeling of the computer model of the prosthetic socket. The use of a silicone liner allowed reducing the pressure on the bone prominences. With a sharply skeletonized stump, the elastic properties of the liner were not enough and could cause injury to the tissues. Conclusions The findings suggested that improved quality of prosthetics was dependent on the technique used to scan the stump. The use of pre-installed embedded components allowed for effective load distribution in the prosthetic socket and created favorable conditions for prosthetic use.

The study features the identification of promising areas for the application of 3D technology in the study of cultural heritage sites in the Tver Volga region, as three-dimensional fixation has a number of advantages over two-dimensional drawings and photographic materials. Photogrammetry is used in the paper as an example of the most accessible way to construct 3D models, which requires a camera and a computer. Photogrammetry is a more affordable alternative as compared to scanning. The experience of digital modeling is presented on the basis of the materials of archaeological excavations in Staritsa, Tver Oblast, using the Zephyr Pro software. The use of 3D technology at archaeological sites allows to expand their analysis capabilities, transfer sites into digital format, and retain complete information about them without changing the structure of the sites.

The paper presents investigation methods which are aimed at increasing an accuracy in determination of parameters for movement of vehicles in the reconstruction process of road traffic accidents. The problems with a target to improve a method for calculation of vehicle movement speed and location coordinates at different time moments have been solved in the paper. In order to determine more accurately nature of vehicle damage and their location on carriageway, a laser scanning method has been applied which makes it possible to reduce an error while determining dimensions and distances, and to shorten time for an inspection of the road traffic accident place. The presence of a scanned image in three-dimensional form allows more accurately to simulate nature and angle concerning approach of vehicles prior to a collision. A methodological support for determination of vehicle movement parameters has been developed on the basis of the recorded data from driving video recorders (DVRs). It has been established that an error in measuring a speed of movement for vehicles will depend on quality of a video image, length of the investigated area and range of possible speeds. A relative error will be the higher, the smaller we have vehicle speed range and length of the investigated section. A mathematical model of vehicle speed change in a differential form has been compiled and solved in the paper. The model allows to calculate a speed of motion at different time moments with respect to recording from driving video recorders. In addition, the developed methodology permits more accurately to determine coordinates of vehicle location on a photoand video image. This is especially important while determining places of pedestrian-road accident or vehicle collision location of the collision or the place of collision with regard to the edge of carriageway. Unlike subjective research methods when initial data for carrying out auto-technical investigations are established by interviewing witnesses and the accused, the proposed methods make it possible to permit reconstruction of a road traffic accident exclusively by objective methods with the help of automated technical means.

Introduction. Currently, one of the most promising approaches to the development of 5th generation mobile wireless systems is the deployment of heterogeneous networks based on existing LTE cellular systems having both large and small cells. Small, low-cost relay stations equipped with highly directional steerable antenna systems to connect small cells with LTE base station serving macrocell can comprise the main elements of such networks. Objective. Since existing solutions are either too expensive or do not allow the flexible rearrangement of current information transmission lines, the objective of this work is to develop antenna equipment for low-cost relay stations based on simple, steerable antenna systems of millimetre wavelength (57-64 GHz), which allow beamsteering on both azimuth and elevation planes. Methods and materials. The developed steerable, bifocal lens antenna system comprises a specially-shaped lens made of high-molecular-weight polyethylene and integrated with a phased array antenna. A key feature of its design is a wide-angle beamsteering in the azimuth plane and ability to adjust the beam in the elevation plane. The calculation of the lens profiles was carried out by means of an approximation of geometrical optics in Matlab, while the main technical characteristics of the lens antenna system were obtained by direct electromagnetic modelling in CST Microwave Studio. Results. A prototype steerable, bifocal lens-array antenna system has been developed and its characteristics studied. The following technical characteristics are achieved in the 57–64 GHz range: beamsteering in the elevation plane – ±3º; beam-steering in the azimuth plane – ±40º; antenna gain – from 20 to 27.5 dBi for all angles. Conclusion. It is shown that the developed antenna system can be successfully used as a component of the receiving and transmission equipment of small relay stations that transmit information in the frequency range of 57-64 GHz over a distance of 100-300 m.

Monitoring technologies are rapidly developing at present and allow to extract and use non-coordinate information about objects. Noncoordinate information is the information about the type and properties of an object under study. Remote sensing is the main method of solving monitoring problems where special positioning belongs to the radar methods, based on space-time processing of signals and, in particular, on methods of radio polarimetry. It is necessary to have information about the surface in order to solve the monitoring task. The slightest changes in the electrical and physical properties of such areas as salinity, humidity, soil composition, etc. will lead to a change in the basic electrodynamics of the surface, notably its complex dielectric permittivity. The article demonstrates the precise solutions to the problems of radio-waves reflection from a layered surface with various laws of changes of the complex permittivity  in depth. Media with exponential and quadratic laws of variation  for arbitrary angles of incidence of the radio wave on the surface are considered. Precise decision is obtained for layered media with the law of change in the complex permittivity the polynomial and linear characteristics. A similar problem for the parabolic layer is considered separately. The detailed analysis of radio waves reflection from the medium with a matching layer is carried out. The nature of the electromagnetic field inside the transition layer is studied in detail. The article is illustrated by the graphs showing the dependences of an electromagnetic wave reflection coefficient on the layered medium with linear and exponential laws of variation of the complex dielectric constant over depth.

A mathematical model for scanning an arbitrary optical fiber resonance structure with an ultra-narrow spectral shape by a continuous wave three-frequency asymmetric by amplitude signal is proposed. It is shown that the three-frequency asymmetric scanning method has significant advantages over the methods of symmetric poly-harmonic scanning with suppressed carrier. In addition, the proposed method allowing study the spectral characteristics of ultra-narrow resonant circuits, since the method involves measuring beats at the difference frequencies of the initial three-frequency radiation, which can be of the order of several tens of megahertz.

The possibility of selective laser sintering of graded porous and compactly porous structures by surface fusion of powder particles is demonstrated while maintaining a solid core, which leads to the formation of interparticle contacts in the presence of a liquid phase. The interaction of the light flux of the laser pulse with the surface of the powder particles under multiple reflection is considered. It is shown that the effect of single pulses of laser radiation leads to the formation of sintered structural elements of a powder material having a diameter approximately equal to the diameter of the focal spot. Technological regimes of pulsed laser action are established at which steady contact formation of titanium powder particles of the fractional compositions under study occurs. The possibility of obtaining powder materials with a gradient structure by controlling the parameters of pulsed laser action is experimentally demonstrated. It was found that accurate dosing of thermal energy and the number of pulses of laser radiation makes it possible to minimize shrinkage of powder layers in the absence of particle conglomeration, to control the structural characteristics and properties of products, to preserve the microstructure and phase composition of the initial materials.

This paper deals with training methods of professionally-oriented reading on the basis of Russian State Standards for higher vocational education. The criteria for selection of text material are listed, the efficiency of their use is considered in the frame- work of the most popular types of reading - skimming and scanning. Goals and tasks of professionally-oriented reading training on the first stage of higher education are to teach students to work quickly and effectively with a variety of information sources, to determine whether they are relevant or not and to extract the necessary data. Based on the defined goals and tasks exemplary exercises are given that can be used to form a variety of language skills. Mentioned sample exercises take into account the three stages of working with text. From the authors’ point of view these types of exercises reflect the content of language education in the system of higher education in accord- ance with Russian State Standards. At the end of the paper the authors conclude that the exercises described will not only train professionally-oriented reading, but also serve as a basis for further self-development of an existing level of foreign language and its application in real-life communication (professional as well as living.

In conjunction with the problem of the target selection on a clutter background with quasi-continuous radiation, the analysis of the spatial radar signal processing is made. The analysis is made for a case of non-isotropic array elements. The calculation results of the optimized receiving antenna pattern and the attained signal-to-noise ratio for the confirmation of the efficiency of the cylindrical array system with the azimuth scanning rate increase are given.

Показана можливість використання асинхронного двигуна з короткозамкненим ротором для обертання антени радіолокатора з різною швидкістю в діапазоні від нульової швидкості двигуна до подвоєної номінальної швидкості, сканування, позиціонування ісинхронного обертання антен двох радіолокаційних станцій.