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Buckwheat can be used in the production of specialized products (including therapeutic and preventive ones) for consumers suffering from gluten intolerance. Buckwheat malt in Russia is not produced on an industrial scale, it is purchased in European countries. It is necessary to know the parameters of processing domestic varieties of buckwheat for the production of buckwheat malt. Mathematical planning methods were used to predict the influence of the main factors of buckwheat germination on the activity of its hydrolytic enzymes for the production of malt with high enzymatic capacity. Dikul buckwheat was studied. Soaking of buckwheat was carried out by air-water method at a temperature of 15-16 °C in tap water to a relative humidity of 46-50 %, air and water pauses were alternated every 4 hours. Germination was carried out for 6 to 7 days at a temperature of 15 to 16 °C until the maximum activity of hydrolytic enzymes of amylolytic and proteolytic action was achieved. The sprouted grain was subjected to fermentation, for which it was left alone for 12-24 hours until the temperature in the middle layer rose to 50-55 °C, stirred and blown with conditioned air with such intensity that the humidity of the malt was 50-52 %, and the temperature in all layers was 67-68 °C for 5 days. Drying was carried out with a gradual increase in temperature from 67-68 °C to 74-75 °C for 16 hours to a humidity of 5-6 %. We predicted how the main factors of buckwheat germination affect the activity of its hydrolytic enzymes. The main factors affecting the activity of enzymes during germination: malting temperature, °C; malting humidity, %; malting duration, day. The criteria for evaluating the influence of the selected parameters were the abilities, units/g of dry substances: amylolytic, saccharifying, and proteolytic. For statistical processing of the study data, central rotatable uniform planning was used, which made it possible to obtain a regression equation that adequately describes the process of buckwheat germination in the course of 20 experiments in 3-fold repetition. To assess the adequacy of the mathematical model, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the experiment was performed in the Design Expert program (Stat-EaseInc.). The following values of the output parameters were obtained, units / g of dry substances – amylolytic capacity of 326.7, saccharifying capacity of 40.9 and proteolytic capacity of 381.9 units/g. at the appropriate input: temperature 15 °C; humidity 48 %; duration of malting 6 days.

The article considers the application of methods that make it possible to determine the need for deeper standardization of processes within the framework of the implementation of national programs, based on the influence of the degree of standardization on the time and resource intensity of the implementation of national programs. To determine the impact of the degree of standardization on the implementation time of national programs implementation, it is proposed to use network-planning methods, taking into account the influence of the time required for the development and implementation of additional standards on the implementation of the national program. The impact of standardization on the resource intensity indicators of the implementation of national programs is proposed to be taken into account through the analysis of the dynamics of the amount of finance required for the implementation of the program. For this purpose, it is proposed to use business planning methods, namely: calculation of the costs associated with the development and implementation of additional standards and calculation of the financial benefits from deepening standardization, based on the calculation of the amount of reduction in the cost of financial resources per unit of the result of the national program implementation.

The paper investigates modern trends in the development of innovative systems in Russia. These trends are caused, on the one hand, by the lack of a clearly formulated concept of an innovation system, and, consequently, by the inability to determine the ways of its development, and by the active use of undeservedly forgotten program-target planning methods, on the other hand. A detailed analysis of various positions and statistical materials allowed us to prove that, contrary to the generally accepted opinion, the Russian model of public administration and financing of innovative activities has signs of cluster and state-corporate types. The article considers the existing approaches to the management of innovation and investment activities of organizations, which is aimed directly at reproduction processes, in particular, the reproduction of fixed capital. The authors substantiate the necessity of creating territorially grouped innovation systems, which is explained by the dependence of industries and sectors of the economy on each other on the technological principle and the need to create technological links between them to realize their potential advantages within the framework of the implementation and creation of innovative products.

Objectives In the article, problems in the optimising of machining operations, which provide end-unit production of the required quality with a minimum processing cost, are addressed. Methods Increasing the effectiveness of experimental research was achieved through the use of mathematical methods for planning experiments for optimising metal cutting tasks. The minimal processing cost model, in which the objective function is polynomial, is adopted as a criterion for the selection of optimal parameters. Results Polynomial models of the influence of angles φ, α, γ on the torque applied when cutting threads in various steels are constructed. Optimum values of the geometrical tool parameters were obtained using the criterion of minimum cutting forces during processing. The high stability of tools having optimal geometric parameters is determined. It is shown that the use of experimental planning methods allows the optimisation of cutting parameters. In optimising solutions to metal cutting problems, it is found to be expedient to use multifactor experimental planning methods and to select the cutting force as the optimisation parameter when determining tool geometry. Conclusion The joint use of geometric programming and experiment planning methods in order to optimise the parameters of cutting significantly increases the efficiency of technological metal processing approaches.

Referring to different aspects of works by Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond, the author demonstrates the influence that the construction and planning methods of French architecture had on the formation of early St Petersburg. Le Blond had a major influence on the development of the Russian architectural school. The educational system he developed was implemented, and his ideas were made manifest in an architectural treatise by Pyotr M. Yeropkin. The article mentions twelve addressees who received plans for ‘model homes’. The author provides evidence that Pyotr Apraksin’s house was also a ‘model home for the eminent’ by Le Blond. Fyodor Apraksin’s manor and palace were built according to an individual project of the architect, the only one implemented in his lifetime. Later, the palace was demolished, and its foundations became part of the Winter Palace, now housing the State Hermitage. In 1999, archaeological excavations were carried out in the Great Courtyard of the Hermitage, which helped discover the foundations of F. M. Apraksin’s manor and the materials used in its construction. The archaeological finds, made of local types of marble and limestone, testify to Le Blond’s attempts to find deposits suitable for construction in the vicinity of St Petersburg. With a view to optimising construction and making it cheaper, the architect worked with local manufacturers, which is proved by the discovery of so-called ‘moon glass’., На примере различных аспектов деятельности архитектора Ж.-Б. Леблона демонстрируется значение методов строительства и планирования французской архитектуры в создании облика раннего Петербурга. Деятельность Ж.-Б. Леблона оказала большое воздействие на развитие архитектурной школы России. Была реализована разработанная им структура образования, его идеи были воплощены П. М. Еропкиным в архитектурно-строительном трактате. Известны 12 адресатов, получивших «образцовый проект» для строительства. Представлены доказательства того, что дом Петра Матвеевича Апраксина также строился по проекту «образцового дома для именитых» Ж.-Б. Леблона. Усадьба и дворец Федора Матвеевича Апраксина строились по индивидуальному проекту архитектора, единственному, воплощенному при жизни зодчего. Затем дворец был снесен, и его фундаменты стали основанием части Зимнего дворца (теперь – здание Государственного Эрмитажа). В 1999 г. в большом дворе Эрмитажа происходили раскопки, в результате которых были обнаружены фундаменты усадьбы Ф. М. Апраксина и материалы, использовавшиеся при строительстве дворца Федора Матвеевича. Археологические экспонаты из местных пород мрамора и известняка наглядно представляют результаты поисков Леблоном в окрестностях Петербурга месторождений горных пород, пригодных для строительства. Для оптимизации и удешевления строительства архитектор работал с местными производителями, о чем красноречиво свидетельствуют находки «лунных стекол».