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Background. In reproductive women, transplant disturbs the menstrual cycle pattern. The two major conditions usually encountered are amenorrhea and menorrhagia.The objective of the study was to assess the pattern of menstrual cycle after kidney transplant in reproductive women.Materials and methods. This cross-sectional study was carried out in a public sector hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. A total 69 patients of reproductive age were included who underwent living kidney donor transplant for more than a year ago. Women having genital tract infection, using hormonal treatment, organic cause of genital tract, clotting disorder and severe cardiac and/ or peripheral vascular disease were excluded. Frequency and percentages were calculated for demographic characteristics. Correlation and association analysis was calculated for type of menstruation with menstrual cycle pattern. A P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results. Majority of female included in the study aged between 35–39 years (36, 52.2%). The most frequent menstrual disturbance observed was heavy menstrual bleeding (22, 31.9%) and amenorrhea (21, 30.4%). Only 2.9% cases showed normal menstrual pattern. The cross tabulation indicated that 26.1% patients had amenorrhea, 24.6% had oligomenorrhea and 31.9% had menorrhagia. The Durbin–Watson value of 0.656 indicated a strong positive relationship between menstruation cycle pattern (dependent variable) and type of menstruation, marital status, donor’s age, children and living location of the patients (independent variables).Conclusion. From the result of the present study, it is concluded that the reproductive age women have shown a disturbed pattern of menstrual cycle after kidney transplant. The major observation was that such patients reported amenorrhea, menorrhagia, oligomenorrhea and hypomenorrhea.

Research objective: to determine the frequency of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency to identify its association with reproductive hormones in adolescent girls with oligomenorrhea. Materials and methods. The work was carried out according to the results of clinical and instrumental examination of 68 adolescent girls 12–18 years old with oligomenorrhea, who were treated at the Department of Pediatric Gynecology of the State Institution “Institute for Children and Adolescents Health Care of the NAMS of Ukraine”. Patients were divided into two groups depending on the body mass index (BMI): group I – with a body weight deficit (BMI 16.31 ± 0.18 kg/m2), group II – with a BMI within physiological norm (20.0 ± 0.25 kg/m2). All patients underwent a comprehensive clinical and laboratory examination: luteinizing, follicle-stimulating hormones, prolactin, estradiol, testosterone, cortisol, 25(OH)D were determined in blood serum. Multivariate regression analysis was using for analyze the association of gonаdotropic, steroid hormones with vitamin D. The main characteristics of the object discrimination model are presented in the form of tables. Results. The article provides a comparative analysis of the hormonal profile and vitamin D level depending on BMI. It was revealed that a reduced 25(OH)D value was characteristic not only in patients with menstrual dysfunction, but also in peers with normal menstrual function. Schemes that characterize the pituitary-gonadal association with vitamin D were constructed based on the results of multiple regression analysis. Their features were determined in girls with different body weights. In patients with low energy resources there were direct associations between individual indicators of gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormone), steroid hormones (estradiol, cortisol) and vitamin D. An inverse association was observed between vitamin D and cortisol and prolactin in girls with balanced energy status. Conclusions. The reduced content of vitamin D is characteristically for patients with menstrual dysfunctions by the type of oligomenorrhea. Associations of gonadotropic, steroid hormones and vitamin D, depending on the energy status (nutrition) of patients with oligomenorrhea were revealed.

In recent years in Ukraine and in the world there has been a clear tendency towards deterioration in the indicators of the somatic health of children and adolescents, that is negatively affects the processes of reproductive health formation and it state in the future. Concern for adolescent girl's health, including their reproductive system, forms an enormous contribution to the society future. That's why big attention is paid to the formation and saving reproductive health of adolescent girls. The period of sexual development is defining in a woman's life and is considered a key moment on the path of reproductive maturity. Today it has been established that the reproductive health formation is influenced by environmental, socio-economic factors and the presence of somatic diseases. Despite the fact that the pathogenetic mechanisms of the reproductive system formation are extremely complex and sensitive to the effects of negative factors, the appearance of destructive factors at this time can disrupt the physiological chain of functioning of the hormonal mechanisms which regulate the reproductive system. Disorders of the menstrual cycle is one of the most common pathological conditions, combining pathogenetically different diseases, which are manifested by a violation of the menstrual duration and frequency, amount of menstrual flow. According to domestic literature, hypomenstrual syndrome (oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea) is in the first place among menstrual dysfunctions in adolescent girls in the structure of gynecological morbidity and is up to 45%. Menstrual irregularities that occur during adolescence often persist into the future, causing infertility, obstetric pathology, perinatal loss and other reproductive health problems during childbearing years. The problem of the menstrual cycle formation has been little studied, but it is socially significant, very relevant and requires further study. Thus, girls with menstrual disorders constitute a group of increased risk of gynecological diseases in women of reproductive age, since many chronic diseases of adults are a protracted pathology of adolescents. Therefore, adolescent girls should be examined and treated by a specialist in pediatric and adolescent gynecology, pediatric endocrinologist, pediatrician and family doctor.

Aim: to study the peculiarities of the formation of secondary sexual characteristics and menstrual function in girls with hyperandrogenism (HA) during puberty.Materials and methods. We examined 137 adolescent girls with HA aged 12–17 years. All examined girls were divided into 3 groups: 12–13 years (Group I, n = 27); 14–15 years (Group II, n = 63); 16–17 years (Group III, n = 47). The intensity of secondary sexual characteristics was determined by Tanner scale; the severity of hirsutism was assessed by Ferriman–Galway scale. The studied parameters were compared with previously published data from 42 girls without HA symptoms with normal indicators of physical and sexual development that were also divided into 3 age groups: 12–13 years (n = 16), 14–15 years (n = 14), 16–17 years (n = 12).Results. Girls with HA in puberty, starting from 14–15 years, had marked reduction of mammary glands and enhancement of axillary and suprapubic hair growth. In 32.8 % of girls with HA menstrual function was normal; in 67.1 % menses disorders and menstrual irregularities were observed that manifested by opsomenorrhea (31.5 %), juvenile bleedings (19.6 %), oligomenorrhea (18.5 %), amenorrhea (16.3 %), algodismenorrhea (14.1 %).Conclusion. HA in puberty, regardless of origin that caused this pathology, is a high risk factor for pathologies of sexual development and the formation of menstrual dysfunction.

Introduction. Gynecological morbidity in adolescents and young women is presented predominantly by functional disorders that do not have a distinct organic substrate and develop as response to stress factors. Objective: to evaluate the response of the menstrual cycle to the cyclic intake of vitamins and plant extracts in adolescents and young women with stress-dependent menstrual disorders. Materials and methods: The observational study included 40 women aged 16–28 years with anovulatory normogonadotropic ovarian dysfunction that clinically manifested as abnormal uterine bleeding (n = 7), oligomenorrhea (n = 29), or amenorrhea (n = 4). The subjects were recommended a 12-week administration of Time Factor vitamin-plant complex as a food supplement. The examination included the assessment of clinical parameters, hormonal blood profile and autonomic balance, ultrasound monitoring before use and in the 3rd cycle of Time-Factor complex administration. Results: the autonomic dysfunction symptoms reversed to an acceptable level in 62.5% of patients, the average score of autonomic dysfunction decreased from 33.8 ± 11.7 to 16.8 ± 3.87 points (p < 0.001) in 12 weeks’ time. The menstrual intervals reduced from 51.2 ± 11.5 to 32.5 ± 16.2 days (p < 0.01) in 65% of women. Ovulation in the final complex administration cycle was reported in 25% of women. Positive dynamics of folliculogenesis, endometrial thickness and hormone levels in plasma were also observed. Conclusion. The use of Time Factor biologically active complex in adolescents and young women with stress-dependent menstrual disorders improves autonomic balance, quality of life and has a positive effect on the menstrual cycle characteristics. The method is effective for oligomenorrhea-type menstrual disorders and should not be used as the only remedy in patients with amenorrhea or abnormal uterine bleeding.

Menstrual disorders are widespread in the population, a significant part of them is associated with stress. However, stress is not identical simply to nervous tension, it is a nonspecific reaction to changes in conditions that require adaptation. Stress factors should be divided into physical, metabolic and psychological factors. Of particular importance are violations of the biological rhythms of the body, as well as psychological features of the relationship of patients with the mother. In general, with expressed stress, the reproductive function is inhibited. This effect is realized in several ways, in particular through transient hyperprolactinemia. Treatment of functional, stress-dependent hyperprolactinemia is carried out by plant dopaminomimetics. The use of Vitex agnus-castus drugs in such patients normalizes the secretion of prolactin and regulates the menstrual cycle

A study of the effectiveness of the vitamin-mineral complex (VMC) Ciklovita in the complex treatment of menstrual irregularities was carried out on the basis of the SBIPH MR MRRIOG. Complex therapy was used in patients with dysmenorrhea (n=40), amenorrhea (n=40) and oligomenorrhea (n=40); there were no significant abnormalities in the patients' hormonal status. Patients underwent pathogenetic and symptomatic therapy for 3 months with subsequent connection of VMC Ciklovita®. The general course of treatment was 6 months. The positive dynamics in relation to the symptoms of the diseases was most pronounced by the 6 month of therapy, with a complex approach with the use of the VMC Ciklovita®. The obtained results once again confirm the important role of nutritional status in the genesis of functional disorders of the menstrual cycle and provide a basis for widespread introduction of VMC Ciklovita® in to the routine practice of obstetrician-gynecologists.

The article presents the current data of history of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) study. It contains studies of genetic susceptibility of PCOS, PCOS symptoms and connection with development of anxiety and depressive disorders. The article covers ethnic differences in the phenotypic manifestations of PCOS. The papers describes the study of endocrine causes of infertility in Russian and Buryat women. Several theories of PCOS, including the theory of PCOS connection with intestinal bacterial flora disorders ("dysbiotic intestinal microbiota") are being discussed. The article also provides an overview of various scientific research in this area and the data of the relationship of PCOS and the risk of cardiometabolic disorders, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, obesity and sleep apnea. It highlights modern aspects in the study of PCOS etiology - studies of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. The article reflects study of PCOS relationship with the level of the gastrointestinal tract hormones: leptin, insulin, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, peptide YY. The effect of short-term low-dose hormonal contraceptives on appetite levels in PCOS is covered. The scientific articles on the severity of hypertension in menopausal women with PCOS history and the presence of overweight are reviewed. The scientific work determines molecular genetic markers of PCOS in the aspect of the influence of environmental factors on the expression of genes.

Intensity of generative functions violations depends on the frequency of the transferred inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs (pelvic inflammatory disease), their etiology, treatment tactics and approaches to rehabilitation. With the increase in the number ofepisodes of the disease increasing, the frequency of tubal infertility and ectopic pregnancy also rises. The most characteristic effects of deferred PID are different forms of menstrual disorders. The inclusion in the program of treatment and prevention of disorders of vitamins and minerals of the menstrual cycle is a promising direction of finding an effective and safe approach to therapy. The results of a prospective study of the effectiveness of the two-phase vitamin-mineral complex Ciklovita® used by patients of reproductive age with oligomenorrhea, which developed after previous PID indicate the feasibility of its application.

The emergence of functional disorders of the menstrual cycle is associated with the stress factors impact and is often combined with psycho disorders in women. Approach to the treatment of functional disorders involves not only the correction of hormonal disorders, but also intervention in terms of the neuroendocrine stress response components. The results for the Time Factor vitamin-vegetative complex for correction of functional disorders of the cycle research are presented in this article. The overall health improvement, as well as the menstruation rhythm normalization, ovulation recovery and the significant improvement in the results of the endometrial M-echo parameters was noted on therapy. The use of Time Factor as the means of gravidity preparation contributed to pregnancy in women with anovulatory infertility.

The article demonstrates the relationship between temperamental features and functional state of central nervous system in female students various regimen of reproductive system functioning. The sampling included 115 female students of Krasnoyarsk with different status of menstrual function, including 51 female students with normal gonadotropic and prolactin type of anovulation and 64 female students with ovulatory menstrual cycle. The questionnaire DOTS-R was applied to establish the temperament characteristics. The functional condition of the central nervous system was studied using method of simple and complex visual-motor reaction by means of device "Psychophysiologist". The results of the study demonstrated that girls with "calm" and "rigid" types of temperament have features of functional state of the central nervous system that can condition predisposition to menstrual cycle disorders. The particular features of functional state of the central nervous system in female students with anovulatory cycle were established: decreasing of level of activation of the central nervous system in individuals with "intense" and "unstable" types of temperament and workability of girls of "adequate" type. The application of complex reproductive health evaluation to female students to establish personalty temperamental features will input into forming of risk groups relating to development of menstrual cycle disorders in female students.