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Medical equipment, due to its specificity, requires precise adjustment and testing. Therefore, before direct exposure to a human organism, the equipment is tested on specialized mock-ups of human tissue – phantoms. The physicochemical characteristics of phantoms should be close to the characteristics of the selected biological tissue. Depending on the task at hand, the design of the phantom itself and its properties will be different. The aim of this work is to create a phantom that clearly demonstrates the distribution of the thermal field in the volume during heating while maintaining the heating pattern for several hours. The studies were carried out on an experimental stand, which contained a device for radio frequency ablation of tissues “METATOM-3” with a set of electrodes, a thermal imager, and a tripod for fixing the electrodes. Animal tissue (pig liver) and plant tissue (potatoes) were used as biological tissue simulators. The most suitable imitator turned out to be potatoes, because the electrophysical parameters of potatoes are close to those of the human parenchymal organs. Thermal exposure of potatoes at 58–62°C leads to changes in the starch characteristics: the appearance of a fine-crystalline structure filled with water from the surrounding space is observed. As a result, volumetric changes in the structure of plant tissue appear at the place of heating, which makes it possible to evaluate the results of thermal exposure. To form a clearer thermogram, part of the potato is cut off. In general, potatoes have a narrow temperature range of reaction in the range of 58–62°C, which conveniently coincides with the temperature of cell death (60°C). The experiments carried out show the effectiveness of such a phantom. The obtained pictures of thermal field are reliable and persist for several hours. Experimental studies of various singleelectrode and multi-electrode systems provide ground for recommending this phantom for the practice of developing radio-frequency and microwave ablation systems.

В настоящей статье представлен обзор литературы, посвящённый роли методов локального воздействия на злокачественные и метастатические поражения печени путем использования химической, крио-, микроволновой и радиочастотной аблаций. Цель: провести анализ отечественных и зарубежных источников литературы, отражающих возможности применения методов локального воздействия на очаговые образования печени. Материал исследования: в статье представлен анализ 37 отечественных и зарубежных публикаций, содержащих информацию об использовании методов локального воздействия на узловую патологию печени, депонированных в ресурсах PubMed и информационного портала eLIBRARY.RU. Результаты: выделены наиболее важные аспекты способов химической, крио-, микроволновой и радиочастотной аблаций, используемых для локального воздействия на очаговые образования печени. Заключение: анализ различных публикаций о методиках, применяемых для локальной деструкции опухолей, не дает четкого ответа на вопрос о том, какой из методов является предпочтительным, однако в статье приведено описание каждого из методов аблации, выделены положительные и отрицательные аспекты их влияния на очаги поражения печени. Также остаётся открытым вопрос о включении малоинвазивных методов в схемы комбинированной и комплексной противоопухолевой терапии при очаговых поражениях печени. Современные подходы и совершенствование техник лечения злокачественных образований печени расширяют показания для использования малоинвазивных методик. Квалифицированный отбор пациентов, выбор оптимального метода локального воздействия на опухоль и последующее динамическое наблюдение за пациентами уменьшают количество рецидивов, увеличивают процент общей выживаемости пациентов и улучшают качество их жизни., Aim: was to analyze domestic and foreign literature sources, reflecting the possibility of applying local ablation methods of focal liver tumors. Material and methods: article presents an analysis of domestic and foreign 37 publications containing information on the use of methods of local ablation of nodular pathology of liver, deposited in resources of PubMed and information portal eLIBRARY.RU. Results: most important aspects of performing of methods of chemical, cryo-, microwave, and radiofrequency ablations, used in treatment of local liver tumors were presented. Conclusion: analysis of various publications on methods of local destruction of tumors does not give a clear answer to the question of which method is preferred, however, article describes each of ablation methods, highlighting positive and negative aspects of their effect on lesions of the liver. The question of the inclusion of minimally invasive methods in schemes of combined and complex antitumor therapy for focal liver lesions also remains open. Modern approaches and improving techniques of treatment of liver malignancies, expand indications for the use of minimally invasive techniques. Competent selection of patients, selection of the optimal method of local ablation of tumor and subsequent dynamic monitoring of patients reduce the number of relapses, increase the percentage of overall survival of patients and improve their quality of life., Журнал "Диагностическая и интервенционная радиология", Выпуск 2 2020, Pages 60-66

TToday, pancreatic cancer is one of the most acute medical and social problems that is connected with features of clinical course of the disease, late manifestation, complexity of diagnostics and rather low efficiency of treatment. More often, this pathology is revealed at late stages, when the radical surgical benefit is not advisable. Until recently, treatment options for patients with metastatic and unresectable locally advanced pancreatic cancer were very limited, the prognosis remained very unfavorable. At the end of the twentieth century, in many countries of the world began to develop new methods of local destruction of unresectable tumors intraabdominal localization, contributing to the relief of symptoms of the tumor process, increase the quality of life and its duration. These include radiofrequency and microwave ablation, high-intensity focused ultrasound therapy, cryoablation, irreversible electroporation and photodynamic therapy. Today, these methods of treatment are actively introduced into practical health care, allow to increase the life expectancy of patients with unresectable tumor processes, along with maintaining or improving its quality. This article presents a literature review of different methods of local treatment in patients unresectable locally advanced pancreatic cancer.