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The paper explores the feasibility of substituting steel working bodies with polymer ones in soil-cultivating units. (Research purpose) The research aims to investigate how the friction parameters of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS plastic) are affected by variations in absolute soil moisture and speed of the unit during the interaction of its working body with loamy soil. (Materials and methods) A laboratory unit was developed to examine the friction characteristics of the polymer in contact with loamy soil. The study measures the friction and adhesion properties by altering the absolute moisture of loamy soil. (Results and discussion) Graphs were constructed to illustrate the relationship between of the friction parameters of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS plastic) on absolute soil moisture. It was determined that at absolute soil moistures of 18, 20 and 26 percent, the friction coefficients of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene are 0.45, 0.5 and 0.6, respectively. The adhesion values were recorded at 100, 145 and 700 pascals for absolute soil moistures of 18, 20 and 28 percent, respectively. A decrease in both friction and adhesion was observed when the soil moisture reached between 26% and 28%. (Conclusions) The friction properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS plastic) are lower than those of steel, yet significantly higher than those of fluoroplastic. Further research in this area is expected to significantly increase the effi ciency of selecting materials for the manufacturing of working parts in soil-cultivating units, while also reducing energy costs.

Relevance. To improve the quality of life and expand the taste preferences of the population of Belarus, it is necessary to expand the range of vegetable crops with high yields, marketability and product quality, adapted to the natural and climatic conditions of the republic. In this regard, improving technological methods for cultivating such a crop as zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) is of scientific and practical importance. Materials and Methods. The research was carried out on the territory of a private farm in the village of Chukhny, Smorgon district. Field and laboratory studies were carried out using generally accepted methods and guidelines. Results. Substantiated the feasibility of cultivating green manure crops in combination with the local application of thermoammonia-disinfected compost when growing zucchini in seedlings on sod-podzolic light loamy soils in the natural climatic conditions of Belarus. The developed technological methods ensure the reproduction of soil fertility, increased yield, and production of high quality products without the use of mineral fertilizers. When using green manure and disinfected compost, the nitrate content in zucchini cv. Bonus, grown without mineral fertilizers, was in the range of 280-320 mg/kg. To reproduce the fertility of soddy-podzolic light loamy soils when growing zucchini in the natural climatic conditions of Belarus, it is advisable to use oats, oilseed radish and peas as green manure fertilizers. This technological technique increases the content of organic matter in the soil by 0.8-1.3 %. Together with green manure, adding thermo-ammonia-disinfected compost into a hole when planting zucchini seedlings ensures an increase in organic matter content by 1.2-1.5 % in the compost localization zone. During the decomposition of organic matter of green manure crops and disinfected compost applied locally, nutrients are released in quantities sufficient to form a high yield of zucchini with a nitrate content below the maximum permissible concentration. Thus, when grown on soddy-podzolic light loamy soils in the natural climatic conditions of Belarus, the proposed technological methods make it possible to obtain high-quality products and significantly increase the yield of zucchini due to green manure in combination with the local application of disinfected compost without the use of mineral fertilizers.

Purpose: scientific substantiation of the use of agro-reclamation tillage practices of light chestnut heavy loamy soils in rice cultivation with periodic irrigation by sprinkling. Materials and methods. The research was conducted at the experimental site of the All-Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture in 2022–2023 with Stalingrad 1 rice crops in a two-factor experiment: factor A (soil water regime) – two options and factor B (tillage) – three options. Generally accepted methods of laying and conducting field research were used. Results. Immediately after rice sowing, the soil density in the layer of 0.0–0.6 m, varied in the range of 1.19–1.41 t/cubic m depending on the tillage practice. The minimum value of soil density in the layer of 0.0–0.6 m was formed in the A2B3 variant and amounted to 1.23 t/cubic m. The maximum soil compaction in this layer of 1.34 t/cubic m was observed in variant A1B1. During the period of full ripeness of the grain, soil compaction occurred in all tillage options. Its minimum compaction (1.34 t/cubic m), compared with the control (winter plowing), was noted with a combination of winter plowing and spring deep loosening. The minimum values of the water consumption coefficient and irrigation water loss were obtained in the A2B3 variant, and their numerical values were 851.7 and 703.6 cubic m/t, respectively. Conclusions. It was found that winter plowing to a depth of 0.25–0.27 m in combination with spring deep loosening to a depth of 0.40 m, in comparison with traditional winter plowing in one step, provides a decrease in soil density in a layer of 0.0–0.4 m by 0.10 (after sowing) and 0.12 t/cubic m (during the period of full ripeness of grain), which contributes to the yield increase to 6.95 t/ha and a reduction in irrigation water loss by 112.4 cubic m for the formation of 1 ton of grain.

The article presents data on how bentonite clay (applied at reclamation rates) affects acid-alkaline characteristics and fertility indicators of soil (sod-podsolic sandy loamy soil - retisols). The experiment was conducted in the Nizhny Novgorod region. Physical and chemical properties of the used bentonite clay were preliminary studied. It is characterized by alkaline reaction of aqueous solution (pH 10.9) and of salt extract as well (pH 9.8) and undergoes electrolytic dissociation. The micro-plot field experiment which lasted over 3 years revealed some positive effect of bentonite application. As a result, the lowering of exchangeable soil acidity (by 0.31. pHKci units) and hydrolytic soil acidity (by 0.20 mg-eqv./100 g) was recorded, substantial reduction of aluminium soluble forms content (up to 48 %) was noticed as well, meanwhile the content of exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ increased by 0.70 and 0.24 mg-eqv./100 g correspondingly. Bentonite application contributed to humus preservation in the soil and humus content was maintained at 1.221.28 % level. Moreover, this practice helped to increase the content of soluble (available) phosphorus and potassium compounds (on average by 27-30 % depending on experiment trial). The studied bentonite clay was proved to have stabilizing effect on acid-alkaline and nutrition balances in the soil. Some interaction between mineral soil part and bentonite clay is supposed to take place which results in the reconstruction of chemically-active fine particles (so-called active mineral centers) in soil adsorption complex.

The group composition of humus in microaggregates (colloidal, pre-colloidal, fine, medium and coarse silt) of the soddy-podzolic medium-loamy soil has been first studied in three five-course grain-tilled crop rotations in the long-term experiment of V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute. It is shown that in the trial with a higher dose of fertilizers (N150P150K180 kg/ha/year + 120 t/ha of manure) the humus content increases in soil after the first rotation as compared to that with average fertilizer doses (N60P60K60). This is explained by the content of carbon bond to microaggregates of medium and coarse silt. At the same time both experimental variants reveal deterioration of the microstructure including the decrease in the content of medium silt, accumulation of pre-colloidal and fine-dispersed fractions. It becomes evident that the best microstructure is observed in the variant enriched with fertilizer: it contains a great amount of silty fractions and humus components in the form of humates and nonhydrolyzed residues. Moreover, both experimental variants show a tendency towards decreasing the content of humates bond to silty fractions. The intensive system of fertilization in three rotations allowed maintaining the stable content of humus in the fraction of medium silt, the latter being disturbed to a lesser extent than that in the variant without manure application.

In aspect of modern direction of potential impact assessment of alternative fertilizer materials on properties of soils variability of activity of the main gydrolase and oxide reductase enzymes in sod-podsolic sandy loamy soil (by WRB Retisols) and indicators of its effective fertility under influence of meliorative doses of bentonite clay is determined. Microfield research was conducted during 2015–2017 in conditions of the Nizhny Novgorod Region. Breed was brought once (2014) in an arable layer of earth in doses at rate of 3, 6 and 12 t/hectare. In years of carrying out research grew up winter wheat (Moskovskaya 39), barley (Veles) and peas of sowing campaign (Chishminsky 95). When determining enzymatic activity of soil and maintenance of batteries of plants in it used classical biochemical and agrochemical methods used in soil science. Under influence of bentonite clay high doses in soil observed considerable activization of enzymatic activity (protease (to 90%), cellulase (almost twice), phosphatase (up to 140%), phenol oxidase (up to 30%) and catalase (up to 70%)). As result, improvement of its agrochemical indicators is revealed, including increase in content of mobile compounds of phosphorus (on 21–31 mg/kg), exchange forms of potassium (on 32–41 mg/kg), available silicates (by 2–8 times in α-form and at 1,5–3,0 time in β-form), strengthening of nitrifying ability (on 2,6–4,1 mg/kg) and also relative persistence of maintenance of humic substances at level of control is established. Received results can be basis for introduction of bentonite in production field experiments and in subsequent for development of technology of bentonite clays use in agriculture of the Non-chernozem zone as meliorative substance, optimizing enzymatic activity of soils.

Soil fertility can be restored using special technologies and equipment. In particular, chisels are developed for loosening lands with dense and gypsum soil layers, and mole drains are laid on saline lands with a high level of groundwater.(Research purpose) To substantiate the parameters and technologies for using energy-saving chisel working parts for loosening dense and gypsum soil layers, as well as devices for forming mole drains in subsurface layers of saline soils.(Materials and methods) Modern methods and devices were used to justify the parameters of the chisel ripper and the mole drainage tools. The authors presented the scheme of experiments at the pilot production area. They studied the mechanical composition and the degree of soil salinity in the experimental field.(Results and discussion) The authors determined the soil loosening effectiveness before washing using the developed chisel cultivator. For laying mole drainage on heavily loamy highly saline soils a device was proposed that differs from its analogues in that it has a two-part frame.(Conclusions) The authors ensured the high-quality execution of the technological process for the harmful salts removal from the fertile soil layers. It was found that soil decomposition with the chisel at a depth of 0.45 meters, and after plowing at a depth of 0.35 meters followed by soil washing, reduced the salt content from 0.978 percent to 0.198-0.578 percent, at the same time the desalinization coefficient was 1.7-4.9. The duration of irrigation was reduced by 15 days compared to traditional process. The authors showed that due to additional tillage in case of water shortage, the flushing rate could be reduced from 6500 cubic meters per hectare to 4500 or 5500 cubic meters. They determined that the application of the proposed technology reduced energy consumption by 9.0-14.5 percent, labor costs by 7.91-14.11 percent, operating costs by 8.16-11.0 percent, increased labor productivity by 16.3-18.0 percent, and that ensured annual economic efficiency in the amount of 11.6-12.6 million soums.

Mold board soil cultivating is the most power-intensive operation in crop production. Decrease of power consumption of plowing by the plow body is possible in case of change of the pitch angle of the cutting edge to the furrow bottom. Thus cutting by the cutting edge is carried out directly by a cutting edge and part of a facet. The cutting edge creates the maximum main tension, part of a facet - the minimum main tension. The pitch angle of the cutting edge to a furrow bottom has to be such that the elastic deformations excluding destruction of soil particles prevailed at influence of facet part. The expression connecting a pitch angle of the cutting edge to a furrow bottom from the elastic making relative strain of the compression schedule, the plowing depth, length of the fragmented part of the cutting edge is received. Rising of size of an elastic component and depth of plowing increases a pitch angle. The elastic component of relative soil deformation was defined from the analysis of the curve of compression received at destruction of samples with a cylindrical form by pull test machine RM-0.5. It was established that with increase of value of absolute humidity of the loamy soil the elastic component of relative deformation changes on parabolic dependence, accepting a maximum at absolute humidity of the soil (24 percent). For all sizes of plowing depth the pitch angle increases with rising of absolute humidity. The minimum angle value corresponds to plowing depth of 0.2 m, maximum - of 0.25 m. At absolute humidity of 25 percent and plowing depth of 0.2 m the pitch angle makes 2.8 degrees, when depth of 0.25 m - 3.52 degrees. It was established that for the loamy tilth soil the maximum value of a tilt pitch angle of the cutting plough share edge to a furrow bottom should not be above 4 degrees.

The elemental composition and structure of humic acids in the soddy-podzolic heavy loamy soil of the Cis-Urals were studied during long-term application of organic, mineral and organo-mineral fertilizers under conditions of a long-term stationary experiment. Mineral fertilizers contributed to the formation of humic acids with increased content of aliphatic components, the ratio H : C = 1.45 and a high degree of oxidation (ω = 0.41). The low content of nitrogen in humic acids (from 2.0 to 2.6 at.%), with various fertilizer systems, is primarily due to its low content in the plant biomass of crops cultivated in crop rotation.The organic fertilizer system resulted in the enrichment of the structural aggregates of humic acids with aromatic groups and nitrogen. The high intensity of absorption of the >C=O group of carboxylic acids in the region of 1 717 cm-1 and double bonds of carbon atoms at 1 627 cm-1 confirms this position. Humic acids of the “manure 10 t/ha” and “manure 5 t/ha + equiv. NPK” have the largest number of carboxyl groups in their composition. The vibrations of the >C=O group of carboxylic acids are most weakly expressed in soil humic acids with a mineral fertilizer system. Organo-mineral fertilizer system demonstrates intermediate results in terms of the content of the main constitutional elements in humic acids. Mineral fertilizers application reduces the amount and thermal stability of the structural components of humic acids, thereby contributing to the degradation of the most stable part of macromolecule, which can lead to the loss of potential soil fertility. Тhe use of mineral fertilizers on sod-podzolic heavy loamy soil led to the enrichment of humic acids with aliphatic fragments, and of organic ones – increased the content of stable components of aromatic nature, but lowered their thermal stability. According to thermographic analysis the ratio of weight loss in the low-temperature zone and the weight loss in the high-temperature zone (Z) during long-term use of mineral fertilizers is 0.9, i. e. the proportion of components of aliphatic nature in the structure of humic acids increases in comparison with unfertilized or manure fertilized soil.

The results of research on properties of cinders obtained by high-temperature roasting of clay-salt waste (sludge) after processing K-Mg ores are presented. Cinders are used as complex fertilizers, ameliorant components and microelement fertilizers. Secondary wastes, after extraction of Pd, Pt, Ag from burnt sludge (cinder), consist of sludge after deslagging of crushed cinder and “tails” after sand enrichment. Mixing these products, moistening, granulating and sintering forms result in a sintering product (CP) that is ready for application as complex fertilizer, ameliorating additive and microfertilizer. A study of the chemical composition and composition of impurities of cinders and CP was carried out. The identity of the composition of cinders and CP has been established. Tests with cinders and CP as a complex of fertilizers, ameliorants and microfertilizers were carried out. The research was carried out on the experimental field of Perm Agricultural Research Institute, on sod-podzolic heavy loamy soil formed on the deluvium of Permian clays, this soil represents up to 70% of the arable lands of the Perm region, the studied crop was potato. The yield of potato when applying cinder as an ameliorant additive was higher by 6.05 t/ha compared to the control (the use of traditional fertilizers provided an increase of 3.56 t/ha). For the first time determination of chemical composition including trace elements studies was fulfilled in potato tubers from unfertilized variants, plots fertilized with traditional fertilizers and plots fertilized with cinders. Two components of tubers – peel and pulp – were analyzed using a mass spectral method, with decomposition in a closed system (autoclave). Most of the elements were characterized by a higher content in the peel (almost an order of magnitude) compared to the pulp. An inverse relationship was observed for P and S, their content was higher in pulp than in peel. In the variant with the use of cinder, a higher content of microelements, especially rare-earths elements, was observed compared to the control. A method for processing sludge to extract Pd, Pt, Ag, results in secondary wastes, that can be used as complex slow-release fertilizers, ameliorating additives and microelement-containing fertilizers.

There was studied the influence of soddy-podzolic light loamy soil of different cultivation status on the agronomic efficiency of mineral fertilizers application with varying doses of nitrogen and biological preparations applied against the mineral background, in Pskov region. On moderately cultivated soil the linear dependence of grain yield on nitrogen rates was established. An increase in nitrogen doses from 20 to 80 kg a. i./ha resulted in obtaining an additional yield compared to the control variant, which is dependent on soil pH: yield growth by 6% to 42% was recorded on soil with pH of 5.6; from 8% to 73% – on soil with pH of 5.3; from 32% to 69% – on soil with pH of 5.2; from 66% to 175% – on soil with pH of 4.8. Payback from applied fertilizers rose with increasing doses of nitrogen. Soil properties also influenced the payback value. The maximum payback, 12 kg of grain per 1 kg of NPK, was recorded when N80P40K70 with split nitrogen fertilizing was applied to the soil with pH = 4.8. The introduction of biological products to the variant with mineral fertilizers (N20P40K70 + N20) contributed to an increase in grain yield : the introduction of microbiological preparation Bisolbifitis provided additional 7.55%; spraying of foliar fertilizers – 3.67%–8.78%. On the soil with long-term cultivation status the dependence of yield on the doses of applied nitrogen in the range from 20 to 80 kg a. i./ha looked like a polynomial. Maximum yield was obtained in different years when nitrogen was applied at rates from 40 and 60 kg a. i./ha. An increase in the dose of nitrogen from 20 to 40 kg was accompanied in 2019 by an increase in the yield of grain from 11.2% to 22.6%. An increase in nitrogen rates from 20 to 60 kg in 2020 and 2021 resulted in the growth of grain yield from 20% to 65%. Respectively. When the most effective doses of nitrogen were applied the payback from fertilizers was 5 kg of grain per 1 kg of NPK in 2019; 7 kg of grain per 1 kg of NPK in 2020; and 10 kg of grain per 1 kg of NPK in 2021. On the soil cultivated and improved for a long-term the effect of foliar fertilizers with biological preparations Kodamine B-Mo and K-Humate-Na was less significant (3–3.5%).

The research was carried out to identify the optimal dose of bedding bulk poultry manure on the influence of the crop structure and the yield of spring rape seeds of Lunedi variety. The work was carried out in 2022-2023 in the forest-steppe zone of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Poultry manure loose (GOST 31461-2012) was applied in doses of 4, 6 and 8 t/ha (control - without fertilizers). The experiment was conducted on light gray forest loamy soil with low humus content, neutral reaction and mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium. Statistically proven changes in the structure of rape yield were noticed on the manured variants: the increase in length of the fruit (pod) was 0.40–0.67 cm, in pod weight – 0.04–0.12 g, the number of pods per plant increased by 1.4–2.1 times, the number of seeds in a pod increased by 2.5–4.6 seeds, seed productivity of a single plant increased by 1.9–3.0 times, the weight of 1000 seeds exceeded by 0.66–0.94 g. The application of poultry manure on all variants revealed a reliable increase in the yield of above-ground phytomass and seeds, the increase in rape biomass was 6.03–8.70 t/ha (LSD05 = 1.30), seeds – 0.94–1.26 t/ha (LSD05 = 0.46). The maximum increase in the biomass of rapeseed and seeds (6.03 and 0.94 t/ha) was established in the variant with a manure dose of 4 t/ha, since with an increase in the manure dose (6 and 8 t/ha) in excess of the minimum increase by 1.42–2.67 t/ha of plant biomass and 0.22–0.32 t/ha of seeds. The obtained results suggest that the optimum dose of poultry manure application to spring rapeseed on light grey forest soil (Alfisol) is 4 t/ha.

The purpose of the research was the assessment of feed productivity and nutritional value of 13 new varieties of meadow timothy, meadow fescue and awnless brome when cultivated for green mass in the Middle Cis-Urals. The research was carried out in 2018–2022 on sod-podzolic medium loamy soil of the Udmurt Republic. Meteorological conditions of the growing seasons during the years of the research were different: 2018, 2021 and 2022 were arid (hydrothermal coefficient – 0.89, 0.78 and 0.91, respectively), 2020 – slightly arid (HTC – 1.04), 2019 – waterlogged (HTC – 1.73). The beginning of regrowth of the studied varieties of perennial cereal grasses was noted in the third ten days of April; the grass reached mowing ripeness in 44–60 days. The yield of meadow timothy varieties on average for three years of using the grass stand was at the level of 3.5–3.9 t/ha of dry weight, meadow fescue – 2.3–2.4 t/ha, awnless brome – 4.5–4.7 t/ha. The “year conditions” factor had a primary influence on the variation in yield, density and height of the grass stand – 92.4…97.4 %, 62.9…79.2, 80.3…82.6 %, respectively. The “genotype x year” factor also influenced the number of shoots and their height. Fescue varieties were distinguished by a relatively high content of crude fat (2.5–3.1 %), sugars (15.6–17.7 %), and calcium (0.31–0.36 %). High content of crude fat (2.3–2.6 %), phosphorus (0.68–0.71 %), potassium (2.45–2.52 %), calcium (0.31–0.39 %) noted in plant samples of awnless brome varieties. A positive strong correlation between the yield of dry mass of cereal grasses and the content of phosphorus (r = 0.87…0.96) and potassium (r = 0.69…0.85) in it was revealed. Some varieties of perennial cereal grasses were distinguished by their nutritional value: meadow timothy varieties Sleipnir (Finland), Aturo (Germany) and Tamiza (Germany) with a yield per 1 hectare of metabolic energy of 32.3–34.4 GJ, digestible protein – 0.14–0.16 tons, feed units – 2.41–2.60 thousand; meadow fescue variety Karpatchi (Netherlands) – 21.2 GJ, 0.09 tons, 1.57 thousand; awnless brome variety Gvardeets (Russia) – 35.7 GJ, 0.25 tons and 2.58 thousand, respectively. Cultivation of Karpatchi fescue, Sleipnir timothy and Gvardeets brome is energetically and economically profitable: energy efficiency coefficient – 1.9; 3.0 and 3.6, profitability level – 65; 101 and 161 %, respectively.

In the conditions of the Ryazan region there have been studied 64 spring common wheat varieties from the collection of the Federal Research Center VIGRR named after Vavilov in order to identify valuable traits for use in breeding. Field trials were carried out in the collection nursery on dark gray forest heavy loamy soil in 2018–2022, using the methodological recommendations of the Federal Research Center VIGRR named after Vavilov. There has been established that the highest yields (more than 5.0 t/ha) were formed by the varieties ‘Arseya’, ‘Maestro’ (Ryazan region), ‘KWS Akvilon’, ‘Ethos’ (Germany), ‘KWS Torridon’ (Great Britain), ‘Odeta’ (Czech Republic), ‘Calispero’ (France), which was on 29.9–49.9 % higher than the mean variety productivity in the trial. Yield stability with the least variation (Cv) was established for the varieties from the Central region – RIMA, ‘Arseya’ (Ryazan region), ‘Zlata’ (Moscow region) and ‘Omskaya 36’ (West Siberian region) with 3.1–9.6 %. The studied assortment of plant heights was divided into groups, such as dwarfs (< 60 cm) – 4.7 %, semi-dwarfs – 12.5 %, medium-sized – 75.0 %, tall – 7.8 %. There were identified 8 early ripening varieties ‘Chelyaba 2’ (Chelyabinsk region), ‘Odeta’ (Czech Republic), ‘Zlata’ (Moscow region), ‘Novosibirskaya 29’, ‘Novosibirskaya 15’, ‘Polyushka’ (Novosibirsk region), ‘M-83-1531’ (USA), ‘Burlak’ (Ulyanovsk region). The varieties ‘Voevoda’ and ‘Favorit’ (Saratov region) showed high resistance to various pathogens. There has been found a strong correlation between productivity and the density of productive stems with r = 0.753±0.084. 0.808±0.075, an average correlation with a number of grains per head with r = 0.427±0.115. 0.716±0.089 and grain weight per head with r = 0.374±0.118...0.689±0.092. Grain weight per head was largely determined by a number of grains per head with r = 0.621±0.099. 0.824±0.072.

The effectiveness of fractional application of nitrogen fertilizers in cultivation of spring common wheat was studied in the conditions of the Omsk Irtysh region on meadow-chernozem medium-sized medium-humus heavy loamy soil. The research object was spring common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Melodiya. The purpose of the research was to establish the effectiveness of fractional application of nitrogen fertilizers depending on the level of labile phosphorus in meadow-chernozem soil on yield and grain quality of spring common wheat in the conditions of the Omsk Irtysh region. The field experiment had three factors (242): Factor A phosphorus background: 1. No fertilizers; 2. Application of P30 a. i./ha; factor B main application of ammonium nitrate in increasing doses: 0, N30, N45, N60; factor C foliar feeding with ammonium nitrate and carbamide at a dose of N30: 1. Once in heading stage; 2. Twice in heading stage and milky ripeness. It was found that the most effective was main application of nitrogen-p hosphorus fertilizers in doses of N3045P30; crop productivity in these variants increases by 4048 % in comparison with the nonfertilized variants due to the gain in 1000-seed weight (r = 0.400.42), productive stooling (r = 0.83). The agronomic profitableness of one kg of a. i./ha applied fertilizers in these variants was 21.5 and 19.9 kg of grain with 7.5 and 6.1 kg increase in protein content, respectively. Late foliar sprayings, regardless of their number, did not increase crop productivity and quality of wheat grain. Thus, fractional application of nitrogen fertilizers in years with insufficient moisture levels (hydrothermal index 0.60.7) is not effective.

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Copyright of Plant & Soil Science is the property of National University of Life & Environmental Sciences of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Relevance. In Belarus, no full-fledged studies have previously been carried out to identify species diversity, to identify forms of vegetable beans that have similar genetic diversity. The purpose of the research is to determine the number and ratio of biotypes, to identify the level of genetic polymorphism in vegetable bean varieties by electrophoresis of storage proteins.Materials and Methods. The research was carried out at the BSAA in 2021–2022 on soddy-podzolic medium loamy soil. The experience was based on generally accepted methods and guidelines. The objects of research were 42 varieties of vegetable beans (34 - bush form) and (8 - climbing) of Belarusian and Russian selection. Analysis of seed storage proteins in vegetable bean varieties and identification of spectra were carried out according to the methods. To assess the differentiating positions (zones) of the spectrum, identify protein components, and estimate the molecular masses of proteins, standard marker solutions of proteins “Thermo Scientific” – Unstained Protein Ladder (range 5–112 kDa, number of identified proteins – 11) were used.Results. Differences between genotypes were revealed in internal genetic diversity and elements of the protein spectrum of globulins. It has been established that vegetable bean varieties are characterized by hidden genetic variability and a certain level of polymorphism with a different number of biotypes in the structure of the varietal population. In 60% of the analyzed forms, there is a direct relationship between the manifestation of rare, selection-significant components and the degree of complexity of the total component composition of the protein spectrum. This criterion has practical significance and can be used in breeding work with the vegetable bean crop.

For conditions of the European part of north-eastern Russia the technologies of crop cultivation based on the use of a combined system of basic soil cultivation are most effective economically. This system consists of alternating different types of nonmoldboard soil tillage and different depth plowing. For carrying out these operations by one universal implement for the basic soil cultivation plough-blade cultivators PPN-3-35/2-70 for tractors of class 14 kN and PPN-4(5)-35/3-70 for tractors of class 30 kN have been developed. Field tests of PPN-4(5) -35 / 3-70, conducted in 2015 in the conditions of the experimental field of the FARC North-East, showed that during the basic soil cultivation on the occupied fallow and crop remains the implement steadily sustains a working tillage width and adjusting depth. When plowing, the degree of soil crumbling is equal to 65% and 39%, respectively; during non-moldboard soil cultivation - 72% and 53%. The productivity at non-moldboard cultivation of middle loamy soil is 1.55 ha/h at the fuel rate of 17.2 kg/ha, when ploughing - 0.92 ha/h and 29.6 kg/ha. At the same time, the degree of crumbling when plowing compacted medium-loamy soil is insufficient for soil cultivation directly under the sowing of grain crops. To improve the quality of plowing it is proposed to carry it out together with disking the topsoil by equipping the universal implement with a disk section. To increase productivity, we also investigated the possibility of installing five plough bodies on the plough-blade cultivator PPN-4(5)-35/3-70 when aggregating it with T-150K tractor. In 2016 the agrotechnical assessment of the plough-blade cultivator PPN-4(5)-35/3-70 in the five-body version and with a disk section was carried out, which revealed that the universal implement performs plowing and plowing accompanied by disking in accordance with agrotechnical requirements, with the degree of soil crumbling by autumn plowing being 68.0%, by plowing with the upper soil layer cultivation 83.3%.

The article presents the results of ecological soil monitoring on the territories adjacent to agricultural storage facilities used for storing agrochemical plant protection products in the village of Vyshnivchyk, Ternopil region. The article is based on the study of the ecological monitoring of soil conditions on the territories adjacent to the areas where agrochemical plant protection products are stored. In most cases, these areas do not meet environmental and sanitary standards, posing a potential threat to the environment and the community's health. Inadequate storage conditions, which do not comply with the existing standards, release toxic residues from unused agrochemicals into the soil, water sources, and the air. Consequently, there is a risk of poisoning for both humans and animals. This study also includes an analysis of the composition of agrochemical substances from previous years on the territory of Vyshnivchyk village, Ternopil region (the territory of 'Denys K' Farm). A sheltered storage space near the village of Vyshnivchyk has been operating for more than 30 years. It was constructed in 1978 according to the standards of that time. Both bulk and liquid chemicals have been discharged into the quarry. The problem is further complicated because the landfill has no owner. It is unknown which specific toxic chemicals are present in the abandoned landfill. According to the accompanying documents, 465 tons of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), over 200 tons of hexachlorane, and 7 tons of mercury and arsenic substances have been accumulated there. According to the results of the conducted agrochemical survey, the soil is characterized by a weakly acidic reaction (soil type – leached chernozem (black soil), coarse-silty, light-loamy, soil pH = 5.9; humus content – 3.6 %). Due to wind and water diffusion (pollutant dispersion up to 30 meters from the storage was detected), agrochemicals near the storage facility had the following content: 2,4-D amine salt (0.35), simazine (0.01–0.05 mg/kg), HCH (0.02-0.14), DDT (0.03–0.10), no detected methaphos, but present in the composition (0.19), no detected trichlorfon, but present in the composition (0.10) mg/kg. The productivity and stability of the ecosystems are significantly disrupted within a radius of up to 50 meters from the storage facility site, which hurts the biogeochemical cycling of substances. Therefore, the low presence of plant protection chemical residues near the storage facility in the village of Vyshnivchyk can be attributed to the fact that these pesticides were initially stored in the adjusted facility. However, over time (since the warehouse was established in 1978, and the containers have deteriorated), they have migrated into the soil beyond the storage area.

Disk working elements are classified by continuity of the blade, forms of the disk and cutout and type of the cutout. Decrease in power consumption while introducing a segment of a spherical cut disk is possible at transformation of the external cutting edge towards a concave surface of the working element that corresponds to a difficult type of loading. The methods of calculation of power consumption at introduction of the forward cutting edge and curves forming a segment surface were developed. Normal and tangent efforts from the soil affect the platform of the curve when penetration. The coordinates of curve points of the transformed segment surface can be received by calculation. With usage of the SPSS Statistics program the curves are approximated by a square parabola. Geometrical parameters of the disk, an angle of attack, the travel speed of the movement are considered through a deepening trajectory which is also approximated by a square parabola. The soil as an object of processing is presented by deformation coefficient, the angles of external friction, compressive strength. The calculation was performed at the following basic data: the size of a horizontal single interval is 0.005 m; the size of a vertical single interval is 0.004 m; the absolute humidity of the loamy soil equals 20.73 persent; the hardness is 3.3 MPa; the width of crumbling curves is 0.01 m; the limit of soil solidity on compression is 154 175 Pa; the normal tensions corresponding to coefficient of the soil deformation made 45 178 Pa. When in loamy soil external cutting edge transformation is 1, 2 and 3 degrees, so an average value of a horizontal component of traction resistance is less than the analyzed size by 15,52, 15,79 and 13,55 percent respectively. The segment with the transformation angle of the external cutting edge equaled 2 degrees has a minimum value of average traction resistance.

The current study has been carried out to determine the effect of mineral and organic mineral fertilizers, as well as a growth regulator on the productivity of promising winter durum wheat varieties, under irrigation conditions of meadow-chestnut heavy loamy soil in the Terek-Sulak subprovince of the Republic of Dagestan. In 2019–2021 there were laid on two trials on the experimental plot. In the first case, there were studied four variants of the effect of fertilizers on the productivity of promising varieties ‘Krupinka’ (control), ‘Krucha’, ‘Odari’ under irrigation conditions. There was used ammophos (background), 65 kg/ha a.i. under plowing; ammophos (background), 65 kg/ha a.i. for plowing + Polydon bio universal, 0.5 l/ha in the tillering phase + Polydon bio universal, 0.5 l/ha in the earing phase; ammophos (background), 65 kg/ha a.i. under arable land + ammonium nitrate 150 kg/ha in spring tillering + Polydon bio universal 0.5 l/ha in the tillering phase + Polydon bio universal 0.5 l/ha in the earing phase; ammophos (background), 65kg/ha a.i. for plowing + ammonium nitrate 150 kg/ha in spring tillering. In the second, three winter durum wheat varieties were treated before sowing with 0.5 l/t of Sprintalga and foliar top dressing was carried out in the spring tillering phase, in comparison with the control when seeds were treated with 10 l/t of the working liquid disinfectant Maxim KS. The conducted study has shown that the largest productivity of the studied winter durum wheat varieties was achieved in the third variant of the trial, where grain productivity of 8.36 t/ha was achieved for the variety ‘Odari’, the variety ‘Krucha’ was in second place with 7.91 t/ha of productivity, which was on 0.27 t/ha more than for the control variety ‘Krupinka’ and on 0.45 t/ha less than in the variety ‘Odari’. The use of a growth regulator has shown its significant effect on the grain productivity improvement. Seed treatment of winter durum wheat varieties and crops in the tillering phase with Sprintalgi had a positive effect on the growth, development, and improvement of grain yield. On average, over the years of research, the largest grain yield of 7.88 t / ha was obtained for the variety ‘Odari’, in the variant of seed and crop treatment with a growth regulator Sprintalgi. The productivity difference in the variant with seed treatment with Sprintalgi and with the working liquid treater Maxim KS was 0.67 t/ha for the variety ‘Odari’, 0.71 t/ha for ‘Krucha’ and 0.79 t/ha for ‘Krupinka’.

Winter rye is an important crop of the Non-Chernozem belt of Russia, the productivity of which depends on the use of fertilizers. The paper presents data on the agronomic and economic efficiency of cultivating Falenskaya 4 winter rye under conditions of long-term use of mineral fertilizers. The studies were carried out in 2019-2021 in Perm Region on sod-podzolic heavy loamy soil in a long-term stationary experiment based on a reduced factorial design (6x6x6) with a wide range of doses and NPK ratios. The highest yield in 2019 was obtained in N30P120K120 variant (3.07 t/ha), the highest payback of mineral fertilizers by grain was noted in N90 and N30P30K30 variants (6.00 and 5.69 kg of grain). The highest yield and payback of grain in the conditions of 2021 and for two years of research in average was obtained in the variant N90: in 2021, 3.01 t/ha and 13.96 kg of grain, for 2 years average – 2.95 t/ha and 9.82 kg of grain. The efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers has been proved by a regression equation for two years average, phosphoric and potash fertilizers did not have a significant effect. The rise in the yield increase occurred up to a nitrogen dose of 90 kg/ha and amounted to 0.42 t/ha at N90. The highest payback by grain was noted among nitrogen treatments – by N30 (7.3 kg of grain), with each increase in doses by 30 kg/ha, this indicator decreased linearly by 1.3 kg. The highest profitability over the years of research was obtained in the variant without fertilizers– 60 %, over two years in average. The profitability of using N90 was higher compared with the control only in 2021 – 50 % versus 43 %. All the studied doses of nitrogen used separately provided positive profitability, but the most cost-effective was the use of N30 and N60 – profitability was 52 and 45 %, respectively.

Operating of quality of cutivation of a deformable soil layer is important at soil cultivating working too use. The soil as cutivated object is characterized by elastic modulus, the Poisson ratio, ultimate compression strength, angle of wall and internal friction, coefficient of specific potential energy of destruction of soil particles. All these indicators depend on values of absolute humidity of the loamy soil. By means of a finite elements method the authors predicted an intense and deformable condition of the cultivted layer of the loamy soil taking into account such suppositions as a quasi solidity, quasi elasticity, constancy of speed and depth of cultivation. For realization of this method several operations were used, such as compiling of a global stiffness matrix, a load column, solve simultaneous linear equations, definition of possible movements of nodal points in the soil body across and verticals, and also determination of specific potential energy of elementary soil fragments. The load column is formed taking into account the gravity of soil fragments, traction resistance of a side surface of a chisel and a cutting edge, and also inertia forces. In case of comparison of the received values with the experimental rate of specific potential energy of destruction of soil fragments of the loamy soil it is possible to make the forecast about geometrical parameters of a destruction zone and extent of crumbling of soil fragments. So, at absolute humidity of the loamy soil 20.73 percent, speed of the movement of 1.6 m a second, depth of processing of 0.2 m, width of working tool of 0.02 m destruction zone length in the direction of the movement makes 0.12 m, width equals 0.1 m, the critical depth of cutting is 0.08 m. The coefficient of crumbling of a zone of the disturbed state does not exceed 22 percent.

The article provides the results of the comparative study of grain productivity of 7 blue lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.) varieties bred by the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Lupine in the conditions of Kirov region on sod-podzolic light loamy soil. It has been established that the yield of the seeds of blue lupine varied 1.5-2 times over the years of cultivation (2000-2022) depending on the weather conditions. Over 3 years on the average the varieties Bryansky kormovoy and Siderat were the most productive, 46-287 and 281 g/m2, respectively. Even in extremely unfavorable for blue lupine 2022 (by environment condition index of 62) these varieties significantly exceeded the control (Vitayz – 135.8 g/m2) in yield, by 72.9 and 61.1 %. The coefficient of adaptability of the varieties Siderat 46, Smena, Uzkolistny 53, Bryansky kormovoy was over 100 %. The productivity structure elements of blue lupine, namely: the number of beans per plant, the number of grains per bean and mass of 1000 seeds depended on hydrothermal conditions of the growing period. Under favorable conditions the number of beans per plant and the size of seeds increased. The number of grains per bean was the most stable indicator. The average duration of the growing period of lupine varieties was 84-91 days. In hot and dry weather of 2022 the ripening began 5-7 days earlier than long-time average annual periods. The varieties with highly developed side branching had a longer growing period – Bryansky kormovoy, Uzkolistny 53 and. Vitayz. During the year favorable by hydrothermal conditions the raw protein content in lupine seeds was 30.8-36.5 %. In unfavorable years it decreased by 20-45 % depending on the variety.

In the conditions of the Udmurt Republic, field experiments (2017-2021) were carried out on the remediation of agro-podzolic loamy soil (albeluvisoils) with a high level of chromium contamination (application of 500 mg a.i./kg of soil). Both chemical and physicochemical mechanisms have been used to reduce the degree of mobility of this heavy metal in soil. Ameliorants and fertilizers (limestone and phosphate rock, superphosphate, potassium humate, peat, zeolite) in various doses were studied as ameliorative additives. Various doses of ameliorants and fertilizers were studied as ameliorative additives: limestone and phospharite meal, superphosphate, potassium humate, peat and zeolite. As a result of the research, it was found that all ameliorative additives not only caused a sharp decrease in the mobility of chromium by 40-65 %, but also had a positive effect on the agrochemical parameters of the contaminated soil. The nature and parameters of this influence were determined by their chemical composition, the rate of application, and the period that passed after the application. Limestone flour statistically significantly reduced soil acidity in contaminated soil (by 1.21-3.03 pHKCl units) and increased the total of absorbed bases by 1.7-6.5 times. Phospharite meal (by 2.1-9.1 times) and superphosphate (by 13-43 %) increased the mobile phosphorus content in the soil; peat increased the organic matter content (by 0.28-1.47 abs.%); zeolite increased the total exchangeable bases by 1.4-9.8 mmol/100g or by 12-239 %. The positive effect of these ameliorative additives, especially their increased doses, was traced during all five years of observation, what allows them to be recommended as promising ameliorants for restoring the fertility of soddy-podzolic soils contaminated with chromium.

Study of the effectiveness of the use of increasing doses of mineral fertilizers (N16P16K16...N120P120K120) was carried out in 2020-2022 in the conditions of the Ryazan region on dark gray forest heavy loamy soil of average fertility. The object of the research was a new variety of spring barley Raphael, included into the State Register of the Russian Federation for the Central (3) and Volga–Vyatka (4) Regions in 2022 (patent No. 12254). As the result of the research, there was revealed a positive trend for raising the yield of the Raphael variety resulted from the use of increasing doses of NPK (y = 0.1829x + 6.36, R2 = 0.8866). On average, over the years of the research, the minimum yield productivity (6.50 t/ha) was shown by the control variant (N16P16K16), the variant with application of high doses (N120P120K120) had the maximum productivity (7.40 t/ha). The yield increase by 0.6...0.9 t/ha was provided by mineral fertilizers in doses of N45P45K45...N120P120K120. The yield of barley per year with sufficient moisture supply during the growing season (HTC = 1.39) was 4.6-5.1 % higher than in dry years (HTC = 0.63-0.53). Structural analysis of yield indicates that during the experiment, the yield of this variety has been influenced by the length of the ear (r = 0.689), the number of grains in the ear (r = 0.467), the weight of grain per the ear (r = 0.715). Increasing doses of applied fertilizers led to an increase in the leaf surface area of plants and the height of the productive stems. The highest protein content in barley grain was observed in the variant with the use of N120P120K120 (on average 14.1 %), the minimum – with the application of N16P16K16 (on average 13.2 %). The calculation of economic efficiency showed that the highest conditional net income (69413 rubles/ha) and the level of profitability (187.1 %) with the yield of the new Raphael variety of 7.1 t/ha can be achieved by applying medium doses of fertilizers N45P45K45.

There was studied the possibility of reducing the effect of weather conditions on spring wheat productivity in the Non-Blackearth zone due to improving tillage technologies. There has been established that on soddy-podzolic light loamy soil, on the fields of the Ivanovsky Research Institute of Agriculture in the period 2013–2019, the difference in the number of productive stems per m2 when using plowing or minimal tillage was not significant when the HTC changed from 0.73 to 2.65, except the year of 2017 (HTC = 2.19), when there was increased soil moisture throughout the vegetation period. The advantage of minimal tillage under these conditions was 30 %. According to number of kernels per ear, there was identified a significant advantage (more than 20 % (HTC = 2.65; 0.99)) of plowing over minimum tillage (by 13–14 %) during the years with soil moisture in the wheat booting stage. When applying experimental tillage, there have been formed areas with a variable density in the lower part of the arable layer, each of which is favorable for plant development under a certain soil moisture. The transition to experimental tillage has increased number of productive stems on 1–6 %. Number of kernels per ear when using experimental tillage significantly exceeded this indicator (by 5–18 %) under a minimum tillage in the entire range of moisture. Compared to plowing, the advantage of experimental tillage according to number of kernels per ear was 0–27 %. The effect of weather conditions on a number of productive stems was 74.8 %, and number of kernels per ear was 32.4 %. The effect of mineral fertilizers on these parameters of the yield structure was 1.8 and 26.2 %, respectively.

The article presents the results of evaluation of 19 collection accessions of fiber flax in the conditions of the North-West of Russia (Tver region). The experiments were carried out in 2015-2017 on soddy-podzolic light loamy soil. The most favorable conditions for the formation of high yields of flax fiber were formed in 2017 (Ij = 0.52), for flax seeds ‒ in 2015 (Ij = 0.07). According to the flax fiber yield, such varieties as Tost 3, Atlant (Russia), Evea (France), Alizee, Merylin, (Holland) have been noted, their yield was in the range of 1.65 (Atlant) ... 2.18 (Evea) t/ha, which is 17.0...51.3 % higher than the standard Alfa variety. The variability of this trait in domestic varieties Tost 3 and Atlant is average (CV = 22.58 and 33.31 %, respectively). The varieties of West European breeding Evea, Alizee, Merylin have high variability (CV = 35.02…41.70 %). Varieties Merylin, Evea and Atlant also showed a high yield of flax seeds 0.77...0.82 t/ha with the variability level of 21.31...28.58 %. These genotypes significantly exceeded the average value for this trait – coefficient of adaptability (CA) was 1.10…1.25. According to the results of a comprehensive assessment of fiber flax accessions, including the yield of fiber and seeds, as well as their adaptive properties - stress resistance (Y2 - Y1), genetic flexibility and compensatory ability (Y1 + Y2 / 2), stability (d), the highest indicators were shown by the varieties Tost 3, Atlant and Evea. These genotypes are a valuable source material in fiber flax breeding for adaptability. The expansion of sown areas under these varieties in the conditions of the North-West region of Russia will contribute to solving the problem of the country's raw material supply.

Aim. Study of the effect of short di‐ and tetrapeptides (AB‐0, AE‐0) on the growth, development and productivity of Batya soybean varieties.Material and Methods. Biologically active dipeptide AB‐0 and tetrapeptide AE‐0 were used. Field studies were carried out on meadow‐brown podzolized gley heavy loamy soil. One month before planting, soybean seeds were treated with dipeptide/tetrapeptide of concentrations of 0.01 g/l or 0.001 g/l. Hand‐tended and industrial‐level research was carried out.Results. The use of dipeptide AB‐0 in a hand‐tended study had a positive effect on the growth processes of soybeans of the Batya variety compared to the control. The use of tetrapeptide AE‐0 in a hand‐tended study increased the weight of plants by 7.3‐67.0 g and plant height by 3.0‐9.0 cm compared to the control. The use of dipeptide AB‐0 and tetrapeptide AE‐0 increased the yield of soybeans by a maximum of 81.2‐83.7% compared to the control. The use of peptides AB‐0 and AE‐0 in an industrial‐level experiment increased the yield by 30.5% and 18.4%, respectively, compared with the control.Conclusion. The short peptides AB‐0 and AE‐0 studied had an impact on the growth, development and productivity of Batya soybean varieties. They can be classified as plant growth regulators.

A significant problem in the cultivation of buckwheat is its low yield, therefore, it is relevant to improve the elements of the technology for growing this crop. The purpose of the study was to establish optimal norms and terms for applying mineral fertilisers and foliar dressing with chelated microfertilisers in the forest-steppe conditions of Western Ukraine, in a zone of sufficient moisture to obtain stable and high yields of buckwheat grain. For this purpose, a two-factor experiment was conducted on the experimental fields of the Lviv National Agrarian University on dark grey podzolized light loamy soil, which included fertiliser rates: N20P20K20, P20K20+N20 (foliar dressing), N40P40K40, P40K40+N40 (foliar dressing), N60P60K60, P60K60+N60 (foliar dressing) and foliar dressing: control (without foliar dressing), Vuksal Boron 2.0 l/ha, Intermag Legumes 2.0 l/ha. Research methods: field studies – to determine the interaction of the object of research with weather factors and elements of the fertiliser system; calculation and weight – setting parameters of crop structure indicators and determining buckwheat yield; methods of mathematical statistics – dispersion, correlation, regressive and graphical display of findings. An increase in fertiliser rates from N20P20K20 to N60P60K60 provided an increase in all indicators of the buckwheat crop structure. Without foliar dressing, they reached the following values: the number of first-order branches – 1.56 pcs./plant, the number of inflorescences and flowers – 10.68 and 1,011 pcs, respectively, the number of full-size and undeveloped grains (pcs./plant) – 41.23 and 11.37, the weight of full-size grains – 1.15 g and the weight of 1,000 grains – 28.00 g. The introduction of nitrogen fertilisers in foliar dressing (at the beginning of flowering) has significant advantages over the introduction of nitrogen for pre-sowing cultivation. One of the proofs of this assumption is the increase in the number of grains, their weight, and the weight of 1,000 grains, respectively, from 35.43 pcs., 0.97 g, and 27.37 g (variant with N40P40K40) up to 37.27 pcs., 1.03 g, 27.80 g (variant with P40K40+N40). This trend is typical for all experiment designs. A positive effect of foliar dressing with microfertilisers on the elements of the crop structure was observed. The use of Vuksal Boron 2 l/ha was more effective. The maximum weight of full-size grains was in the variant P60K60+N60 (foliar dressing) + Vuksal Boron 2 l/ha – 1.21 g, while the use of Intermag Legumes 2 l/ha on a similar background of mineral fertilisers provided this indicator at the level of 1.17 g. Studies have established the positive effect of nitrogen application by foliar dressing during the beginning of flowering on the yield level, and buckwheat yield also increased with an increase in the rate of mineral fertiliser application from N20P20K20 to N60P60K60 and under the influence of foliar dressing with microfertilisers. The maximum yield indicator on average for three years of research is obtained in variant P60K60+N60 (foliar dressing) + Vuksal Boron 2.0 l/ha – 2.64 t/ha

In agriculture, the use of microbiological fertilizers is becoming more and more widespread. The presence of microorganisms in them allows improving soil fertility, increasing the productivity of crops, while ensuring the cultivation of environmentally friendly products. There is a wide variety of microbiological fertilizers, so determining the type of preparation for garden strawberries when grown in the conditions of the Udmurt Republic is relevant. The purpose of the research: a comparative assessment of the effect of various types of microbiological fertilizers on the productivity of garden strawberries.Materials and Methods. Studies on the effect of microbiological fertilizers on the yield and its structure of garden strawberries were carried out on the territory of Vostochny LLC, Zavyalovsky District, Udmurt Republic. In 2016, 2018 studies were carried out on the feeding of garden strawberries of the Darenka vari- ety of the first and third years of fruiting with microbiological fertilizers on soddy-medium-podzolic medium-loamy soil. The scheme of the experiment included the following options: Water (control), Baikal EM 1, Emix, Humat EM. The total area of the plot is 2,9 m2. The accounting area of the plot is 1,8 m2. Placement of variants by a systematic method, in six-fold repetition.Results. Harvesting was carried out in five terms. Studies have proven the positive effect of the studied microbiological fertilizers on plant productivity. The highest yield of berries was 833,6 g/m2, which was obtained using Baikal EM 1. The largest berry was obtained in 2016, also when treated with Baikal EM 1, and amounted to 145 g. lo to increase the number of berries from the bush. So, in 2016 their number was 45,2; in 2018 – 42,0 pieces.

Relevance. Among green and spice crops, dill occupies a special place in the human diet. The crop is widespread and is represented by varieties for various purposes. At present, dill varieties are subject to requirements for morphological (upright form of a bush, large leaf, etc.), phenological characteristics, high productivity of green mass and seeds, and quality. The biochemical composition is one of the main indicators of the quality of dill. Dill contains up to 90% moisture, however, even in that small amount of dry matter found in dill, there are many biologically impor- tant compounds that are necessary for the normal functioning of the human body. Therefore, when creating varieties, these indicators should be taken into account. For this, it is necessary to study and evaluate the parent material and identify promising forms for further breeding work in order to create varieties that have a complex of valuable characteristics. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the collection material of common dill according to a complex of breeding and valuable traits.Materials and Methods. The studies were carried out in the experimental field of the Horticulture Department of the Belarusian State Agricultural Academy in 2019–2020 on soddy-podzolic medium loamy soil. The experiments were performed in compliance with the agrotechnical require- ments for plant care throughout the entire observation period. The objects of research were breeding samples (26) of dill, selected at the Horticulture Department as a result of individual selection from the collection of varieties: Dukat, Sevastopol, Grenadier, Local Bulgarian, Mamut, Uzory, Salut, Almaz, Local Chinese, Alligator, Reshelie, Max, Dalniy, Rzheutsky, a local Krasnodar variety, Hoarfrost.Results. The article presents the results of a study of 26 breeding samples of common dill in 2019–2020. In the course of evaluating the collection material of common dill, highly productive samples were identified at different ripening periods. Differences in the content of dry matter, vitamin C, carotene, low accumulation of nitrates were revealed in the biochemical composition of common dill samples. According to the complex of traits valuable for breeding, samples were selected that can be used in further breeding work to create new varieties characterized by early maturity, high yield and product quality, as well as those having a longer term for the onset of the phase of industrial ripeness and a long period of shelf life.

Cultivation of grain legumes including blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) is an important reserve for increase of high protein feed production. The aim of the research is to find perspective blue lupin varieties and accessions according to yield, adaptivity, the duration of vegetation period and biochemical indices in south-western area of the Central part of Russia. In 2019-2021 six blue lupin varieties and four accessions developed in the All-Russian Lupin Scientific Research Institute have been tested in competitive variety trial (Vityas was standard variety). The trials were laid on sod-podzolic, loamy soil with the moderate fertility level. The average grain yield of varieties in the trial was 2.07 t/ha, of standard variety – 1.85 t/ha. The varieties Bryansky kormovoy, Uzkolistny 53 and accessions BSv 51-19, USN 53-236 and SBS 56-15 had the highest grain yield. Their grain productivity varied from 2.17 to 2.29 t/ha. Statistically significant increase to the standard was 0.32-0.44 t/ha. The accessions BSv 51-19 and USN 53-236 had the maximum grain yield by adaptivity coefficient of 110%. According to the green mass yield and adaptivity Bryansky kormovoy and new promising accessions SBS 56-15, USN 53-236 and BSv 51-19 have been noted: the increase to the standard according to the green mass yield was 5.0-7.0 t/ha, the adaptivity coefficient was 104-110%. By the duration of vegetation period (80-89 days) all varieties and accessions were included into the group of early-ripening. The new tall variety Belorozovy 144 had the longest vegetation period (89 days). According to the alkaloid content in the grain (0.031-0.063 %) all tested varieties and accessions were included into the low-alkaloid group. The varieties Smena, Uzkolistny 53 and the accession SBS 56-15 were characterized by stable low index (0.031-0.039 %). The content of raw protein in the seeds of tested varieties and accessions of blue lupin varied in the range of 32.0-33.8%. According to the set of positive traits, Bryansky kormovoy variety and accessions USN 53-236 and SBS 56-15 have been noted.

The studies were carried out in order to identify the responsiveness of five varieties of spring wheat to the variants with applying mineral fertilizers and to study the specific features of the formation of elements of the yield structure. The work was carried out in 2019-2021 on dark gray forest heavy loamy soil in the Ryazan region. The experiment scheme was: N0P0K0 (control); N64P64K64; N64P64K64 + N30; N64P64K64 + N30+ N15. Over the years of the research, the yield in the experiment varied from 2.45 to 5.57 t/ha, depending on the growing conditions, mineral fertilizers and variety. The use of the mineral background N64P64K64 contributed to a significant increase in the productivity of varieties by 1.02-1.69 t/ha. The most responsive to the improvement of the background of mineral nutrition were varieties Maestro, Arsey and Agata, the yield increased by 48, 42 and 39 %, respectively, in comparison with the control. All varieties, with the exception of Maestro, reacted positively to nitrogen fertilization in the tillering phase (N30), increasing the yield by 0.48-0.62 t/ha. The supplementary nitrogen of RIMA, Lada, and Agata varieties was used in the best way; the addition of N64P64K64 to the background was 15, 12, and 11 %, respectively. It was revealed that under the influence of additional nitrogen (N30) in varieties, the plant stand increased by 7.3-11.2 %, the number of spikelets – by 1.3-4.7 %, the number of grains ‒ by 0.3-12.3 %, grain weight per ear ‒ by 0.9-21.4 %. The use of the second fertilizing with nitrogen in the booting phase (N15) led to a decrease in productivity, especially in Lada and Arsey varieties ‒ by 7.9-9.5 %. Variety Maestro proved to be indifferent to nitrogen fertilizing. The data obtained will be used in the adjustment of varietal technologies for the cultivation of spring wheat.

The paper presents the results of 2018-2020 research on the study of 248 Russian and foreign varieties of the collection of common hop (Humulus lupulus L.) in order to identify promising ones with a complex of agronomic traits for developing new varieties adapted to the natural and climatic conditions of the hop-growing regions of the Russian Federation. The research was carried out in the conditions of the Chuvash Republic on dark gray forest heavy loamy soil. Sixty hop varieties in the early-ripening, mid-early and mid-ripening groups with the yields above 26.3 c/ha (weighing more than 3.5 kg of raw cones from one bush) were identified. High-yielding varieties prevailed in the mid-ripening group of the collection (67 %). The adaptability of the collection varieties to natural and climatic conditions was evaluated on the third, fourth and fifth years of the hop plantings (in three tabs). There have been identified six varieties, which in some years of growing exceeded the control variety Podvyazny according to adaptability coefficients (1.23-1.23-1.15): early-ripening English variety Golden Star (1.58-1.37-1.03); mid-early Russian variety Zvenigovsky (1.72-1.16-1.07); mid-ripening Russian variety Serebryanka Kalistovskaya (1.47-1.28-1.17), Guslitsky (1.50-1.26-1.23), Ukrainian Kruglyak-Seryak (1.76-1.44-1.18), Group 4 (1.80-1.80-1.31). The most consistently high results were shown by Group 4, Guslitsky, Kruglyak-Seryak. High-resinous varieties with a high content of alpha acids belonging to different types of hops were noted specifically. According to the complex of agronomic traits and resistance to false powdery mildew, 19 collection varieties have been identified.

The article presents the results of comparative assessment of soybean breeding lines of the northern ecotype for selection of the most promising ones for developing forage varieties suited for cultivation in mixed crops. The studies were carried out in 2018-2021 in the conditions of the Chuvash Republic on gray forest heavy loamy soil. The experiment included four soybean lines in comparison with the SibNIIK 315 standard recommended for growing in the Volga-Vyatka region. The crops were evaluated according to the dynamics of accumulation of aboveground biomass during the phases of formation and filling of beans. Based on the results of a 4-year observation period, correlations between the productivity of soybean lines of the northern ecotype with weather factors have been established. It has been revealed that the yield of aboveground mass during the phases of formation and filling of beans depended mostly on atmospheric precipitation (r = -0.49…-0.86). It has been established, that breeding lines No. 314 and No. 320 of middle early and mid-season ripening period had rather high productivity. The yield of green mass in single-crop sowings was 39.7 t/hа in line No. 314 and 36.7 t/hа in line No. 320 that 1.5 times exceeded the standard variety. The selected lines are worth noting and according to bush architectonics are rather high (90- 91 cm), foliate (46-44 %), branched, nutate plants.

Studies on the evaluation of 20 accessions of fiber flax of domestic and foreign selection according to flax fiber yield and adaptability parameters were conducted in 2018-2020 in the conditions of the Pskov region on sod-weakly podzolic light loamy soil. The Dobrynya variety (Russia), the yield of which depending on the year of testing was 215...273 g/m2, was used as standard. The most favorable conditions for fiber flax were in 2018 (Ij = +24.3), and stressful conditions caused by hot and dry weather during the critical period of plant growth and development (GTK = 0.83) - in 2020 (Ij = -30.8). The samples from China V 51267, 97192-79, y 7S12-13, Vuan 2009, M0269-1, wsh2-5-4 were characterized by the highest average fiber yield over the years of testing (259...275 g/m2) and yield under contrasting conditions (254...279 g/m2), with an average varietal of 232 and 230 g/m2, respectively. The varieties Hon Jku 350, Honkei 28 (Japan), L-1 Soglasie х Alfa (Russia), V 51267 (China) showed the lowest yield variability (7.0...10.8 %). The same samples were distinguished by higher stress resistance. According to homeostaticity (Hom), Hon Jku 350 (Japan), L-1 Soglasie х Alfa (Russia), V 51267 (China) were distinguished: 106.9; 98.9 and 52.1, respectively. Highly responsive to growth conditions (bi>1) were samples 97192-79 (1.93), 97192-79-8 (1.88) from China and L-3 Orshansky-2 x Tvertsa (1.74), Nadezhda (1.56) from Russia; plastic - Heiya 8(1.06), 92199-6-5(1.08) (China) and st. Dobrynya (1.01) (Russia), weakly responsive (bi < 1) -L-1 Soglasie х Alfa (Russia), Hon Jku 350, Honkei 28 (Japan). The best in stability (Gd2) samples were Heiya 8 (13) – China; L-3 Orshansky-2 x Tvertsa (26), L-1 Soglasie х Alfa (179), L-2 Voskhod х Zaryanka (182) - Russia; Hon Jku 350 (186) – Japan. According to the yield of flax fiber and the complex of adaptability parameters, based on the ranking, the cultivars L-1 Soglasie х Alfa (Russia), V 51267, wsh2-5-4, 97192-79 (China) with the greatest adaptive potential were identified. They can be used as sources of adaptability when creating new varieties of flax.