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The current paper has presented the results of two studies in 2019–2020, the purpose of which was to analyze the main elements of productivity of maize lines from the VIR collection. The work was carried out in accordance with an agreement on scientific cooperation with the involvement of the VIR maize collection in the breeding program in the amount of 100 numbers, in the foothill zone of Kabardino-Balkaria (Chegem district, village of Nartan). The purpose of the current work was to study and evaluate the morpho-biological and economically valuable traits of maize lines from the VIR collection in the conditions of the foothill zone of Kabardino-Balkaria. Thus, according to the estimation of the quantitative traits of the maize samples, there have been selected 36 numbers. According to the plant height, there were identified 8 numbers, where the value of the trait was from 2.41 to 2.47 m, and according to the number of leaves, 8 samples were allocated from 16.4 to 16.8 pieces. According to the sign of attachment of a commercial ear, all selected lines were in the range above the mean values from 0.98–1.06 m. For other traits, there were no significant differences compared to the standard. Analysis of the elements of productivity of maize lines from the VIR collection made it possible to identify 13 samples based on ear length, considering НСР05, whose values were higher than that of the standard, and this indicator was at a level of 22.5–25.2 cm. In terms of the number of grain rows on an ear, the best results were observed in 14 lines with the trait varying from 18.0 to 18.6 pieces, and the number of grains in a row of an ear there were 18 numbers, where the range varied from 37.2 to 46.1. In terms of grain yield, there were identified the best 4 lines (from 83.5 to 87.7 % compared to the standard value of 79.6 %). In terms of one of the main and main complex traits, such as grain productivity (at 14% humidity), there were identified 6 lines, where the variation ranged from 4.01 to 4.5 t/ha.

Relevance. Alternaria dauci, Alternaria radicina and Fusarium oxysporumare wide spread and harmful fungal diseases of carrot (Daucus carota L.) in the Russian Federation and in the world. Total losses of roots from these diseases are 35-70%. Obtaining of new varieties and hybrids resistant to these pathogens is complicated by the fact of polygenic control resistance traits to fungal diseases of Alternaria and Fusarium genus. Interaction of polygenic resistance traits with environmental factors causes the soft character of changing these traits: effects of interactions between alleles and genes are changed, the dominant effect become weaker, additive effect become stronger. So, we can say about of the tolerance to complex pathogens for that case.The goal of our study is to determine the heritability of tolerance to fungal pathogens Alternaria dauci and Fusarium oxysporum by hybrids F1 of carrot.Materials and methods. Materials of studies were 7 basic lines with different types of roots; 7 prospective hybrids F1 and mycelium of Alternaria dauci and Fusarium oxysporum with spores (for inoculation). Methods of studies were: evaluation resistance of lines and hybrids F1 (seedlings, adult plants and roots) at different types of infection backgrounds; dispersion and correlation analysis. Resistance the basic lines of carrot to fungi of Alternaria and Fusarium genus was evaluated step-by-step, using several types of artificial and natural infection backhybrids F1. Tolerant samples were selected and they were used in crossings. F1 – hybrids have been obtained and they have been evaluated at artificial and natural backgrounds.Results: 1. One tolerant male form № 1268 and 6 female forms with weak sensitivity to fungi of Alternaria and Fusarium genus were selected from basic material. They were used in crossings. hybrids F1 have been obtained. 2. Analysis the heritability of carrot resistance to fungal pathogens Alternaria dauci and Fusarium oxysporum identified, that such type of resistance inherited by father’s type. 3. Using tolerant carrot line № 1268 in crossings as the male form and 6 female forms with weak sensitivity to fungal pathogens Alternaria dauci and Fusarium oxysporum increased significantly the percent of tolerant plant in 3 F1 – hybrid population under artificial infection on provocative infection background.

Line breeding is a difficult but effective zootechnical process in purebred sheep husbandry. Linear sheep consistently transmit their characteristics to offspring in order to increase and identify the most promising genotypes, characterized by high productivity and breeding efficiency, by detecting interline selection. The main purpose of the work was to identify the most suitable options for intra- and interline selection of the Russian meat merino breed. The article studies the early development of animals’ growth and physique, the high rates of animals, live weight in different age periods, slaughter and meat qualities. We established that young animals obtained by mating between the animal lines VK-40 and ME-50 were characterized by more proportional body shapes, better slaughter and meat qualities. The increase in live weight of lambs obtained by mating queens of the VK-40 line and rams of the ME-50 line (group III) was more intense than their peers from the intraline selection of the VK-40 line (I group) and of queens of the line AC- 30 with ME-50 rams (group II). The heaviest carcasses were in lambs obtained from the mating of queens of the VK-40 line and rams of the ME-50 line (13.26 kg), the weight of the carcass was greater, compared with the same indicator of the peers of groups I and II, respectively, by 7.7% and 4.0%, by internal fat mass – by 21.8% and 9.8%, by slaughter weight – by 8.3% and 4.3%.

The study of white lupine samples of grain-forage direction developed by the All-Russian Research Institute of Lupine were carried out for three years (2019–2021) on the fields of the collection farm of the of the department of plant production, breeding and olericulture of the Belgorod State Agrarian University named after V.Ya. Gorin. There have been studied 4 varieties and 26 lines, the variety ‘Michurinsky’ was the standard in the trial. According to the seed productivity in all years of study, most varieties and lines significantly exceeded the standard. On average for 3 years, the most productive lines were ‘SN 17-14’, ‘SN 54-08’ and ‘SN 12–13’, which increase ranged from 43 to 48 % in comparison with the standard variety. Productivity increase from 34 to 39 % was given by the lines ‘SN 816-09’, ‘SN 1735-10’, ‘SN 35-13’ and ‘SN 77-17’. The increase of the varieties ‘Pilgrim’ and ‘Aliy parus’ and four lines ‘SN 18-13’, ‘SN 15-13’, ‘SN 55-14’, ‘SN 138-16’ varied from 21 to 26 % compared to the standard. The variety ‘Timiryazevsky’ and lines ‘SN 1397-10’, ‘SN 78-16’ and ‘SN 25-11’ exceeded the standard on 13–18 %. At the same time, the lines ‘SN 76-16’ and ‘SN 1022-09’ produced the lowest yields, significantly inferior to the standard. The calculation of the adaptability coefficient has shown that the varieties and lines that provided high and stable seed productivity over the years are also highly adaptive to the arid conditions of the region, since this coefficient has exceeded 100 %. The protein percentge in seeds on average for 3 years ranged from 29.55 to 36.45 % with 32.27 % for the standard. Its percentage exceeded 35.0 % among 7 lines and the variety ‘Pilgrim’. The oil content in seeds of the white lupine varieties and lines on average for 3 years ranged from 10.00 to 11.54 %. Most varieties and lines in the trial according to the content of alkaloids in seeds belong to the group of low alkaloids (up to 0.099 %) and medium alkaloids (up to 0.299 %).

Relevance. To meet the needs of the population and commodity producers in the south of Russia in tomatoes, it is necessary to develop varieties and hybrids of various directions that have high productivity, increased fruit quality and resistance to fungal and bacterial diseases, that meet modern production technologies and market requirements, as well as have an acceptable price for seeds.Aim of study – creation of new maternal tomato lines with functional male sterility for open ground for various purposes (for fresh consumption, whole-fruit canning,), which will make it possible to create highly productive hybrids that meet the agro-climatic conditions of the south of Russia in the future.Materials and methods. The studies were carried out in a breeding film greenhouse and in field conditions on the territory of the experimental plot of FSBSI "Federal Scientific Rice Centre" of the central soil-climatic zone of Krasnodar region. The object of research were mid-ripening tomato varieties included in the competitive testing, sterile tomato lines, new F1 hybrids based on FMS, collection and breeding material. The types of crosses used in the work: analyzing, saturating, top-crosses. To speed up the process of developing new sterile tomato lines in winter, artificial climate chambers were used.Results. As a result of the research, promising new functionally sterile lines of tomato were identified, differing in the length of the vegetation period, weight, color, fruit shape, biochemical parameters, with a number of useful economically valuable traits.

In recent decades, the demand for naked barley grain on the market has increased, that is why the breeders of the leading institutions of the Russian Federation resumed breeding research to develop new naked barley varieties. In this regard, the purpose of the current study was to develop a breeding material for naked spring barley, adapted to the conditions of the Rostov region and, on its basis, new varieties. There have been developed the new naked barley variety with high productivity and grain quality, adapted to the conditions of the North Caucasus. The study was carried out in the scientific crop rotation of the department of barley breeding and seed production of the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” (Zernograd) in 2014–2020. Based on the best local spring barley varieties (‘Leon’ and ‘Shchedry’) and naked varieties of the VIR collection (‘Mancuria’ (Sweden), ‘NB-OWA’ (Nepal), ‘CDC-Dawn’ (Canada), ‘K-3780’ (Tajikistan) and ‘Golozerny’ (RF)) there have been developed and studied the new naked barley lines. There was found that according to the trait ‘plant height’ the lines ‘Leon x Golozerny’ and ‘Leon x Mancuria’ belonged to the middle-height group (90.2 cm and 83.4 cm, respectively). The rest of the lines belonged to the tall group, their height varied from 96.5 cm to 100.3 cm. According to the trait ‘earing date’ there has been identified the line ‘Leon x Golozerny’ (24V), which is more early-ripening (5 days less than that of the standard). The same line turned out to be the only one that significantly exceeded the standard (the standard variety ‘Ratnik’ on 4.5 t/ha) according to productivity +0.3 t / ha, and taking into account the absence of hulls, this difference significantly increased to +0.7 t/ha. There was established that according to the trait ‘1000-grain weight’, the lines ‘Leon x Mancuria’, ‘Leon x CDC-Dawn’, ‘Leon x K-3780’ and ‘Leon x Golozerny’ significantly exceeded the standard variety. The best indicators of grain quality were identified for the lines ‘Leon x K-3780’ and ‘Leon x Golozerny’. The lines ‘Leon x Mancuria’ and ‘Leon x Golozerny’ were the most resistant to powdery mildew. The current paper has presented the characteristics of the new naked spring barley variety ‘Zernogradsky 1717’, which has a great productivity and a set of positive economically valuable traits.

This article provides an overview of some problems of the breeding and reproduction of laboratory minipigs. The most obvious of these are the lack of centralized accounting of breeding groups, uniform selection standards for reproduction and evaluation of breeding animals, as well as minimizing the accumulation of fitness-reducing mutations and maintaining genetic diversity. According to the latest estimates, there are at least 30 breeding groups of mini-pigs systematically used as laboratory animals in the world. Among them, there are both breed formations represented by several colonies, and breeding groups consisting of a single herd. It was shown that the main selection strategy is selection for the live weight of adults of 50–80 kg and the adaptation of animals to a specific type of biomedical experiments. For its implementation in the breeding of foreign mini-pigs, selection by live weight is practiced at 140- and 154-day-old age. It was indicated that different herds of mini-pigs have their own breeding methods to counteract inbred depression and maintain genetic diversity. Examples are the maximization of coat color phenotypes, the cyclical system of matching parent pairs, and the structuring of herds into subpopulations. In addition, in the breeding of foreign mini-pigs, molecular genetic methods are used to monitor heterozygosity. Every effort is made to keep the number of inbred crosses in the breeding of laboratory mini-pigs to a minimum, which is not always possible due to their small number. It is estimated that to avoid close inbreeding, the number of breeding groups should be at least 28 individuals, including boars of at least 4 genealogical lines and at least 4 families of sows. The accumulation of genetic cargo in herds of mini-pigs takes place, but the harmful effect is rather the result of erroneous decisions of breeders. Despite the fact that when breeding a number of mini-pigs, the goal was to complete the herds with exclusively white animals, in most breeding groups there is a polymorphism in the phenotype of the coat color.

Relevance. High lycopene fruit content has been regarded as a very important genetic trait in tomato breeding. Use lycopene molecular markers in combination with conventional breeding techniques allowed us to create hybrids with high lycopene accumulation, excellent organoleptic qualities, high yield production and resistance to pathogens, and to effectively optimize our breeding programmes for commercial greehouses production.Material and Methods. In this study tomato samples including selected lines and hybrids with various allelic combinations of genes determining carotene accumulation, and other genetic traits, such as disease resistance and yield production were tested. Introgression of spontaneous and induced mutations was used to increase carotenoid levels (og and hp) and improve fruit technological qualities (nor, alc, rin). The research material was tomato collection, mutants, breeding lines and hybrids listed in the State Register Russian Federation tomato hybrids of breeding SS Agrofirm "Ilyinichna" VNIIO branch of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Vegetable Growing – Branch of the FSBSI Federal Scientific Vegetable Center. DNA typing of fruit quality genes was performed at the Institute of Genetics and Cytology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus.Results. New domestic hybrids for industrial greenhouses, which characterised by improved organoleptic qualities and technological traits were developed with the help of phasedcross-breeding that allowed to combine the genes nor, rin, alc, leading to an extension of the shelf life with the genes B, og, hp1, etc., contributing to an increase in carotenoid content in fruits. It was established that for targeted selection and hybridization, despite the negative influence of the nor, rin, alc genes it is possible to raise the level of carotenoids to average values. Correlation between lycopene concentration in fruits and high temperature and level of insolation was confirmed. It was shown that pink-fruited forms contain significantly more lycopenethanred-fruitedones. Different all eliccombinations of structural genes involved in carotenoids biosynthesis and regulatory genes that provided maximal accumulation of lycopene in hybrid swithred and pink fruits were revealed. Hybrids with the combination of high concentrations of sugar (° Brix), dry matter and maximal lycopene values, combined defining excellent taste were selected: Prekrasnaiya lady, Olya, Quadrille, Victoria. New F1 hybrids one for industrial greenhouses: G950, G956, G960, Magistral and pink fruited G12897, surpassed the Dutch standard in productivity up to 21%, and in tastes/organoleptic qualities for 1-1.8 points.

Development of heterotic hybrids is the most efficient approach to solve the problem of increasing the yield of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), a leading oilseed crop. The cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), widely used in rapeseed hybrid seed production, makes it possible to control hybridization between female and male lines. A review of publications on the nature of CMS systems in rapeseed and their utilization in breeding is presented. In rapeseed there are more than 10 known CMS systems of alloplasmic and homoplasmic origin. The male sterility character proved to be determined by chimeric mitochondrial genes, characterized by the presence of novel transcribed open reading frames (orf). Mitochondrial CMS genes associated with nap, pol, ogu and Nsa sterility types as well as nuclear Rf genes for pollen fertility restoration were identified. Molecular marker systems for identification of CMS-inducing and male fertility restoring genes were developed. The ogu, pol, MSL and inap CMS systems are commonly used for producing industrial rapeseed hybrids. The State Register of the Russian Federation for 2019 contains rapeseed hybrids of only foreign origin. Main achievements in domestic rapeseed hybrid production are highlighted. Research and breeding institutions developed new source material for rapeseed hete rotic hybrid breeding in various regions of the country. The sterility and fertility restoration sources were received from Canadian and French institutions as well as from domestic working collections. The yield structure traits did not deteriorate after transferring hybrid maternal lines to the sterile cytoplasm, while the glucosinolate content increased when pollen fertility restoring genes were transferred into paternal lines. Dihaploid (androclinium) lines and in vitro culture of unfertilized ovules were used to accelerate the breeding process. Experimental hybrids were developed using pol and ogu CMS.

Actuality. Industrial technologies of vegetable crops cultivation, including squash cultivation, a lot of attention is paid to the uniformity of seeds by morphometric traits as a condition allowing to use the precision technologies.The goal of the study is to determine specificities of measured polyvariance the seeds of Cucurbita pepo var. giramontia Duch. under changes of climate conditions in Transnistria.Materials and methods. The studies were carried out at the experimental plot of Pridnestrovian State University (Tiraspol) in 2005-2012. Objects of studies – 5 lines (166/5; 19/84; 98/5; 5Б; 48/20) of squash. Morphometric traits of seeds: mass, width, length, thickness were evaluated in the sample of 100 seeds. Mass of the seed was evaluated with help of torsion scales with exactness to 0,001 g. Width, length, thickness were mesuared with microscope MBS-10 with exactness to 0,1 mm. squash plants were treated with water solutions of the preperation Micefit in concentrations 10 and 100 mg/l in the phase of "2-3 true leaves" and "6-7 true leaves", standard is water treatment.Meteorological conditions (temperature, amount of precipitation) the year of seed reproduction were characterized by the data of Tiraspol Agrometeorological Station. Hydrothermal regime the growing of squash plants was characterized by the hydrothermal coefficient (CHT) of Selyaninov.Results. The nature of changes in temperature and precipitation over 7 years (2005-2012 periods) were reflected increased anomality of weather conditions in Transnistrian region. First of all, it concerns the quantity and the intensity of precipitation during the formation and maturation of squash seeds. Distribution decades of total precipitation and temperatures caused extremely uneven hydration: CHT variation ratio was 29.2-61.3%. Almost all periods of study were stressful for plants and led to the dimensional polyvariance of squash seeds. The variation of morphometric traits (coefficient of variation) is depended on changes in the hydrothermal regime of the growing season. It has a non-linear character and was genotypically caused. Applying the preparation Micefit had a significant effect on the manifestation of traits of squash seeds and its interaction with meteorological factors determined their modifying ability in the following order: mass (78,2%)→ length (56,6%)→ thickness (43,7%)→ width (40,4%).

Seeds of maize hybrids in the Russian Federation are obtained using CMS, therefore it is necessary to transfer the developed hybrids to a sterile basis to introduce them into production. The purpose of the work is to study the reaction of self-pollinated maize lines to various types of CMS. There was estimated the response of 26 self-pollinated maize lines to the “M” type of CMS and the response of 23 lines to the “C” type of CMS. The simple sterile hybrids “Milena M”, “Madonna M”, “Krucha M”, “Istok C”, “Nimfa C”, “Malvina C”, which are the mother forms of the new three-linear maize hybrids have been used as the testers of the sources of sterility. The self-pollinated lines have been classified according to the response to the “M” type of CMS as sterility fixers (11), incomplete sterility fixers (7), fertility reducing agents (6), non-uniform in reconstructing ability (2). In relation to the “C” type of CMS there were identified 10 sterility fixers, 3 incomplete sterility fixers, 7 fertility reducing agents, 3 non-uniform in reconstructing ability. The reducing agents of Moldavian type of CMS “FC 18 A”, “T 22 A”, “DS 768/83-3”, “DS 768/85-4”, “DS 768/85”, “DS 768/85-5” are of the greatest practical interest as they can be used as natural reducing agents (paternal forms) in the developed hybrid combinations. The constant natural reducing agents of the “C” type of CMS (“T 22 A”, “PLS 61”, “DK 22/325”, as paternal forms of hybrids grown on sterile cytoplasm of the “C” type) are of practical value. The use of sterile testers in hybridization allows simultaneously with the development of new hybrids to start the first stage of their transfer to a sterile basis, namely to evaluate the response of the lines to the sterile cytoplasm.

Background. Sunflower as an oilseed crop originated from Russia. It was in this country that single-headed highly productive forms were obtained, industrial oil production was invented, first local varieties were developed, accessions with increased oil content in seeds were identified by V. S. Pustovoit and his associates, and the first high-yielding cultivars ('Peredovik', 'VNIIMK 8883') with high oil content in seeds (50-60%) were produced. Mutants with modified fatty acid composition were obtained, and high oleic cultivar 'Pervenets' was created. Soviet varieties formed the basis for the world's sunflower breeding, and further for breeding commercial hybrids using the effect of heterosis. In the article, the genetic diversity of lines originated from domestic varieties is demonstrated. The genealogy of many domestic lines and also of the American line HA89 which served as the reference in breeding trials and genetic experiments is discussed. The information on the lines developed by the researchers of VIR at Kuban Experiment Station in the years 1970-2015 as well as the available data of foreign researchers on the lines obtained from domestic varieties are presented.Materials and methods. The lines were developed using repeated self pollination of the varieties and selection by morphological characters, CMS, pollen fertility restoration ability, duration of the growing season, and downy mildew resistance in each inbred generation. As a rule, lines were homogeneous after 7-8 generations.Results and discussion. The information on the genealogy of 38 lines developed by the researches of VIR, two VNIIMK lines, 16 foreign lines, and also the data on the origin of the CMS PET1 source are analyzed. The genealogical overview of the lines has allowed us to draw a conclusion on the origin of the high oil content and high oleic content traits. It is these characters that in the first place distinguish cultivated sunflower from the wild species of the genus Helianthus L. Lines originated from one and the same variety can differ by the presence of diagnostic markers of the Rf1 gene controlling pollen fertility restoration in forms with cytoplasmic male sterility, and also by allelic variants of storage protein genes and morphological characters.

Clubroot disease (causative organism Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.) is among the most economically important and harmful diseases of the cole crops, and the damage due to this disease may reach up to 50-75% of the yield and even 100% in epiphytotics years. Even resistant varieties become susceptible over the years, because of appearance of the new pathogen races and change of climatic conditions in the main growing areas of the crop. In this context the Laboratory of Plant Immunity and Protection, of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Vegetable Center” implements continuous phytoimmunological evaluation of collection and selection specimens and also directional material rather than just annual monitoring of causative organism dissemination in order to find new resistance sources. For this purpose an artificial infection background is used: compost obtained from decomposed nodules on the cabbage roots affected by clubroot disease (infection load 105-106 spores/cm3). The resistance of white cabbage varieties was evaluated during the harvesting period using five-point score of the root system damage, which formed the basis for categorization into resistance groups. For the analysis of artificial background intensity and specimen ranking the individual plants of the white cabbage variety Slava 1305, which is a susceptibility standard, were randomly planted in the entire area of the infection background. The impact of atmospheric conditions in the study year on the results of phytopathological evaluation of cabbage selection specimens against the infection background is demonstrated. Under unfavorable conditions for pathogen development (2014) the most specimens (74%) were categorized as relatively resistant, while in favourable for pathogen year 2015 relatively resistant specimens comprised only 5% of the total number of studied specimens. Since the same specimen may show different level of resistance depending on the year conditions, the stability of character manifestation is the important criterion for identification of the resistance resources. Phytopathological evaluation aimed on selection of clubroot-resistant forms in the Moscow region should last for at least three years even with the use of infection background. Long-lasting evaluation showed that the strains No 234/15,140/14,216/17 exhibiting high resistance to clubroot against artificial infection background regardless of the year conditions are the most valuable for selection. The resistance of white cabbage selection varieties to clubroot disease was studied against the infection background.

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Leek very ancient culture which was widely applied in cookery and as remedy still by ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. Now the leek is widespread in countries of Western Europe and North Africa, in the USA, Canada, Australia. On chemical composition it is one of the most valuable onions representing in fact "the alive table of Mendeleyev". In such countries as Belgium, Holland and France it is one of the main vegetable cultures, and annual production it per capita makes from 4 to 10 kg. In Russia, unfortunately, it is still rare culture though falls into to the most valuable types of an onion on biochemical structure, productivity, resistance to wreckers and diseases. Widespread introduction of a leek in production restrains a number of factors among which lack of early ripening varieties with the increased resistance to extreme environmental conditions, and in this regard – difficulty of receiving high-quality seeds of leek in a midland of Russia to the north of Rostov-on-Don. Therefore, a vital necessity is on the basis of study under various conditions of cooperation a "genotype is an environment" and selection from world collection of sources of economic-valuable signs, creation of productive sorts and hybrids with good resistance to cold, possessing in the conditions of Moscow Suburbs, along with the high productivity and quality of products, by a high adaptivity to the different terms of height winter spending. Results of long-term researches of laboratory of selection of onions cultures (VNIISSOK) on studying, assessment and selection of exemplars of grades of leek from the VIR world collection are presented in article, receiving hybrid combinations and lines, development of methods of selection and creation on this basis of grades and hybrids of leek for not seedling culture in a midland of Russia, possessing high rates of vegetable and seed efficiency, quality of production and winter hardiness.

Ninety five lines of sunflower genetic collection differing by their ability to suppress the CMS phenotype were molecularly marked with the use of 7 primer pairs. Using the STS marker orfH522, a sterile (PET1) cytoplasmon was identified in 79 lines, which confirmed indirectly the presence of fertility restoration genes in their genotypes. The majority of these lines also have a complex of molecular markers linked to the Rf1 gene. The HRG01, HRG02 and STS115 markers showed the best diagnostic value in revealing the Rf1 gene in the examined material. The data on allelic variation of the microsatellite loci ORS224, ORS511 and ORS799 were obtained for the first time.

One of the reasons of peas sowings decrease are the shortcomings of its cultivation, especially its wrong harvesting that together with its biologic peculiarities makes its cultivation rather difficult. Wrong technologies of cultivation result in peas fall and its severe lodging that largely reduces its yield and in climatic unfavourable years leads to the loss of it. The varieties of leafless peas which form a hard stand and do not lodge play a significant part in the solution of the problem. The article gives the results of the effect of the elements of structure on productivity of leafless peas. Nine peas lines of the competitive variety testing have been studied. The characteristics according to the main economic-valuable traits, i.e. productivity, a number of beans per plant, a number of seeds per bean, a number of nods and 1000-seed weight, has been given. The line ‘SarmatxAksaysky Usaty10’ with the maximum productivity of 2.3 t/ha is of greatest interest. The line ‘Aksaysky Usaty10xSarmat’ possesses the largest 1000-seed weight (177.4g). The line ‘Aksaysky Usaty7xSarmat’ possesses the largest number of bean per plant (4.1 pieces). The lines ‘Flagman 7xZernogradsky9’, ‘PriazovskyxSarmat’ and ‘SarmatxAksaysky Usaty55’ possess the largest number of seeds per bean (4.5; 4.2; 4.2 pieces respectively).

Relevance Currently, the first place goes to the creation of new high-yielding varieties and hybrids F1 crops that meet the requirements of modern industrial technologies. Heterosis hybrids have high yield, marketability, equalization, friendly yield and resistance to disease. Methods When developing new varieties and hybrids of radish suitable for mechanized harvesting, attention should be paid to the strength of the attachment of the leaf outlet and its upright position, the uniformity of immersion in the soil and the easy pull-out of root crops. Studies were performed in a protected (heated film greenhouse) and open ground in All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Vegetable Growing – Branch of the FSBSI Federal Scientific Vegetable Center. Results The results of breeding work with European radish are presented. According to the results of expert evaluation, the state register of breeding achievements included two varieties of European summer radish – Bianca, Sirius and one hybrid of European winter radish – Tsyganskiy Baron F1. The new varieties are distinguished by uniformity in shape, length, diameter of the root crop, compact leaf rosette, form a root crop in a short and long daylight, recommended for cultivation under film shelters and in the open ground (early spring and summer sowing time). As a result of repeated inbreeding, inbred lines of European winter radish (brought to the seventh generation) were created, characterized by high equalization of the root crop, with strict self-compatibility. These lines were included in the process of creating heterosis hybrids. Evaluation of the obtained hybrids was carried out in the open ground. A hybrid of radish European winter Tsyganskiy Baron F1 – medium-ripe, flat-rounded root, black, weighing 220-260 g. Perspective hybrid in relation to the standard has a more aligned form of the root, with a rich black color and smooth surface. Tsyganskiy Baron F1 on the above indicators exceeds the standard night, resistant to stressful conditions.

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Results of estimation of general and specific combining ability of male and female parental tomato forms were given for complex of traits. The estimation was carried out according to incomplete diallel crosses 15x15. Such varities as ‘Trapeza’, Rosovaya kapelka’, ‘Seniorita’, ‘Ocharovanie’, ‘Tigris’ ‘Vishnya Zheltaya’ (Gavrish), ‘Denezhnoye Derevo’ (national breeding), and lines: ‘46/06’, ‘49/09’, ‘295/09’, ‘336/11’, ‘354/11’, ‘357/11’, ‘388/09’ (nor), ‘498’ (selection of TARI) were used as intial breeding accessions, differing in bush type (determinate and indeterminate), duration of vegetative phase (ultraearly, early, medium early, middle-ripening), fruit shape (rounded, oval), fruit color (red, pink, black, orange, tiger and with the gene nor), fruit weight (10 g. and more), brush structure (dense, friable). As a results, ‘Trapeza’, ‘Vishnya Zheltaya’, ‘Ocharovaniye’, ‘Seniorita’, and lines: ‘295/10’, ‘49/09’, ‘498’, ‘357/11’, ‘354/11’, ‘388/09’ (nor) were selected and recommended to be used in breeding program for development of heterotic hybrids with high fruit setting and generative bush type. The promising hybrids F1 with high constants of specific combining ability for a complex of economically valuable traits have been observed. Because of different lines and accessions were used in crossings, these hybrids varied in internode length of cluster type, classical or shorten; rounded or oval fruit shape; fruit color, red (F1 combinations ‘354/11’ х ‘Seniorita’, ‘Trapeza’ х ‘L.49/09’, L. ‘49/09’ х L.354/11), pink (F1 combination ‘Rosovaya Kapelka’ х ‘L.354/11’), yellow (F1 combination ‘Ocharovaniye’ х ‘Vishiya Zheltaya’), deep brown (F1 combination ‘L.357/11’ х ‘L.354/11’).

Tree-shaped plants of tomato have many useful traits, which gain them advantages over common tomato forms. In world plant collection there are over 200 accessions, cultivars and hybrids of tree-shaped tomato. The aim of the study was to develop new initial tomato accessions for breeding program for tree-shaped cultivars and hybrids that are distinguished by a shape, fruit weight and color, improved by interspecific hybridization chemical composition and resistance to the major diseases. The tree-shaped breeding lines: ‘196/12’, ‘374/08’, ‘909/14’, ‘911/14’ and other were observed with the use of interspecific hybridization and selection in the population F2-F4. The selected lines passed the trial in artificially infected condition with Alternaria, viral diseases (MToV, TSWV) and phytoplasmas. Among breeding lines assessed the ‘911/14’, ‘374/08’ and‘40/11’ were less affected by complex of pathogens. The lines ‘196/12’ and ‘909/14’ passed an assessment in the nursery for variety trial in naturally and provocatively infected conditions with major pathogens. Both breeding lines had an advantage over standard accession ‘Laguna’ and ‘Maraphon’ for total yield capacity and standard fruit harvest; it was more by 9.6% and 52.2% and 9.5% and 53.4% respectively. Fruits of lines 196/12 and 909/14 had good taste quality with high content of dry matter (5.8% and 6.8%), sugars (3.3% and 3.1%), vitamin C (22.2 and 24.8 mg/100 grams). The selected tree-shaped accessions have been used to develop heterotic hybrids and to be sources of economically valuable traits.

The important stage of breeding program for F1 hybrids with high yield capacity is to estimate the combining ability of parental lines for productivity characteristics. The information on combining ability may predict the productivity traits to exhibit and helps produce heterotic hybrids and use the initial breeding accessions in sweet pepper. The combining ability of breeding accessions for yield traits was studied with the use of complete diallel crossing. The research was carried out at experimental plots of State Institution ‘Transnistrian Institute of Agriculture’ in 2015-2016. In 2015, seven fertile lines were crossed through complete diallel cross to study combining ability. In 2016 the parental lines and 42 hybrids F1 forms produced from crossing were tested in open field condition. Analysis of General Combining Ability and Specific Combining Ability showed that none of all parental components had any essential expected effect for all tested traits of productivity. The line 134 showed the high effects of General Combining Ability as maternal and parental components for four traits, such as early and general yield, average weight and thickness of fruit pericarp. Out of 42 hybrid combinations studied, some accessions have been selected. They had the high effects of General Combining Ability with high constants of Specific Combining Ability for early yield – 4; general – 12; average fruit weight – 9; thickness of fruit pericarp – 4; dry matter content – 10; ascorbic acid – 13.

Yield and sugar content genetic analyzes for hybrids developed engaging pollinating lines of the first and the second inbred generations throughout two cycles of recurrent breeding has underpinned the determination of regularities for combinability expression in crossing components and the change of their gene interaction types. This unveiled the lack of correlation between the parents descriptions as selected from groups that displayed contrast combining of productivity components and the lines combinability derived thereof. This provided a ground for correcting the breeding technology of the development of MS hybrids through the exclusion of individual polarization as phenotype based breeding method with replacing this by the assessment of economical value of the topcrossing components. The genetic value was determined for pollinator lines of І1 first hybrid generation by productivity components derived from multiple seed populations by Ulad breeding. 7 economically valuable lines were derived from U752 population by yield and 17 by sugar content, whereas 6 and 10 limes were derived from КМ2, respectively . This provided a ground for the development of synthetic varieties that displayed yield and sugar content characteristics improved, respectively, by 9,4 and 2,4% (U752 initial population ) and by 4,4 and 8,3% ( КМ2 initial population) compared to group standard. The structure of genetic variability of MS hybrids productivity as developed engaging І2 .first and second inbred generation. In the genotype variation of characteristics of hybrids derived from І1 pollinators of recurrent breeding first cycle the additive effects of both parental forms prevailed, and as regards the hybrids developed engaging І2 pollinators of the second cycle of recurrent breeding non-additive effects of the components interaction prevailed. In the second cycle of recurrent breeding 7 І2 lines valuable for combining were singled out, which had high general combinability by yield, and 8 were singled out by sugar content. 5 lines were singled out: U752/5/7, U752/84/3, КМ2/33/4, КМ2/34/7, КМ2/75/4, which combined high general combinability by yield and sugar content at once. Heterosis effect of hybrid combinations was subject to total fusion of additive and non-additive effects of the genes controlling quantitative characteristics of the productivity. The best hybrids yield engaging І2, pollinator lines selected out of U752 and КМ2 multi-seed populations ranged within 104...117,3%, sugar content – 102,4...106,0%, while that of synthetic varieties – 113,4 and 103,6% (U752) and 106,7 and 109,3% (КМ2), respectively, against the group standard.