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INTRODUCTION. The degree of processing (manipulation) of cells included in a cell product and the functions performed after administration (homologous/non-homologous use) determine the classification of the cell product as a transplant or an advanced therapy medicinal product (ATMP) and, hence, the regulatory aspects of the product’s life cycle. Currently, the legislation of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the Russian Federation does not sufficiently explain the terms ‘minimal manipulation’ and ‘homologous/non-homologous use’, which may lead to the use of cell products with unproven safety and efficacy in humans.AIM. This study aimed to compare Russian and international approaches to the interpretation of the terms ‘minimal manipulation’ and ‘homologous/non-homologous use’ for classifying cell products and determining their regulatory pathways, with stromal vascular fraction (SVF) products used as an example.DISCUSSION. This article reviews and summarises the regulatory approaches of the Russian Federation, the EAEU, the United States (US), and the European Union (EU) that are based on the classification of cell products according to the degree of cell manipulation and the functions performed after administration. The authors have analysed and compared the regulatory acts and approaches of the countries under consideration, with SVF products as a case study. The article highlights general aspects of interpreting the terms ‘minimal manipulation’ and ‘homologous/ non-homologous use’ and demonstrates the difference in regulatory approaches across several countries, which lies in the classification of enzymatic processing and selective collection of cells as substantial or minimal manipulation.CONCLUSIONS. The mechanism for regulating cell products depends on the degree of cell manipulation (substantial or minimal) and the intended use (homologous or non-homologous). A common principle adopted by regulatory agencies in the US, EU, EAEU, and Russia is to classify manipulation as minimal if the manipulated cells preserve their biological characteristics and physiological function. A defining characteristic of the homologous use of cells or tissues is their administration to perform their inherent functions in the body. In Russia, the regulatory acts for ATMPs and for transplants list the procedures classified as minimal manipulation. According to international standards, preparations based on minimally manipulated SVF cells are classified as ATMPs when used non-homologously. The lack of comprehensive and clear explanations of the terms ‘minimal manipulation’ and ‘homologous/non-homologous use’ in the legislation of the EAEU and the Russian Federation necessitates the development of relevant guidelines providing specific examples.

The article addresses the issues in healthcare delivery and organization of public healthcare in the face of rapid advancements in digital technologies. The purpose of the study is to outline the legal challenges arising during the implementation of concepts such as digital health, e-health, mobile health as well as establishing the legal framework for electronic medical records and telemedicine, and certain types of innovative biomedical activities. The article illustrates the consistent impact of information and communication technologies on the interaction between patients and healthcare providers. It defines the legal framework for telemedicine and its transition to e-health. The study systematizes the particularities of legal regulations concerning both general electronic medical record and those developed by specialized medical organizations. It presents legal challenges related to data compatibility and potential cross-border exchanges. The concept of mobile healthcare is analyzed, with attention given to the risks associated with its development, notably threats to privacy and cybersecurity. The main directions of digital medicine and the challenges faced by modern legal regulations are summarized, including the use of big data, the integration of artificial intelligence, translational bioinformatics, gamification of various stages of medical care, etc. Additionally, the legal challenges arising from the use of big data and introduction of certain digital devices into medical practice are outlined, with special attention given to the brain-computer interface. Comprehensive recommendations for the improvement of healthcare legislation are presented.

The relevance of the issue under study in this article is due to the rapid development of social relations, which leads to the constant emergence of new types of transactions, their formalization and regulation. A transaction is a basic category for the regulation of civil legal relations, including such a type of transaction such as a fraudulent transaction. A comprehensive study of the institute of fraudulent transactions in Ukraine will be a significant basis for further improvement of the current not only civil legislation, but also administrative legislation, and will unify the judicial practice of applying legislation on fraudulent transactions. The following methods were used in the study of scientific cognition, such as: systemic and structural; comparative; and the method of analysis. Based on the analysis of the current legislation of Ukraine in the field of application of fraudulent transactions the author emphasizes that there is no clear definition of a fraudulent transaction, its features, and the consequences of its conclusion. However, the absence of a regulatory definition of a fraudulent transaction in the current legislation of Ukraine causes conflicts in court decisions, as evidenced by the analysis of court practice, including that of the Supreme Court of Ukraine analysis of court practice, including that of the Supreme Court. This legislative gap should be regulated, since the legal regulation of fraudulent transactions in Ukraine plays an important role in the administration of justice and protection of participants whose interests are violated by such transactions. The author reviews of the key categories of this scientific article, including “legal regulation” “fraudulence”, ‘fraudulent transaction’. The author proposes to define a fraudulent transaction as to understand the action of a debtor or a party to a legal relationship which exists at the time of or has a high probability of becoming a party to a legal relationship, which can be expressed by both active and passive legal behavior aimed at avoidance of undesirable consequences for the debtor or a person (probable party to the legal relationship) Consequences aimed at avoiding civil liability, non-occurrence of undesirable civil status, or obtaining a benefit in an unfair manner. The author concludes that it is necessary to improve the legal regulation of a fraudulent transaction in Ukraine in the context of defining its essence, features essential terms of the contract, and legal consequences of its application.

In Russia, since the early 2000s, a largescale work has been carried out to digitize all areas of state activity, which started with the adoption of the Federal Target Program «Electronic Russia» in 2002 and was in effect from 2002 to 2010. In fact, we can talk about the beginning of the process of global digitalization of every person and his life. Currently, these processes are taking place within the framework of the implementation of the National Program «Digital Economy of the Russian Federation» in the following areas: – Normative regulation of the digital environment; – Digital economy personnel; – Information infr astructure; – Information securit y; – Digital technologies; – Digital public administr ation; – Artificial intelligence; – Development of human resources in the IT industry; – Providing Internet access through the development of sat ellite communications. Of particular scientific interest are the issues of artificial intelligence technologies application, as the most, in our opinion, perspective and promising direction that can fundamentally change (improve) the quality of people’s lives. However, the introduction of any new technologies carries certain risks of negative consequences, and, accordingly, there are issues of liability for harm caused by the use of these technologies. Purpose: to analyze the issues of civil liability for harm caused by the use of artificial intelligence. Methods: empirical methods of comparison, description, interpretation; theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic; specific scientific methods: legal-dogmatic and interpretation of legal norms. Results: the study identifies problematic aspects of the use of artificial intelligence in terms of legal regulation of harm caused when using this technology. The author presents a number of proposals for discussion by the scientific community, the implementation of which will minimize the risks of harm when using artificial intelligence or reduce the consequences of such harm.

The health and well-being of the population are two core values that underpin the Russian state policy. With digitizing healthcare, a growing interest has been witnessed in the constitutional value of health, as well as the right to healthcare and medical assistance. This focus is essential for the development of the Russian healthcare legislation and state policy strategies. Here, the normative content of the right to healthcare was explored from historical and current perspectives. The study used both standard (analysis and synthesis) and some specific (historical, statistical, logical and comparative legal) methods. The analysis was based on the constitutional provisions of the Soviet era and the Constitution of 1993; the laws and regulations of the federal Russia that concern healthcare and define the priority areas of the Russian state policy; and the legal interpretations from the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and general jurisdiction courts. Particular attention was given to the role of health in different areas of life, such as the economy, society, environment, science, and technology. The retrospective research on the constitutional regulation of the social value of health during the Soviet era was performed. The normative content of this value and its components in the current Russian legislation was identified. Guarantees for the right to healthcare and medical assistance in the priority areas of the Russian state policy were considered. Recommendations to improve these established guarantees were designed.

This article presents an analysis of strategies used for the legal regulation of digital transformation processes at the municipal level in the BRICS countries. A systematic analysis of modern trends in the legal regulation of digital transformation in Brazil, South Africa, India and China was carried out, and the features and general directions of this process were highlighted. The authors noted a variety of different approaches to normalizing digital processes in management, ranging from fixing basic principles at the constitutional level to developing “flexible” regulation constitutionally mandated through by-laws and state political and legal documents. It is shown that the digitalization of public administration is primarily focused on the level of national government, since financial resources are specifically concentrated at the highest level of governance. It is concluded that the specificity of local government, manifested in a high degree of self-government and participation of the population in solving life support issues, objectively requires a shift in the emphasis of digitalization to the local level of government. It has been proven that this process requires strategic state planning on the part of the state for the digitalization of local self-government, taking into account the elimination of the “digital divide” in municipalities. The authors propose the implementation and development of the “smart city” concept in the BRICS countries with a differentiated scale of digitalization criteria for the various municipalities.

The relevance of the topic is due to the increasing influence of Specialized Financial Companies in connection with the constant development of the investment market and the increasing need of society in innovative products, taking into account the lack of research in the Russian science and expert community. It should also be noted that Specialized Financial Societies are becoming an increasingly interesting instrument both abroad and in Russian corporate law, especially in view of the forthcoming “tax reform” in 2025. The purpose of the study is to summarize the opinions of the expert-scientific community and dive into the legislation and law enforcement practice of foreign jurisdictions in order to identify positive aspects of regulation, gaps in the current Russian legislation and problems in legal regulation. Materials and methods. The research was based on the following methods: factual method, in the form of analysis of the current legislation of Russia; comparative-legal method, allowing to evaluate the institution of Specialised Financial Companies from the point of view of approaches applied in various foreign jurisdictions; method of analysis and generalisation of materials in official Internet resources. The result of the study is the identification of shortcomings in legal regulation, systematization of distinctive features of Specialized Financial Companies, identification of their advantages over other corporations, analysis of examples of the use of Specialized Financial Companies (SPV) in foreign countries, determination of their role and functions in the economy.

The article analyzes public-private partnership as a legal institution of the Republic of Turkey. The authors examine the process of formation and development of this institution in the context of the global trend of its popularization as an instrument of economic policy. At the same time, it is emphasized that if in the era of the Ottoman Empire, public-private partnership was used as a way to pressure European countries on a weakening Port, then at the end of the last century this institution became widespread in the country as a mechanism for implementing neoliberal economic policy. The paper analyzes the current legislation regulating public-private partnership. The authors state the absence of a single normative legal act, as well as analyze the reasons for the current situation. The essence of each law is revealed in an inextricable connection with various models of public-private partnership. Special attention is paid to the sectors of the economy in which certain models are used. Special attention is paid to the peculiarities of the legal status of public-private partnership in Turkey. It is assumed that such a feature can be considered the active support of the state in the financing of the most significant projects. The paper emphasizes the focus of the country’s authorities on attracting foreign investment through public-private partnership. As the important feature the authors consider the broad powers of municipal authorities in the field of attracting business to the implementation of infrastructure projects. It is emphasized that this circumstance should not escape the attention of Russian researchers, since the participation of Russian commercial organizations in projects implemented by municipal authorities opens up new opportunities in strengthening the influence and positions of domestic business in this country. The article analyzes the ideologization of Turkey’s approach to the analysis of public-private partnership on the part of the academic community.

Objective: to explore and identify the issues and opportunities for the ethical and legal regulation of artificial intelligence by the example of digital transformation in Morocco.Methods: the study was conducted using analytical and comparative approaches to address the emerging legal issues arising from the development of artificial intelligence. The traditional scientific method in law is based on legal analysis, which was applied to the study of legal texts, scientific literature, diagnosis of the condition of the study field at the national and international level. Along with this, the comparative approach in law was used, which made it possible to examine the Moroccan legislation comparison with that of other countries.Results: the article presents a review of scientific literature on the legal and ethical issues of using artificial intelligence. Legal texts and decrees developed at national and international level, directly or indirectly linked to the use of artificial intelligence, were reviewed. Moroccan legislation was compared with that of other countries. The findings suggest that, in the absence of a specific legal framework for artificial intelligence systems, the adoption of ethical standards in the form of guidelines, best practices and ethical charters is preferable. These mechanisms appear to be a viable alternative to legal regulation. In this sense, several initiatives were taken to promote “soft law”, which aims to encourage appropriate behavior of technological agents.Scientific novelty: the analysis of digital transformations in Morocco made it possible to present a comprehensive view on the role of ethical aspects and on the sufficiency of law to respond to the changes in the modern society, transformed by the development of artificial intelligence.Practical significance: the study allows identifying ways to find a more flexible balance between “soft” and “hard” law in the regulation of relations, taking into account the technological reality. This should encourage the appropriate behavior of technological agents and positively affect the specificity of the current situation. Today, the “hard law” slowly recognizes and addresses the problems associated with the digital technologies’ regulation and slowly takes into account the possible risks posed by artificial intelligence and the insufficiency of its regulation.

INTRODUCTION. The subject of this study is achievements (results) of technology, or more precisely, products of artificial intelligence (intelligent machine; intelligent computer program, etc.) and their impact on the implementation of human rights through the prism of the human mind and in the context of the international legal, including the human rights dimension.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The scientific research is based on the work of both Russian and foreign specialists in the field of law, international law, international human rights law, as well as specialists in the regulation and use of artificial intelligence products. Documents and materials of international organizations, primarily the United Nations (UN), as well as national legal acts of the Russian Federation have been analyzed. In the preparation of the study, general scientific, comparative legal and specifically legal methods were used.RESEARCH RESULTS. Within the framework of the conducted research, the authors delved into the concept of the term “artificial intelligence” itself, and come to the conclusion that despite its widespread use by specialists in various fields, there is no single concept of this term at the moment. The authors analyzed the national legal framework of the Russian Federation directly or indirectly regulating the use of AI products, as well as international legal achievements in the regulation of this area (primarily at the universal (UN) and integration (European Union (EU)) levels), with a special emphasis on the implementation and observance of human rights and freedoms.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The authors came to the conclusion that the nature of the impact of artificial intelligence on the realization of human rights is dual. Already at the initial stage of defining the legal regime for the development and use of AI products weak mechanisms of control and responsibility in this sphere are laid down. The question arises as to which legal regime is preferable for states whose corporations are leading in the development of AI products. Despite existing international legal regulatory mechanisms, this protection is still insufficient.

Objective: to formulate recommendations and proposals for improving legislation in the field of protection of genomic and genetic information, including those obtained as a result of medical diagnostics.Materials and methods. We analyzed 18 regulatory legal acts, including 4 international, 3 acts of foreign states, 11 domestic legislation and judicial practice in the area under study. In addition, scientific works on this topic were analyzed. In the course of the study, we used the formal-logical, dogmatic, comparative method and axiological approaches.Results. We formulated the concepts of genomic and genetic information and demonstrated differences between these concepts. We showed topical issues of information protection, identified problems in the field of legal regulation of relevant relations, formulated recommendations and proposals for improving legal regulation.Conclusion. Based on performed research results, we recommend: 1. To incorporate in the legislation of the Russian Federation the principle that would allow the use of genetic information for further research depending on certain cases using a criteria-based approach, when such use should meet important public interests, for example, contributes to developing methods for the treatment of serious and socially significant diseases. 2. Regulate relations in the field of obtaining consent for research of biological material for scientific purposes (for example, within the framework of the Federal Law "On Personal Data"). 3. To define in Federal Law No. 86-FZ of July 5, 1996 "On State Regulation in the Field of Genetic Engineering Activities" the cases that require ethical examination in order to comply with the principle of safety of clinical trials of gene diagnostic methods, as well as in other cases. 4. Medical organizations shall ensure compliance with the rules of professional ethics in terms of data confidentiality, carry out their depersonalization, notify patients in writing about compliance with such a regime and, as a result, provide guarantees for the protection of information about patients, as well as about their relatives.

The role of the Soviet scientist-activist V.I. Nizhechek in the development and establishment of social regulation concepts, and its importance in governing societal affairs, as well as functions and potential of law, and its relationship with morality as a social regulator are thoroughtly explored. V.I. Nizhechek posits that legal and social regulations share a common nature, are deeply interconnected, and exhibit numerous practical manifestations of unity. While aknowledging the independent nature of law, the scientist concludes that legal norms essentially form a component of social regulation in society. Notably, the author emphasizes moral regulation, and the interplay between legal norms and morality, while examining various social regulators such as corporate norms, ethincs, religion, and others. V.I. Nizhechek does not differential between morality ad ethics; however, he asserts that morality holds a dominant role in the system of social regulation, highlighting the so-called “proximity” of morality and law. Morever, the author draws relevant parallels that substantiate the systematic nature of social regulation. V.I. Nizhechek delves into the crucial question of the theory of law as a tool of legal regulation in historical and contemporary contexts. He considers the evolution of legal regulation in terms of broadening its scope and reinforcing its role in Soviet society, unlimately concluding that legal regulation has become more complex. The concept of the intimate connection between economic and legal methods of regulation is presented; the author asserts that there may be no contradiction between these methods of regulation since all economic methods are mediated by legal norms. The material is prefaced by the author's personal recollections of meetings and conversations with V.I. Nizhechek, as well as with scholars, colleagues, who were associated with him.

The article revolves around legal and organizational aspects of tariff regulation for freight rail transport in the Republic of Poland. A detailed characterization of the Polish legislation on tariff regulation of freight transportation by rail was carried out. Its correlation with the requirements of the Directive 2012/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 November 2012 Establishing a single European railway area is highlighted. The main provisions of the Law of the Republic of Poland “On Railway Transport” in the part of the tariff regulation of railway freight transportation has been analysed. It has been stated, that this Law ensures the flexibility of railway transport tariffs and significantly contributes to liberalization of the national market of transport services in Poland. On the example of Poland, it has been proven that the liberalization of the tariff regulation of railway transportation ensures a reasonable balance between the economic interests of the state and private business. In general tariff regulation of railway transportation of goods in the Republic of Poland is characterized by high efficiency. It has been established that the development of the legal basis for the tariff regulation of rail freight transportation in the Republic of Poland is dominated by the trends towards the creation of a competitive rail freight transportation market; liberalization of tariff regulation of railway transportation; ensuring non-discriminatory access to railway transport infrastructure; inclusion of an investment component in tariffs for mandatory infrastructure access services. It was concluded that the outlined trends serve as a reliable reference point for the development of the legal basis for the tariff regulation of rail freight transportation in Ukraine, which is confidently moving towards integration into the EU economic system. Their consideration is an important step on the way of regulatory adaptation to the acquis communautaire of the European Union. Systematic consideration of these trends when updating industry legislation will significantly contribute to ensuring the stability, safety and economic return of rail freight transportation.

The purpose of the paper is a historical and legal analysis of the origin, further formation and development of state contract institution in the Russian Federation. The relevance of the study is due to the existing problems that negatively affect the development of government contracts system in modern Russia. The author conducted a study of legislative acts of the past, which gradually evolved into the modern system of legal regulation of government contracts. In conclusion, modern legal regulation borrows a number of basic norms from the previous legal acts that reflected the main provisions on the organization of the contract system. In conclusion, the periodization of the development and formation of the institution of public contracts is proposed.

BACKGROUND: The use of telemedicine technologies in the provision of medical care is becoming a widespread phenomenon. The law is designed to regulate emerging social relations in order to prevent negative manifestations and organize their harmonious development. In the field of medicine, it is important to establish legal norms aimed at protecting and safeguarding the rights and legitimate interests of the patient, since fundamental natural human rights — the right to health care and life — are affected. The provision of a wide margin of discretion to those engaged in medical-legal relations may result in a significant violation of the constitutional right of a citizen to health. One of the principal applications of telemedicine technologies is remote consultation with the patient. AIM: The aim of the study was to review the current legal framework regulating remote patient consultations, identify problematic issues, and propose solutions to address these issues. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The materials of the present study are the Federal Law dated November 21, 2011 № 323-FZ “On the Fundamentals of Health Protection of Citizens in the Russian Federation”, Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated November 30, 2017 № 965n, Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated September 14, 2020 N 972n. The research methods are formal-legal, comparative-legal, as well as general scientific methods of cognition. RESULTS: The general legal regulation permits remote consultation with the patient in the absence of a face-to-face preliminary visit to the attending physician (Art. 36.2 of the Federal Law dated November 21, 2011 No. 323-FZ “On the Fundamentals of Health Protection of Citizens in the Russian Federation”). Nevertheless, the physician is constrained in his authority to prescribe treatment, modify previously prescribed therapy, or issue an electronic prescription. The result of such a consultation is a medical report. Should the physician determine that a face-to-face appointment is necessary, the patient may be advised to undergo preliminary examinations (clauses 47 and 48 of the Procedure for the Organization and Provision of Medical Care with the Use of Telemedicine Technologies, approved by Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 965n dated November 30, 2017). Consequently, there are issues pertaining to the determination of the potential content of the medical report (clause 9 of the aforementioned Order). This affects the scope of liability, as the consulting physician is liable within the limits of the issued medical opinion. Furthermore, these provisions conflict with the requirements to indicate in the medical report reasonable conclusions about the presence (absence) of diseases, the presence of medical indications or medical contraindications for the use of methods of medical examination and (or) treatment, to determine the effectiveness and validity of therapeutic and diagnostic measures (paragraphs “b” and “c” of the Procedure for Issuing Certificates and Medical Reports by Medical Organizations, approved by Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 972n dated September 14, 2020). CONCLUSIONS: The development of telemedicine necessitates the implementation of appropriate regulatory frameworks, as well as the resolution of existing gaps and conflicts. These include the absence of specific requirements pertaining to the content of a medical report issued within the context of remote consultation, as well as the definition of its legal significance. Concurrently, the Procedure for Issuing Certificates and Medical Opinions by Medical Organizations stipulates that a medical opinion may be provided upon the patient’s request. In contrast, the Procedure for Organizing and Providing Medical Care Using Telemedicine Technologies specifies that it is issued following a remote consultation. Furthermore, the correlation between a medical report and a consultation sheet remains undefined.

Conciliation institutions reduce caseload. Some states also see them as a way to ensure public access to justice and strengthen social peace. This article introduces a systematic approach to conciliation procedures, or pre-court mediation. It describes such concepts as social management system, legal regulation, judicial activity, justice, judicial enforcement, alternative methods of dispute resolution, and conciliation procedures. The research relied on the methods of formal logic, legal system analysis, formal legal method, and functional methods. The author identified a system of social regulation that combines reconciliation and legal procedures, as well as classified domestic conciliation institutions as private, private-public, and public. Institutions of public conciliation appear when private reconciliation integrates with jurisdictional activities. Public principles enter conciliation procedures if the state body, e.g., court, has the right to regulate, organize, or conduct reconciliation, as well as approve its results. Pre-court reconciliation has some advantage for the parties. First, it is effective if both parties sought reconciliation: even if the decision is not ideal, they may still find it satisfactory. Second, mediators are free to employ a wider range of regulators, both legal and non-legal, e.g., morality, religion, traditions, corporate norms, etc. Third, conciliation procedure is much less complex than a trial. Pre-court mediation is beneficial for the society in general and needs to be popularized as an effective de-litigating tool that is profitable for both parties. However, the scope of alternative forms of dispute settlement could be expanded only if the parties understand the personal benefits they get from pre-court mediation.

Purpose of the study: to develop proposals for improving regulatory documentation on ethical expertise (EE) of gene diagnostics and gene therapy clinical studies.Materials and methods. We used general philosophical research methods, including the formal-logical, historical method, comparative method, systematic approach and axiological method. We analyzed 10 international acts, including acts of «soft law», 4 documents adopted at the level of interstate integration entities, 7 domestic normative legal acts, and a number of various doctrinal sources on the topic under consideration. In addition, we analyzed the regulatory documents for ethical committees (EC) acivities, including those from a historical perspective.Results. We formulated the concept of EE, defined the principles and main areas of EE, including the personalized medicine, and suggested the regulatory principles of EE operating.Conclusion. To improve the regulation of EE, the legal status and requirements for the activities of independent ECs should fit the scope of EE, differentially related to the area of a trial (non-interventional trials, clinical trials with a drug treatment); at the national level, independent ECs conducting EE of drug treatmemnt clinical trials should be institutionalized into a single system; to improve the activities of independent ECs in the field of clinical testing, the development of a special normative regulation is required.

The article discusses some elements in the Remote Electronic Voting system. Software used in Remote Electronic voting had significant impact on activities of traditional participants in the electoral process: voters and observers. A number of risks of interference with the electronic voting system have been identified.The author made an attempt to consider guarantees that ensure the secrecy of voting and prevent the distortion of the will of voters, which are implemented in the federal platform for Remote Electronic Voting. Moreover, additional guarantees have been identified that are not available in traditional forms of voting. One of them is the ability of the voter to check the account and invariability of his ballot in the system. It was concluded that there are technical solutions that ensure voting in accordance with the basic principles of elections. It is proposed to develop a mechanism for recounting ballots by election commissions when conducting Remote Electronic Voting.Due to the digital nature of electronic voting, the institution of observation requires additional protection mechanisms. It was concluded that electronic voting transformed the activities of the observer. The presence of a “digital trace” provides the observer with the ability to track changes in the blockchain system. The author proposed a new definition of “observer of Remote Electronic Voting”, because the definition of the observer set out in the legislation does not fully take into account the specifics of observation in Remote Electronic Voting. The new model of observation of electronic voting involves the adoption of relevant guarantees to achieve the goals of the observation.

Achieving “accelerated social and economic development” of the Russian North and the Arctic presupposes, among other things, the uninterrupted supply of hard-to-reach territories, to which there is no year-round access by land transport, with essential goods (food, medicine, fuel). At different periods of time, different delivery schemes were used to supply such territories - with a greater or lesser degree of state participation. Thus, during the Soviet period, northern deliveries were carried out entirely at the expense of the state. All experts note the high level of organization, the absence of failures, the wide range and volume of all necessary goods. With the country's transition to a market economy, the implementation of northern delivery activities was transferred to the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The decentralized model is characterized by disruptions in the supply of goods, their narrow range, low volume and inflated prices. Since 2024, a new special federal law on northern delivery has come into force, and by-laws are being actively developed and adopted to regulate the processes of delivering goods to hard-to-reach areas of the country. An analysis of the newly adopted regulatory documents indicates a return to centralized state management of northern deliveries. Conducting research on the role of public administration in the process of implementing northern delivery and its impact on the socio-economic development of the North and the Arctic is timely, which represents the relevance of the article. As a result of the study, conclusions were drawn that state regulation of northern imports today is the basis for the socio-economic development of the North and Arctic of Russia.

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of legal regulation of licensing for medical practice. The provisions of laws and regulations governing the procedure for obtaining a licence to practice medicine are studied. The scientific works of scholars in the fields of law, medicine, and public administration who have studied legal relations in the field of healthcare and licensing are studied. Recommendations for amending the legislation are formulated. The author proposes a definition of licensing for medical practice as a means of state regulation of medical care and medical assistance compliance with the established licensing conditions with a view to protecting the life and health of patients and ensuring the provision of quality medical services. The article establishes that there are certain peculiarities of licensing for medical practice in comparison with other types of economic activity. A specially created licensing commission of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine reviews documents for obtaining a licence. The licensing regulations set out specific personnel, technological and organisational requirements that the founders of healthcare facilities must meet before submitting documents for a licence. A special package of documents is prepared to be attached to the licence application and provides for the description of the material and technical base and personnel of the healthcare facility. The activities of the entire healthcare facility, rather than individual healthcare professionals, are subject to licensing. A number of proposals for amendments to the legislation are proposed, namely: 1) to consolidate the concept of medical service as a separate, specific type of medical procedure, diagnosis of a particular disease, rehabilitation, cosmetic care, health massage, paid examination; 2) to define in the licensing conditions more detailed technological requirements for the area of certain premises of a healthcare facility and medical equipment necessary for the treatment of certain diseases; 3) the author supports the position that it is expedient to develop and adopt the Medical Code of Ukraine as a comprehensive legislative act which would regulate legal relations in the field of healthcare.

The investigating judge was first mentioned in the French Code of Criminal Procedure in 1808, and then in other countries, including Russia, where a similar procedural person was called a court investigator and was abolished in the early years of Soviet power. Currently, there is a debate in national jurisprudence about the return of the court investigator, showing the ambiguous attitude to this problem. The purpose of the article is to analyze the current state of legal regulation of the institute of investigating judges in the French criminal procedure legislation in order to determine the effectiveness of the performance of its tasks; as well as the nature of criminal procedure relations between the participants of the French criminal proceedings in comparison to similar national ones. The findings make it possible to present a coherent, logical, time-tested construction of the institution of the investigating judge. These activities are characterized by much more detailed regulation, including in the interests of the defense, with a general focus on the protection of individual rights, the exclusion of accusatory bias and the existence of effective safeguards for this purpose. The article shows the real possibilities of the investigating judge to exercise his autonomy and independence from the prosecutor. At the same time, such regulation is sufficiently effective to achieve an objective approach. Other positive consequences are possible in the form of elements of attorney investigation and the deposit of certain types of evidence.

It is indicated in a legal state, regulation of interaction between members of society, coordination of their interests and smoothing of conflicts arising between them and their associations is unthinkable without law. With the help of the influence of law on social relations, it is possible to order and regulate them in a civilized manner. In the sphere of achieving a state of security, the law allows you to set the limits of what is permitted, to determine the obligations and prohibitions in the behavior of the relevant subjects. Due to regulatory legal regulation, security receives a unique meaning that determines the final goal of its provision, connects it with national priorities and interests of each legal entity, preventing blurring of the understanding of the essential characteristics of the basic category «national security» and its derivatives. The conducted scientific analysis of the legal regulation of the economic security system of Ukraine made it possible to conclude that it has a complex and multifaceted nature, that is, it involves the creation of a complex of legal, economic and administrative-organizational mechanisms aimed at ensuring the rights of citizens and other subjects of economic activity to protect private property, economic freedom and unimpeded implementation of economic and other economic activities. It is pointed out that the state should implement the appropriate organizational and legal provision of economic security of Ukraine, aimed at increasing the investment attractiveness of the country, eliminating offenses in the economic sphere. The analysis of regulatory legal acts made it possible to single out the following shortcomings of the legal provision of economic security of Ukraine: complexity, vagueness and inconsistency of individual legislative norms, ambiguous interpretation in their application; inconsistency between developers and lack of system of legal acts regulating economic security. It was concluded that the presence of such shortcomings indicates the need to modify approaches to the formation of legal support for the economic security of the state, to make changes to the current legislation.

Relevance. The phenomenon of law as a special civilized, intellectual and value-substantive social authority attracts the attention of scientists to conceptualize its current state, development trends and problems of formation. It is relevant to establish the functional role of certain social groups in the formation of law and the mechanisms (algorithms) for its effective, fair and correct application in social reality. Various social structures and groups are involved in the development, acceptance, adaptation to social reality and assessment of applicability in life. A special social subject in the triumph of law and justice, as well as the development of its norms, is the intelligentsia, which, being a specific domestic phenomenon, at different stages of the historical development of the state and society acted as a catalyst for both the abolition of outdated norms and the rapid development of law, taking into account the needs of broad social groups. Materials and methods. The purpose of the research in the article is a comprehensive knowledge of law and the intelligentsia in their functional relationship and relationships of codependency in the minds of the subjects. The subject of the study is to understand the commonality of the social functions of law and the intelligentsia, based on the role of the domestic intelligentsia in the formation of law. To solve research problems, the authors use systemic, activity-based and formal legal approaches as a methodology, which involve the use of component, structural, functional, historical and other types of analysis, synthesis of its results, analogy, comparison, generalization, deduction and abstraction. Results and conclusions. The main results of the study include: conceptualization of the commonality of social functions of law and the intelligentsia, as well as the conclusion that in the development of the “fabric of law” and “social life of law” an active functional role is played by the intelligentsia and intelligence, which is one of the characteristics of the identity of the domestic legal system.

The relevance of the issue studied in the article lies in the fact that ensuring the sustainable development of the North and the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (hereinafter also referred to as the Russian Arctic) is a priority direction of modern state policy. One of the factors ensuring the stability and sustainability of the development of the North and the Russian Arctic is northern deliveries. The purpose of the study is to analyze the legal regulation of northern imports, characterize its role in order to ensure the sustainable development of the North and the Russian Arctic. To conduct the research, the comparative legal method, the formal legal method, the historical method, analysis, synthesis, and logical methods were used. The article examines the legal and organizational foundations for the sustainable development of the North and the Russian Arctic, highlights its relationship with food security, and notes the positive experience of Canada in the process of legal regulation of the target state of the Arctic part of the country - sustainable development. The sustainable development of the North and the Russian Arctic is considered in the article mainly within the framework of its socio-economic aspect. As a result of the study, conclusions were drawn that the development of legal regulation of northern imports is one of the factors in the sustainable development of the North and Arctic of Russian Federation.

Objective: to increase the effectiveness of countering the use of typical criminal money laundering schemes by identifying the technological and legal vulnerabilities of the DeFi infrastructure: decentralized exchanges, blockchain bridges, decentralized wallets, and privacy-enhanced currencies.Methods: general scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, theoretical modeling, legal interpretation) and special methods of scientific cognition (structural-functional, constructive, situational, innovative, target-oriented, program-target, and risk-oriented).Results: the main trends in the development of money laundering using decentralized finance were outlined; the determinative significance of DeFi technological characteristics in the genesis of money laundering was revealed; the main types of money laundering using decentralized finance were identified; the schemes of committing crimes were studied and the criminogenic potential of DeFi infrastructure (decentralized exchanges, blockchain bridges, mixers, privacy-enhanced tokens, etc.) was assessed.Scientific novelty: it is proposed to consider money laundering using DeFi as a special type of digital financial crime. The article proposes the author’s typology of money laundering, substantiates the idea that the matrix of traditional financial regulation and AML standards cannot be applied to decentralized finance. It is argued that prevention of money laundering using decentralized finance should be carried out in close connection with the identification of risk indicators and the development of effective control measures at the points of entry of criminal incomes to centralized exchanges.Practical significance: the analysis of typical mechanisms of money laundering using DeFi allows a systematic approach to the organization of early crime prevention and can potentially become the basis to develop recommendations for financial intelligence and monitoring services.

The modern legal policy in the field of preparation of dissertations for the degree of Сandidate of Sciences outside postgraduate education and the degree of Doctor of Sciences in doctoral studies is in the focus. The relevance of the research is determined by the fact that transition to the model of legislative regulation of doctoral studies and preparation of PhD dissertations outside postgraduate studies in the context of exclusively scientific activities has resulted in the lack of a proper legislative basis for functioning of the scientific sphere, while the state of higher education and science, provision of qualified personnel for all branches and spheres depends on the proper organization of doctoral and postdoctoral institutions. The aim is to identify the shortcomings of the legal policy and possible ways to improve it. The article investigates normative and legal regulation of training scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel outside higher education system; it critically assesses the present condition of higher education, prospects for improving the institutions of doctoral and postdoctoral studies. The general scientific (dialectical method, analysis, synthesis) and private scientific research methodology (formal-legal, system-structural, historical-legal methods) heavily contribute to the research. The outcome allows to substantiate the necessity to clearly establish the rights, duties and conditions of doctoral students and applicants at the legislative level. Detailed guarantees for such participants of scientific activity should promote the increasing demand for highly qualified specialists and realization of their creative potential. Financial incentives for doctoral students and their scientific consultants also need optimization being curently at a low level thus reducing the demand for doctoral and postdoctoral studies.

The study is devoted to the legal regulatory framework and its forms of manifestation. The material is based on the analysis of certain provisions of labor legislation. Labor legislation is the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities and combines simultaneously several levels of legal regulation, namely federal, regional, local and others. Further research of the theory of framework legal regulation involves an analysis of the forms of its manifestation in particular branches of law. Legal regulatory framework is built on the legal norms that set certain limits of legal regulation, while their specification depends on the discretion of the law enforcer. In labor legislation, there are norms of different degrees of certainty. The logical constructions of individual legal norms of labor legislation are characterized by certain uncertainty. Legal uncertainty provides for the right to the subjects of legal relationship or the law enforcer to act at their own discretion. It seems relevant to investigate the properties of relatively determinate norms of labor legislation, and to analyze the specifics of the legal regulatory framework mechanism, based on the analysis of judicial practice.

The Second Scientific Forum “Genetic Resources of Russia” was held in St. Petersburg, June 26-28, 2023. Thе Forum comprised nine associated scientific conferences and conference schools dedicated to the establishment, formation, conservation, development, studying and utilization of biological (bioresource) collections as well as to the activities of bioresource centers, and a round table entitled “Statutory Legal Regulation and Standards for the Work with Bioresource Collections”. More than 700 researchers representing over a hundred scientific institutions and universities from Russia and other countries participated in the Forum. In total, more than 200 oral presentations were made during those events (including 16 talks at the Forum’s Plenary Session). The participants of the Forum events thoroughly discussed the results of the Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Genetic Technologies for 2019-2030 associated with the establishment and development of bioresource collections for research in the field of genetic technologies, the prospects for the promotion of this sector, and the regulatory legal framework in the sphere of ensuring conservation and development of biological (bioresource) collections, establishment and functioning of bioresource centers, and their sustainable and rational utilization in scientific research and development activities. The outcome of those discussions is presented in this publication in the form of the Forum’s Resolution. Upon reviewing the results of the Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Genetic Technologies for 2019-2030 pertaining to the establishment and development of bioresource collections for research in the field of genetic technologies, the Forum recognized them as successful. The Forum approved the draft of the legal act “On Bioresource Centers and Biological (Bioresource) Collections”, which is currently under consideration in the State Duma of the Russian Federation and emphasized the need for its soonest adoption.

The authors explore the genesis of human organ and tissue transplantation in our country and the legal relations arising in this connection. For a long time, this area of medical activity was not regulated at the legislative level. Prior to 1917, the issues of transplantation were predominantly theoretical. In the Soviet period of the history of the Russian state, the development of public medicine and numerous military conflicts confirmed the applied nature of experiments on human organ and tissue transplantation. During this period, rapid development of legislation also affected healthcare. The legal presumption of consent to the removal of organs and (or) tissues was formulated, which established the legal framework for donation of human organs and tissues. At the same time, until 1992, the issues of transplantation were regulated mainly by departmental acts of the USSR Ministry of Health. The Law of the Russian Federation “On Transplantation of Human Organs and (or) Tissues” adopted in 1992 determined that the legal regulation of transplantation issues, including the list of transplantation objects, is determined by the federal executive body in the field of healthcare together with the Russian Academy of Sciences. The current level of development of experimental medicine, including transplantology, makes it necessary to regularly supplement the legislation in this area. For example, only on May 1, 2022, transplantation objects were supplemented with hematopoietic stem cells, and gaps in the legal regulation of pediatric transplantation were eliminated. The authors conclude that our country has significant experience in the field of transplantation and a quite perfect legislative framework. However, work on adjusting the current legislation, adopting new laws and by-laws in this area should not stop.

Introduction. In the context of the significance of the development of the Russian economy, the culture of business communications of business entities is of particular importance. Its enhancement and stimulation are supported in every possible way by the state, and popularization of entrepreneurship and formation of a positive image of the entrepreneur among the population become the most important area of activity in achieving state goals and objectives. Though, the process of forming business ethics and legal regulation of the promotion of business ethics in the Russian legislation are still at the stage of active development. Theoretical analysis. The modern legal field primarily reflects promotion of the values of competition, promotion of social responsibility norms among entrepreneurs, promotion of legal entrepreneurship and formation of a positive image of the entrepreneur. However, most often, the legislator creates the prerequisites for the behavior desired by business in the existing legal conditions, without directly enshrining the “propaganda of business ethics”, with examples from current legislation and law enforcement practice being confirmation of that. Empirical analysis. Fragmented legal regulation of the promotion of business ethics, both at the federal and regional levels, emphasizes the lack of a systematic approach to understanding business ethics, which, in turn, may affect the effectiveness of the future formation of fair commercial practices. Result. In the legal field, business ethics should be considered as a complex, collective and still developing concept, including an attitude to the social responsibility of a business entity, corruption, healthy competition, combining elements of management ethics, corporate culture, ethics of interaction with government agencies, environmental awareness, etc. Introduction to the legal field of promoting business ethics is a natural process. Legal education remains an effective measure to promote business ethics among business entities, that pursues preventive goals, and only in conjunction with measures to support and encourage such activities at the present time, since ensuring the standards of business ethics is closely related to the absence of illegal forms of economic struggle, to building measures of economic security in the context of corporate social responsibility, rejection of corruption, etc.

The article defines the essence and analyses the features of legal regulation of legal liability of employees of the Bureau of Economic Security of Ukraine. The essence, content and significance of the category “legal liability” have been clarified, and this has been used as the basis for forming the authors’ vision of the essence of legal liability of employees of the Bureau of Economic Security of Ukraine as a measure of regulatory influence on the behaviour of such employees which is exercised as a result of deviations from the rules of their activities established by law and is expressed in the application of appropriate negative measures. It has been identified and characterized a set of acts of current national legislation on the basis of which the legal liability of the employees of the Bureau of Economic Security of Ukraine is regulated. The main regulatory legal acts which determine the legal grounds for bringing the employees of the Bureau of Economic Security of Ukraine to the relevant type of legal liability have been described. It has been concluded that bringing the employees of the Bureau of Economic Security of Ukraine to certain types of legal liability is not properly regulated at the legal level. It has been substantiated that the material liability of the employees of the Bureau of Economic Security of Ukraine who hold special ranks, unlike employees of other law enforcement agencies, is regulated by the provisions of general rather than special legislation. It has been proved that today there is no special legislative act which regulates disciplinary liability of the employees of the Bureau of Economic Security of Ukraine. Approaches to overcoming the shortcomings of legal regulation of legal liability of the employees of the Bureau of Economic Security of Ukraine have been formed. Effective ways to resolve the situation in the area under study have been suggested by introducing appropriate amendments to the current national legislation of Ukraine, on the basis of which the legal liability of the employees of the Bureau of Economic Security of Ukraine is regulated, and the necessity of adopting a special legislative act which would determine the legal basis for bringing them to disciplinary liability has been proved.

Research objectives: to investigate the problems of gender and age discrimination in the modern discourse on the protection of children’s reproductive health, to analyze the most important issues including the concept of child reproductive health, normative guarantees in the field of children’s reproductive health, protection of reproductive children’s health in the context of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations, social obstacles to the proper realization of children’s reproductive rights, etc. Materials and methods. A survey was based on the author’s developed questionnaires in order to find out the level of reproductive health and sexual violence among children. The focus group was formed by 540 children: 288 girls and 252 boys aged 15–18 living in Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk and Zakarpattia regions. The research period covered the years 2021–2023. The error of the obtained results, taking into account the number of respondents, was 2–3.5%. The questionnaires are designed for anonymous and quick filling. Results. Today’s problems and challenges of an environmental, pandemic, and military nature are partially offset by rapid and continuous improvements in social and economic conditions, along with changes in demographics, lifestyles, the environment, and innovations in medical and therapeutic technologies. In general, there is sufficient number of normative protection guarantees that exist at the normative level. However, the problem is manifested in the fact that declarative norms are often ineffective, as they do not entail real guarantees of an organizational and institutional nature regarding the protection and protection of children’s medical rights. Despite the special needs and vulnerabilities that children face, most services are not organized to recognize or meet these needs. Conclusions. It is substantiated that the family is the most important institution in the socialization of a child, and its life experience plays an important role in ensuring that the child is a healthy individual in the broad sense of this concept, which includes physical and psychological criteria. It has been established that characteristics and relationships in the family, especially in the preschool period (the most critical process of children’s development) can positively or negatively affect the structure of the child’s personality. Sudden changes and extraordinary events experienced by the family in the process of adaptation to social changes can cause the family to experience a crisis situation.

Introduction. In modern conditions, several promising directions in the study of the penitentiary system of the Russian Federation are being actualized. In the context of these scientific developments, the research into the historical and legal aspects of the legislative policy of late Imperial Russia to improve the organizational structure, management bodies and functioning of institutions of the penal system has become particularly relevant. Theoretical analysis. During the modernization of the penitentiary system of Russia in the late XIX – early XX centuries, laws, circulars and instructions were adopted to improve the efficiency of the management of individual places of detention of the civil department and prison guards. The legal regulation of the penal enforcement legislation made it possible to structure and improve the activities of the management, supervision and support staff of the prison department. Еmpirical analysis. It has been revealed that purposeful activities aimed at optimizing office work, establishing a correct and monotonous order of documentation, accounting and reporting in the offices of prison castles occupied an important place in the activities of the Main Prison Administration, Prison departments of the Provincial Government in the provinces. Results. During the implementation of the prison reform in the Russian Empire in 1879, a systematic modernization of the penitentiary system in the country took place. The legal regulation of the activities played the primary role in improving the management and organization of the work of all structures of the prison department, which is documented by the materials of penitentiary institutions of the Saratov province of late XIX – early XX centuries.

Objective: to elaborate scientifically substantiated proposals for improving the system of mandatory requirements in the sphere of business and other economic activity under formation of digital economy, taking into account the foreign experience of eliminating barriers for business and the available practice of legislation optimization in this sphere.Methods: the research methodological basis consists of traditional general and specific methods of scientific cognition: dialectical, formal-logical, historical-comparative, systematic, terminological, general logic methods (analysis, synthesis, generalization, induction, deduction, etc.), as well as special methods: historical-legal, formal-legal, and method of comparative jurisprudence.Results: the author investigated and systematized theoretical approaches and experience of improving the system of mandatory requirements in foreign countries and the Russian Federation; the possibilities of introducing the most successful innovative legal instruments and practices to improve the regulation of economic relations were considered. The role of a retrospective assessment of the regulatory impact of existing regulatory legal acts containing mandatory requirements in addressing issues of reducing burdensome rules and ensuring legal stability in the context of digital transformation of the economy was determined. The international experience of implementing the regulatory guillotine mechanism was considered; its essence, purpose, tasks, basic principles, and algorithm of operation were revealed. The issues of establishing and evaluating the application of the requirements for business contained in regulatory legal acts were analyzed.Scientific novelty: the author’s comprehensive analysis of existing scientific developments on improving the system of mandatory requirements for business; systematization of scientific and theoretical approaches to the selection of innovative legal instruments to eliminate excessive legal regulation of economic relations; generalization of successful foreign practices in the implementation of “regulatory guillotine” measures.Practical significance: recommendations were developed for effective reduction of burdensome requirements that negatively affect the development of business in the context of digital transformation of the economy. Conditions were determined for the implementation of a full-fledged regulatory impact assessment procedure and the successful implementation of regulatory reforms. The results of the study can be used in standard-setting activities and in the educational process when elaborating educational programs in Economics and Law.

Objective: to research the trends of development of the “smart cities” concept and their legal regulation.Methods: general scientific (induction, deduction) and special (systemicstructural, comparative-legal analysis) methods were used. Also, review analysis was applied to analyze the status quo of “smart cities”. Innovative research approaches are still rare in considering the “smart cities” concept, as well as the prospects referring to targeted knowledge management and cooperation between the respective stakeholders. As for the special research methods for studying digital relations, we used content analysis (the method of creating reproducible and substantiated conclusions from texts (or other meaningful materials) in the context of their use). As the results of previous research and concepts referring to “smart cities” are available, we also used deductive content analysis.Results: a characteristic is given to public relations formed within the process of development of “smart cities” concept. The key legal acts, principles of formation and functioning of “smart cities” are identified, taking into account the Russian and foreign experience. In this connection, the examples of successful practices are given, of the activities of both Russian and foreign municipal entities, taking into account the competitions held and rankings determined by the central structures. The popular directions are summarized, which are broadly introduced at the local level, and the probable problems are identified in the sphere of implementation of this project in our state.Scientific novelty: the article carries out an analysis of the current legal regulation and the results of introducing the “smart cities” concept. The promising technologies and methods are identified, which are necessary to achieve the tasks of the concept implementation. The elements are specified, which ensure sustainability of “smart cities” complying with the future demands. An author’s position is expressed regarding a close interrelation of this phenomenon with the institute of local self-government in the context of possible development of the latter into the process of making managerial decisions involving artificial intelligence. This concerns, first of all, using the potential of the Internet of Things. In practice, a lot of problems occur, associated with the implementation of normatively stipulated provisions, which implies the need to perform further research in the sphere under study.Practical significance: is due to the insufficient development of data about the features and prospects of introducing the idea of “smart cities”. The provisions of the research performed will allow effectively improving the mechanisms of legal regulation and broad implementation of the concept under study.

Objective: to research the trends of legal regulation of using intelligent transport systems under digital transformation of the transport sector of economy, namely, the growing importance of intelligent transport systems in the future transport system of the Russian Federation.Methods: systemic-structural method is the basis for researching intelligent transport systems. It enables to study the architecture of intelligent transport systems as a complex structural unity. Also, comparative-legal method was used, aimed at illustrating the differences and similarities in the legal regulation of intelligent transport systems. Methods of legal modeling and forecasting, as well as formal-logic method, served as secondary methods to comprehensively study the legal regulation of intelligent transport systems.Results: the article presents conceptual approaches to defining the notion of “intelligent transport systems” and outlining the hierarchy of intelligent transport systems, which play a fundamental role in building the transport sector. Based on the analysis, conclusions are made about the vectors of forming transport legislation, aimed at regulating the use of intelligent transport systems.Scientific novelty: the article provides a conceptual approach to forming the legal regulation of intelligent transport systems. To this end, the issue is considered about the essential content of the notion of “intelligent transport systems” at legal and scientific levels; the current terminological problems in building the legal regulation are shown. Analysis of the architecture of intelligent transport systems allowed for the first time to formulate the basic approaches to shaping the legal regulation of its individual elements (including highly automated and fully automated transport means, “smart” infrastructure, etc.) not in isolation but as constituent parts of the whole matter.Practical significance: the presented materials and conclusions facilitate the development of legal regulation of transport industry under digital transformation. The article accentuates the legal regulation of intelligent transport systems taking into account their technical and technological features. It is the intelligent transport systems that are de lege ferenda of the transport system, which determines the vector of transformation of transport legislation. In turn, development of the legal bases allows broadening the geography of introducing technical novelties and making their application much more large-scale.

Objective: to specify the models of legal regulation in the sphere of biometric identification and authentication with facial recognition technology in order to elaborate recommendations for increasing information security of persons and state-legal protection of their right to privacy.Methods: risk-oriented approach in law and specific legal methods of cognition, such as comparative-legal analysis and juridical forecasting, are significant for the studied topic and allow comparing the legal regulation models used in foreign countries and their unions in the sphere of biometric identification and authentication with facial recognition systems, forecasting the possible risks for the security of biometric data, taking into account the prospects of further dissemination of the modern facial recognition technology, and to shape recommendations on legal protection of biometric data.Results: the ways are proposed to further improve legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan and other countries currently developing the legal regulation of biometric data, regarding the admissible criteria for using the facial recognition technology, the elaboration of categorization of biometric systems with a high and low risk levels (by the example of the experience of artificial intelligence regulation in the European Union), and the necessity to introduce a system of prohibitions of mass and unselective surveillance of humans with video surveillance systems, etc.Scientific novelty: consists in identifying a positive advanced foreign experience of developing legal regulation in the sphere of facial recognition based on biometry (European Union, the United States of America, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), which can be used for further improvement of the national legislation in order to create more effective mechanisms of legal protection of personal data, including biometric information.Practical significance: based on risk-oriented approach and comparative analysis, the research allows elaborating measures for enhancing the legal protection of biometric data and ensuring effective protection of civil rights and freedoms by forecasting further expansion of the modern facial recognition technology.

Objective: to research the existing problems and promising directions of the legal regulation of digital financial assets as a relatively new tool of the modern digital economy.Methods: the methodological basis of the work is the set of scientific cognition methods such as theoretical analysis, research, comparison, synthesis, and summarization of scientific literature.Results: the work analyzes the existing approaches to legal regulation of digital financial assets in the Russian Federation and some foreign countries, reveals the existing gaps in the Russian legislation in the field of circulation of digital financial assets, gives estimation to the prospects of development of the legal regulation of these tools and forms proposals for its improving. Also, during the research, the approaches to legal regulation of digital currencies and digital financial assets, adopted in certain foreign countries, were analyzed, the trends were considered, and the positive and negative aspects of using cryptographic algorithms for the goals in economic and juridical spheres of the global economy were reflected.Scientific novelty: within the work, the topical issues of legislative regulation of such a relatively new notion as digital financial assets are considered. The positions of Russian and foreign jurist are considered concerning the existing problems and risks associated with “tokenization” and “blockachainization” of private law. Besides, the author comes to a conclusion about the existence of significant gaps in the current approach to legal regulation of digital financial assets, indicates them and proposes certain mechanisms to solve these problems.Practical significance: is due to the imperfect current legislation in the sphere of relations occurring when using the technologies based of distributed ledger, including digital financial assets. Research of these problems allows evaluating the risks, considering the existing ways of overcoming and solving the emerging disputable questions. Also, the conclusions obtained can be used to improve the Russian legislation, as well as in the academic literature devoted to the topical issues of developing the digital legislation.

With the development of technology, Internet platforms continue to accumulate technological advantages and become super network platforms with rapid growth in the number of users and huge transaction scale, thus triggering problems such as platform monopoly, infringement of users’ rights and interference with social governance. When the state and the government face the challenge of platform governance, the existence of a technological divide makes it difficult to achieve the desired effect of Internet platform governance through the traditional unilateral regulatory model. When the law grants power, appropriate measures should be taken at the same time to avoid the abuse of power. With fairness as the regulatory goal of Internet platforms, it is necessary to start the restraint of platform power from multiple perspectives of self-regulation, cooperative regulation and external regulation to promote the standardized operation of Internet platforms.

This article is a continuation of a previously published article on administrative regulations as a type of public administration acts. The purpose of this article is to identify the features of administrative regulations as a source of Russian law. It investigates existing shortcomings in the development and adoption of administrative regulations and proposes possible ways of their elimination. The study uses both general scientific and special research methods: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparative and formal legal methods. The conducted research allows to identify the specifics of administrative regulations as sources of Russian law, to outline the place and the role of these regulatory legal acts in the legal system of Russia. The author gives the definition of administrative regulations, reflecting their most important and essential features. The article studies such negative aspects as the practice of approving administrative regulations, which are codified departmental acts, by simple acts - orders. Also, to date, administrative regulations are not subject to regulatory impact assessment, which is also recognized as a negative phenomenon. The results of the study can contribute to improving the processes of developing and adopting administrative regulations and enhancing the level of legal technology of these regulatory legal acts.

The research studies the institute of court interpreting in several European countries and the prospects of forming the institute of court interpreting in Russia. It bridges the previous studies concerning professionalization of this activity into the new realia and extends into legal regulation, market, and administration. The research raises awareness of the multifaceted process of forming the institute of judicial interpreting to the benefit of civil society. The issues concerning education of interpreters participating in judicial setting, level of language proficiency, qualification, authorization of legal interpreters and translators, their status, rights and obligations, code of ethics and some others inherent to the process of institutionalization are in the focus. It also highlights the grounds and voices prospects for the development of the institute of legal interpreters in Russia. The research methods are divided into theoretical and analytical, comparative, and contrastive and methods of reasoning, evaluation and summarising allowing to balance the material according to the academic aims. The practical relevance of the work rests in unifying and harmonising legal, administrative, and professional aspects of court interpreting institutionalisation within European space.

The article pays attention to the importance of insurable interest in the modern legal environment. The insurable interest is looked at in relation to the insurable risk; the meaning of the insured property losses is also explained. The article formulates the features for a single concept of insurance contract. In the focus are such features of insurable interest as legitimacy and private (subjective) nature. The author reveals the difference between the objective and subjective sides of the insurable interest and analyzes judicial practice. It is concluded that insurable interest of the subject consists in compensation for property losses, which are not in all cases related to the concept of “damage” and “harm” in civil law. Accordingly, the insurable interest exists insofar as there is a possibility of the occurrence of insured property losses; moreover, the insurable interest is of property nature, which allows us to formulate uniform features of a personal and property insurance contract.

Purpose. The purpose of the work is to analyze the reasons for the termination of notarial activity by private and state notaries, to identify their features and grounds for application, to determine directions for improving their legal regulation in the legislation on notaries. Methodology. The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis and generalization of the available scientific and theoretical material and the formulation of relevant conclusions and recommendations. During the research, the following methods of scientific knowledge were used: analysis, terminological, logical-semantic, systemic-structural, comparative. Results. In the course of the research, it was recognized that despite common features regarding the exercise of the right to engage in notarial activities, perform notarial acts, etc., notaries of state notary offices can commit a wider range of administrative offenses related to corruption, unlike private notaries. It was established that out of all possible administrative offenses related to corruption by a public notary, a public notary, unlike a private one, can be dismissed only for one - violation of the requirements for the prevention and settlement of conflicts of interest. For all other offenses, such a notary is liable on general grounds and only in the case of a repeated offense by a state notary, who has already been subject to an administrative penalty for a similar act within a year, is the basis for his dismissal. Originality. It is proposed to determine the same grounds for the termination of notarial activity by a private notary and the dismissal of state notaries for committing administrative offenses related to corruption, and to establish a one-year limitation period for such activity after its termination (dismissal) in connection with bringing notaries to administrative responsibility for their commission. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in the law-making and law-enforcement activities of justice bodies when determining the grounds for the termination of private notary activity and the dismissal of a public notary in connection with the commission of an administrative offense related to corruption.

The relevance of the issue studied in the article lies in the fact that the achievement of food security in the territories of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (hereinafter also AZRF), to which there is no year-round access by land transport, is a challenge for the state in matters of ensuring national security. One of the ways to achieve food security in the Russian Arctic is the northern delivery. The purpose of the study is to propose a number of directions for the development of Russian Arctic legislation based on the analysis of the legal documents of the Russian Federation, international legal documents, as well as the positive experience of Canada in the field of food security regulation. The article considers the positive experience of Canada in regulating public relations in the field of pursuing a centralized food security policy, as well as in organizing public greenhouses and gardens, and analyzes the possibility of applying these foreign development directions in the legislation of the Russian Federation. In the final part of the article, the author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to apply a more systematic approach in the field of food security, linking legal documents adopted in various areas of public relations (health, social sphere, science and innovation in agriculture, development of transport infrastructure and rural settlements), into a single concept, a common action plan to achieve the global goal - food security. A separate place in this concept should be occupied by the processes of organizing the northern delivery and measures to develop their own agricultural production of vegetables and fruits in the territory of the Russian Arctic, according to the experience of Canada.

An urgent task for the Russian Federation today is the development and legal support of digitalization of public administration. Purpose: to analyze gaps in legal regulation of certain aspects of digitalization of public administration and find solutions to address them. Methods: empirical methods of analysis, interpretation, synthesis and comparison; theoretical methods of formal logic and philosophy of law; specific scientific methods: normative, legal forecasting and interpretation of legal norms. Results: the study reveals the problems of legal regulation of digitalization of public administration. At the heart of any digitalization are digital technologies, the introduction of which also determines the processes of digitalization of public administration. The legal regulation of digital technologies lags far behind realities because of the lack of a uniform legal understanding of digital technologies. As the main condition for further effective digitalization of public administration in Russia, the author calls the development of normative legal regulation of digital technologies.

Purpose. Development of theoretical provisions and practical recommendations on the generalization of legal support for forensic engineering and technical examinations. The methodology provides for a theoretical generalization of the existing normative legal acts related to the conduct of forensic examinations, in general, and engineering and technical examinations, in particular, as well as the formulation of relevant conclusions and recommendations. Methods. The research used a system of general scientific methods, namely theoretical generalization, comparison, system analysis and formalization. Results. The article is devoted to the current problems of the inconsistency of the regulatory and legal provision of forensic examination with the branch legislation regulating narrowly focused issues of certain types of research. It was determined that in order to regulate the activities of experts, it is necessary to implement unified approaches to conducting research that will take into account the peculiarities of conducting each separate type of forensic examination. It is noted that in order to improve regulatory legal acts on forensic expertise, it is advisable to adapt them to European legislation, and the creation of methods of expert research for all forensic institutions should take into account the accreditation features of international quality standards. Originality. In the process of research, it was found that the generalization of the regulatory and legal provision of engineering and technical expertise (on the example of railway transport expertise) is a necessary condition for stable (unchanging) legal regulation of the process of conducting expertise, which, in turn, will increase the efficiency of the work of judicial entities expert activity in the country. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used in the scientific research field, rule-making activities, expert practice and the educational process.

Objective: to assess the state of legal regulation of award relations in theRussian Federation subjects and to develop measures for its systematization and improvement.Methods: the main methods of the conducted research are general scientific methods of cognition: analysis, synthesis, comparison, extrapolation, and specific-legal methods of cognition of award relations based on them, used in the Russian theory of law and the state.Results: an analysis of more than 500 regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation has shown that in some regions special laws were adopted in addition to the existing comprehensive laws on awards, which regulate the establishment of regional parliamentary awards, as well as awards of regional state authorities; that in most of the Russian Federation subjects, state (republican, regional, district, municipal) awards are regulated outside the comprehensive award legislation, but within the framework of incentive law, by their own legislation on regional awards and/or by-laws of the regional state authorities; that in some Russian regions there are special laws establishing simultaneously not only state awards of the Russian Federation subject, but also state scholarships.The territorial scope of the study is limited to the Russian Federation as of September 30, 2022, before the Donetsk People’s Republic, Luhansk People’s Republic, Zaporozhye and Kherson regions, which established their regional awards, became part of it. The time frames of the monitoring study are limited to the period from 1991 to February 10, 2023.Scientific novelty: for the first time in Russian legal science, a monitoring study of the award law of all subjects of the Russian Federation was conducted, which allows assessing the quality of legal regulation of award relations in the Russian regions and, if necessary, improving the system of regional awards and other incentives for positive lawful behavior.Practical significance: the results obtained can be used in the law-making activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation subjects in improving regional award legislation, establishing official regional awards and systematizing the legal regulation of award relations. The conclusions of the conducted research enable to eliminate contradictions between the norms of award law and the norms of other regulatory legal acts.

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Copyright of Uzhhorod National University Herald Series Law is the property of Uzhhorod National University, State Higher Educational Establishment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Uzhhorod National University Herald Series Law is the property of Uzhhorod National University, State Higher Educational Establishment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)