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The article deals with the interaction of formalism as a trend in language and literature studies, on the one hand, and a teaching method, a technique of teaching to understand and investigate literary text proceeding from its structure and content, on the other hand. One of the main principles is dialogism (M. Bakhtin) that creates the coeducation between the writer and reader. Thus the process becomes bilateral, or even multilateral and it includes criticism on both parts - a teacher and a student-reader as they are interpreting a literary text.

The articles treats a number of questions concerning the origins and status of Kulumba Suttanta (KS hereinafter) and the spiritual impact of the Pali Canon. It also involves a discussion on the topic of the authenticity and trustworthiness of KS, and whether it should be rehearsed in three Buddhist joint-recitations.

This article tries to reveal a universal cognitive model of the causal relations reflected in the language consciousness of a subject. The cognitive model as a frame is considered to survey a certain typical causal situation through a human perception as the case of the connection of cause and effect propositions. Frame models of internal subjective causality are being revealed; semantic types and means of verbalization of internal subjective causality of frame models in the German and Russian languages are established.

The article treats the group of kinship terms both in modern English and Turkish in the aspect of addressing functions. It reveals most relevant meanings to influence a proper way of addressing dependent on the age, sex, formal or informal communication, etc.