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A case retrospective analysis of the gallbladder's injury during percutaneous nephrolithotomy was performed which occurred in the Sayansk Town Hospital. The data of instrumental examination, tactics of intra- and postoperative treatment are presented. For this topic, the literature of PubMed database for the last 25 years has been analyzed by keywords: percutaneous nephrolithotomy, kidney stone, gallbladder, cholecystostomy, trauma. 11 cases of gallbladder's injury during performing percutaneous nephrolithotomy was selected with 8 of which required cholecystectomy. In one case, conservative treatment of gallbladder's perforation was applied. Percutaneous cholecystostomy and papillosphincterotomy cases with retrograde cholangiopancreatography and stenting of the common bile duct are also described.

Retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) is a rapidly developing field of endoscopic management of urolithiasis. Previously considered an additional technique in patients with lower calyx stones that do not respond to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, now the RIRS along with percutaneous surgery is gaining a leading position in the management of kidney stones. Currently, it is recommended as the main surgical modality for treating stones less than 2 cm, especially in cases where extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is not feasible or not desirable. Retrograde intrarenal surgery has no specific contraindications, except for the active inflammatory process in the urinary tract, and can be used even in patients with various coagulopathies. In this paper, we present information on the history of the emergence and advances of RIRS, indications and contraindications, preoperative patient care, the choice of anesthesia, the surgical technique and features of the ureteral sheaths, strings, and lithoextractors. Recommendations for laser lithotripsy, postoperative care and possible complications with a review of the current literature are presented.

Along with an increase in the worldwide prevalence of renal tumors and urolithiasis, recently there has been a clear tendency for co-occurrence of the two diseases. An analysis of the literature has revealed several unresolved issues, including the identification of the causal link between the two diseases and determination of rational therapies for their combination, which necessitates a careful investigation of the problem.

Aim: To determine the treatment strategy for patients with renal tumors and coexistent contralateral kidney stone., Materials and Methods: From 2006 to 2015, 1380 and 4833 patients underwent surgery for renal tumours and kidney stones, respectively. The combination of stone disease and renal tumor was found in 159 (11.5%) patients, of whom 61 patients had indications for surgical treatment of both diseases at the time of hospital admission. Of these, 17 (27.9%) patients (8 men and 9 women) had renal tumors and coexistent contralateral kidney stone., Results: Initial surgery for stones was performed in 10 (58.8%) cases. In the remaining 7 (41.2%) patients, the first operation was for renal tumors. None of the patients underwent simultaneous removal of the contralateral kidney stone. The most common types of treatment for kidney stones were percutaneous nephrolithotripsy and extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy. Twelve (70.6%) patients underwent partial nephrectomy, the remaining 5 (29.4%) had nephrectomy. In total, 17 patients with renal tumors and coexistent contralateral kidney stones were treated using 11 different treatment combinations. These results show the need to define treatment strategies for each patient individually, taking into account all possible factors., Conclusions: In patients with renal tumors and coexistent contralateral kidney stone, the basic principle of surgical treatment is to perform an organ-sparing surgery, given technical feasibility and normal function of kidney, affected by the tumor.

Aim: To determine the treatment strategy in patients with kidney tumors co-occurring with ipsilateral kidney stones., Materials and Methods: During the period from 2006 to 2015, a combination of kidney tumor and urolithiasis was detected in 159 (11.5%) patients. Of these, 61 patients had indications for surgical treatment for both diseases at the time of hospitalization. The article analyzes the surgical treatment results of 14 patients with ipsilateral combination of kidney stone and kidney tumors and shows the potential of endovideosurgical technologies in managing this category of patients., Results: The surgical treatment for stones was initially conducted in 3 (21.4%) patients, 4 (28.6%) patients underwent the kidney tumor surgery at the first stage, and the remaining 7 (50.0%) patients underwent one-stage surgery for both diseases. Despite the co-occurrence of two pathologies in one kidney, only 2 patients (14.3%) underwent an organ-removing operation., Discussion: Combined minimally invasive organ-sparing surgery for unilateral combination of the kidney stone and kidney tumor is the most preferable treatment option, allowing the patient to get rid of both the tumor and the kidney stone within one anesthesia session. One-stage laparoscopic kidney resection with pyelolithotomy or calycolithoextraction allows preventing possible complications associated with the postoperative stone migration and eliminates the need for repeat surgery.

Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of ESWL combined with litholytic therapy in patients with uric acid kidney stones., Materials and Methods: A total of 59 patients with urate nephrolithiasis were observed at the Department of Urology, First Pavlov SMU of St. Peterburg. The patients were divided into two groups according to the treatment regimen. The study group comprised 30 patients who were administered litholytic therapy before ESWL. The comparison group included 29 patients with nephrolithiasis who underwent ESWL without prior litholytic therapy., Results: After 4 weeks of treatment with Blemaren, in 60% of patients of the study group a decrease in the calculus size was noted; in 83.3% of patients according to MSCT there was a decrease in calculus density. Disintegration of kidney stones after a single ESWL session was achieved in 86.7% of patients of the study group and in 65.5% of patients of the control group., Conclusion: The results of this study allow us to recommend a 4-week course of Blemaren to treat patients with urate nephrolithiasis to prepare for ESWL.