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Food is an integral factor in ensuring the active life of older citizens. However, the range of meat products, including sausages for specialized nutrition, is extremely limited. In this regard, a technology of functionally oriented boiled sausage for gerodietetic nutrition "Gerodietetic functional" has been developed. The effectiveness of using a protein-fat emulsion containing a functional ingredient – iodine in the form of a complex compound β-cyclodextrin : iodine in the preparation of minced sausage has been proven. The functional and technological properties of combined minced meat, consisting of meat from productive animals and mechanically separated poultry meat with a protein-fat emulsion have been studied. The losses of microelements amounted to 12 % in key technological operations of meat product production have been studied. Based on the study of the iodine and protein content in the finished product, its functional orientation and characteristics as a product with high protein content have been established. Systematic consumption of "Gerodietetic functional" sausage will contribute to the health and longevity of older people.

Expanding the range of products based on the rational use of available fish resources is a current direction for the development of the food industry of the Russian Federation. Blue catfish, a little-used fishery item in the Northern Basin, was chosen as a raw material for the development of a fish culinary paste product. Blue catfish meat is significantly watered (up to 93 % of the total mass), as a result there are currently no technologies for deep processing of fish for food purposes. During the research, the technology of a new fish culinary product "Fish cream cheese from blue catfish, enriched with iodine from White Sea kelp" has been proposed in an assortment, and recipes have been developed, optimized in the MatLab program. The amino acid composition of blue catfish meat as well as indicators of the nutritional value of new products have been considered. The energy value of 100 g of product varies from 120 to 150 kcal, the mass fraction of protein is 8.5–11 %; fat – 9–13 %; carbohydrates – 2–2.5 %. The iodine content in a unit of consumer packaging of the product "Cream cheese fish from blue catfish with pickled seaweed" was experimentally established to be 340 mcg per 100 g; a 44 g serving of this product contains 100 % of the recommended daily intake of the micronutrient (150 mcg). The developed product "Cream cheese fish from blue catfish with pickled seaweed" can be classified as "enriched with iodine" when the amount of its daily consumption (25 g) is indicated on the consumer packaging.

Diseases of the thyroid gland occupy one of the central places in clinical endocrinology. The main components for the synthesis of thyroid hormones are iodine and the amino acid tyrosine. Studies conducted in the 21st century indicate a certain effect on the metabolism and function of the thyroid gland and other microelements and vitamins. We searched the PubMed and Scopus information databases for publications devoted to the study of the influence of trace elements selenium, zinc, vitamins A, C, E on the physiology and pathology of the thyroid gland, including sources up to 29.02.2024. Adequate intake of selenium, zinc, along with two other important microelements (iodine and iron), as well as vitamins A, C, E, contributes to normal metabolism of the thyroid gland. Maintaining a physiological balance of micronutrients and vitamins through a sensible diet or taking nutraceuticals is essential to preventing thyroid disease and maintaining overall health. Basal analysis of microelements and vitamins seems appropriate for better selection of patients in need of replacement therapy using nutraceuticals

Natural iodine deficiency, which in some regions of Russia provokes thyroid diseases, increases the consequences of the entry of short-lived radioactive isotopes of this element into the food chain as a result of the Chernobyl accident (1986). The aim of the work is to assess the risk of morbidity of the population of the Kaluga, Bryansk and Oryol regions with thyroid cancer at the level of individual settlements based on experimental data. The iodine content in soils and vegetation cuttings of pastures in geochemically contrasting landscapes, as well as in cows' milk and potatoes of private household farms in the regions affected by the Chernobyl accident in 1986: Bryansk (2021), Oryol (2022) and Kaluga (2023) regions was studied. Joint expeditions of the Laboratory of Environmental Biogeochemistry of GEOKHI RAS and the Department of Human Ecology and Bioelementology of the Institute of Ecology of RUDN, carried out on the initiative and with the participation of the authors, revealed a significant variation of iodine concentration in soils and food products, which may be crucial for assessing the risk of thyroid diseases, including thyroid cancer, among the local rural population. The iodine content was found to be highly variable in both topsoil (0.31-3.04 mg/kg) and grass cuttings (0.14-0.29 mg/kg) of the study area. The maximum natural and technogenic risk of thyroid cancer morbidity in the rural population as a result of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident of 1986 is specific for the studied settlements of Zhizdrinsky district of Kaluga region, Bolkhovsky, Dmitrovsky and Sverdlovsky districts of Oryol region, Rognedinsky district of Bryansk region.

Low iodine content in the environment can be one of the main factors of iodine deficiency diseases in humans and farm animals, including hypothyroidism, nodular thyroid tumors, irreversible brain damage in the fetus and newborn. Endemic goiter, caused primarily by iodine deficiency, is an urgent problem for most regions of modern Russia, including the Republic of Crimea. For the Republic of Crimea, along with other regions of the Crimean-Caucasian mountain zone, there is a deficiency of iodine in the lower links of the trophic chain, which provokes iodine deficiency diseases. The aim of the work was to reveal the contrast of iodine distribution in the lower links of the trophic chain: different types of soils for agricultural use and natural waters for drinking purposes from various sources in the Crimean Mountains. The article presents data of the iodine content in the soil cover and drinking water in the Crimean Mountains, on the example of the Bakhchisarai area (in Bodrak river valley). The dependence of the iodine content in the upper horizons of different types of soils, on the content of humus, pH-water soils and cation exchange has been established. It has been confirmed that the content of iodine in natural waters (springs, rivers, lakes) is determined primarily by the composition of water-bearing rocks.

Despite the search and development of new antimicrobial drugs with antibiotic or antiseptic properties, the spread of multidrug-resistant strains of microorganisms remains a serious problem in the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases (wound, postoperative and burn infections, preoperative preparation of the surgical and injection fields, hygienic disinfection of the hands of surgeons, medical personnel, etc.). This review of modern domestic and foreign literature sources is devoted to the analysis of data on the prospects of using antiseptics with iodine and iodides as antimicrobial agents. In modern conditions, there is an increasing number of scientific works devoted to the study and development of various drugs, distinguished by their diversity and their specific application. Antimicrobial iodine-containing compounds can be applied to a wide range of materials such as textile, plastics, metals, ceramics to make them resistant to microbial and biofilm growth. The article summarized the literature data on the high antimicrobial activity of iodine both in neutral carriers and in synergy with substances already possessing similar properties. Such complex preparations lose their toxicity to a large extent, having prolonged action with the preservation of their properties. The main mechanisms of antimicrobial action of iodine and iodine compounds are determined by their strong oxidizing ability. Attention is drawn to the spectrum of activity of iodine preparations. Along with the antimicrobial effect, they can promote regeneration processes. In general, innovative iodine preparations with antibacterial and fungicidal properties are promising for medical and other purposes.

The content of some chemical elements that support immune responses (selenium, zinc, iron, iodine) was analyzed among representatives of the ethno-demographic groups of the North-East of Russia - natives (Chukchi, Koryaks, Evens), mestizos, and newcomers. A potential risk group for the development of hyposelenoses is the Koryak ethnic group. The minimum values of zinc were found among the Chukchi. In representatives of all ethno-demographic groups, the iron content was within the reference values, but its maximum values were noted in the newcomers. The maximum iodine levels are also characteristic of the newcomers. Comparable iodine content was noted in the Evens group. Features of the elemental status (selenium, zinc, iron, iodine) in the inhabitants of the north indicate that among the ethno-demographic groups, it is the aboriginal ethnic groups that are most predisposed to the development of immunodeficiency states.

Brown seaweeds (Laminariaceae) vary considerably in the content of toxic and essential elements; these variations depend on the taxonomic group and geographical factors. Seaweeds are extensively used in the food industry and widely applied in medicine for both humans and animals. Therefore, it is relevant to examine the correlation between the elemental composition and the geographical origin of kelp thalli obtained from different sources.The aim of the study was to collect, collate, and analyse primary and secondary data on the accumulation of essential, toxic and potentially carcinogenic elements, including iodine, in the thalli of brown seaweeds (Laminariaceae).Materials and methods. This study investigated the concentrations of 17 elements in Laminaria spp. (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Pb, Sr, V, Zn, and I). Experiments were conducted on an Agilent 7900 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The authors studied publications on the elemental composition of brown seaweeds (Laminariaceae) using literature search and data analysis methods.Results. This article reflects the updated classification of brown seaweeds (Laminariaceae) and summarises information about the mechanisms by which iodine and other elements accumulate in the thallus. The authors established species-specific variations in the order of element uptake and in the accumulation of elemental toxicants. The mutual influence of elements on their accumulation in brown seaweeds (Laminariaceae) was evaluated using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients.Conclusions. The study results can inform the implementation of a risk-based quality control strategy for herbal medicinal products aimed at reducing human exposure to toxic elements. The authors suggest that the upper limit of iodine content in kelp-based food products should be standardised.

The purpose of the work is to evaluate the influence of topochemical oxidation (H2O2, HNO3) of carbon prepared by alkali activation of coal on porosity and ability to adsorb 4-chlorophenol (CPh), Pb(II) cations and iodine. Carbons were oxidized at the reactant/carbon ratio of 1:1 (mol/mol, 25°C, 24 h). Based on nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, the volumes and specific surfaces of ultramicro- (Sumi), supermicro- (Ssmi) and other pores were evaluated. Kinetics and adsorption isotherms (25°C) of CPh and Pb(II) were characterized; adsorption capacities of CPh, Pb(II) and I 2 were determined. The H2O2-assisted modification was found to significantly increase Sumi (from 615 to 829 m²/g), but decrease Ssmi(from 515 to 494 m²/g). The HNO3-assisted modification slightly increases Sumi (from 615 to 651 m²/g), does not change Ssmi, but forms mesopores. The CPh adsorption is best approximated by the second-order kinetics, and isotherms are well fitted with the use of the Langmuir model. The H2O2 treatment increases the CPh capacity from 314 to 389 mg/g; and the HNO3 modification significantly decreases the CPh capacity (to 189 mg/g). Modifications reduce the iodine capacity by 1.11 times (H2O2) and 2.33 times (HNO3). The Pb(II) absorption was established to describe by the second-order kinetics equation; the adsorption isotherms obey Langmuir (R²≥0.986) and Freundlich (R²≥0.984) models. The Pb(II) capacity slightly increases after H2O2-assisted modification (from 87 to 95 mg/g), but increases sharply (from 87 to 298 mg/g) after HNO3-assisted treatment because of significant increasing OH-acidic groups concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently iodine defi ciency diseases are one of the most important medical and social problems. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to determine the content of iodine, iodides, iodates in iodized salt, drinking and mineral water, seaweed, to determine the stability of the iodine content in salt. For the qualitative determination of iodides and iodates ions in salts and molecular iodine in seaweed, an iodine starch reaction has been carried out. The presence of iodide ions in iodized water has been determined by reaction with silver nitrate and chlorine water, the iodine released has been extracted with chloroform. Quantitative determination of iodine in salt has been carried out by the titrimetric method, in water – by colorimetric method, in seaweed – by gravimetric method with subsequent titration. The study has found that iodized salt contains iodine in the form of potassium iodate, in an amount of 18.65 μg / g of elemental iodine, kelp contains molecular iodine in the amount of 8.12 μg / g of elemental iodine, and iodized water contains potassium iodide in the amount of 0.327 μg / ml of elemental iodine. The study has proved that over time, the amount of iodine in the salt iodized with potassium iodate decreases after a month by 5.6 times. In order to comply with the daily rate of iodine intake, it is necessary to include in your diet about 9.7 g of iodized salt, which exceeds the daily norm of its consumption in 5 g. In this regard, it is recommended to use iodized salt (not more than 5 g) or iodized water (0.7 L of water) or kelp (18.47 g) as a prevention of iodine defi ciency.

Providing senior citizens with specialized gerontological products is one of the most important tasks of the contemporary food industry. The research objective was to develop targeted functional foods for elderly population based on the peculiarities of their metabolism. The new products included raw materials with a low glycemic index and a high protein content but a low fat and carbohydrate content, e.g., lentil, pea, and barley flour. Kelp powder served as a source of iodine. The content of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates was studied by infrared spectroscopy using a Spectastar 2500 analyzer. Vitamins, minerals, and trace elements were measured by classical and modern analysis methods. The research also included a sensory evaluation of the new cereals and cereal products. As for the basic nutrients, the protein content was 20.96–24.33 g/100 g, fat – 3.36–3.49 g/100 g, carbohydrates – 45.07–47.10 g/100 g, energy – 327–333 kcal/100 g. One portion (150 g) satisfied the recommended daily intake of proteins by 18.0%, fats – by 2.9%, carbohydrates – by 9.1%, dietary fiber – by 30.5%, and energy – by 9.13%. The new products had a good nutritional value and were rich in protein, dietary fiber, vitamins, and micro- and macro-elements, e.g., iodine. The new cereals and cereal products can also be used in diets for senior patients with comorbid pathology.

Introduction. Iodine is one of the most important elements for maintaining human health and cognitive skills. Contemporary food industry is looking for new functional foods fortified with macro- and micronutrients. Confectionery products occupy a fairly large segment of human diet. The present research objective was to substitute traditional white sugar with an experimental granulated sugar-containing product that contained maltodextrin, cane molasses, and Japanese kelp extract. This substitute could reduce the calorie content of jelly and increase its functional properties while maintaining its sensory profile, e.g. consistency, increasing its shelf-life, and simplifying the tec hnological process. Study objects and methods. Granulated sugar-containing product is a new component for the confectionery industry, but its effect on technological processes is unpredictable. The research featured an experimental granulated sugar-containing product with maltodextrin, cane molasses, and Japanese kelp. The growth rate of granules and their structure were studied by scanning microscopy and radiography, the granulometric composition and solubility – by determining the relative dissolution rate, the effect of the granulated sugar-containing product on the sensory and physicochemical parameters of jelly – by refractometry and titrometry. Results and discussion. The experimental granulated sugar-containing product contained sucrose both in crystalline and amorphous state, which affected the distribution of nutrients within the product. The growth rate of granules affected the resulting structure of the product and its solubility, which decreased by 2.5 times as the size of the granules grew. The dissolution rate decreased compared to crystalline sugar. As a result, the technological process of jelly production had to be adjusted. The developed jelly had a lower energy value and better nutritional qualities. The high content of vitamins and macro- and microelements makes it a functional product. The experimental jelly received 22.3 points for sensory profile. Its hysico-chemical parameters (soluble solids = < 68%, acidity = > 2.2 8%) met the standard requirements for this type of product. Conclusion. The new granulated sugar-containing product simplified the technological process and improved the sanitary, hygienic, and working conditions.

The article considers the possibility of expanding the range of fermented milk products enriched with natural sources of biologically active substances, which is an urgent task today, as it corresponds to the concept of state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of healthy nutrition. As a solution to this problem, it has proposed to enrich the curd mass as part of the daily diet. Promising plant raw materials of the Far Eastern region, such as Ahnfeltia tobuchinensis, a representative of the genus of red algae growing in the Far Eastern Seas, are used as functional and enriching ingredients; Dahurian larch wood extract – arabinogalactan (Lavitol-arabinogalactan) and peppermint (Méntha piperíta). Grounded ahnfeltia was used in the size of not more than 0,5 mm. On the basis of the analysis of the composition and properties of the applied non-traditional additives, the possibility of enrichment of curd products with dietary fiber and organic iodine from plant components has been substantiated. Optimal ratios of enriching prescription components to the weight of cottage cheese in a finished product are the following: ahnfeltia powder – 1,5%, arabinogalactan – 2,5%, peppermint – 1%. Also, when determining the optimal dosages of the introduced components, it is proposed to replace the prescription amount of sugar with flower honey, which is a natural sweetener and a powerful antioxidant. Organoleptic and physicochemical parameters of the finished samples have been analyzed. As a result of the research the functional curd product one portion (100 g) of which is capable to satisfy daily physiological need of an organism for iodine for 29,32%, in dietary fibers for 12,38% has been developed.

Introduction and purpose Nutrition in the preconception phase as well as during pregnancy represents one of the most important factors that affect the development and well-being of the fetus and newborn. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary supplements during preconception among Polish women from the Lublin Province. Material and methods The survey was conducted in a population of 260 women, who were randomly included in the study. The women were asked to anonymously complete a questionnaire regarding the possible intake of supplementation. The questions included in the questionnaire concerned the frequency and type of dietary supplements taken. Results A slight majority of women (53%) did not take dietary supplements during the contraceptive period. The most commonly used was folic acid (45%), the least frequently - vitamin A (2%). The frequency of using dietary supplements by women in the pre-conception period does not correlate with the level of their place of residence, financial situation or age, however, it is related to the level of education - people with higher education used supplementation more often before pregnancy. Women's awareness of supplementation during pregnancy increases significantly. Women take many more supplements during pregnancy than they took before pregnancy. The average supplementation before pregnancy was 0.48, and during pregnancy it increases significantly and amounts to 0.83. Conclusions Women's awareness of supplementation during pregnancy increases significantly. Women take many more supplements during pregnancy than they took before pregnancy.The awareness of women should be increased and supplementation of recommended nutrients should be improved in order to prevent the effects of supplements deficiency.

The problem of iodine deficiency (ID) and its adverse effects on the Ukrainian population, especially on children, pregnant and lactating women, does not lose its relevance. The aim. To assess the state of iodine status of the Northern Bukovіna population by the level of thyrotropin (TSH) in newborns during the years 2015–2020. Methods. Selective screening analysis to determine the serum level of TSH in newborns during 2015–2020 (a total of 47888 results), median ioduria and survey among pregnant women, determination of urinary iodine, ultrasonographic and hormonal profiles of 199 prepubertal children living in Northern Bukovina were performed. Results. During the analyzed period, there was a positive trend: the median ioduria in pregnant women increased from 89.8 μg/l in 2015 to 140.1 μg/l in 2020, the level of neonatal hyperthyrotropinemia above 5 μIU/l decreased to 5 % in 2020 (P < 0.001), there was an upward trend in the median ioduria among prepubertal children (60.4 ± 9.3 μg/l). The frequency of goiter was different and accounted for 25.3 % among children living in the mountainous area and it was much lower among children living in the plain areas and in Chernivtsi (15.6 % and 13.1 %, respectively, P < 0.05). Thyromegaly among children of the reference group occurred in 15.1 %. 12.3 % of children were characterized by TSH in the range of age standards, which were shifted towards its increase (4.23–5.00 μIU/l). Conclusions. The increase in the median ioduria and the decrease in the frequency of neonatal hyperthyrotropinemia above 5 μIU/l on the background of iodine supply has been found in the pregnant population. The indicator of neonatal hyperthyrotropinemia above 5 μIU/l can be used to assess iodine deficiency only in the population of pregnant women.

The paper presents an assessment of the effect of the Sedimine microelement product on the morphobiochemical composition of the blood of calves during the milk feeding period. For the experiment, 2 groups of heifers of HolsteinKholmogory breed at the age of 2-3 weeks were formed. The calves of the experimental group were injected intramuscularly with Sedimine at a dose of 5 ml three times with an interval of 7 days, and the control animals were given a saline solution in the same way. Blood for hematological and biochemical studies was obtained at the beginning of the experiment and a week after the first and last injection. According to the research it has been established, that after a single injection of Sedimine, there were no evident changes in the biochemical profile of the blood, with the exception of a decrease in the level of urea by 30.6% (from 4.9 to 3.4 mmol/l; P

At the moment, an important issue for medicine and veterinary sciences is the lack of iodine and selenium in human and animal bodies. The problem of I, Se, and S deficiency in livestock has not been solved yet, which motivates the development of new effective compounds of these elements. Particularly noteworthy are the citrates of minor nutrient elements included in mineral premixes and feed additives used to balance mineral nutrition in the diets of animals and poultry. The purpose of this paper is to study the efficacy of different doses of I, Se, S citrate on the intensity of metabolic processes in the body of chicken broilers before and after the intragastric introduction of E. coli. It was found that watering of chicken broilers with I, Se, S citrate has antibacterial action. As a result of the conducted studies, it was revealed that the applied doses of I, Se, S caused both prophylactic (E2) and therapeutic (E4) effect on the development of colibacillosis in broiler chickens. This effect is more pronounced with higher doses of Iodine (20 μg/dm3 ) in I, Se, S citrate for therapeutic purposes, which contributed to the 100% preservation of the chicken population. High metabolic activity of low doses of I, Se, S citrate with a content of 2.5 μg I dm3 was noted. It provided the highest weight gain of chickens and reaching 780 g on the 35th day of growing, or 121.5% versus control and 788.4 g (119.9% versus control) on 42nd day of growing in the vivarium. The obtained data indicate a positive influence of watering I, Se, S citrate with a content of 20 μg I/dm3 , which was characterised by 100% preservation of chickens throughout the growing period

Introduction: Iodine is essential for the synthesis of the thyroid hormones. Proper thyroid function in a pregnant woman depends on the accumulated reserves of iodine in the pre-pregnancy period. If they are sufficient, the production of thyroid hormones is adequate even in the case of increased demand. Adequate iodine status during pregnancy is crucial for maternal health and foetal growth. Severe iodine deficiency causes maternal and foetal hypothyroxinaemia, leading to irreversible brain damage, manifested by mental retardation and neurological disorders. The daily requirement for iodine for pregnant women has been determined by The World Health Organization (WHO) at 250 µg. Most likely, the demand for it cannot be covered only by dietary iodine intake, so iodine should be supplemented in the form of tablets at a dose of 150-200 µg daily.Purpose: The aim of the study is to assess students' knowledge on iodine supplementation by women planning pregnancy and pregnant women.Material and method: Students' knowledge regarding the importance of iodine supplementation was verified using anonymous Internet questionnaire. The obtained results were analysed and checked on the basis of scientific literature.Results: The percentage of students who think iodine supplementation should be recommended is 22.7%, and 9.7% believe it is not necessary. Only 8.8% of the respondents chose the correct recommended dose of iodine. Surprisingly, most of the respondents do not know the recommended iodine dose, as much as 71.7% of them.Conclusions: The proper supply of iodine has a decisive impact on the proper functioning of the body, and its deficiency has serious consequences, especially in the womb. The problem of iodine deficiency is serious. This is also confirmed by the results of our surveys. It is important to educate students on the recommendations for iodine supplementation in women of childbearing age.

Adequate balanced nutrition of a woman is one of the most important aspects at the stages of pregravid preparation, during pregnancy and lactation. The needs for vitamins and minerals increase by 20–50% during pregnancy and lactation. Considering that the mother’s body is the only source of vitamins and minerals for the growing and developing fetus, adequate nutrition of the mother becomes one of the underlying determinants of the development period of the child’s health in the future. Particular attention should be paid to the supplement of folates, iodine, iron, omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D. These microelements are critical to the healthy development of the fetus, the prevention of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, premature birth and fetal congenital anomalies. However, the studies show that a significant number of women suffer from shortage of vitamins and minerals during pregravid preparation, pregnancy and lactation. Moreover, a combined deficiency of three or more vitamins is identified in 70–80% of the examined women, regardless of age, region of residence, occupation and season. In cases when a woman fails to achieve an adequate and balanced diet during these periods, vitamin and mineral support helps reduce the risk of pregnancy complications and fetal congenital anomalies. An individual differentiated approach to the prescription of vitamindoimineral complexes for women in these periods is perspective in terms of effective prevention of pregnancy complications and fetal congenital anomalies. The article discusses the principles of adequate vitamin deficiency prevention at the stage of pregravid preparation and at different stages of pregnancy.

Introduction. The problem of micronutrient deficiency remains a relevant issue all over the world. However, it is mostly developed countries that practice food fortification. The FAO and the WHO accumulate related experience and summarize it in various documents. Yet some aspects of the problem can be solved on state level. The present research featured micronutrient deficit and preventive measures in several countries taking into account local food traditions. Since 1920, a number of industrially developed northern countries have started developing and implementing various food fortification programs. Similar programs are being introduced in East, Central, and South Africa and Southeast Asia. For 40 years, Russia has been taking various measures to prevent micronutrient deficiency and related diseases. Results and discussion. The research revealed the social and economic measures of food fortification that were found lacking in these countries. The main problem proved to be iodine, iron, and vitamin A deficiency. However, lack of other micronutrients also remains a burning issue. The present paper gives an overview of iodine, selenium, and iron deficiencies in several countries. The authors proposed several solutions, e.g. food group selection, food additives (mono or premix), various ways of fortification, etc. The article also contains a list of main Russian regulatory documents that control the production and turnover of food fortification. The authors showed advantages of food fortification of mass consumption products, e.g. the low cost of processing, the affordability of enriched products, their availability for different social population, the well-developed regulation standards, the good social effect of food fortification projects, their economic efficiency, etc. Taking into consideration the environmental changes and various geopolitical and economic factors that negatively affect nutrition and population health, the authors recommend to continue evidence-based research in this direction to develop new technologies and food supplements. Conclusion. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that it reveals priority areas for prospective scientific research in food fortification based on a thorough analysis of the existing experience. From the point of view of practical application, the research offers a deeper understanding of the problem, stresses its relevance, sets goals and objectives of future studies, and offers some ideas for preventive programs.

With bated breath we follow the fate of the long-suffering law On the prevention of diseases caused by iodine deficiency. What can be expected in terms of improving public health after the adoption and successful implementation of this bill, which provides for the enrichment with iodine of edible salt of extra, higher and first varieties, grinding No. 0 and No. 1? In addition, in the production of bakery products, the recipe of which contains edible salt, the use of iodized salt will become mandatory. According to the experience of many near and far countries, within 23 years from the start of the program of mandatory salt iodization, one can expect a significant (at times) reduction in the incidence of endemic goiter. This trend will not exhaust itself in subsequent years. In the medium term (after about 10 years), a decrease (by half or more) in the incidence of thyrotoxicosis can also be expected in Russia. However, in the short term (57 years), a transient increase in the incidence of thyrotoxicosis in people over 60 years of age is possible, which can be considered a kind of payment for the previous iodine deficiency. The trend towards an increase in the incidence of subclinical and, possibly, manifest hypothyroidism may continue, but this will not be a consequence of an increase in iodine supply. Optimization of iodine intake against the background of mandatory salt iodization should reduce the frequency of transient disorders of thyroid function in newborns and, possibly, congenital hypothyroidism.

Background: Throughout all territory of Russian Federation has been confirmed absence of iodine deficiency of varying severity. Chronic iodine deficiency leads to irreversible defects in the intellectual and physical development of children, thyroid gland diseases, including such severe manifestations as functional autonomy and iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis and reproductive disorders. Aims: To assess the awareness of Russians about the effect of iodine deficiency on health and the need to use iodized salt in food. Materials and methods: During November 2019 we conducted an anonymous online survey about iodine deficiency and methods of its prevention. The participants of this survey were 9309 Russians of different age categories. Weasked each respondent six questions regarding their knowledge about the importance of iodine for the body and its supply sources. This study is one-staged, uncontrolled, full-designed, and conducted using Google Forms (Google LLC, 2019). As a result, we summarized data on the awareness of Russians about iodine deficiency disorders and methods for its prevention. Results: 60.4% of respondents is using iodized salt, while the number of respondents who consider prevention with iodized salt to be unhealthy (or have lack knowledge of its effects) is related to the number of respondents who do not use iodized salt. We get that in Volga region only 50% of population is using iodized salt (the lowest level), while 62.83% of the European South inhabitants is using iodized salt. In the rest of Russian Federation, this indicator varies from 52 to 57%. There is a low awareness of the population about prevention of iodine deficiency disorders and as a result myth about the dangers of universal salt iodization are widespread in Russian Federation. Conclusions: Awareness of Russians about prevention of iodine deficiency disorders still remains at a low level, and it is directly affecting the success of ongoing prevention programs.

The status of iodine nutrition is a key factor in determining the prevalence of thyroid disorders in adults. The study under discussion provides data on the change in the incidence of nosological subtypes of overt thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism in adults during an increase in iodine intake after the introduction of mandatory salt iodization in Denmark. The authors carefully studied the case histories of all new patients with thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism registered in 20142016 in an open cohort of the population of Northern Jutland (n = 309,434), in which a moderate iodine deficiency has historically been observed and compared with incidence rates in 19971998 years before introduction of mandatory salt iodization began 2001. Over this period of time, iodine intake almost doubled. At the same time, the incidence rate of confirmed overt thyrotoxicosis significantly decreased: from the initial rate of 97.5 cases per 100,000 people per year in 19972000 to 48.8 cases per 100,000 people per year in 20142016. This result was due to a significant decrease in the incidence of multinodular toxic goiter, toxic adenoma and Graves disease in all age groups in both women and men. Moreover, the overall incidence of primary overt hypothyroidism has not changed.

The discussion in this column is not about legislation but about issues that are closer to the readership. What products mainly provide for the need of the human body in iodine in Russia and other (near and far) countries of the world? For example, is there such a substance as an optimal thyroid diet and how can it be achieved both by healthy people and patients with thyroid disorders? Unlike North America, Australia and New Zealand, the Scandinavian and some other European countries, dairy products are not the main sources of iodine in the diet of the Russian population. There are not so many of these sources, let alone their availability and price. Even the high iodine content in feijoa is proven fake. And what will happen to our thyroid diet, when, finally, Russia will adopt a law on mandatory salt iodization? If everything goes as planned, in a few years, bakery products will become the main source of iodine in our diet, and the daily intake of iodine due to the use of iodized salt in baking will increase by an average of 80100 mcg per day. Then the dream of an optimal thyroid diet will come true even without expensive seafood and amazing feijoa.

The most important course in thyroid diseases is pharmacological treatment - thyroid hormone supplementation or inhibition of gland function in case of its hyperactivity. There is more and more evidence for the beneficial effect of a proper diet on the course of the disease and the effectiveness of the therapy. There are also a lot of scientifically unjustified myths functioning in society, mistakenly imposing too restrictive approaches to people's diet. Nutrition in thyroid diseases should be individualized and adapted to the needs and preferences of a particular patient. Great attention should be paid to the caloric content of meals and the content of micronutrients, especially iodine. A properly developed diet can significantly improve the course of the disease and the quality of life of patients. There is no justification for introducing a gluten-free or lactose-free diet in all cases of Hashimoto's disease.

There is a strategy being implemented now in Belarus that involves obligatory application of high quality iodized salt in food industry; it has resulted in iodine deficiency elimination among population. Sales of iodized salt account for more than 70 % of the overall salt sales in retail outlets. However, attention paid to the issue has started to decline recently, including mass media; at present there is no social advertising that informs people about iodized salt being useful for their health. Our research object was population awareness about various aspects related to prevention of diseases caused by iodine deficiency and objective indicators of iodine provision. Our research goal was to determine probable risks of iodine deficiency prophylaxis becoming less efficient and to substantiate ways how to prevent negative trends. Data and methods. We assessed population awareness on iodine deficiency via questioning; overall, 805 people living in Belarus took part in it. Alimentary exposure to iodine was calculated for various scenarios taking into account natural iodine contents and artificially added iodine in food products as well as consumption volumes. Ioduria was assessed with cerium-arsenite technique. We considered dynamics in morbidity with simple goiter and congenital hypothyroidism to be indicators of iodine provision. Basic results. We detected that most respondents, 658 (81.7 %, 95 % CI 78.8–84.7) to be exact, thoughts that their therapists were the primary source of knowledge on health-related issues; 176 (21.9 %, 95 % CI 15.8–28.0) trusted mass media including the Internet. More than half respondents (61.4 %, 95 % CI 60.8–62.0 %) and medical personnel statistically significantly more frequently (77.1 %, 95 % CI 70.7–83.61 %) believed there was a iodine deficiency problem existing in the country. We didn't detect any risk of excessive iodine introduction with food products. Selective monitoring over ioduria among children proves their iodine provision is quite appropriate as it amounts to more than 100 µg/l. Dynamics of primary morbidity with congenital hypothyroidism confirms that stable positive results have been achieved in the sphere; in 2006 primary morbidity was equal to 1.96 per 100 thousand people, but in 2017 it dropped to 0.96 per 100 thousand people. It proves that Belarus is among countries where population consume proper amounts of iodine. But an arising trend for lower awareness about iodine deficiency calls for more active risk communication about possible diseases related to iodine deficiency, including mass media campaigns.

The relevance of the research. The Kaschin–Beck disease, or Urov disease, has been known for over 160 years, but the real reason, that causes the disease development, has not been still identified. For the moment there are more than 20 theories and hypotheses explaining the reasons for its occurrence, the leading one is the biogeochemical, first proposed by A.P. Vinogradov. According to this theory, the Kaschin–Beck disease is related to the influence of the environment in the form of lack or excess of a chemical element or compounds. In this regard, it is relevant to study the chemical composition of natural components in the manifestation area of this disease. The main aim of the research is to evaluate the chemical composition of natural waters used for drinking water supply in the manifestation area of the Kaschin–Beck disease in Transbaikal region. Objects: underground and surface waters. Methods. Hydrogeochemical, chemical composition of water samples was detected with the use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results. The content of 71 chemical elements, including those not previously considered for this area, was studied in natural waters. We have established that waters used for drinking water supply are characterized by low content of calcium, which may be an indicator of trouble in areas with this disease without aggravating effects of either strontium or phosphorus and manganese. The levels of selenium and iodine in the studied waters are below the optimum value for drinking usage. This fact agrees well with the literature data for China, where the natural components (water, soil, vegetation) in the areas of the Kaschin–Beck disease distribution are depleted in iodine. In this case, the lack of iodine can cause the development of endemic goitre, against which the Urov disease manifests itself brighter.

The work is devoted to the study of morphological bases of disorders of the general course of cardiogenesis and to the establishment of changes in the structures of rat heart chambers in the prenatal and early postnatal period of ontogenesis under the influence of cadmium salts and under conditions of microelement citrate correction. The experimental study was performed on laboratory rats, the morphological material of the study were embryos and embryonic hearts on the 13th and 20th day of gestation and rat hearts on the 10th day of postnatal development. The use of histological, statistical and immunohistochemical methods allowed to study the rates of embryonic mortality and the main changes in the morphogenesis of the chambers of the heart under normal development and under the action of solutions of cadmium chloride/cadmium citrate at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg in isolated and combined cerium (1.3 mg/kg), germanium (0.1 mg/kg), iodine and sulfur composite (0.003 mg/kg). Analysis of the effects of the studied factors on the formation of heart chambers on the 13th day of embryogenesis revealed that cadmium chloride provokes an increase in the thickness of the atria, ventricles and interventricular septum, and the action of cadmium citrate increases the thickness of the atria, however the thickness of ventricles and interventricular septum doesn’t have significant difference with control group. At the end of embryogenesis (20th day), the differences in the studied parameters of the heart were more pronounced, but had different levels in the left and right halves of the heart. The administration of cadmium chloride leads to a significant thickening in the left ventricle 2.1 times and in the right ventricle 1.5 times, the effect of cadmium citrate had the opposite direction and led to a thinning of the ventricular walls. On the 10th day after birth, morphometric studies of the heart showed that despite the cessation of the introduction of cadmium salts after birth in the anatomical structure of the heart there are differences inherent in the changes under the influence of citrate and cadmium chloride in embryos. At all studied terms of development in the groups of combined exposure there was a modifying effect of citrates on the cardiotoxicity of cadmium salts, which was expressed in the restoration of the thickness of the heart chambers, ie the modifying effect of micronutrient citrates on embryotoxicity and cardiotoxicity of cadmium salts was determined. The most pronounced reduction in toxicity was determined in the groups of cadmium salts with cerium citrate. The use of the immunohistochemical marker Ki67 revealed the highest level of increased activity of proliferative processes in the myocardium within the group of isolated introduction of cadmium chloride, which in turn provokes an increase in heart weight and explains the increase in the cardiofetal index.

Background. Georgia historically was a country with moderate to severe iodine deficiency and high prevalence ofendemic goiter. A representative countrywide iodine survey conducted in Georgia in 2017 confirmed optimal iodine nutrition of the population with median UIC 298 mcg/L in SAC and 211 mcg/L in PW. Aim. The aim of this study was to assess status of iodine nutrition of population in Georgia. Methods. The assesement based on the proportion of neonatal Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) levels 5mIU/L from 2009 to 2015 and compare these data with the results of direct assessment of iodine status made during the 2017 national survey. Results. From 2009 to 2015 the proportion of newborns with TSH 20 mIU/L decreased threefold: from 0.45 to 0.15%. This trend was observed in all regions of the country with significant difference between the capital city and Western in Eastern parts of the country. There has been also significant reduction of the prevalence of TSH 5mIU/L in Georgia from 4.46% in 2009 to 3.5% in 2015. However, only in Tbilisi the frequency of elevated TSH was below 3% the cutoff level for adequate iodine nutrition. In other regions (Western and Eastern Georgia) prevalence of TSH 5 mIU/L was 3.8% and 4.4% respectively that could be falsely interpreted as mild iodine deficiency. Conclusions. Although neonatal TSH is useful to detect moderate to severe iodine deficiency, it should be cautiously recommended for the evaluation of iodine status in iodine sufficient to mildly iodine deficient regions.

From the beginning of the 1990s until the end of the 2000s, Russian thyroidology developed under the auspice ofmedian ioduria. The emergence of available techniques, such as urinary iodine analysis and the estimation ofthyroid volume by ultrasonography, multiplied by the vast expanses of Russia, gave researchers an uncultivated field for epidemiological studies. In the course of the research, there were sometimes difficulties in interpreting the data identified in the epidemiological studies, which was partly due to the imperfection of the then existing international guidelines. In 2018, UNICEF and the Iodine Global Network (IGN) released updated recommendations based on an analysis of the experience and mistakes of the past 1015 years. In his regular column, the author discusses new approaches to monitoring of iodine prophylaxis programs, in which the median of ioduria remains acentral piece.

The first 1000 days of life (the period between conception and the second birthday) is a window of opportunity for brain development, a unique period when the foundations for optimal growth and development of the nervous system are laid throughout the entire life. Previously it was believed that the main factor that negatively affects the psychomotor development of a child is maternal hypothyroidism in the early stages of pregnancy. However, numerous experimental and epidemiological studies have shown that the development of the nervous system of the fetus is disrupted when a woman has isolated hypothyroxinemia in early pregnancy. The cause of neuropsychiatric disorders in this case is the inadequate availability of maternal thyroxin for the developing brain. Universal salt iodization and fortification of flour with folic acid and iron is a reliable means of preventing micronutrient deficiency in the first 1000 days of life. It is important that this prevention begins before conception and lasts until the end of the neurogenesis period. However, in practice, effective mass methods of prevention are ignored in favor of certain individual approaches, the possibilities of which are severely limited.

Few people drew attention to the fact that somehow imperceptibly 20 years have passed since the official revival of the iodine prevention program in the post-Soviet Russia. In his regular column, the author goes into memories, talks about the current situation with iodine nutrition and tries to answer the age-old Russian question What should be done?.

Science will never stop in its search for new solutions. The process of investigating and predicting by scientific theories is the process of identifying and managing patterns (sets of repetitive models, stable combinations and sequences). Over the years, the problem of iodine deficiency remains important for global health. Despite all the measures have been taken to eliminate this disease, now it is not possible to optimize iodine deficiency diagnosis and treatment all over the world. So, previously published in Clinical and experimental thyroidology journal article Evaluating of significance of thyroglobulin (Tg) level in blood as a biomarker of iodine deficiency disorders severity in Uzbekistan is incredibly relevant and undoubtedly requires detailed analysis. The analysis and comments to provided research is the subject of current article.

Aim: to establish a link between the level of folic acid, vitamin D and iodine consumption, and infant and perinatal mortality, morbidity of childhood tuberculosis in the Irkutsk region. Consumption of folate in the form of a single-agent preparation increased 3 times in 5 years. Consumption of folic acid in women at the stage of preconception and pregnancy affected the reduction of perinatal (R = -0.9; p = 0.016) and infant (R = -0.89; p = 0.04) mortality, including neonatal (R = -0.89; p = 0.039). Preventive supplementation of vitamin D of people in the region over the past 5years has increased by 70 %, and infant mortality fell by 35.5 %. Infant (R = -0.94; p = 0.01) and especially post-neonatal (R = -0.97; p = 0.004) mortality are controllable and depend on the prevention of hypovitaminosis D. The understanding of the role of vitamin D in triggering the synthesis of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin opens prospects for using it as a medicine for prevention and treatment of childhood tuberculosis. The incidence of pediatric tuberculosis in the region during this period decreased by 46 % (R = -0.95; p = 0.01). Correction of iodine deficiency in pregnant women and children caused the reduction of perinatal (R = -0.99; p = 0.07), early neonatal (R = -0.99; p = 0.05), neonatal (R = -0.98; p = 0.06) and post-neonatal (R = -0.99; p = 0.002) infant mortality.

Comparison of the methods for determining sorption properties of the SKT-3I adsorbent using 131I and 127I were carried out. 127I was determined in the carbon matrix by the characteristic X-ray emission of the K-series of iodine atoms excited by gamma radiation with an energy of 60 keV from the radioactive source 241Am. 131I was determined by the registration of the gamma lines with energy of 364 keV. The correlation coefficient was determined for these methods, which allowed asserting that both methods give an adequate estimation of the sorption properties of SKT-3I. This makes it possible to use the method with 127I to estimate the sorbents purification coefficient of carbon filters used in ventilation systems at Ukrainian NPPs.

The technology of producing the whole muscle product from pork enriched with bioavailable forms of iodine and selenium has been developed. The objects of the research are the meat product and seeds of lentil, pregerminated in solutions of potassium iodide and sodium selenit for enrichment with iodine and selenium. Germinated seeds of lentil are subjected to extruding then milled into flour and hydrated for convenience of introduction at the stage of salting. The use of «Glimalask» nutritional supplement allowsus to lower a mass fraction of diazotizing salt in a finished product more than twice and, at the same time, to keep the uniform pink coloring of the baked meat product. The developed way of combining meat and vegetable components makes it possible to obtain the enriched product aimed at providing a modern person’s diet with minerals and food fibers. The enrichment of food with vegetable components in a hydrated form in amount of 15% enables meeting the daily requirement for iodine and selenium by 16.8% and 36.1%, respectively. The use of the emulsion made of flour of extruded seeds of lentil and water increases the content of a mass fraction of protein in a finished product by 1.1%, and reduces the content of a mass fraction of fat by 4.21%. The introduction of vegetable components enriches the meat product with minerals without worsening organoleptic indices of the finished product.

How different should be approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid diseases among countries / regions where iodine deficiency is successfully eliminated through universal salt iodization, and the places that preserved various degrees of iodine deficiency? What diagnostic and therapeutic tactics in relation to thyroid diseases should be changed during the implementation of universal salt iodization program? These and other questions are discussed in the regular column "De Gustibus".

In my previous column I have statred discussion about validity and trustfulness of sciebtific publications. In this publication I want to talk more about original articles that are kind of fodder for the science industry.

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In everyday life doctors have to verify whether they can trust certain diagnistic procedures and treatment methods. There are different study types that vary in terms of their validity. This article reviews application of famous approach "trust but verify" to the selection of medical literature.

Iodine is crucial to human life and health. However, almost the whole territory of our country is endemic in terms of iodine. Moreover, iodine deficiency is particularly dangerous for children and the elderly. In this connection, the necessity of creating new products of mass consumption, fortified with iodine is substantiated. Protein-and-fat emulsions for meat products having various kinds of raw materials of animal and vegetable origin in their formulae have been chosen as the object of iodization. The theoretical background for binding iodine with components of emulsions is presented: a protein component (milk powder, soy protein isolate, sodium caseinate) contains a sufficient amount of tyrosine, phenylalanine, proline, and a fat component contains polyunsaturated (sunflower oil) fatty acids. With the help of a simplex - method of linear programming the optimum formulae of protein-and-fat emulsions with high functional and technological properties (stability 92-95%) and the maximum degree of binding of iodine (up to 86% rel.) have been designed. It was established experimentally that the maximum binding of iodine with obtained emulsions, a holding for 24 hours at a temperature not exceeding 4 °C is required. Basing on the results of experimental studies the technology for production of iodized emulsions for meat products has been developed.

Bibliographic mini-review is presented on participation of thyroid hormones in programming / imprinting phenomena during perinatal development, as well as on their interactions with glucocorticoids and some environment-polluting endocrine disruptors causing an increase in predisposition to several diseases in adult state and even in senile period. Besides, insufficient content of iodine was registered in pharmaceutical preparations with vitamins and microelements for consumption during gestation and lactation, contributing to higher risk of subclinical hypothyroidism. Finally, an attempt was made to attract more attention to possible existence of unidentified metabolic inhibitor that can interfere in the regulation of thyroid functions in aging.

Inorganic iodine compounds allowed for the enrichment of food products do not always provide the necessary concentration of iodine, the stability and the uniformity of the distribution, often change color and flavor characteristics of the product. More promising, thermostable, chemically inert in this respect is «Iodine casein» organic iodine compound which is biologically active additive, developed by LLC «Medbiopharm» (Obninsk, Kaluga region). «Iodine casein» is a major milk protein containing iodine atoms. Iodine is included into the list of micronutrients recommended for enrichment of confectionery. It is for the first time that the results of studies on the use of «Iodine casein» in marshmallow production technology have been presented. Three recipes of marshmallow with agar for different age and gender groups of the population have been developed. Dosages of «Iodine casein» calculated for each recipe, were accordingly (mg/kg product): 19.5; 64.9; 15.6. Studies of organoleptic, physical and chemical parameters of the finished marshmallow were carried out according to standardized methods. The concentrations of iodine have been determined in the laboratory of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology of the Omsk region by the method of cathodic stripping voltammetry. It was found that all parameters of the enriched marshmallow conformed to the requirements of GOST 6441 and did not differ from the control sample (without additives). The iodine content in all samples of marshmallow conformed to the calculated values, loss of the additive in the production process was not observed. Two pieces of marshmallow: «Vanil'naya -Iodine+» and «Detskaya - Iodine +» contained about 50% of the recommended daily norm of iodine consumption. The iodine content in the 2 pieces of marshmallow: «Vanil'naya - Iodine+ (Forte)» was approximately the daily norm of consumption for pregnant and lactating women. Marshmallow enriched with «Iodine casein» is a product that can be recommended for the prevention of iodine deficiency disorders.

GERD and iodine deficiency conditions are not only limited by similar clinical symptoms. They influence on each other by regulatory kinetic mechanisms of upper gastrointestinal tract. Aim. We examined 40 patients with GERD on a background of iodine deficiency in order to study the efficacy of using potassium iodide in these patients. Methods and results. Iodine deficiency was detected by level of iodine in urine, level of TSH, free T4 and free T3. Also was determined motor-evacuational function of the stomach according to 13C-octanoic breath test and levels of regulatory peptides (gastrin, cholecystokinin-pankreozymin and pepsinogens). Conclusion. Positive dynamics of iodine absorption and motor-evacuational function of the stomach were found after 1 month of treatment. Decreasing frequency and duration of acid reflux and reducing pepsinogen levels and improvement of indicators of intestinal hormones were also found in these patiens. This shows the optimization of regulatory mechanisms and kinetics of upper gastrointestinal tract.

Issues of implementation of WHO Guidelines on fortification of food grade salt with iodine for the prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders in countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia are discussed.

Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) are prevalent and highly morbidity, have hidden progression, severe disabling somatic complications, including cognitive disorders, reproductive losses, and oncopathology. This presents a serious challenge to the healthcare system of the Russian Federation, as it affects over 3 million people. The lack of relevant data on the severity of IDD and the current prevention programs at the regional level necessitates the need for appropriate research and measures in individual subjects of the Russian Federation., Aim: To conduct a comprehensive study to assess the current iodine security of the population of the Chechen Republic, to analyze the prevalence of thyroid pathology and compare it with official statistics, to formulate conclusions about the necessary preventive measures., Materials and Methods: In the Chechen Republic, a total of 1239 people were examined, of which 921 were schoolchildren of pre-pubertal age (8-10 years) and 318 were adults. The survey of the adult population was carried out at medical organizations in four districts of the republic (Nadterechny, Shalinsky, Vedensky, Grozny) and included a questionnaire survey, a clinical examination by an endocrinologist with palpation of the thyroid gland, thyroid ultrasound, and a study by a qualitative method of samples of table salt used in households for the presence of iodine.Children's examinations were carried out by the cluster method on the basis of secondary schools in 9 out of 15 districts of the republic and included an examination by an endocrinologist and measurement of anthropometric parameters (height, weight), thyroid ultrasound to evaluate volume, determination of iodine concentration in single portions of urine and qualitative analysis of samples of table salt used in children's nutrition in families for the presence of iodine.The incidence and prevalence of thyroid disease among the population of the Chechen Republic were analyzed using data from official state statistics - form No. 12 «Information on the number of diseases registered in patients living in the area served by the medical institution» (ROSSTAT data as of 01.01.2021)., Results: According to the results of a survey of 921 pre-pubertal children, the median urinary iodine concentration was 71.3 µg/L (frequency of values below 50μg/L - 17,7%) and varies from 48.9 to 179.2 µg/L in the surveyed areas. According to thyroid ultrasound data, diffuse goiter was detected in 16.4% of the examined children, with goiter frequency ranging from 11.3% to 23.5%. The proportion of iodized salt consumed in schoolchildren's families was 4.2% in all study areas (range of values from 1.3% to 8%), which indicates an extremely low level of using iodized salt by household.According to the results of the examination of the adult population (n=318), structural changes in thyroid tissue were detected in 79.9% (n=254), while the proportion of nodular thyroid pathology being 83% (n=205), with a range of values across different districts of 52.5-80%., Conclusion: Based on the obtained data, according to WHO criteria, it can be stated that, overall, the degree of severity of iodine deficiency disorders in the Chechen Republic corresponds to mild severity with a tendency towards moderate severity in several districts of the foothills. The results of the examination of the adult population indicate a high prevalence of thyroid pathology, predominantly nodular, in the Chechen Republic. The data obtained in the course of large-scale research made it possible to initiate the development of necessary medical and organizational measures in the region - a program for the prevention of IDD.

A critical consequence of chronic iodine deficiency during fetal development and early childhood is a violation of intellectual development. The need and the order of iodine prophylaxis in pregnant and lactating women identified the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Council for Control of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD - ICCIDD). Pregnant and lactating women are referred to the absolute risk of developing IDD. WHO and ICCIDD recommend prescribe potassium iodide for women during pregnancy and breast-feeding, living in areas of iodine deficiency. Order № 50 of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation from 2007 identified essential drugs for women during pregnancy and the postpartum period, which also made the preparations of potassium iodide. Russia's recommendations on the level of iodine intake by pregnant and nursing women conform to WHO recommendations. Federal standards of care for pregnant women include prescription drugs, potassium iodide.