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This study investigates the impact of ambient conditions on the performance of P3HT/Ru-dye/nc-TiO2 solar cells (TLSCs). It has been found that the increase of temperature and irradiation duration affect on the parameters of TLSCs. When the temperature was increased from 293 k to 393 k , the short circuit current density (Jsc ) and open circuit voltgae (Voc) decrease from 2.2 to 1.7 mA/cm2 and 0.7 V to 0.5 V respectively. That is attributed to the effect of high temperature on recombination of photo-generated charges and reduction of shunt resistance (Rsh ) in the TLSC. Moreover, we also present the effect of irradiation duration on performance of the TLSCs. The measurement reveals that Jsc decreased by 0.5 mA/cm2 while Voc decreased by ~ 0.18 V during 4800 s illumination. This decrease suggests the filling of traps or defects at the interface with photo-genertated charges. Finally, the maximum output power of TLSCs dropped by almost half within 6 days during a 20-day test because of affecting atmosphere moisture on the interface properties between dye/ nc-TiO2 and P3HT.

Purpose: to assess the functional state of the eyes in age-related macular degeneration depending on the AREDS classification stage.Material and methods. A clinical study of 60 patients (120 eyes) with the dry AMD form, aged 55.1 ± 4.2 years, involved 30 patients (60 eyes) aged 52.7 ± 3.9 years with AREDS 2 category (initial AMD stage, group1) and 30 patients (60 eyes) aged 57.9 ± 7.8 years with AREDS 3 category (intermediate AMD stage, group 2). The complex research involved visual acuity measurement, including the assessment of near vision in various illumination conditions according to the authors’ methodology, fluorescein angiography, refractometry, tonometry, optical coherence tomography (OCT), ultrasound duplex scanning of the eye; and an immunological study aimed at determining interleukins and interferons in blood serum.Results. Visual acuity was found to depend on test illumination in healthy subjects and to substantially drop at all illumination levels in AMD, especially in the 3rd stage. With the development of AMD, the activity of the immune response was recorded.The patients of groups 1 and 2 showed an increase in the inflammatory response and a depression of the anti-inflammatory response. In group 1, an increase was recorded in IL-I by 23.5% (p < 0.05), in IL5 by 25.4% (p < 0.05), and in IL8 by 19.9% (p < 0.05). In group 2, the value of these parameters exceeded the norm by 32.1, 39.5 and 25.4% (p < 0.05), respectively. The parameters of anti-inflammatory immunity (IL10 and TGF l) were lower than the reference level by 18.3 and 24.6% (p < 0.05) of patients of group 1 and by 24.3 and 30.75 (p < 0.05) of group 2. It was established that the degree of imbalance of the immune system is associated with the stage of AREDS. In group 2 patients with AREDS 3, the content of pro-inflammatory interleukins exceeded those of group 1: IL-I by 12.5% (p < 0.05), IL5 by 11.9% (p < 0.05), IL8 by 11, 2% (p < 0.05). IL10 and TGF l in group 2 were lower than in group 1 by 10.2 and 11.8% (p < 0.05).Conclusion. Near visual acuity measurement depending on test illumination may be used as a sensitive diagnostic test in AMD in patients. At an early stage of AMD development, a disorder in the immune defense is observed, taking the form of activation of the pro-inflammatory spectrum and depression of the anti-inflammatory component, as well as microcirculatory changes Homeostatic changes of the eye appear at an early stage of the disease and are progressing as the clinical picture is deteriorating. The changes are the greatest at patients with stage 3 of AREDS.

One of the crucial phenomena is auto-oscillations of current in elementary and binary (AIIIBV, AIIBVI) semiconductor materials, which allow the creation of solid-state oscillators with a wide frequency range from 10-3 to 10-6 Hz. In this paper, we show the results of a study on the effect of the degree of compensation (K) and the concentration of electroactive impurity selenium atoms on the excitation conditions and parameters (amplitude, frequency) of the auto-oscillation current associated with temperature and electrical instability in silicon. In the research, silicon doped with selenium atoms Si of identical geometrical dimensions has been used. The compensation degree of the initial boron atoms with impurity selenium atoms in the samples is in the range of K = 2NB/NSe = 0.94-1.1. It was found that excitation conditions, the amplitude and frequency of auto-oscillation current significantly vary depending on the degree of compensation of selenium atoms with boron atoms in the initial silicon. Obtained experimental results showed that the auto-oscillation current in silicon doped with impurity selenium atoms is characterized by ease of control with stable parameters (amplitude and frequency), which makes it possible based on this unique physical phenomenon to develop and create oscillatory circuits in information technology.

Obtaining soybean yield under artificial conditions is possible when developing techniques that provide a high level of mineral nutrition and good illumination, as it is a light demanding crop. In this regard, the objectives of the research included the selection of optimal nutrient substrate and a mineral solution with a ratio of nutrients corresponding to the biological characteristics of soybeans, ensuring the level of illumination of plants for the active flow of photosynthesis and the formation of reproductive organs when growing an early maturing soybean variety Sentyabrinka. The research was carried out in laboratory experiments in 2019-2020 when growing plants on hydroponic installations PGS 2-3. For nutritional conditions, 3 nutrient solutions with different ratios of elements in solution were studied on two types of substrate: high-moor peat and mineral wadding in the form of cubes. To illuminate the plants, OSRAM 36 W fluorescent lamps were used with the intensity of plant illumination controlled by a light meter. For the early maturing variety Sentyabrinka, an illumination level of 19 thousand lux with a day length of 14 hours was used, which ensured active growth, development and fructification of soybean plants with a seed productivity of 0.88 g/plant and a vegetation period of 87 days. A nutrient solution with a content of mineral elements N158P25K179Ca120Mg49 mg/l and an optimal sub-stratum mineral wadding cubes were selected. The use of mineral wadding and nutrient solution N200P120K200Ca280Mg50 mg/l increased the number of beans in soybean plants by 3 pcs/plant compared with growing on peat, which led to an increase in the growing season by 3 days compared to the variant where a solution of N158P25K179Ca120Mg49 mg/l was used.

Introduction. The author analyzes principal relevant state programmes dealing with housing construction. Researchers specializing in different areas of knowledge focus on the problem of preservation and, if possible, improvement of sanitary and hygienic characteristics of housing construction. It is the maintenance of sufficient values of pre-set indicators and their well-organized control can guarantee comfortable and safe living conditions.Materials and methods. The step-by-step analysis was performed and the principal official documents were subsequently compared to get an exhaustive idea of the evolution of sanitary and hygienic standardization in the housing construction.Results. The analysis of the pre-revolutionary legislation and fundamental materials on housing construction has revealed that the main task of standardization was to prevent urban fires and ensure the adherence to private property rights. At this stage, sanitary engineers issued their first proposals concerning lighting, insolation, and ventilation standards. Immediately after the revolution, standardization was applied to distribute the available housing stock. Mass housing construction standards needed revisions as new construction projects were launched. The predominance of low-rise construction projects pre-set the development and approval of standards applicable to this type of buildings. Later these norms were applied to the urban construction of residential buildings. Archival materials provided more information about the development and adoption of the main legislative acts in this area.Conclusions. Conclusions are drawn about the key role of sanitary inspectors in the development of basic sanitary and hygienic requirements in housing construction. Only their status of national legislative acts can ensure their compliance in the construction industry. At the present stage, the preservation of these standards is the only way to ensure safe living conditions in terms of numerous urban multi-storey construction projects.

The most critical parameters of the microclimate in greenhouses are air and soil temperature, air and soil moisture, plant illumination, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in photosynthesis. New energy sources and resource-efficient management of microclimate parameters in greenhouses can be utilized to reduce greenhouse crop cultivation costs and increase profits. As the plant mass increase depends on photosynthesis, which involves the formation of glucose in the plant chloroplasts from water and carbon dioxide under the influence of light radiation, the saturation of greenhouses with carbon dioxide has become popular in recent decades. However, insufficient light slows down the process of glucose formation, while excessive light intensity negatively affects photosynthesis. Based on the experimentally proven Van Henten model of plant growth and using the MATLAB environment, a methodology was proposed, and the dependence between CO2 concentration and leaf lettuce illumination power required for maximum photosynthesis was determined. It is equal to 0.57 ppm/(W/m2). Such dependence should be considered when designing control systems to reduce resource and energy costs for greenhouse crop cultivation while ensuring maximum yield.

Relevance and purpose. Currently known methods of accounting for berry yields are not applicable for multi-species forests of different ages with the presence of undergrowth and undergrowth, widespread in Russia. Difficulties arise due to a set of input parameters, including type of forest growing conditions, breed, age, completeness, but not describing the illumination at the level of the grass-shrub layer, which is the determining factor in the yield of blueberries, cranberries, raspberries. The purpose of this study is to develop an approach to calculating the yield of wild berries, taking into account the illumination at the ground cover level by simulation methods. Material and methods. For the forecast, the FORRUS-S model of forest plantation dynamics is used. The yield data is taken from an existing reference book, which shows productivity in clean plantations without undergrowth and undergrowth. The use of an additional predictor of berry yield, namely, illumination at the level of ground cover, made it possible to predict yields in forests of a more complex structure: multi-species, of different ages, with undergrowth and undergrowth. Results and conclusion. An original approach to calculating the yield of wild berries has been developed. The above approach allows us to estimate the yield of the most common berries in the European part of Russia: blueberries, raspberries, lingonberries. Universal equations have been obtained that make it possible to predict the productivity of berry bushes based on the taxation characteristics of the stand and the illumination calculated in the model.

The formation of a porous silicon (por-Si) layer in a thin p-type layer epitaxially grown on n-type silicon, at two anodizing current densities and different anodizing times is studied and a comparison is made of transverse cleavages, surface morphology, reflection spectra, and photoluminescence spectra. The minimum duration of anodizing (15 and 10 minutes) at current densities of 10 mA/cm2 and 20 mA/cm2, at which a single-layer PS structure is formed, is established. With an increase in the anodization time, regardless of the current density, a two-layer structure is formed with an internal tree-like porous silicon layer, whose contribution to photoluminescence is minimal, and the reflection coefficient drops strongly due to irretrievable losses in the porous tree-like layer.

In this work, the current-voltage and photoelectric spectral characteristics of double heterodiodes por-Si/Si-p/Si-n and a reference diode with a p–n junction at room temperature are analyzed and compared with data on the thickness of porous silicon layers and photoluminescence spectra for the synthesized heterostructures. It is shown that photospectral sensitivity in the region of 400–800 nm is exhibited by diodes with a single-layer structure of porous silicon whose thickness does not exceed 2 µm. In this case, the amplitude of the spectral photoresponse decreases with a decrease in the thickness of the porous layer. As for diodes with a two-layer structure of porous silicon (ordinary porous and tree-like porous) and thicknesses from 4.5 µm to 17.4 µm, currents do not flow due to rapid oxidation of such structures. A band energy diagram of a double heterodiode with a layer of porous silicon is proposed based on the experimental data.

Introduction. The article deals with the conditions for growing greenhouse plants. Supplementary lighting supports the process of plant photosynthesis and the microclimate in the greenhouse. The authors suggest the ways to reduce energy consumption in greenhouses by controlling the microclimate and process of supplementary lighting in greenhouses. Materials and Methods. Special lighting and temperature are required for growing greenhouse plants. A method of efficient plant growing is light and temperature control. The development of a control algorithm requires the mathematical models that relate the process of photosynthesis to the microclimate parameters. There are given the mathematical models based on the experimental data. Results. The control system and algorithm to control plant-growing conditions have been developed to maintain the greenhouse microclimate. LED lamps are used to control the lighting process. The authors present the developed block diagram of the control system, which contains four channels responsible for the main energy-intensive microclimate factors. The description of the algorithm of the greenhouse light-temperature control is given. Discussion and Conclusion. In conclusion, the need to maintain the greenhouse microclimate and supplementary lighting with the different radiation spectrum for the efficient cultivation of greenhouse plants is shown. The developed structure and control algorithm for the supplementary plant lighting process and greenhouse illumination through using LED lamps help reduce energy consumption.

The article analyzes the most favourable conditions for the growth and fruit bearing of berries and mushrooms; studies yield indices of food resources; examines Russian and foreign yield capacity models of forest food resources. It is proposed to use illumination at the level of ground cover, which is an informative parameter, for modelling the dynamics of yield capacity of food resources. Illumination estimation will help us to more accurately assess the yield of food resources not only in single-storeyed stands with understorey trees and undergrowth, but also in multi-storeyed stands.

The factors of the working environment of workplaces determining working conditions of workers in foundries are considered. The excess of permissible levels or concentrations of dust, noise, vibration and other harmful factors in various technological operations of manufacturing castings is resulted.

The article analyzes the conditions most favorable for the growth and fruiting of berries and mushrooms. The indicators of productivity of food resources are studied. The Russian and foreign models of forest food resource productivity are considered. It is proposed to use an informative parameter such as illumination at ground cover level to model the dynamics of food resource productivity. Having calculated it, it is possible to more accurately estimate the yield of food resources not only in single-tier, having undergrowth and undergrowth, but also in multi-tiered stands.

The paper considers the possibility of a flat light field creation (light raster) of a large size by laser scanning at a distance of several tens of meters with angular sizes equal to 20º×4º. It is shown that the filling of such size raster by light is possible with the use of a single laser. The uniformity of light raster illumination is achieved by choice of parameters for collimating and scanning optical systems, the speed of light spot movement on the line and frame, turnover frequency of frames, spot light overlap factor. We present findings that give the possibility to obtain relatively uniform raster illumination at laser scanning and the filling of large size raster with low power laser light from the radiation source.

The paper deals with the problem of creating rated illumination in classrooms. Research shows the actual illumination of students’ desks; the ways to solve the problem are defined. The study is based on the calculated indices, and suggests recommendations for students to use dark ink, light desktop background, thick ball or gel pens. It is suggested to use the posters that have high contrast and optimal colour scheme and font in the classroom; to coordinate the colour of the illuminated surface with colour of the lamps used.

Turkish, one of the oldest tribe of the history are always subjected to direct or indirect attacks in many areas in the geography they live. The heaviest period has occured because of these attacks in 20th century. Especially workings of exploitation and assimilation have increased and resistance centres are constituted against these. The unique cause of this is the thought of facilitate the exploitation and divide into small pieces and run comfortably. Because A Turkistan just one piece and communicating in same language, is always very difficult to be kept under military occupation. These are the institutions which react and resist the efforts of colonialism and the old syle madrasahs, theological schools and Cedit schools. These intellectual statesmen and conscious societies that are educated in these institutions support this reaction in the process. The activities that are conducted by these intellectuals are not just local studies. Intellectuals of era aim to resist their enemy by tring to reach union of the Turkish World despite the practices of assimilation and colonialism, . ın addition, local studies occur with their combining side, so they communicate with all sides and areas of Turkish geography. We will also evaluate the Enlightenment Process of Kazakh that occurs as a manner against assimilation and Russian Colonialism and Alas Orda Movement in all sides.

The Koran, main book of the Islam civilization takes place in base of various art forms. The book elements such as superscription, interior face of binder, title, epilogue, heading of sura (section of the Koran) applied during the centuries by the ornamentation are available in all scientific, historical and literary artworks. These forms of the ornamentation within the book as well as periods and changed styles had also continued their improvement. The ornamentation and the script in its center had met in the books firstly and this togetherness had demonstrated a full compliance at the classic period. Presentation wish of the script and the ornamentation getting out of the book pages and targeting more independent and more persons was also a precipitating of improvement in the script and the ornamentation. The cuts and murakka which could be accepted as early period forms other than books had enabled to presentation of the calligraphy and the illumination as a plate with their ornamentation concepts resembling books but becoming free. The tughras and illuminated edicts which were the basis of the Turkish-Islam plate concept are considered. At ornamentation of the tughras, it is possible to see the ornamentation in the certificate which sent by the Sultan was thought for a nice presentation of an entire artwork. While the style difference which is in view at any time are evaluated in any way, big change in the forms and presentation style must not be overlooked. If it is possible to see a plate as the interior decoration of the architecture or a space, of course we must also count inscriptions and ornamentations among basic concepts which constitute such style. While some forms such as hilye’s, mosque scripts were starting the plate tradition, improvement of the apparent scripts and aesthetic caught by the calligraphers at this field had encountered to the periods when the Turkish ornamentation had under the influence of the west. The master illuminators of XXth century achieved to ascribe the classic period ornamentation concept next to the calligraphy art which continuing still the peak progression with a big effort. Thus, in fact, the ornamentation get out of only book met with the classic concept again after its style adventures.

Distribution of migratory fry of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha in the stream of the Voznesenka River (south-eastern Sakhalin) is investigated and its high inhomogeneity is revealed. One of the reasons is the stream structure - the fry aggregate mainly in the main flow. Another reason could be the fry behavior - they instinctively try to form aggregations with visual contact, in particular in relatively light nights or in conditions of their high abundance (short distance between the individuals).

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Although studied from practically every point of view, and in particular being the subject of numerous art historical studies, the glagolitic lectionary Codex Assemanianus (As) was less explored in the aspect of its liturgical content reflected by an elaborate graphic segmentation. Subsequent to her previous work, the author of this paper analyses more extensively the hierarchically structured ornamental devices used by the scribe of As in the sinaxarion and the menologion respectivelly, to attest some certain Byzantine Gospel lectionaries to which the whole composition of As, both liturgical and decorative, is akin. Most of the quoted examples come from the Constantinopolitan scriptoria of the 10th and the 11th centuries. At the same time some attention is paid to a specific liturgical rubric in As, heading the cycle of the twelve Passion Gospels, for which a counterpart from a 9th century lectionary is found. Only a further comparative study on such grounds could help the more precise dating of the codex and establishing its artistic models, both disputed by the scholars. Also, it could result in clarifying its affiliation to a particular liturgical tradition. As the number of the studied by the author - by catalogues or de visu, Greek lectionaries, especially of those from the 9th and the 10th centuries is far from sufficient at this stage of research, any conclusions should be regarded provisional. Nevertheless, one of the outcomes of the investigation carried out so far is a more deep insight into the method of work of the Slavonic medieval scribe illuminating the liturgical Gospel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical properties of semiconductor p-n-junctions, fabricated by the illumination of Cd1-x Znx Te crystals by powerful laser pulses, were investigated. The fabrication of barrier structures was carried out on the base of Cd1-xZnxTe single crystals with n-type of conductivity, grown by the Bridgman method at controllable cadmium vapor pressure. The region with p-type of conductivity was created by means of a powerful ruby laser (λ=0.694 μm, absorption coefficient in CdTe α= 6.104 cm-1). The prepared structures were established to be abrupt p-n-junctions. Their I-V characteristics are determined by the generation-recombination processes within the space charge region as well as by the recombination at the interface between recrystallized layer and bulk semiconductor. The C-V characteristics, measured at different frequencies of small amplitude (10 mV) AC signal, provide evidence on the presence of the series resistance and surface states at the interface between recrystallized layer and bulk semiconductor that is in good correlation with the results obtained from the I-V characteristics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]