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The genus Paeonia L. includes both popular ornamental and medicinal plants with a rich history of cultivation and breeding. Breeding is an important process of increasing the diversity of the assortment and creating new cultivars of peonies with various economically important characteristics, such as the shape and color of flowers, different flowering periods and resistance to diseases and abiotic stressors. The main methods used in the breeding of peonies are traditional methods, including intraspecific, interspecific and intersectional hybridization, however, such factors as a long reproduction cycle and the complexity of the breeding process limit the possibilities for good progress in this work. The application of methods of biotechnology and molecular genetics make the breeding process more efficient. The use of germplasm resources and hybridization will accelerate the process of creating new cultivars not only with various decorative features, but also those with high adaptability to biotic and abiotic factors and resistance to phytopathogens and diseases. This review highlights the history of domestic and foreign breeding, modern trends and methodology of peony breeding. Information is provided on the achievements and limitations that exist in the field of molecular biological study of peonies.

The study of linguistic phenomena in media texts based on code-switching and code-mixing is a pressing issue, since their linguistic level reflects global processes of the multipolar world development. In particular, it results in post-standard modern languages and translingual idioms where language contact occurs. The article aims at determining the Spanglish language glocal space continuum at the lexical, semantic and grammatical levels. The material is based on tweets by the American satirist Rachel Figueroa, writing under the pseudonym Miguel Bloombito, for 2017–2022, selected using the continuous sampling method. A corpus of 1073 tweets was compiled and studied using morphological, syntactic, lexical and semantic analysis followed by statistical processing and mapping. The result is the identification of four modus categories that express meanings corresponding to glocal space. Methods for transmitting these meanings at the lexical, semantic and grammatical levels in Spanglish have been identified as well. Thus, it has been established that this translingual idiom boasts a full-fledged system of units and levels, which effectively conveys the meanings of all modus categories under consideration. In addition, data mapping allows us to conclude that Spanglish effectively performs communication tasks both within the same locale and between different locales. Finally, the study does not only empirically prove the validity of one of the hypotheses regarding the glocal space infinity, including its linguistic representation, but also demonstrates that modern language contact models correspond not to geography, but to the logistics of communication flows between various glocalized locales determined by geostrategic interests.

A hybridological study of biotypes of species close to Elymus caninus: E. prokudinii, E. viridiglumis, E. goloskokovii, as well as a number of morphologically deviant biotypes in Russia and Kazakhstan, was carried out. The objectives were to study the levels of reproductive relationships and the degree of integration of the species E. goloskokovii, E. prokudinii, and E. viridiglumis into the E. caninus complex. Our estimates of the seed fertility of natural parental biotypes were within 60–90 %. Among the combinations of crossing in F1, the highest seed setting was found in the hybrids formed by parental pairs from close habitats, regardless of the taxonomic rank of biotypes. The highest fertility values (55.6 and 46.1 %) were found in combinations involving E. caninus, E. viridiglumis and E. goloskokovii. It has been concluded that the biotypes of these species included in sexual hybridization form a single recombination gene pool, within which slight differences in reproductive compatibility are observed. The nature of the inheritance of the diagnostic features of lemmas“presence of trichomes” and“length of awns”, according to the digenic and monogenic type, respectively, is shown. The high seed fertility of the created hybrids and the presence of intermediate forms in the F2 generation according to distinctive features indicate the possibility of interspecific introgression when species grow together in natural populations. Thus, the assessment of the inheritance of diagnostic characters makes it possible to classify E. goloskokovii, E. prokudinii, and E. viridiglumis as intraspecific taxa of E. caninus s. l. Data were obtained on the morphological and reproductive properties of interspecific hybrids with the participation of the species E. mutabilis as a possible donor in the speciation of taxa close to E. caninus. In cross combinations of E. caninus × E. mutabilis and E. mutabilis × E. caninus, lower values of seed fertility of hybrids in the F1 and F2 generations were noted compared to hybrids between the species E. caninus, E. goloskokovii, E. prokudinii and E. viridiglumis. Nevertheless, on the basis of chorological and morphological criteria, we concluded that E. caninus and E. mutabilis are independent species.

The results of the study of the intraspecific variability of the morphological traits of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) cones in the south of Siberia (Tomsk Region, the Republics of Altai and Khakassia) are presented. Ecotypes (marsh, upland, forest-steppe, and steppe) and intraspecific forms, differentiated by the color of young female cones – red cone (f. rubriflora Szaf.), green cone (f. viridiflora Szaf.) and pink cone (f. rosea Szaf.) are considered. As a result of the study, a significant ecotopic variability of metric and qualitative traits of Siberian larch cones was established, caused by the heterogeneity of the ecological and geographical conditions of tree growth and probable interspecific hybridization. In the southern taiga subzone, in the process of hybridization with Sukachev’s larch (Larix sukaczewii Dylis), plantations of Siberian larch (marsh and upland ecotypes) were formed with a predominance (up to 95 %) of large-cone and large-scale trees promising for forest seed production. In the forest-steppe and steppe ecotopes of Altai and Khakassia, the proportion of trees with small cones increases (up to 37 %), and the polyvariance of Siberian larch cenopopulations in terms of the quality of cones increases. When evaluating the shape variability of Siberian larch, it was shown that trees of the red cone form produce larger cones (length, 30.1 ± 0.7 mm; width, 23.7 ± 0.7 mm) with a large number of smaller scales. The green cone form is characterized by smaller cones (length 28.8 ± 0.8 mm, width 22.3 ± 0.8 mm) with fewer larger scales. The pink cone form has intermediate values of the traits under consideration. The predominance of large cones in red cones may have an adaptive character, associated with the formation of a larger number of cones with large seeds. The identified features of the ecotopic and form differentiation of Siberian larch should be taken into account when carrying out silvicultural, breeding and silvicultural activities in the south of Siberia.

The purpose of the article is to consider the concept of hybridization economics, what forms it takes, how the growth of hybridization rates will affect business processes using examples of complex work with intellectually capacious processes and products. After COVID-19, the main characteristic of the modern economy is hybridization. In theory, it is a combination of several subjects, processes, and technologies. The author identifies several stages of hybridization. The first is the use of circuitry to control economic processes. At this stage, a person adapts to the technique. The second stage is the appearance of human dimension. Equipment and technical products in their parameters should be commensurate with the person, convenient for him to use. In contrast to the first stage, a person subordinates technology and digital systems using them to strengthen himself. Hybrid offices are used in the economy. The next stage is management and interaction with intellectually capacious objects. It is predicted in the near future, according to various sources, the transition to the next stage — the hybridization of property

Plant breeding is an endless conveyor belt: cultivars developed earlier are included in hybridization plans and become the sources for new ones. The main tasks in barley improvement through breeding include raising the productivity of cultivars, improving their quality, and strengthening disease resistance. Correct selection, use, and studying of the source material – that is the key to successful breeding efforts. The first and most important step in constructing a cultivar is the process of hybridization. A valuable source of aid, and often the basis for newly developed cultivars, is the global collection of VIR, whose importance can hardly be overestimated. From 1936 to 2021, 27 barley cultivars were released: they are widely cultivated in Russia and Kazakhstan. Of these, 19 cultivars were obtained by pair hybridization; 4 cultivars by the complex stepwise hybridization technique; 4 cultivars through individual selection using the population approach. Despite the high importance of germplasm collection materials, 21 cultivars were produced by hybridization using a genotype selected at Omsk as one of the parental forms: in 16 cultivars, a local genotype was used as a maternal parent; in 12, as a paternal one; and in 8 cultivars, both parent forms were bred at Omsk Agricultural Scientific Center. Our retrospective analysis of a number of Omsk spring barley cultivars, on the one hand, confirms the earlier conclusions of Siberian scientists about a limited number of base crop cultivars, and on the other, attests to very rich pedigrees of spring barley cultivars in terms of the number of parent forms from the VIR global collection. Siberian barley ecotypes, characterized by increased adaptability to local harsh climate factors, should be further preserved in the national crop germplasm repository at VIR.

Birch (Betula L.) is a genus of approx. 60 species, subspecies or varieties with a wide distribution in the northern hemisphere. Understanding of systematics and evolution of this taxonomic group is of high practical importance, since most of the genus birch species are actively used in various industrial sectors and reforestation projects and are important forest tree species. The genus birch is considered to be one of the most complex among angiosperms. Taxonomy of birches has been revised several times, but systematic position of many representatives of the genus birch is being reconsidered today. Despite multiple comprehensive studies involving both morphological and molecular approaches a lot of unsolved issues remain in systematics and phylogeny of the genus birch. Main reasons for this include high variability of morphological characters, polyploidy, and intensive and widespread hybridization, which hampers identification of species. The purpose of the study is taxonomic analysis of the genus birch. Article discusses the features of birch introgressive hybridization, the origin of some species, summarizes the results of several molecular phylogenies based on various chloroplast and nuclear markers, and also lists birch representatives, whose taxonomic position is not confirmed by molecular genetic studies and requires additional study of natural populations using molecular markers. Various methods are used to determine the relationship between birch species: classical morphology analysis, chromosome number analysis and molecular genetic methods. One group of methods is not enough to clearly determine systematic position of some representatives of the genus birch. Therefore, the approach to the taxonomy and phylogeny of birches should be complex, using various modern methods complementing each other.

To date, many derivatives and analogs of nucleic acids (NAs) have been developed. Some of them have found uses in scientific research and biomedical applications. Their effective use is based on the data about their properties. Some of the most important physicochemical properties of oligonucleotides are thermodynamic parameters of the formation of their duplexes with DNA and RNA. These parameters can be calculated only for a few NA derivatives: locked NAs, bridged oligonucleotides, and peptide NAs. Existing predictive approaches are based on an analysis of experimental data and the consequent construction of predictive models. The ongoing pilot studies aimed at devising methods for predicting the properties of NAs by computational modeling techniques are based only on knowledge about the structure of oligonucleotides. In this work, we studied the applicability of the weighted histogram analysis method (WHAM) in combination with umbrella sampling to the calculation of thermodynamic parameters of DNA duplex formation (changes in enthalpy ∆H°, entropy ∆S°, and Gibbs free energy ∆G37° ). A procedure was designed involving WHAM for calculating the hybridization properties of oligodeoxyribonucleotides. Optimal parameters for modeling and calculation of thermodynamic parameters were determined. The feasibility of calculation of ∆H°, ∆S°, and ∆G37° was demonstrated using a representative sample of 21 oligonucleotides 4–16 nucleotides long with a GC content of 14–100 %. Error of the calculation of the thermodynamic parameters was 11.4, 12.9, and 11.8 % for ∆H°, ∆S°, and ∆G37° , respectively, and the melting temperature was predicted with an average error of 5.5 °C. Such high accuracy of computations is comparable with the accuracy of the experimental approach and of other methods for calculating the energy of NA duplex formation. In this paper, the use of WHAM for computation of the energy of DNA duplex formation was systematically investigated for the first time. Our results show that a reliable calculation of the hybridization parameters of new NA derivatives is possible, including derivatives not yet synthesized. This work opens up new horizons for a rational design of constructs based on NAs for solving problems in biomedicine and biotechnology.

Hybridization has been and remains the main method of creating an initial genetic pool for breeding, from which the breeder selects new breeding lines, varieties, and hybrids that meet the criteria. Soy is an obligate autogamous crop, the forced hybridization of which largely depends on the skill and experience of the breeder. One of the problems of inter variety hybridization of soybeans is the identification of true hybrid plants and the elimination of "false" hybrids at the very beginning of the breeding process. Morphological differences between parental forms are not sufficient to control the heterozygosity of the first generation hybrids, since the number of such indicators is limited and many of them have a dominant manifestation. The advantage of protein and molecular markers is their polyallelicity and codominance. The aim of the research was to identify the parental forms of the soybean hybridization nursery and to identify codominantly inherited protein and DNA markers for their use in the recognition of heterozygous soybean hybrids. The studies used: SDS-PAGE electrophoresis of soybean seed storage proteins, PCR analysis of soybean DNA with 11 SSR markers. Parental lines with a specific composition of glycinins, storage proteins of soybean seeds, have been established. For 17 crossing schemes of the Victory soybean variety used as a mother form with different samples of the working collection, SSR markers were identified that are promising in the selection of F1 hybrids. The control of heterozygosity of hybrid lines on the basis of protein and DNA level markers will expand the possibilities of hybridization and will lead to the involvement of valuable traits and new useful combinations of genes in the created lines into domestic soybean breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to create of an early ripening variety of narrow-leaved lupine with a seed and green mass yield above the standard, resistant to unfavorable biotic and abiotic environmental factors in the North-West region of the Russian Federation. As the result of many years of breeding, an early ripening variety of narrow-leaved lupine Metsenat has been developed. In a competitive varietal trial conducted in the conditions of the Leningrad Region, the seed yield of the variety Metsenat averaged 4.3 t/ha in 2015-2017 that was 1.1 t/ha higher than the standard (Kristall), the yield of green hay was 48.4 t/ha (13.9 t/ha higher than the standard). According to the results of the structural analysis of plants, the variety Metsenat was characterized by an increased number of seeds per plant (90.4 pcs.) and a good seeding of the beans (4.4 pcs.). It is a variety of universal use, with a low content of alkaloids (0.0072 %), it is technological, resistant to lodging (7 points), to cracking of beans and shedding of seeds on the vine, resistant to anthracnose (9 points). It is characterized by a rapid growth rate of plants in the initial period of vegetation. In 2018 the Metsenat variety was included into the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation approved for use in agricultural production in 12 regions (Patent No. 9559).

The article studies the way transformed traditional forms of popularization of legal knowledge in Russia impact the popular legal discourse. The form of popularization is perceived by the author as a permanent communicative model used by popularizers to increase legal awareness of non-specialists. Traditional forms of science popularization are subject to modification due to the emergence of new channels and means of communication. To interact with the target recipient, popularizers use a hybrid popular legal discourse, which enables them to disseminate legal knowledge in a comprehensible (adapted) form and maintain a steady interest of the community in legal issues. Depending on the communication channel used by the popularizer to convey the message to the audience, the author distinguishes a distant, distant-virtualized, monovirtual, contact-virtualized and contact types of popular legal discourse. Attention is drawn to the chronotope and participants of the types of discourse in question, as well as to the interdiscursive interaction in genre varieties of Russian popular legal discourse. Adapting to the changed conditions of communication, the polycode and hybridization potential of the popular legal discourse has reached a new level. In addition to informing the audience and shaping the public ideology, modern popular legal discourse also performs a recreational function. Entertainment is becoming an integral component of the texts of modern popular discourse, which makes it possible to gain and hold the attention of the public in a highly competitive environment.

Background. Clogging of tetraploid maize crops with triploid grains leads to a decrease in grain yield and the destruction of the genome’s stability. Searching for the reasons of the tetraploid genome’s decomposition as well as solving the problem of seed yield reduction in freely pollinated crops of tetraploid maize remains relevant.Materials and methods. Cultivars of tetraploid dentate (k-23427) and sweet (k-23426) maize from VIR and dentate (k-24735) and sweet maize (k-23425) hybrids served as the material of the research. The experiments were carried out in the foothill zone of Kabardino-Balkaria. Incubation and hybridization were carried out under parchment insulators. Metaphase plates of maize roots were stained with Schiff’s reagent according to Feulgen and pollen grains were stained with Lugol’s solution.Results. Triploid grains, along with diploid ones, were able to germinate and show poor fertility. As a result of the fusion between male gametes of triploid and female tetraploid plants, an imbalance in the stability of the tetraploid genome occurred, leading to increased degradation of the cultivar’s productivity with each seed reproduction. A cytological analysis and the results of test crosses ♀2n × ♂3n, ♀4n × ♂3n showed that in self-pollinated triploid plants the frequency of diploid kernel formation was 7.44%; triploid + aneuploidy, 41.78%; tetraploid, 50.74%; and in test crosses the frequency of diploid ones was 18.22%; triploid + aneuploid, 63.83%; and tetraploid, 36.15%. The analysis of segregation classes with the determination of Pearson’s χ2 criterion showed that instead of the expected segregation 1(2n) : 7(3n) + (Xn±1x) : 1(4n), diploid, triploid + aneuploid and tetraploid kernels developed on self-pollinated triploid plants in the ratio of 2 : 13 : 16, respectively, and in test crosses for the 2n and 4n genotypes splitting into diploid, triploid + aneuploid, and tetraploid grains occurred in the ratio of 7 : 18 : 14, respectively.

The article deals with hybrid playful speech genres in gaming Internet communication. It briefly highlights different approaches to the definition of the concepts of “hybridization”, “hybrid”, “hybridity” which are significant for this work. The communicative space of the Internet has become a kind of genre-generating environment that contributes to the emergence of new speech genres obtained as a result of hybridization. The object of the research are humorous speech genres presented in the form of polycode texts related to congratulatory discourse (communicative events “Birthday” and “Wedding”) and which have become widespread in the Internet environment. They belong to secondary genres, arise as a result of the re-accentuation of primary genres (in most cases, institutional discourse) and are associated with the stylization process: a humorous birthday greeting, a humorous wedding telegram, a humorous family happiness formula, a humorous oath of a bride / groom, a humorous instruction on exploitation of the bride / groom, a playful wedding poster. These genres are associated with the implementation of the pragmalinguistic category of indirection, contain a language play, indirect speech acts, hints, hidden meanings. The goal of the article is to identify structural-compositional, verbal and non-verbal markers of hybridity in these units of gaming Internet communication. In addition to the humorous speech genres discussed in the article, the congratulatory Internet discourse contains “Family Constitution”, “Wedding Diploma”, “Technical passport of the bride / groom”, “Marriage Contract”, “Contract” (with father-in-law / mother-in-law), “Resolution of the Society of Bachelors” and many other genres, containing stylization of official documents. To date, such hybrid genres are still poorly studied and require a systematic analysis.

The breeding of ornamental plants as a branch of crop production is an integral part of the set of measures aimed at obtaining a wide range of different plants with high decorative characteristics. The main objective of this branch is the creation of plants that are attractive to the consumer and commercially characterized by such valuable biological features as adaptability, resistance to diseases, pests, frost and others. Most ornamental plant varieties were bred by means of traditional breeding methods such as selection, distant hybridization, clone breeding, radiation and chemically induced mutagenesis. However, the use of traditional breeding tools is limited by the potential for intraspecific variability. The development of modern biotechnological and genetic approaches to the breeding of new varieties has made it possible to modify the plant genotype at a qualitatively new level. The present review covers the directions in and methodology of modern ornamental plant breeding in Russia, ways of mobilizing the genetic resources of the main ornamental crops such as rose, clematis, canna, chrysanthemum, pelargonia, iris, daylily, tulip, lilac, and rhododendron. Aslo, the review offers examples of ornamental plant breeding work uderway in the leading specialized scientific institutions such as the Russian State Agrarian University – the K.A. Timiryazev Moscow Agricultural Academy, I.V. Michurin Federal Research Centre, Nikitsky Botanical Gardens – National Scientific Center of the RAS, Subtropical Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanical Garden of the M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Tobacco, Mahorka and Tobacco Products. The world and Russian flower and ornamental plants markets, the problem and methods of resolving the issue of quality import substitution, and prospects for the development of floriculture in Russia in the foreseeable future are also briefly considered.

The intention is to explain some aspects of hybridization of language consciousness in this literary work. The aim of the study is to clarify the issue of a word in the novel, which was updated by M.M. Bakhtin. The general thesis is that the tendency to hybridization explains the juxtaposition of serious and funny within the characters utterance: the border between prosaic reality and the characters own world is found precisely when he turns to jokes. The speech of the character indicates a tendency to aestheticize the household environment. This trend leads to a high-intensity hybridization of everyday words and Holy Scripture . The novel The Winter of Our Discontent is more than a didactic literary work and reveals some features of the picaresque novel, but the necessary feature of the picaresque novel is the first-person narrative. Instead of this form of narration the character and the narrators points of view are brought closer together in the novel by J. Steinbeck. The literary work with the features of the picaresque novel remains multidimensional and does not reduce only to one of the existing novel forms, and typologically is rather anti-picaresque. The characters buffoonery gives him the right to detachment, due to which the skewed nature of other characters in the novel is overcome. The language hybridization in this work plays a key role in understanding of the novel.

The article presents a brief history of the establishment of the Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Seed Production of Solanaceae Crops of FSBSI FSVC. The process of development of tomato, pepper, eggplant and physalis breeding is shown from the beginning of the establishment until the present time. Practical selection of Solanaceae crops in FSBSI FSVC is directly connected with the name of Academician VASKhNIL A.V. Alpatyev, who is the founder of scientific research on thermophilic crops. On the basis of conducted scientific researches the technique of creation of cold-resistant, early-ripening cultivars of tomato was developed, including influence of certain conditions on parental forms and hybrid material from its first generations to increase adaptability to new, not characteristic conditions of selected material. Subsequently, this technique was applied to the breeding of sweet pepper, eggplant and physalis. Interspecific hybridisation was used to enrich the gene pool of Solanaceous crops. As a result of distant hybridization, the following cultivars were created: the original tomato cultivar Severyanin with large parthenocarpic fruits on 1 and 2 racemes; an anadrous mutant for use in breeding; ultra-rapid, short-stage forms for obtaining heterosis effect; the cultivar Vkusny with increased content of dry matter in fruits. On the basis of interspecific hybrid of Ph. ixocarpa x Ph. angulata, the cultivars Dessert and Lakomka, characterized by high yield and resistance to diseases, high content of sugars, pectin and absence of bitterness, are created. Types of pepper Capsicum chinense, C. frutescens and C. annuum were used to create resistant forms to viral diseases. Involvement of wild eggplant species (Solanum aethiopicum, S. macrocarpon) to the breeding process allowed to obtain hybrid combinations with flavonoids content 1,3 times higher and phenolcarboxylic acids 1,6–1,7 times higher than in S. melongena.The development of theoretical bases ofSolanaceae crops breeding for resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors, as well as for high quality production, allowed to create a series of cosmopolitan cultivars, which at present are in demand, both in production and as a source material. The current scientific priorities are to use innovative biotechnology and molecular marking methods to accelerate the breeding process and improve selection efficiency.

Relevance. The creation of varieties with a complex of economically valuable traits, resistant to biotic and abiotic environmental factors, is the main direction in melon breeding. The market for vegetables and melons and gourds is very dynamic, the demands for varieties are constantly changing, therefore, it is necessary to introduce new varieties with high taste and commercial qualities, as well as capable of producing high yields in a changing climate. The aim of the work is to produce a new melon starting material for use in the breeding process.Materials and methods. At the Bikovskaya cucurbits breeding experimental station – branch of the Federal state budgetary scientific institution "Federal scientific vegetable center", research was carried out from 2018 to 2020. The object of research is samples from the collection of VIR, foreign and domestic selection, hybrid combinations obtained as a result of intervarietal hybridization. Collection samples of melon were studied in the nursery of the source material: 84 samples from the VIR collection, 26 samples of domestic and foreign selection were studied.Results. As a result of the research, samples of melon with economically valuable traits were identified that meet the requirements of selection. Paired crosses with zoned varieties of local selection were carried out with them. As a result of hybridization, hybrid combinations F1 were obtained, from which the best ones were selected for further breeding work. The obtained collection samples and hybrid combinations were evaluated in terms of taste, yield, resistance to environmental abiofactors, dry matter content, large-fruited, attractive color of the fruit and pulp As a result received a new source material for the selection of new varieties and hybrids of melons with valuable economic traits. The resulting hybrid combinations of F1 melon were tested against an infectious background. Hybrid combinations with the best performance will be further studied in a breeding nursery.

Relevance. Pepper is a common crop both for fresh consumption and for the preparation of spices. Recently, along with the increasing popularity of C. annuum L. pepper, there is increasing interest in other species of this genus, which have a number of breeding and important properties. The most important method of enriching the gene pool of cultivated plants is distant hybridization, through which valuable traits are transferred from wild species to cultivated ones. The development of a new variety is a lengthy process, stretching over several years. In this regard, breeders have faced the challenge of obtaining pure lines to create a pepper hybrid with desired properties by applying modern biotechnological methods that will accelerate this process. One of them is the method of microspore culture, which allows mass production of haploid plants, reducing the time for creating constant parental lines.Material and methods. The aim of the work was to create an interspecific hybrid of hot pepper (C. annuum L. x C. frutescens L.) with high ornamental properties, a complex of economically valuable traits, with good taste qualities. The research was carried out in the film greenhouse of FSBSI FSVC in the Moscow region. The research material was a variety population of hot pepper Capsicum frutescens Cz-544-14, used as a paternal line, which was heterogeneous, and a pure line of C. annuum L. (Pb-551) created by classical breeding.Results. The pepper hybrid F1 Christmas bouquet was created as a result of hybridization of species parental forms obtained by different methods (biotechnological and classical). To accelerate the production of an aligned paternal form of C. frutescens L., the technology of doubled haploids through microspore culture was used. As a result, doubled haploid plants meeting the planned model (compact low habit, purple fruit colouring in technical ripeness and red in biological ripeness) were obtained. The resulting hybrid combined all the necessary economic features: high ornamentality, compactness, bouquet arrangement of fruits, high taste and aroma. Thus, the use of remote interspecific hybridization in the breeding process in combination with biotechnological approaches can accelerate the production of new forms of hot peppers that meet the demands of the market.

The article deals with the structure and composition of texts of current electronic business communication. The research materials included electronic business letters (initial requests in the sphere of travel and hotel service), initial requests on the pharmaceutical, engineering, and technological Internet forums, and Instagram business communication texts in the sphere of education, real estate, and food. The messages demonstrated evolution of both structure and text architectonics of business letters. The main research methods included monitoring and description combined with the method of comparative language analysis. The structure and composition of electronic business letters and requests on the Internet forums and social networks proved different from traditional business letters due to the text-generating online algorithms. Internet users seem unable to perceive business e-mails, web-forum requests, or social network messages as a segmentable text. Electronic business communication is currently undergoing deformalization and style hybridization as a result of electronic communication peculiarities and liberalization.

In this article, we research the phylogenetic position of the rare endemic banana, Musa huangbaioa, which was described only in Chinese journal in 1987. This banana was found at the foot of the Mount Emei in Sichuan Province and has remarkable morphological features, e. g., undulated petiole margins, ribbed fruits and irregular form of the seeds, which are rather unusual in the genus and distinguish it from all other species. In addition, due to its uncertain affinity, we researched the position of M. huangbaioa in the Musaceae family with the aid of molecular phylogenetic analysis of two marker sequences, nrITS and trnL–trnF. We found that this species belongs to the large and rather complicated group of Chinese bananas, M. basjoo–M. itinerans clade. According to the ITS data, M. huangbaioa is monophyletic with one M. basjoo specimen that was cultivated in Central America. Probably, this fact represents that this species can be modern hybrid with one of the genomes inherited from M. basjoo s. l. The whole group M. basjoo–M. itinerans, which M. huangbaioa belongs to, is well separated within the sect. Musa and could be prone to frequent hybridizations in the natural environment; it requires an additional research for more precise differentiation of the group.

Studies of natural hybrid zones of Populus L. in Western Siberia have shown that the observed hybridization is asymmetric and introgressive. However, its phenotypic manifestation has not been sufficiently studied, which makes it difficult to create effective programs for the selection of valuable forms and subsequent selection work. The purpose of this study is to analyze the results of studying the populations of P. nigra L., P. laurifolia Ledeb. and P. irtyschensis Ch. Y. Yang in the Tom River basin, according to some qualitative anatomical and morphological characteristics, to show phenotypic manifestations of introgressive hybridization, to reveal its scale, direction and significance. Studies of a complex of qualitative morphological characters were carried out in 23 populations on 684 individuals. It was found that hybridization of P. laurifolia and P. nigra in the Tom River basin is not observed everywhere. Clusters of hybrids (foci of hybridization) stand out only in areas where the optimal combination of factors promoting hybridization develops. The morphological characters we selected allow us to reliably identify the parental taxa and P. irtyschensis. Additional use of the features of petiolar anatomy makes it possible to study the diversity of individuals within the identified taxa. The study of P. laurifolia in both mixed and pure (monospecific) plantations did not reveal any signs indicating the penetration of P. nigra genes into its gene pool. On the contrary, in the populations of P. nigra, phenotypic manifestations of introgression were found in both morphological and anatomical characteristics. It has been suggested that the asymmetric introgressive hybridization between two poplar species observed in the Tom River basin is apparently a fairly widespread phenomenon within the genus Populus. The studies performed demonstrate the adaptive role of introgression in the colonization of suboptimal habitats.

Two invasive species of goldenrod of North American origin, Solidago canadensis and S. gigantea, widely spread in Europe, are known to be able to form hybrids with the native goldenrod S. virgaurea. In the Kaliningrad Region of Russia and in Lithuania, we found plants morphologically classified as the hybrids S. × snarskisii (= S. gigantea × S. virgaurea) and S. × niederederi (= S. canadensis × S. virgaurea). Analysis of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1–2 (ITS 1–2) showed the ambiguity of the origin of the alleged hybrids. Thus, in S. × niederederi, the nucleotide substitutions that differentiate the parent species S. virgaurea and S. canadensis had ambiguous readings, indicating heterozygosity, which confirmed the hybridogenic origin of the individuals. However, for many specimens of S. × snarskisii, the hybridogenic origin was not confirmed. Occasionally, hybrids do occur, but appear to be soon absorbed by the maternal species. An analysis of the chloroplast non-coding intergenic spacer rpl32–trnL showed that in these rare cases, the maternal species is S. virgaurea, and the paternal one is S. gigantea.

Riverbed poplars are often a complex formation consisting of individuals of seed and vegetative origin. In the northern part of the Altai-Sayan mountain country, a significant proportion of them is formed by species of different sections of black poplar Populus nigra L. (section Aigeiros Lunell) and laurel-leaf poplar P. laurifolia Ledeb. (section Tacamahaca Mill.), which differ in the strategy of clone formation. In areas of joint growth, a process of their natural introgressive hybridization occurs. The aim of this work was to study the strategy of clone formation in parental taxa and hybrids in the zone of introgressive hybridization. Studies were conducted at five test sites in the river basin Tom. It was found that clone formation begins in the early stages of planting development and is stimulated by mechanical damage. Black poplar is characterized by compact clones of 2–10 ramet arising from the accessory buds at the base of the stem of a young plant. In the absence of further damage, the clone gradually decays with age, that is, it exists during the life of one generation. Clones of laurel-leaf poplar develop in several stages. At the first stage, a linear clone is formed of several ramets located parallel to the river bed. Subsequently, it grows greatly due to root offspring. These clones are capable of retaining developed territory for a long time. Clones of Irtysh poplar P. jrtyschensis Ch. Y. Yang in the education strategy may deviate towards one of the parent species or differ in intermediate characters. Study of the strategy of clone formation in backcrosses in the river basin Tom confirmed the previously identified direction of asymmetry during introgressive hybridization from laurel-leaf poplar to Black poplar. Probably, in suboptimal conditions of the river basin Tom, namely hybridization and subsequent introgression, provides not only an increase in general variability, but also a unidirectional transfer of valuable adaptive characters from laurel-leaf poplar to Black poplar. The latter, to a large extent, provides opportunities for the development of Black poplar (back-crosses), which are not characteristic of mountain habitats.

The article is dealing with a relatively new theme in current Russian sociology, namely with the changing archetype of modern individual under conditions of the Fourth Scientific and Technological Revolution (hereafter the STR-4). Drawing on the works of Russian and foreign natural scientists and scholars and on my own long-term empirical researches in this field of sociological theory, I’ve made an attempt to comprehend the processes of shaping of the above archetype and his historically shaped social units under the influence of the STR-4, structural-functional organization of a global whole, and in the processes of the emergence of transnational structures and processes. Recently a necessity of the trinity of a science, teaching (and permanently re-teaching) and social practice is supported by such fundamental trends of modern society as the development of interdisciplinary approaches in the researches and teaching, by early transformation of a child from a pupil into an actor and a researcher, by the processes of hybridization of modern social and construction practices, and by and large the merging of that three types of social practices in the same person. The abovementioned processes are stimulated by a speeding up of all current social practices and transformations. The return of public role of the scientists, uninterrupted re-education and civil activism in the modern society are the other uniting forces. In turn, all said above is impossible without a respectful attitude toward the sciences from the part of the governing institutions and business-elite.

Background. The main trend in melon breeding is the development of cultivars with good taste, high yield, and disease resistance. The task may be solved through a scientific search for new source material meeting these requirements.Materials and methods. The research was performed at Bykovsky Cucurbit Breeding Experiment Station. Melon accessions of various origin and F1 hybrids from the nursery of source material served as the research material. In total, during the period of 2015–2017, over 100 melon accessions were studied: 45 accessions from the VIR collection, 61 from various companies, and 12 developed at various research institutions. In the nursery of source material, the accessions were hybridized and the resulting hybrid combinations were tested, including tests against infections. All of them were evaluated for their economically useful traits, yield, taste qualities, and resistance to bio- and abiostressors. During the trials they were compared with the best released cultivars approved for dryland conditions according to the developed guidelines.Results. The purpose of this work was to study the genetic collections of melons and obtain new source forms for further breeding. As a result of the study of the collection material, 12 accessions were identified with the following economically useful traits: high yield (exceeding the reference by more than 20%), high dry matter content (from 14 to 19%), large fruit size (fruit weight higher than 4.0 kg), and other features. After hybridization and testing in F1, the following 5 hybrid combinations were distinguished: Ekler × Osen; Dyuna × Mayskaya, Sheker and No 323; Katyusha × Mestny (k-7459, Georgia); Harmony × Mestny (k7461, Georgia), characterized by a set of features important for breeding.Conclusion. Thus, for further improvement by breeding and release of new melon cultivars, source accessions were selected with a yield exceeding 15.0 t/ha, dry matter content of 13.0%, bright fruit color, and resistance to diseases.

Background. The efficiency of breeding depends largely on the breeding method and the choice of the source material. Hybridization and mutagenesis, combined with selection, are the basic techniques in the development of promising breeding materials and adaptable cultivars of spring barley.Object and methods. The research was implemented in 2002–2019. The material for the research were 948 breeding lines (Federal Agricultural Science Center of the North-East, Kirov) developed through hybridization with cv. ‘Bios 1’, and 190 mutant samples (Vyatka State Agricultural Academy, Kirov) obtained as a result of treating barley seeds with sodium carbonate and irradiation with laser and far-red light in various combinations. The study was conducted in accordance with approved standard techniques.Results and conclusions. Various collection accessions and breeding lines were involved in crosses with cv. ‘Bios 1’. The lines were studied according to the full-scale scheme of the breeding process. As a result, only one breeding line, 52-15, having ‘Bios 1’ in its pedigree, was approved for testing in the competitive variety trial in 2019. These results attested to a low combination capacity of cv. ‘Bios 1’ and to the inefficiency of its further use in hybridization as a parent form. In Vyatka State Agricultural Academy, 190 mutant forms of barley were produced using ‘Bios 1’ as the initial form. According to the results of laboratory experiments and competitive variety trials, 5 mutant forms of barley were identified as promising. Spring barley samples, combining high yield with a set of traits valuable for breeding, were selected for further breeding work: breeding line 52-15, and mutant forms M 4-16-3, M 9-5-3 and M 11- 13 Kha. The new barley accession M 8-3-013, maturing 8 days earlier than the original cultivar, having a long (8.9 cm), wellgrained (24.3 grains) and productive (1.31 g) ear, is submitted for the State Variety Trials.

Abstract. Hybrid maize breeding requires constant renewal of the source material. In this regard, broadening of genetic variation in parental lines is one of the primary tasks in heterotic hybrid breeding programs. The use of reverse diploid inbred lines derived from a tetraploid population is considered as an innovative approach to achieve this goal.Results. The investigated material comprised 106 reverse diploid (rediploid) inbred lines originating from diploid plants selected in segregating selfed progenies of triploid populations and consequently subjected to inbreeding, while triploid populations resulted from a cross between plants of a tetraploid population with a broad genetic basis and a diploid line. The use of a system of crosses with 37 sterile testers belonging to different FAO maize maturity groups allowed the evaluation of the rediploid lines’ combining ability and the response to M and C types of CMS. Field tests were conducted in 2019 in the steppe zone of Kabardino-Balkaria. Forty-six lines (43.3%) with the combining ability ranging from ultra-high to good, and 78 lines (73.6%) maintaining the CMS character were identified. Among them, 59 lines (55.7%) were maintainers for the M type CMS, 15 lines (14.1%) for C type CMS, and 4 lines maintained sterility for both CMS types. Sixteen lines (15.1%) restored pollen fertility of the forms with M type CMS, 11 lines (10.4%) were restorers for the C-type and one line turned out to be a universal restorer for both CMS types. Ranking by the “sprout - flowering of ears” interstage period duration showed that most of the lines (66.0%) with the ability to maintain sterility or restore male fertility of M and C CMS types, as well as with the combining ability from ultrahigh to good (32.6%) fell into the group with the flowering period duration of 51-55 days. According to the results of the harvested grain moisture assessment, the hybrids ♀(РГС246с × OL213) × ♂92с5986·2·3, ♀714М × ♂1/67-1 and ♀714М × ♂92н136-4, with the values of 13, 6%, 13.9%, 14.0%, respectively, were identified. The hybrids ♀714М × ♂1/67- 1 and ♀(OL563С × KL1392) × ♂92с0653 2 1 2 were characterized by the maximum value of the selection index, i.e. 5.03 and 5.13, respectively.Conclusions. The results of the studies showed the breeding value of rediploid lines as an initial material for hybrid maize breeding.

In recent years, an increased interest in emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccon Schrank) has been observed, due to the dietary value of its grain, which is used for making highquality cereal products. The main disadvantages of this crop are a relatively low yield, if compared with other wheat species, a brittle ear, and problems with grain threshability (filmy kernels are threshed out of the ear together with the chaff). Thus, developing hulless cultivars of emmer is at present an urgent task. Constant lines of naked emmer wheat, which make up the described subspecies, served as the material for this research, including four lines developed at VIR by A. F. Merezhko and seven by V. D. Kobylyansky. The wheat produced from interspecific crosses between different varieties of the hulless T. durum Desf. and various local forms of the hulled T. dicoccon (Schrank) Schuebl. has deserved the rank of subspecies (T. dicoccon (Schrank) Schuebl. subsp. nudicoccon Kobyl. et Smekal.). The obtained hulless wheat demonstrates morphological features characteristic of T. dicoccon: its ear is flat, there are two grains in the spikelet, etc., while its kernels are easily separated from chaff.

Using the traditional research methods, based on the example of local and cultivated representatives of the Tacamahaca (Spach) Penjkovsky subgenus growing in Russia and neighboring countries, the concept of a species in poplars (genus Populus L., Salicaceae) has been developed. It is suggested that the sections of black poplars (Aigeiros Duby) and balsamic poplars (Tacamahaca Spach) in Eurasia form a single supraspecific system with a common gene pool, which is very similar to syngameon. The taxonomic species that make up such a system are different dynamic states of this system and exist in the equilibrium state between natural selection, which forms and preserves the specifics of each dynamic state, and gene flows from other taxonomic species. Such a system can also be considered as a large Linnaean species represented by many subspecies or even geographical and ecological races. The use of molecular genetic methods for the taxonomic species study in the Populus genus is difficult due to the powerful flow of genes between the species, since the species differ in a small number of genes responsible for adaptive characters. The sections of the subgenus Tacamahaca poplars are ecological. The combination of species in these sections is not so much about the unity of their origin, but about the common growing conditions: black poplars tend to grow in lowlands, while the balsamic poplars tend to grow in the mountains, with which the poplars’ diagnostic characters are associated. In nature, belonging to a certain section is more profitable than the intermediate state, but in cultivation and in the urban environment, the opposite situation is observed.

This article aims to investigate the development of ethnic identity. The main focus of the study is the young generation of Russian minority living in Lithuania’s biggest cities – Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipėda. The hypothesis of this study is based on previous research and tends to examine whether the younger generation of Russians have difficulties identifying themselves as members of a specific ethnic group and/or have hybrid ethnic identity. In order to collect the necessary data, qualitative and quantitative methods were used. The main age group of this study was youngsters aged from were 15 to 29 y.o. There were also a control group of older Russians aged from 45 to 60 y.o. The latter group was selected in order to compare the data. The study has shown that around 20 percent of all young participants have double or hybrid ethnic identity. The majority of them identified with two ethnic groups and described themselves as Russian-Lithuanians. Almost half of the young participants had certain doubts in categorizing themselves as members of a particular ethnic group. Even more, around a tenth of all the participants avoided assigning themselves to any ethnic group and defined themselves as “humans”, “Europeans” or “world citizens”. Certain differences between the three cities have been observed as well. Both older and younger Russians from Klaipėda and Vilnius have stronger bonds with their ethnic group and language comparing to Russians from Kaunas. Therefore, the processes of assimilation in this city are more prominent that hybridization. This study has revealed not only the latest tendencies of identity development within Russian minority group, but also numerous different factors that might influence these trends. Complex processes of self-identification as well as the formation of hybrid ethnic identity in young individuals might be caused by globalization, active migration of people, rapid spread of information, multilingualism.

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The article presents the results of the study of the petiole anatomy peculiarities of the hybrids between Aigeiros and Tacamahaca sections. Petiole anatomic structure was found to be helpful in assigning taxa to a section and to find intersectional hybrids, which is actual for studying populations in natural and anthropogenic hybridization zones. Cross sections made in the upper part of petioles were used for analyzing anatomic traits by light microscopy. All representatives of the Aigeiros section have linear form of the vascular system, consisting of 3–5 rings, with a rounded contour of the petiole adaxial side. In the Tacamahaca section taxa the vascular system is highly arched, and the adaxial side is cordate. The study of the hybrids between species of the same section revealed that such hybrids inherit anatomy features common for the section. We can consider such traits as adaxial side shape and vascular system type to be the most important markers for intersectional hybrids. Truncated or notched shape of the adaxial contour and vascular system type were found to be characteristic features of hybrids, as small notches in their petioles’ upper part are common for all hybrids. Most of hybrids have small notches, rather than grooves, in the upper part of their petioles. Most of the intersectional hybrids have transitional shape of vascular system. The anatomy of Populus × sibirica petioles confirmed earlier results that it is a hybrid cultivar, that originated as a result of crossbreeding between Aigeiros and Tacamahaca section species.

Tropical Flora of the Earth contains inexhaustible stock of genetic resources. Review of the main fruit trees and woody plants of this region has been carried out. Their characteristics, biological features, data on their places of origin and regions of cultivation are given. Information on the results of karyological studies of these species, use of molecular cytogenetics methods, comparative genomics and transcriptomics for some of them are presented. In tropical countries the trees, such as Indian mango, one of the most delicious and popular fruits, are grown. Widely used for food the fruits such as bread fruit tree, jackfruit, papaya, cheese fruit tree, tomato tree, bilimbi tree are also common. Information on such interesting fruit trees and woody plants as durian, mangosteen, pitahaya, longan, litchi, rambutan, pulasan, kanistel, ackee and others are given. A review of fruit plant species of the genera Annona, Psidium, Syzygium, Averrhoa, Ziziphus, Passiflora has been presented. Different species of Citrus and banana cultivars are of great importance in fruit production in the tropics and subtropics. It was established that among tropical fruit trees and woody plants there are diploids, tripolids, tetraploids, while in karyotypes of some species B­chromosomes may occur. Many tropical fruit woody plants are polyploid (mango, bread fruit tree, jackfruit, species of the genera Psidium, Syzygium and Ziziphus). The results of the genomes sequencing indicate that some species possibly are ancient polyploids. A number of tropical fruit trees exhibit the phenomena of caulifloria and ramifloria (jackfruit, chempedak, papaya, durian) when flowers and then fruits are formed on the trunk and large branches. Some species reproduce vegetatively. Among fruit woody plants, as well as in many other plants, hybridization is widely spread (mangosteen, species of genera Citrus, Annona, Hylocereus, Musa) and polyembryony may be found.

Three taxa of the genus Solidago occur in the vicinity of Pskov: S. virgaurea, an aboriginal species, S. canadensis, an invasive species of North American origin, and their hybrid S. × nie­derederi. We studied the morphology of the hybrid and parental species. The diameter of the S. × niederederi flower heads is intermediate between those in S. virgaurea and S. canadensis. The hybridogenic origin of S. × niederederi was demonstrated using molecular analysis of nucleotide sequences of nuclear DNA (ITS region). At present, it is not possible to unequivocally determine which of the parental species was maternal and which was paternal. By analyzing the highly variable noncoding loci of chloroplast DNA (rpl32–trnL), it can be assumed that hybridization proceeds in both directions.

The purpose of this work is to identify the level of phenotypic diversity of the morphological features of Populus × sibirica leaves, including qualitative signs-phenes. To reveal the variability, the authors examined 90 trees, on which 1,350 leaves were measured in the green areas of the cities of Novosibirsk, Novokuznetsk and Berdsk. When analyzing the qualitative features, there were selected the following morphological markers: leaf pubescence, development of basal glands, leaf form, its base and apex. The conducted studies of Populus × sibirica samples showed that it is characterized by very low and low variability of the quantitative traits of a leaf. Leaf-shaped ovoid plates and leaves with developed basal glands (78–89 %) are predominant. Close indicators of averaged endogenous and individual variability reflect its cultural origin. Probably, Populus × sibirica in the Siberian region consists of several clones selected from the same hybrid family. A number of studied morphological qualitative features of a leaf, which are distinguished by the absence of endogenous variability, can be attributed to phenes: the shape of the apex and the shape of the base of the lamina, as well as the nature of the development of pubescence. The most controversial issue in the origin of Populus × sibirica remains the presence of basal glands at the base of the leaf blade.

Мета. Створити сорти пшениці м’якої ярої за використання вітчизняних та іноземних сортів, носіїв пшенично-житньої транслокації (ПЖТ). Методи. Польові, лабораторні, статистичні. Результати. Перспективним напрямом селекції, що дає змогу суттєво поліпшити генофонд пшениці м’якої ярої, є створення сортів із ПЖТ 1АL.1RS. Представлено опис багаторічних селекційних досліджень, проведених у Миронівському інституті пшениці імені В. М. Ремесла НААН України (МІП), щодо одержання сортів пшениці м’якої з ПЖТ 1АL.1RS. Як вихідний селекційний матеріал використовували сорти й лінії вітчизняної та іноземної селекції, зокрема сорт ‘ТАМ 107’ (США) із ПЖТ 1АL.1RS. У процесі виконання наукової селекційної програми створено сорти пшениці м’якої озимої ‘Експромт’ (1АL.1RS), м’якої ярої ‘Струна миронівська’ (1АL.1RS) та ‘МІП Соломія’ (1АL.1RS). Сорти ‘Струна миронівська’ та ‘МІП Соломія’, згідно з результатами аналізу спектра запасних білків, містять у своїх геномах ПЖТ 1АL.1RS. ‘МІП Соломія’ успадкував її від сорту пшениці м’якої ярої ‘Струна миронівська’. Новий сорт пшениці м’якої ярої ‘МІП Соломія’ характеризується високою врожайністю, адаптивністю, стійкістю проти борошнистої роси, фузаріозу колоса, твердої сажки, високими показниками якості зерна. Висновки. Шляхом багаторічних простих парних схрещувань іноземних сортів та вітчизняного селекційного матеріалу з використанням методу педігрі створено сорти пшениці м’якої з ПЖТ 1АL.1RS. Сорт пшениці м’якої ярої ‘МІП Соломія’, переданий у 2017 р. до Державного сортовипробування, характеризується високою врожайністю, стійкістю до вилягання, низьким відсотком ураженості грибними хворобами, стійкістю проти твердої сажки, адаптивністю. Наявність пшенично-житньої транслокації в сортів ярої пшениці миронівської селекції ‘Струна миронівська’ та ‘МІП Соломія’ підтверджено за допомогою аналізу спектра запасних білків за електрофорезу в поліакріламідному гелі.

Chromosomal rearrangements can lead to the formation of new stable karyotypes, nevertheless changing the architectonics of the nucleus. The differences in locations might promote Robertsonian (Rb) translocations and encourage meiotic drive in favour of changed chromosomes or against them. We hypothesized that hybridization and meiotic drive may produce new chromosomal forms in Ellobius tancrei. We crossed two forms with 2n = 50, and two pairs of different Rb metacentrics with partial (monobrachial) homology. In 10 years of inbred crossings (sister – brother), we got 9 generations of hybrids (262 litters, 578 animals). In the first hybrid generation, two trivalents, a tetravalent and 20 bivalents were revealed at meiotic prophase I. Hybrids of the first generation had lower fertility, fertility increased starting from the third generation. Instead of returning to parental karyotypes, starting from the second generation, hybrids obtained new chromosome sets, with different 2n (48, 49, 51, 52) and combinations of Rb metacentrics. Analysis of F4, F7 and F9 hybrids revealed that synapsis of homologous parts take place despite the presence of heterozygotes and monobrachial homology of Rb metacentrics. The most common meiotic disturbance was delayed synapsis, which resumed later compared to the homologous crossings. The late synaptic adjustments nevertheless provide a proper segregation of chromosomes and normal sets in the gametes. Therefore, some cells pass through meiosis successfully and promote viable gametes. We proved the hypothesis that origin of monobrachially homologous Rb translocations may lead to divergence in several generations, due to meiotic drive.

The main direction in the selection of sweet peppers is the creation of hybrids with a high heterosis effect. The question of components choice for the greatest effect in crossings is studied by breeders and geneticists of many countries for a long time. However, until now it has not been possible to create a theory that allows breeders conducting practical work to consciously and reliably choose pairs that would provide maxi-mum and stable yield and product quality, depending on the purpose of the variety. In the work various principles of the selection of pairs were used: ecological-geographical, according to the components of attributes and selection of the maternal form. Using these methods, more than 300 combinations of crosses were obtained. It is shown that the combination of two ecologically different parental components of different origin - the local sample and the introduced one - leads to an increase in the heterosis effect. The best hybrid combinations with a complex of economically valuable traits are obtained by crossing local varieties with selected breeding lines. When selecting pairs according to the components of the signs, where local or introduced samples with a different set of features were taken as parental forms, productivity was at the level of the standard. In most cases, when used as the maternal form of the local variety, the productivity of the hybrids was significantly higher compared to the reverse crossing. As a result of our studies, it is once again confirmed and proved that the more differences in the places of cultivation and reproduction of parental components, the higher the heterosis effect and the effect of the maternal component is much higher.

The review of references on the distribution of species and varieties of roses of the genus Rosa L. in the world is given, its morphological structure is shown. The selective breeding results of work with roses are analyzed. The main methods and directions in the selection of this culture are given. The review of the references indicates that the morphological characteristics of roses (number of petals, the flower shape and color, the habit of plants etc.), as well as the duration of flowering, have significantly changed due to a long culture and selection. Much attention was paid to the study of the characteristics of the male gametophyte (pollen) and the embryological study of roses. The increase in the requirements for the modern assortment of roses requires the extensive involvement of highly efficient selection methods in breeding practice, based on studies of the hereditary apparatus of plants. The main role of hereditary information carriers belongs to chromosomes, the study of the characteristics of their structure and functioning largely reveals also the patterns of inheritance of the characteristics and properties of plants. Further breeding work with roses should be subordinated to the modern strategy and adaptive selection – the creation of varieties resistant to adverse growing conditions, pests and diseases, that is, much attention should be paid not only to the morphological features, but also to the biological characteristics. Therefore, we have planned the creation of the source material and, on its basis, carrying out hybridization between different breeding groups in order to obtain varieties with the characteristics desired for the breeder, high adaptive ability and decorativeness.

The article deals with the stages of obtaining heterosis hybrids F1 watermelon. To solve the problem of creating heterosis hybrids watermelon allocated parent line with nuclear (gene) male sterility, which has a marker recessive trait – a single leaf blade. On the basis of this line, we create F1 watermelon hybrids that meet the requirements of modern production. The characteristic of the maternal line (line HMS) having sterile male flowers (gene ms) and wholeness (nl), light green color of the fruit (g), which is also a recessive trait. Also, the assessment on complex resistance to Fusarium and Anthracnose in linear hybrids F1 watermelon showed their superiority over the parent lines and a significant excess of the standard. Determined the combining ability of hybrid combinations of watermelon were evaluated for yield. According to the results of the evaluation of the ability to combine, a positive effect on productivity showed a combination with the paternal lines: Uspeh, Nice, Medunok, Vostorg, Favorite, Stimul, Icar, Rubyn, Pamyat Kholodova. The effect of more than 20 t / ha showed paternal lines Pamyat Kholoova, Favorite, Ikar. The optimal variant of the parent forms ratio is o: m: o: m: o (1:2), this scheme provides a higher hybridity of the obtained seeds. Hybridity of the obtained seeds was determined in the nurseries of preliminary and competitive variety testing. Hybridity of seeds was from 84.2 to 96.3%, which is satisfactory for industrial crops, where non-hybrid plants will be removed at breakthrough on the marker basis. Separated hybrids Line Cms x Rubyn, Line Cms x Medunok, the Line Cms x Favorite, Line Cms x Vostorg, Line Cms x Icar. The aim of the research was to develop the stages of obtaining heterosis hybrids F1 watermelon.

The article presents the first breeding result in the development of durum winter wheat varieties in the south of Russia. Evaluation of the gene pool of durum winter wheat in the world collection has been given. The problem of its disadvantage and its diversity of use in the breeding process has been considered. The methods of work with the initial material have been described. The gradual analysis of its use in the crossings of the initial material has been carried out. The essential part of some varietal samples for obtaining of the intermediate forms has been determined. It has been shown a significant role of the varieties of durum spring wheat ‘Oviachic 65’ from Mexico and a mutant form of soft winter wheat ‘Krasnodarsky karlik 1’ with efficient genes of height reduction ‘rht’ for plant height reduction and for further increase of productivity and of stability to lodging. We revealed the donors of short stem trait among the varieties of own breeding, which have been recommended as initial material during the selection on stability to lodging. The types of cross-breeding used in hybridization have been shown. The analysis of use of the initial material in Krasnodar RIA after P.P. Lukiyanenko has been presented. We gave the evaluation of its successful use in different stages of breeding work. Using the index ‘parental breeding value (PBV,%)’ we determined high variety forming ability of the varieties ‘Alena’, ‘Aly Parus’ and ‘Parus’. On the example of the development of durum winter wheat varieties we proved the effectiveness of the complex gradual hybridization. We showed the main role of domestic initial material in hybridization and initial material of other regions in development of intermediate forms as donors or sources of limiting traits.

The article gives the analysis of 40-years selection activity of the academician I.G. Kalinenko in creation of the own initial material and the varieties of turgid and durum wheat which was new for the conditions of the Rostov region. The author gives characteristics of the initial material and the varieties on productivity, adaptability and other economic-valuable traits and properties in different period of I.G. Kalinenko work. His methods of work, initial material, a number of cycles of hybridization while creation of the varieties ‘Novinka’, ‘Novinka 2’, ‘Novinka 3’, ‘Novinka 4’, ‘Donskoy Yantar’ and other have been shown in the article. The author determines the principle role of step (gradual) hybridization to combine the desired traits and properties in the single genotype with the use of the varieties and intermediate forms of own selection, obtained in the creation of such varieties as ‘Aksinit’, ‘Kurant’, ‘Agat Donskoy’, ‘lazurit’, ‘Kristella’, ‘Oniks’. Their potential productivity is 8-10 t/ha, as the productivity of the best varieties of soft winter wheat, which the scientist, talented researcher, academician I.G. Kalinenko hoped to receive, starting breeding of durum winter wheat in 1961.

The plant height is an important qualitative trait. It affects productivity and resistance to lodging of the crop. The efficiency of the selection of the plants with necessary stem height depends on the amount and quality of the accumulated information about genetic system of trait control. The article deals with the results of the study of winter soft wheat hybrids of the second generation, allelic differences of the genes of plant height of four varieties. There were studied 10 hybrids F2 obtained from diallel hybridization of the varieties and lines of winter soft wheat 'Bunchuk', 'Kipchak', '1421/06' (with a working name Luiza) and '696/98' (with a working name Emma). The genetic analysis of the quantitative trait of a stem height was carried out with the help of the computer programs Gen-3 and Plygen A. The analysis determined the partial and incomplete dominance of the large value of the trait, the degree of the dominance (hp) varied from 0.12 to 0.95. It was established that the plant height differences among the studied varieties of winter soft wheat were caused by the small amount of the genes with various strength, i.e. 1-3 pairs, responsible for the transfer of the studied trait. The strength of the gene was 4, 7 and 15 cm. The varieties 'Bunchuk' and 'Kipchak', 'Kipchak' and 'Luiza', 'Luiza' and 'Emma' differed from each other according to the allelic state of one locus. The varieties 'Bunchuk' and 'Luiza', 'Kipchak' and 'Emma' differed from each other according to the allelic state of two locuses. The varieties 'Bunchuk' and 'Emma' differed from each other according to the allelic state of three locuses.

Competitive varieties of covered and naked oats resistant and/or tolerant to region-specific ecological factors limiting their productivity have been developed by selection and hybridization techniques using the germplasm from VIR’s oat collection. Among them there are oats varieties widely cultivated in Russia, such as Argamak, Krechet and Gunter, and new varieties Sapsan and Avatar combining high productivity (8-11.2 t/ha) with resistanceto biotic and abiotic stressors. From 250 up to 350 oat samples are evaluated annually in parallel collection nurseries on two cultivated (Kirov and Falenki) and one naturally acidified (Falenki, 13.45-17.23 mg-equiv. Al3 +/100 g of soil) plots of soddy-podzolic soils. It is shown that expanding the spectrum of recombinations requires development of mixedhybrids on the basis of covered and naked genotypes. Thus, using covered and naked source materials in crossings, the naked oat cultivar Persheron has been released and included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation since 2013; and the covered oat cultivar Medved with high grain quality has been submitted to the State Crop Variety Trials.

A complete cyclic crossing between representatives of different taxa of cultivated flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), including its primitive forms, and the wild spccies L. angustifolium Huds. was carried out, and hybrid progeny was studied. On the basis of the similarity of morphological features, and the ability to cross with each other and with the species L. angustifolium and L. usitatissimum ssp. bienne (Mill.) Stankev. with viable progeny, it was suggested that L. angustifolium had been the ancestor of Colchian flax, from which the linseed, intermediate and finally fibre forms consequentially evolved. The ancestor of L. usitatissimum ssp. bienne could be L. angustifolium , as the female form, or Colchian flax. For large-seeded flax and L. crepitans Dum., the ancestor could be the intermediate flax; for the dwarf flax, the crown flax. Winter flax is a form of the conventional oilseed flax sown before the start of the winter season in the areas with mild climate.

All Elymus L. species are allopolyploids, whereas primary diploids are not part of this genus (with 2n = 14, x = 7). Widespread in Russia are mainly the species with genomic formulae StH, StY and StHY. According to the nomenclature system of Triticeae genomes, in the Russian Federation there are 53 species of Elymus with genomic constitutions StH, StY (2n = 4x = 28) and StHY (2n = 6x = 42). Key words: Elymus, molecular phylogeny, hybridization.

Twenty-six flax accessions of diverse ecogeographic origin from VIR’s collection (4 from Russia, 3 from Kazakhstan, 2 from Mongolia, 2 from Portugal, 1 from Spain, and 14 from France) were evaluated in 2009-2011 at the experimental field of the Siberian Institute of Agriculture and Peat located in the subtaiga zone of Western Siberia with continental climate. Using the two-factor variance and correlation analyses, the effect of genotypes andenvironments on the expression of plant characters and correlations between them were studied. The accessions with best agronomic traits - k -1338 (Kazakhstan), k-1436 (Altai province), k-1439 (Kazakhstan), k-6085 (Portugal), k-7454 (France), k-7359 (Portugal), k- 7460 (France), k-7470 (France), and k-8289 (France) - were recognized as promising source material and were involved in the breeding process as paternal parent forms. Twenty hybrid combinations were obtained, and 440 plants were placed into the screening nursery.

Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding. Vol. 178. Iss. 4. SPb.: VIR, 2017. P. 80-93. Bibl. 82. The ecogeographical principle of choosing pairs for crossing developed by V. I. Michurin has appeared so effective that it is still used by many plant breeders. Meanwhile, as a result of extensive exchange of breeding material, this ecogeographical approach to the matching of pairs has lost its relevance, being replaced by the new methods of finding phenotypic and genotypic differences between parents. However, new mathematic methods have failed to win similar general recognition. This article reviews the basic methods of choosing parental pairs for crosses in self-pollinated crop breeding. Positive and negative aspects of using these methods in breeding practice are discussed. By now, many facts have been accumulated about the ability of lines in remote generations to reach the F1 yield level. An assumption is made that high-yielding lines may be selected from crosses with high yield in F1. Major problems of pair selection according to the degree of genetic distance between parents are highlighted. Methodical difficulties faced by breeders when they compare different pair selection principles are discussed.

The use of thermal castration is based on thermal treatment which is fatal for male form of the plant but is acceptable to preserve female fertility. Herewith a small portion of pollen remains viable. In the process of self-pollination with this portion of pollen we receive the seeds which are more viable and adapted to unfavourable environment. Due to this method we managed to cultivate wheat variety ‘Praskoviya’ and a line ‘Zimogor-tk-9’ which significantly exceed variety of winter triticale ‘Zimogor’. The use of the method is expedient not only for constant selection material of later cultivars, but also for new hybrids that will allow improving selection of better economic-valuable forms. Plants of wheat are necessary to be castrated thermally 0,5 or 1,5 days before the alleged anthesis. Water heated up to 480C is a thermal agent. Ears are immersed in hot water for 2 minutes and then are placed under a paper isolator. Necessary equipment for this method of selection includes a thermos flask with hot water, some containers with hot and cold water for regulation of water temperature in a thermos flask after each cycle of castration, a stopwatch, twines, scissors and paper isolators. The use of the method of thermal castration to cultivate valuable self-pollinated forms can be carried out together with hybridization if mother form possesses a strongly marked recessive trait but a father form possesses a dominant one. Thus it becomes possible to distinguish self-pollinated forms and hybrids in the first generation of the hybrid.