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The aim of this research was to analyze the effectiveness of giving natural Daphnia sp feed enriched with viterna, spirulina and glutamine on the survival and growth of Climbing perch larvae. Proximate analysis was carried out at the end of the research to see the nutritional content of the enriched Daphnia sp. Sampling was carried out at the beginning and end of the research with a maintenance period of 30 days. This research used completely randomized design for 4 treatments and 3 repetitions, namely: treatment A (control), B (viterna enrichment 10 ml/L), C (spirulina enrichment 3 g/L) and D (glutamine enrichment 25 mg/L). The proximate test results showed that treatment B produced the highest protein content, namely 59.61%, while the control treatment was 49.45%. Survival rate ranges between 72-84%. Relative weight growth ranged between 196.78-506.88% while relative length ranged between 29.24-88.51%. The 10 ml/L spirulina enrichment treatment resulted in the highest relative growth in weight and length, while the highest survival rate was found in the 3 g/L spirulina enrichment treatment.

Background. Memory CD4+ T cells proliferation is the basis for accelerated secondary immune response. The characteristics of memory CD4+ T cells providing their faster division compared to naive CD4+ T lymphocytes are poorly understood. T cells proliferative ability is determined by their metabolism. The metabolic features of proliferating memory CD4+ T cells remain elusive. The aim. To compare the metabolic features of naive and memory CD4+ T cells in quiescence and during proliferation. Methods. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed using flow cytometry. Dividing cells were identified by CD71 expression. Cellular glucose and fatty acid uptake was assessed using fluorescent glucose (2-NBDG) and palmitate (BODIPY-FL-C16) analogs, respectively. Glutamine transporter expression was analyzed by staining the cells with anti-ASCT2 antibodies. Mitochondrial mass and membrane potential were measured using MitoTracker Green and MitoTracker Orange, respectively. Results. Quiescent memory CD4+ T cells exhibited elevated levels of glucose and palmitate uptake when compared to naive CD4 + T lymphocytes (p < 0.001). Both subsets had increased substrate consumption when proceeding to proliferation (p < 0.001). When dividing, naive CD4+ T cells consumed more glucose and palmitate than memory CD4+ T cell (p < 0.001). Proliferation caused an increase in mitochondrial mass in naive (p < 0.001) and memory CD4+ T lymphocytes (p < 0.05). In memory CD4+ T cells, unlike naive CD4+ T lymphocytes, an increase in mitochondrial mass wasn’t accompanied by an increase in membrane potential. Conclusion. In memory CD4 + T cells, compared to naive CD4+ T lymphocytes, the metabolic change induced by proliferation is moderate and affects the mitochondrial activity to a lesser extent. Lower bioenergetic expenses of memory CD4+ T cells can contribute to their rapid proliferation during secondary immune response.

Glutamine (GLN) and glutamic acid (GLA) are involved in many metabolic processes, from nucleotide synthesis to nerve impulse conduction; GLN is also an energy substrate for immunocompetent cells, making it an important link in the immune response. In stressful situations, which include significant physical activity, plasma levels of GLN and GLA decrease as a result of the amino acid being actively consumed in many biochemical reactions. GLN deficiency can lead to a number of negative manifestations in athletes and adversely affect athletic performance. The purpose of this work was to study the effects of glutamine deficiency and the possible replenishment of the deficiency by the consumption of exogenous forms of the substance when using glutamine-containing products; special attention was paid to the study of transient decrease in immune function as a relevant factor that impairs the mode of sports training.

Glutamine, the most abundant free amino acid in the human body, is a major molecule utilized by intestinal cells. It has been reported that glutamine is involved in intestinal physiology and management of multiple intestinal diseases. In gut physiology, glutamine promotes enterocyte proliferation, regulates tight junction proteins, suppresses pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, helps regain microbiota composition, and protects cells against apoptosis and cellular stresses during normal and pathologic conditions. The promising reported protective effects of glutamine supplementations on different experimental animal models of DSS-induced, TNBS-induced and NSAID-induced colitis, speculated a similar effect on clinical settings. As glutamine stores are depleted during severe metabolic stresses, including those associated with trauma, sepsis, and inflammatory bowel diseases, the effect of glutamine supplementation has been examined in patients to improve their clinical outcomes. In this review, we discuss the physiological roles of glutamine in intestinal health and its underlying mechanisms. In addition, we discuss recent evidence regarding the efficacy of glutamine supplementation in treating intestinal diseases.

Purpose of the study: to investigate the influence of hypovolemia correction by infusion of malate-containing preparations and subsequent glutamine-enriched nutritional support on the maintenance of gut barrier and overhydration in animals with acute massive blood loss/ Materials and methods. Blood samples were harvested from the tail and portal veins of rats (n=100) at different time points after the acute blood loss (>30% V/V) . Bacterial blood cultures for growth, lipopolysaccharide and presepsin concentrations, colon structures and animal weight were analyzed in blood and plasma specimens 1 hour, one day and 3 days after the hypovolemia correction. To correct the hypovolemia, in the 1st series of experiments, the Ringer’s solution and standard nutrient mixture were used; in the 2nd series malatecontaining solution and standard nutrient mixture were administered; in the 3rd series a malate-containing solution and glutamine-enriched nutrient mixture were employed.Results. In the portal vein blood of intact animals, endotoxin measurement was equal to 17.8Ѓ}3.9 pg/ml, that of presepsin — 405.6Ѓ}80.1 pg/ml. At all stages, tail and portal blood bacterial cultures were negative demonstrating an absence of bacterial growth and gut barrier intactness for live microorganisms. One hour after hypovolemia correction and blood reinfusion, multifold increase in endotoxin concentration in the blood from both portal and tail veins was accompanied by significant increase of presepsin concentration. 24 hours after the blood loss, in the animals of the 2nd and 3rd series, the levels of endotoxin, presepsin, and edema of the colon mucous membrane and submucosal space has become lower than those in the 1st series. Three days later, the advantages of glutamine-containing nutrition in the 3rd series of the experiment were determined that revealed decreasing the endotoxin and presepsin concentrations in the portal and tail vein blood and diminishing the levels of interstitial edema of colon and animal weight growth.Conclusion. Administration of malate-containing infusion preparations and glutamine-enriched nutrition after an acute massive blood loss contributes to decreasing presepsin production in GIT organs, abrogating endotoxin translocation into the portal vein and systemic circulation, lessening severity of edema of the mucous membrane and submucosal space of the colon, and reducing the previously increased animal body mass.

Purpose. To assess changes in nucleic acid (NA) metabolism in severe burn injury and to develop recommendations for correction of the alimentary status taking into account changes in the NA metabolism. Materials and methods. All patients (37 patients with II–III degree thermal burns and a burn area of more than 40%) were divided into 2 groups: Group I included survivors (23 patients), group II consisted of the deceased. The intensity of the NA metabolism was assessed based on the dynamics of the of uric acid (UA) and oligonucleotides serum concentrations. Results. In the acute period of burn injury, marked decrease in UA levels (less than 100 μmol/l), with gradual stabilization in survivors is typical. In addition, a 2–3-fold increase in the concentration of serum oligonucleotides compared to the normal limit is typical for survivors in the acute period, and these changes were significantly different from the group of deceased patients starting from day 5. Taking into account the data obtained, the level of serum UA can be recommended in clinical practice for the assessment of alimentary status in burn disease, as well as a criterion for f the prescription of glutamine administration in critically ill patients. In patients with burn disease a decrease in the UA level to less than 100 μmol/l was regarded as an absolute indication for the use of L-glutamine products. The use of glutamine in patients with significant decrease in UA levels was accompanied by a significant increase in the intensity of NA metabolism, which was demonstrated by both an increase in uric acid levels (by 85% by day 10 after the start of glutamine administration, P

Background. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading chronic hepatic condition worldwide and new approaches to management and treatment are limited.Summary. L-ornithine L-aspartate (LOLA) has hepatoprotective properties in patients with fatty liver of diverse etiology and results of a multicenter randomized clinical trial reveal that 12 weeks treatment with oral LOLA (6–9 g/d) results in a dose-related reduction in activities of liver enzymes and triglycerides together with significant improvements of liver/spleen CT ratios. A preliminary report described improvements of hepatic microcirculation in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) following treatment with LOLA. Mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects of LOLA in NAFLD/NASH involve, in addition to its established ammonia-lowering effect, metabolic transformations of the LOLA-constituent amino acids L-ornithine and L-aspartate into L-glutamine, L-arginine, and glutathione. These metabolites have well-established actions implicated in the prevention of lipid peroxidation, improvement of hepatic microcirculation in addition to anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant properties.Key messages. (1) LOLA is effective for the treatment of key indices in NAFLD/NASH. (2) Mechanisms other than LOLA’s ammonia-lowering action have been postulated. (3) Further assessments in the clinical setting are now required.

It was shown that the mitochondrial fraction of pancreas contained phosphatе activated glutaminase, activating also by ATP and ketoglutarate. Homogenates of pancreas catalised glutamine formation from asparagine in present of ATP or ketoglutarate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pilot double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of perioperative administration of glutamine to preserve intestinal integrity in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. 24 patients scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass were included in this prospective, randomized, double-blind placebo controlled pilot study. 12 patients were randomized to receive glutamine (20% solution of N(2)-L-alanyl-L-glutamine) 0.4 g/kg a day, while the remaining 12 patients received an equivalent placebo dose (0.9% solution of NaCl). Infusion of glutamine/placebo was started after the induction of anesthesia and was continued for 24 hours. The primary end-point was dynamics of plasma concentration of a specific marker of intestinal damage, intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP). The secondary end-points were liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP), alpha glutathione s-transferase (aGST), heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70). There were no between-group differences of all the studied biochemical parameters at any stage of the study. Plasma I-FABP levels (median [25-75 percentile]) were markedly elevated during CPB and remained the same postoperatively: 962 (577-2 067) and 883 (444-1 625) г/ml 5 min after un-clamping of aorta, 2203 (888-3 429) and 1 560 (506-2 657) г/ml 2 hours post-bypass, 897 (555-1 424) and 794 (505-951) г/ml 6 hours post-bypass in the GLN and control groups respectively. Perioperative administration of glutamine in dose of 0.4 g/kg a day does not appear to preserve intestinal integrity in low risk cardiac surgery patients.

Adult rabbits with experimental glaucoma were used in this study. We studied glutamate and glutamine levels and glutamine synthetase, glutamate oxidase and glutaminase activity in the eye tissue during glaucoma process. Results suggest increase of both glutamate level and glutaminase activity, as well as decrease of both glutamine level and glutamine synthetase and glutamate oxidase activity compared to normal ranges over all period of observation. This influence was significally prevented using neuroprotective drugs.

The aim of review. To present the basic concept of dietetic therapy at bowel diseases, as well as the prospects of its improvement by addition of the specific components decreasing intestinal permeability.Original positions. In modern medicine dietetic therapy is still of value. In the last years essential progress was achieved for diet at diabetes mellitus, peptic ulcer and liver failure. Principles of dietetic therapy at bowel diseases as a whole remain unchanged and are based on the concept of mechanical and chemical sparing during relapse with gradual transition to general diet along with symptom regression. Issues on necessity of complete avoidance of lactose and gluten at «non-gluten» diseases of intestine are still disputable. It was demonstrated, that some components of food, in particular glutamine, omega-3-non-saturated fatty acids, zinc, selenium, curcumine, meletin, in an essential degree promote restoration of mucosal integrity and decrease intestinal permeability. Now these substances became obligatory components of enteric feeding mixtures. Development of alimentary additives and drugs on their basis is going on. Application of pre- and probiotics for stimulation of regeneration and development of functional nutrition products on their basis invokes major interest.Conclusion. Investigations of methods to reveal those components of food which can have the concealed damaging effect or, on the contrary, to sustain integrity of a mucosa, is still in the progress as well as development of the drugs, food additives and functional nutrition components, which can be applied as addition to traditional diet and promote decrease of intestinal permeability.

Тhe influence of liver resection (LR, 15-20 % ,by weight of the organ) on nitrogen metabolism in the spleen of animals with chronic tetrachlorcarbon hepatitis was investigated. It was shown that LR disorders of nitrogen metabolism in the spleen arising the process of development of chronic CCl4-hepatitis. This is manifested by abnormal accumulation of ammonia and glutamine by splenocyte during the depletion on its intracellular binding reactions. Stimulation of urea formation by splenocyte on the 3rd an 7th day of the postoperative period was interrapted on 14 days after LR and is accompanied by a decrease in urea concentration in splenocyte, in spite of their increased entrance with arterial blood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of chronic tetrahlometanic hepatitis on nitrogen metabolism in the rat spleen has been investigated. Studies have found that in the process of developing chronic CCl4 -hepatitis in the spleen the abnormal accumulation of ammonia in the background of arterial hyperammonemia occurs. Thus, splenocytes are not capable to prevent the accumulation of ammonia via formation of glutamine which penetrates through the erterial blood and leads to activation of intracellular ammoniogeneza therein. In the course of chronic poisoning organism by CCl4 the spleen acquires the ability to "active" free urea uptake of arterial blood, with the further transfer it into a coherent form, and after the termination of the toxic effects on the body and increase the formation of urea splenic macrophages, which does not prevent the accumulation of ammonia spleen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins play an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation and malignant tumor growth. It was shown that blockade of both enzymatic functions of sensor and signaling enzyme ERN1 (from endoplasmic reticulum to nuclei-1), the major component of endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling, decreases the expression level of IGFBP1, IGFBP2 and IGF2BP3 genes in U87 glioma cell. The decreased level of these gene expressions in glioma cells with ERN1 signaling enzyme loss of function correlates with suppression of cell proliferation. It was shown that glutamine deprivation condition leads to enhance the expression of IGFBP1 gene, but did not change significantly the expression of IGFBP2 and IGF2BP3 genes in both types of glioma cells. Moreover, this effect of glutamine deprivation did not depend from suppression of ERN1 enzyme function. At the same time, the expression of IGFBP2 and IGF2BP3 genes is decreased in glucose deprivation condition in both types of glioma cells and blockade of ERN1 signaling enzyme enhanced this effect. Thus, results of this investigation demonstrated that the expression of IGFBP1, IGFBP2 and IGF2BP3 genes in U87 glioma cells is dependent from signaling enzyme ERN1 and is changed in glutamine and glucose deprivation conditions, but only effect of glucose deprivation was depended of ERN1 signaling enzyme function. Moreover, the decreasing of IGFBP1, IGFBP2 and IGF2BP3 gene expressions in glioma cells with blockade of both enzymatic activities of ERN1 is possibly related to suppression of these cells proliferation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the human body that is involved in various metabolic processes. The development of hypermetabolic and hypercatabolic syndrome that accompanies critical conditions of ICU patients is associated with a decrease in the concentration of glutamine, especially in the blood plasma and muscles. This process may last for quite a long time and lead to a number of complications up to a fatal outcome. This review was aimed to analyze clinical studies conducted over the past 20 years that demonstrate the effect of intravenous infusion of glutamine dipeptide as part of balanced parenteral nutrition on the perioperative period: the severity of inflammatory response; the state of the intestinal mucosa; the incidence and severity of complications; mortality; the duration of stay in the ICU and hospital in general, etc. The analysis was performed using systematic reviews and meta-analyses based on randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in different countries selected in the main databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, etc.). Most of the reports state that the inclusion of glutamine dipeptide in nutritional and metabolic therapy (NMT) in surgical patients reduces the frequency and severity of infectious complications and mortality, reduces the length of stay in ICU and in hospital in general, improves the biochemical parameters that reflect the condition of patients, and reduces the treatment costs. Thus, the conducted systematic reviews and meta-analyses confirm that the use of the parenteral form of glutamine dipeptide (Dipeptiven 20%) as part of balanced standard parenteral nutrition (PN) is a clinically and pharmacoeconomically justified strategy of NMT in surgical ICU patients.

There were examined 219 women of Kyrgyz nationality (mean age 51 ± 9.7 years). 117 female with breast cancer (BC) and 102 apparently health controls. The diagnosis of breast cancer was confirmed histologically. DNA was prepared from whole blood samples. XRCC1 genotypes Arg399Gln were examined using polymerase chain reaction-restriction enzyme polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The frequency of the variant 399Gln allele and heterozygous genotype Arg399Gln of the Arg399Gln polymorphism of the XRCC1 gene were significantly higher among women with breast cancer compared with control subjects (p < 0.05). The Arg399Gln polymorphism of the XRCC1 gene is associated with breast cancer risk in a Kyrgyz women when using additive model (χ² = 4,901; p = 0.0268) general model (χ² = 13,86; p = 0.0010) and dominant model of inheritance (χ² = 11.18; p = 0.0008). Women having the 399Gln allele had 1,57 fold (95% CI 1.7-2.30; p = 0.002) higher risk of developing BC compared with subjects carrying neither of these alleles. Individuals carrying the heterozygous genotype Arg399Gln had 2.77 fold (95% CI 1.6-4, p = 0.002) higher risk of BC. Thus, the heterozygous genotype Arg399Gln and 399Gln allele of XRCClgene are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in Kyrgyz females.

Metabolism of glutamine and glutamic acid has been investigated in the placenta and amniotic fluid under conditions of placental insufficiency. The development of placental insufficiency is characterized by the increased content of glutamic acid and a decrease of glutamine in both placenta and amniotic fluid. These changes changes were accompanied by changes in the activity of enzymes involved in the metabolism of these amino acids. There was a decrease in glutamate dehydrogenase activity and an increase in glutaminase activity with the simultaneous decrease of glutamine synthetase activity. The compensatory decrease in the activity of glutamine keto acid aminotransferase did not prevent a decrease in the glutamine level. The impairments in the system glutamic acid-glutamine were more pronounced during the development of premature labor.

The Siberian subtype of the virus of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), which is predominant in Russia, constantly circulated in its eastern European regions in 1943-2003 and in the Urals and West and East Siberia in 1960-2003. This subtype is transmitted by two types of ticks: Ixodes persulcatus and I. ricinis. Changes were not found in the structure of viral populations at the peak and drop of the incidence of TBE. There was new evidence on the genetic heterogenicity of the Siberian subtype: in addition to the strains containing histidine (H) or glutamine (Q) in the position of 234 of protein E gene, there were strains having tyrosine (V). There were differences in the eastern European and Asian populations of the Siberian subtype. The strains with labeled amino acids of H and Q amounted to 87.1 and 3.2% in the eastern European population and 60 and 40% in the Asian population, respectively. The eastern European strains with labeled amino acid of H differed from the same Asian strains in the level of nucleotide replacements in the studied E gene fragment. The strains containing tyrosine in position 234 were found only in the eastern European population. Sixty-two cases of TBE were analyzed, which showed a significantly established role of a certain subtype. The Siberian and Far Eastern subtypes in the area of joint circulation were found to cause the whole spectrum of infection manifestations from unapparent to severe focal forms with a fatal outcome. There were no differences in the location of the virus and the topography of CNS morphological changes in patients who had died after infection with the Siberian or Far Eastern subtypes of the virus of TBE. The chronic forms of TBE are mainly associated with the Siberian subtype. These three subtypes (European, Far Eastern, and Siberian) may cause the disease via unpasteurized milk.

Plasmid pYUK3 bearing the fet5+ gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe was isolated from a genomic library of the fission yeast, and a detailed physical map of the whole genomic insert (ca. 9.6 Kbp) was constructed. The primary structure of the fet5+ gene and its flanking regions is established. The gene contains a single 45-bp intron in its distal part. A typical TATA-box (TATAAG) was found in the 5'-noncoding region ca. 50 bp upstream of the putative start of transcription, and the 3'-noncoding region contains AT-rich palindromes, which are probably involved in termination of the fet5+ transcription. A previously unidentified gene of Sz. pombe encoding a protein with some similarity to one of the transcriptional activators from the TBP (TATA-binding protein) group of SPT factors of transcription was found in the vicinity of the fet5+ gene. Taking into account that cDNA of the fet5(+)-gene was isolated as a suppressor of the genetic-defect of nuclear RNA polymerases I-III (Bioorg. Khim., 1997, vol. 23, No 3, pp. 234-237), this vicinity may be the first evidence of possible clustering, in the genome of the fission yeast, of genes participating in transcription regulation.

On the base of the semi-empirical method of conformational analysis low-energetic conformations have been found for the glycopeptides with the O-beta-N-acetyl-D-muramic acid or the O-beta-N-acetyl--D-glucosaminyl-(1-4)-N-acetyl-D-muramic acid in the glycan part and L-Ala--D-GluNH2, L-Ala--L-GluNH2, D-Ala--D-GluNH2 in the peptide part. It was shown that for either molecule preferentiability of any conformation is determined mainly by interactions between dipeptide and muramic acid residue.

The effect of temperature, duration of heating and the presence of L-alanine and L-glutamine in the medium on the spore germination was studied with the S and P- variants of Bacillus brevis which did not contain gramicidin S and with the R and P+ varants obtained on a defined medium with beta-phenyl-beta-alanine, an inhibitor of the biosynthesis of gramicidin S. The experiments were carried out according to the scheme of complete factor experiment. Germination of the spores was found upon their incubation in a defined medium with L-alanine within two hours after their preliminary heating at 80 degrees C during 45 minutes (S variant), at 60 degrees C during 45 minutes (R variant+trace amounts of gramicidin S), at 80 degrees C during 15 minutes (P+ variant/trace amounts of gramicidin S). Germination of the spores of the P- variant was best upon heating to 60 degrees C during 45 minutes. Gramicidin S is presumed to inhibit, to a certain extent, germination of the spores of its producing culture.

The activity of deamidases of L-glutamine and L-asparagine of Pseudomonas boreopolis 526 was found to depend on the conditions of cultivation. The activity of L-glutaminase-asparaginase II (EC 3.5.1.38) decreased with an increase of the specific growth rate in the conditions of periodic cultivation and increased in the conditions of continuous cultivation. The activity of this enzyme was manifested mainly in the conditions of continuous cultivation at a rate of 0.1--0.2 hr-1 and a final nitrogen concentration of 0.006--0.025 g per litre of the medium. If the concentration of nitrogen was increased in these conditions, biosynthesis of L-glutaminase-asparaginase I was stimulated while the activity of L-glutaminase-asparaginase II was not detected at all.