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Quails are a valuable type of poultry, as their eggs and meat have high nutritional value. Moreover, quails are distinguished by early sexual maturity, high egg production and small body size. These unique characteristics make them an attractive object for breeding and scientific research. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of feed with extruded components and phytobiotics on the meat productivity and blood biochemistry of Texas quails. The methodology involved dividing 200 quails into experimental and control groups, feeding them different diets over a 60-day period, and analysing their growth performance, meat yield, and biochemical blood parameters using statistical analysis tools. As a result of the research, it was revealed that feed produced according to the developed recipe has a positive effect on the weight gain of quails. In the experimental group (EG), the absolute increase was 313.7 ± 4.34 g, in the control group (CG) – 275.9 ± 2.89 g (not significant difference, P > 0.05). Furthermore, the feed with extruded components and phytobiotics led to improved feed conversion ratio in the EG compared to the control. The birds in the EG also demonstrated higher carcass weight and yield. The experimental diet also appeared to have a positive influence on the immune status of the quails. The results demonstrate the potential benefits of incorporating extruded components and phytobiotics into quail feed to improve growth performance and maintain healthy physiological parameters. Evaluating the biochemical blood test results, it can be indicated that no significant changes in the blood composition were detected, which may indicate the absence of a negative effect of the developed feed on the body of birds. The results obtained may be of practical importance for developing optimal diets for meat quails and improving the quality and safety of their products

Purpose of the study. The article presents the results of a statistical analysis of the nutritional characteristics of the population of the Republic of Mordovia to assess their eating behavior in accordance with the principles of healthy nutrition.The results of the study showed inconsistency with rational standards of consumption of basic food products by the population of the republic. The most pronounced deficit in the diet of the population of the republic is observed in the consumption of vegetables and melons, milk and dairy products and vegetable oil. Significant excess of the recommended norm is typical for the consumption of sugar, bread products, potatoes, meat, meat products and eggs. A reduction in the food energy value of the daily diet was revealed to 2600 kcal versus 3126 kcal according to rational consumption standards.Materials and methods. As a methodological basis for the study, an aggregation method was used, which makes it possible to calculate indexes of the benefits of consumption of basic food products by the population of the Volga Federal District regions: advance, parity and lag from recommended rational consumption standards. The calculation of the integral assessment of the nutrition quality of the population was carried out without taking into account the weighting coefficients of the main food groups.The information base of the study is data from the Federal State Statistics Service. The results of the study confirm the existence of differentiation in food consumption and its quality in the regions of the Volga Federal District. Not a single region has been identified with parity in terms of recommended rational nutritional standards. In two regions (Udmurt and Chuvash Republics), there is an approximation to rational consumption standards. In four regions of the Volga Federal District (Perm Krai, Penza, Saratov and Ulyanovsk regions) consumption lags behind the recommended rational norms. In other regions, there is an excess of rational consumption standards for most food products. This group of regions includes the republics of Bashkortostan, Mari El, Mordovia, Tatarstan, Kirov, Nizhny Novgorod, Orenburg and Samara regions. For the Republic of Mordovia, the value of the integral assessment was 1,052.Conclusions. The need to continue activities to develop healthy lifestyle priorities among the population through a culture of nutrition, as laid down in the Federal Project “Strengthening Public Health” was noted.

The best results in combating gout are achieved through a combination of diet and drug therapy. Urate-lowering therapy, which includes febuxostat, has been shown to be more effective and convenient than diet when it comes to achieving and maintaining target uric acid (UA) levels in gout patients. Febuxostat, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, helps to reduce UA levels in the blood by blocking its formation. This helps prevent the deposition of urate crystals in joints and tissues and reduces the frequency and severity of gout attacks. At the same time, a diet of low purine foods may also have some effect on UA levels. Diet can improve the results of drug treatment by reducing the need for medications and minimizing the risk of side effects. However, without adequate drug therapy, diet will not produce the desired results. Therefore, febuxostat remains the preferred urate-lowering treatment option for gout, especially given its proven efficacy in these patients.

Introduction and Objective. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder marked by relapsing symptoms. Current treatments mainly involve immunosuppressive therapies, which are effective but may have significant side effects. Diet as an adjunctive treatment is appealing due to its accessibility, low cost, and minimal adverse effects. This review explores the role of diet in managing IBD, focusing on dietary strategies during both active disease and remission. Methods. A literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar with search terms like "inflammatory bowel disease", "Crohn’s disease", "ulcerative colitis", "diet", "IBD treatment", "anti-inflammatory food" and related variations. Articles published within the last five years were prioritized. Brief description of the state of Knowledge. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease cause gastrointestinal inflammation. Crohn’s disease symptoms include abdominal pain, fistulas and rectal lesions, while UC is characterized by diarrhea, severe discomfort, and blood in the stool. Certain foods often exacerbate IBD symptoms. Proper nutrition during disease stages can improve patients’ quality of life. Diets high in processed foods, sugar, and red meat may increase IBD risk, while fiber and vitamin D3 are associated with fewer flare-ups. Regular malnutrition screening is essential for all IBD patients. Conclusions. Understanding the dietary components that influence inflammation in IBD could lead to better treatment outcomes and longer-lasting symptom relief. Integrating nutrition into personalized treatment strategies should become standard practice for managing IBD.

Obesity is a chronic disease that requires diagnosis and treatment. Excess body fat and metabolic disorders, resulting from the disease, are associated with the risk of numerous complications. Among the most widespread are type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and sleep apnea syndrome. Weight reduction significantly improves prognosis, and can mitigate or even reverse complications. A dietary method gaining popularity recently is intermittent fasting. It involves alternating periods of eating and fasting according to a fixed time schedule. There are different types of diet, differing in the length of the fasting period. Intermittent fasting affects the human body by regulating the diurnal rhythm, inducing metabolic switching, that is switching from using glucose as an energy source to lipid oxidation, and by modulating the composition of the gut microbiota. The effects of the diet, proven in clinical trials, include weight loss, improved glucose tolerance, lowered hemoglobin A1c and insulin levels, and improved tissue sensitivity to insulin. However, there is no evidence supporting the superiority of intermittent fasting over continuous calorie restriction. Intermittent fasting also carries a risk of adverse effects, the most serious of which are hypoglycemic episodes. These occur especially in people with type 2 diabetes and taking diabetes medications. Although intermittent fasting appears to be a promising strategy in the fight against obesity and type 2 diabetes, further research is needed to evaluate its long-term effects on the human body.

Results of the plankton survey conducted in the Gulf of Alaska, including EEZ of Canada, aboard RV Pacific Legacy No. 1 in March-April of 2020 are presented. The samples of plankton were collected in regular grid of stations and processed according to the methodologies adopted in TINRO. The mean total biomass of zooplankton was estimated as 301.9 mg/m3 , of phytoplankton — as 41.9 mg/m3 . The large-sized fraction of zooplankton dominated (on average 214.6 mg/m3 , or 71 % of the total biomass), the portions of the smalland medium-sized fractions were 16 % and 13 %, respectively. Because of spring blooming development, both phyto- and zooplankton biomasses were increased southward from 3.2 and 188.3 mg/m3 in the northern area of the gulf to 87.9–34.6 and 305.4–397.7 mg/m3 in its central and southern areas, on average. The biomass of small- and medium-sized fractions (presented by copepods Pseudocalanus, Oithona similis, eggs and nauplii of copepods, copepodites, juvenile pteropods, hyperiids and euphausiids, and larvae of siphonophore) had slightly increased in the southern area to 50–60 and 35–38 mg/m3 , respectively, whereas the biomass of largesized fraction presented mainly by copepods (49 %) and arrowworms (36 %) had increased from 118.9 mg/m3 in the north to 293.6 mg/m3 in the south. Boreal species, as Neocalanus cristatus, N. plumchrus/N. flemingeri, Eucalanus bungii, and Metridia pacifica dominated in the zooplankton biomass.The total stock of zooplankton in the Gulf of Alaska in March-April of 2020 was amounted in 39798 . 103 t that was higher than in February-March of 2019 (25517 . 103 t), obviously because of the spring bloom beginning. Correspondingly, distribution density of phyto- and zooplankton was 8.5 and 61.4 t/km2 in March-April of 2020 against 1.0 and 36.6 t/km2 in February-March of 2019. The largest increasing was noted for the small-sized fraction (in 2 times, to 9.7 t/km2 ) and medium-sized fraction (in 4 times, to 8.0 t/km2 ), whereas the increasing for large-sized animals was moderate — from 31.0 t/km2 in 2019 to 43.6 t/km2 in 2020, and the density of euphausiids did not increase (0.8 t/km2 in both years for Euphasia pacifica). The total stock of large-sized fraction had increased from 21650 . 103 t in 2019 to 28920 . 103 t in 2020.The diet of pacific salmon corresponded with the species composition and biomass of the large-sized fraction of zooplankton, with predominance of euphausiids, pteropods, jellyfish, hyperiids, and oikopleura. The main consumers were the most abundant fish groups, as chum salmon with size of 35–60 cm and coho salmon of 30–50 cm found mainly in the central and southern areas of the gulf. E. pacifica were the favorite prey for all salmon species (67–80 % of food weight), except coho salmon — this species preferred squids (77.6 %). Monthly grazing of zooplankton by salmons in the Gulf of Alaska is estimated as 30.175 . 103 tons that is an insignificant portion of its large-sized fraction stock, so the feeding conditions during the survey are considered as favorable for pacific salmons. However, the consumption is possibly underestimated because of low biomass of consumers in the winter-spring season. Spatial and temporal variations of fish aggregations driven by variability of water temperature and other abiotic factors should be accounted for adequate evaluation of the feeding conditions.

The observation presents the comparative analysis of feed additive that produced with ecologically safe organic protein formulation. The practical value of the research lies in the introduction of an organic supplementation, obtained on the base of manure, processed and disinfected, into poultry feeding. The search of fodders and feed additives from non-traditional raw materials, which can be used in poultry feeding, is one of the main ways to improve the full-value and availability of combined feed for poultry. Therefore, the purpose of the study was aimed to assess the efficacy of organic protein supplement for quail feeding. The research was carried out with "Faraon" quail kind in the farm that belongs to the "Agrocenter" poultry farm. To assess the effect of feed additive contained organic protein formulation (OPF) the quails were divided into three groups. Control group (I) fed with basal diet, second group (II) additionally supplemented with 5.0% (PF-5) in respect with feed weight, and third group additionally supplemented with 10.0% (PF-10). Any harmful effect of PF consumption was no observed. Furthermore, the PF supplementation provide the growth of bird weight for 14.2% in PF-5 group in compare to control group. Contrary, PF supplementation in PF-10-exposed group induced decrease in productive index equal aforementioned data. The II experimental group has developed he best results for egg laying per initial and average layer. Quails of the PF-10 group has shown more low results in compare to the PF-5-exposed group, but higher than their peers of the control group. Another result was observed in respect with the measuring of feed consumption per unit of production. Quails of PF-5 group had the lowest feed consumption per 1 kg of egg mass – 3.38 kg, which is by 7.4% lower than the peers from the control group. The research results showed that the OPF produced with using dry poultry manure has no developed a negative effect in respect with the chemical and morphological composition of eggs, quails from the II experimental group had the best indicators. The economic efficiency of PF exposure organic protein supplement in the production of quail egg was established with the introduction of 5.0% into the compound feed. Taking together present results, dry poultry manure can be considered as promising alternative source for OPF feed additive production. Firstly, OPF contains protein and minerals which important for the production of poultry compound feed. The utilization of secondary resources in the agricultural technology cycle has the beneficial consequences for both to reduce significantly compound feed expenditures and to prevent the environment pollution.

Quails (Coturnix coturnix (Linnaeus, 1758)) are the only migratory Galliformes species. Quails are nestling ground-dwelling birds, feeding on seeds and crawling insects. Wild quails inhabit many parts of Russia. Quail farming is quite popular because quail meat is low in calories and possesses a number of beneficial properties, e.g., it is rich in proteins, contains little fat and virtually no carbohydrates, etc. As a rule, quails winter in Transcaucasia and Southern Europe; however, they sometimes prefer to stay in southern regions for the winter. This article introduces the autumn food habits of quails in the Central Ciscaucasia. The research relied on the analysis of stomach contents of 156 birds killed by hunters or hit by vehicles in several districts of the Stavropol Region. The material was collected in the autumn in 2008–2021. In the Central Ciscaucasia, quails are mesophiles and inhabit abandoned wheat and pea fields. The population fluctuates from year to year, depending on spring weather conditions. Their optimal nestling grounds include irrigated fields and areas near canals and ponds. In the steppe regions, they prefer agricultural areas, e.g., orchards, vineyards, holiday villages, sheep sheds, green belts along fields, roads, and railways, etc. Being phytophages, they rely on plant and, to a lesser extent, animal forage. In the autumn, they feeding on green plants, wheat grain, seeds of cultivated and wild plants, and insect larvae.

Introduction: Acne is one of the most common skin problems affecting people worldwide, especially young individuals. Despite many years of research into the etiology of acne, its exact causes remain a subject of debate. In recent years, increasing scientific interest has focused on the role of diet in shaping skin health, including the influence of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on the severity of acne symptoms. Objective: The aim of this study is to review the scientific literature regarding the relationship between a diet rich in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and the reduction of acne. We will analyze available scientific evidence and attempt to determine whether dietary changes to increase the intake of these fatty acids may have a beneficial impact on skin condition and reducing the severity of acne symptoms. Results: Several studies suggest that a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and relatively low in omega-6 fatty acids may be associated with a reduction in acne severity. Some clinical studies have shown that supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids can lead to a reduction in the number of comedones and inflammatory skin lesions in acne patients. Conclusions: Our literature review suggests that a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and lower in omega-6 fatty acids may be beneficial for individuals struggling with acne. However, further clinical research is needed to confirm these observations and better understand the mechanisms of action of fatty acids on skin health. In the meantime, a balanced diet rich in omega-3-containing foods such as fatty fish, nuts, and seeds is recommended as a potential adjunct to acne treatment.

Introduction: Psoriasis is a prevalent chronic inflammatory systemic disease that can manifest in a variety of clinical manifestations. Psoriasis was thought to only affect the skin. Recent findings from dermatologic, rheumatologic, and cardiologic research indicate that it is a systemic disease, henceforth referred to as psoriatic disease. Purpose of work: Collecting information on the benefits of physical activity and diet modifications in patients with psoriasis on aspects such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk, mental health, and general well-being. Summary: Psoriasis is a disease that affects many areas of life. Physical activity improves the body weight, mental health, and cardiovascular risk of patients with psoriasis. Engaging in physical activity may reduce the probability of developing psoriasis and may also ameliorate its course. The Mediterranean diet, ketogenic diet, probiotics, and alcohol withdrawal may also alleviate the course of psoriasis. It is noteworthy to mention the potential limitations that may arise in the context of this disease, including embarrassment resulting from skin lesions and joint discomfort resulting from psoriatic arthritis. Sports training ought to be customized for each patient, taking into account their limitations and preferences.

Diet has traditionally been viewed as playing a leading role in both the pathogenesis and treatment of gout. And although this thesis is controversial today, adherence to certain dietary rules for patients with gout and hyperuricemia (HU) is an integral part of therapy. The review examines the modern theoretical basis of dietary therapy for gout and HU, in particular the mechanisms of increasing serum uric acid levels and the risk of developing arthritis when certain foods are consumed and, conversely, reducing uric acid levels and the risk of gout when a diet containing a range of vitamins and foods in the supplements is followed.

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In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the interplay between lifestyle choices, particularly non-pharmacological methods, and their profound impact on gut health. This burgeoning interest is fuelled by a growing body of research highlighting the pivotal role of the gut microbiota in maintaining overall health and well-being. Aim of the study: The aim of this review is to explore the nexus between an optimal health-related choices and gut microbiota composition, highlighting the latest research findings and insights into how dietary patterns, physical activity, psychological stress and sleep quality influence microbial diversity and functionality. Materials and methods: A comprehensive examination of scientific literature available in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases was undertaken. The search strategy incorporated keywords such as "gut”, “gut microbiota”, “exercise”, “diet”, “stress” and “circadian rhythm” to identify relevant articles. Results: The literature review findings unequivocally reveal an increased diversity in the gut microbial community and a favourable balance between commensal and pathogenic bacteria, as well as overall gut health, including integrity and functionality, attributable to adherence to a healthy lifestyle. These findings highlight the intricate interplay between lifestyle factors and colon microbial composition. Conclusions: Although initial findings are encouraging, additional investigation into the potential impact of gut microbiota on health, particularly in the long term, is indispensable. Moreover, the limitations inherent in current research methodologies, such as small sample sizes, variability in study designs, and inconsistencies in findings, underscore the need for robust, well-controlled studies to validate and expand upon existing findings. Robust studies are necessary to develop targeted interventions for optimizing gut health.

Gallbladder disease is a common condition in the population that has a negative impact on quality of life. The development of gallstones is influenced by both non-modifiable factors such as genetics, age, gender and modifiable risk factors including physical activity, body weight, diet. Dietary factors affecting the occurrence of the disease are difficult to capture in clinical studies, but the effect of certain substances on the development of gallstones has been proven. Positive risk factors include a high-calorie diet, obesity, increased intake of carbohydrates, saturated fatty acids, small amounts of fiber ingested. Moderate alcohol consumption reduces the risk of gallstones. Coffee may reduce the risk of the disease, but results are inconclusive. Inverse risk factors include consumption of monounsaturated fatty acids, consumption of nuts, olive oil, n-3 PUFA found in fish oil, vitamin C supplementation. No clear effect of consuming large amounts of dietary cholesterol can be established. The type of protein consumed also matters - vegetable protein reduces the risk of gallstones, animal protein has no such effect. Better understanding of dietary risks of cholelithiasis may help in future disease prevention.

The increase in the prevalence of dietary risk factors and non-communicable diseases over the past decades has led to the search for new predictors, one of which is skipping breakfast. The article examines the potential of using the "daily breakfast"/"skipping breakfast" criterion as a prognostic marker. The results of studies on the correlation of daily breakfast with dietary risk factors (obesity and hypertension), type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and the risk of cardiovascular death are presented and analyzed. The effect of breakfast on the depression risk, which is an independent marker of cardiovascular diseases, is being studied. Also, possible pathogenetic mechanisms linking skipping breakfast with increased blood pressure are discussed. Research data is provided confirming the importance of morning meals for health. The article presents data on the prevalence of daily breakfast in the Russian population and in the populations of other countries with developed economies. Information is provided on the history of studying the effect of daily breakfast on health. Also, controversial scientific data is provided on the effect of skipping breakfast on body weight and its effective control. The role of morning meals in weight reduction programs is fully discussed. The issues of connection between the morning meal and daily calorie intake, the nutritional value of consumption of total protein, vitamins and minerals, as well as the uniform meal distribution across the day are considered. Data from a scientific discussion on the criteria for an "ideal" breakfast are presented, and general recommendations on the energy and nutritional value of a morning meal and the optimal composition of food are outlined.

Increased interest in the utilization of nutrition management of patients with phenylketonuria is clear. Applications include a small measured amount of phenylalanine given in the form of exchange food, phenylalanine-free protein substitute and low phenylalanine foods. In this article, the essential nutritional contents of low phenylalanine diets and the latest techniques and procedures used for creating several types of low phenylalanine diets from different food sources for persons with phenylketonuria are reviewed. The principles of these methods are described. Most of the techniques and procedures employed to remove Phe from the protein hydrolysate are based on the liberation of the amino acid using enzymatic hydrolysis. Free Phe is then removed via adsorption. Therefore, knowing the phenylalanine (Phe) content of foods as well as principles of procedures and techniques used for creating low Phe diets is very important for managing the diet of patients with phenylketonuria. Allowed foods and foods that should be avoided by persons with phenylketonuria are mentioned. Low Phe cereal based foods (i. e. toast bread, pasta, shamy bread, pan bread and rice) and dairy based foods are also considered. The US FDA regulation of aspartame labeling is also stated.

BACKGROUND: Actual nutrition and eating behavior features affect the formation of excess or underweight which in turn are risk factors for the development of chronic non-infectious diseases.AIM: To assess eating behavior features and consumption of basic nutrients in relation to metabolic disorders in underweight and obese young men of military age.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study enrolled 86 young men aged 18 to 23 years that were referred by military enlistment office due to violations in body weight and examined in the hospital. Participants were divided into 2 groups depending on the value of the body mass index (BMI): group 1 (n=41) — underweight (Uw) young men; group 2 (n=45) — obese (Ob) young men. Anthropometric, hormonal and biochemical parameters of the body were measured; the type of eating disorder (ED) was evaluated using the Dutch DEBQ questionnaire, the presence and severity of anxiety and depressive disorders were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; assessment of the actual diet was performed using «Somatonic» computer soft.RESULTS: Absolute intake of all essential nutrients was higher in Ob young men; the relative consumption of protein and cholesterol was higher in Uw young men, whereas relative fats intake was higher in Ob group. EDs were statistically significantly more common in Ob young men. The values of all anthropometric indicators were higher in Ob group, while Uw young men predominantly demonstrated deficiency of the body fat component which did not affect key hormonal and metabolic indicators values. In Ob young men carbohydrate metabolism hormonal regulation disorders along with increased blood pressure were revealed.CONCLUSION: The ratio of proteins and fats intake should be taken into account in dietary regimens composition; Uw young men need to increase the proportion of fat and reduce protein intake, whereas Ob young men on the contrary need to reduce the proportion of fat and increase amount of proteins enhancing energy expenditure due to the specific dynamic food action.

Proteomic technologies make it possible to evaluate the composition of meat raw materials at different stages of processing. Proteomic studies of lamb muscle tissue help to expand scientific knowledge about the effect of essential organic microelements on the interaction of lamb muscle tissue proteins. The research objective was to identify and quantify lamb muscle tissue proteins from young sheep grown on feed additives fortified with microelements. The research featured meat from young sheep of the Edilbaev breed aged 7 months that consumed additives Yoddar-Zn and DAFS-25 as part of their diet. The experiment lasted 105 days. The microelement composition of lamb muscle tissue underwent atomic absorption spectrometry. The proteomic profile was identified using O'Farrell’s two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) with isoelectrofocusing in ampholine (IEF-PAGE). Aluminum, iodine, silicon, selenium, and zinc were identified in lamb samples from young sheep that received feed additives Yoddar-Zn and DAFS-25 for 105 days. Major protein fractions included eight with a molecular weight of 12–15 kDa, 42 with 16–30 kDa, and 45 with 35–110 kDa (pI 5.0–8.0). The samples contained glutathione-S-transferase, which is responsible for biotransformation of toxic compounds, maintenance of intracellular homeostasis, and stress resistance. All the experimental samples had triose phosphate isomerase (glycolysis enzyme). The tests also revealed superoxide dismutase, which catalyzes the superoxide radical into peroxides and oxygen, thus protecting body cells from free oxygen radicals. The research provided relevant data on the effect of innovative feed additives on the molecular mechanisms that occur in mutton muscle tissue and affect the proteomic profile of meat proteins and electrophoretic activity. The feed additives with organic microelements proved efficient. The results can be used to model and adjust autolysis in order to obtain meat with the necessary technological properties.

This review explores the intricate relationship between dietary factors and lung cancer risk based on a thorough examination of relevant literature and articles. The findings highlight a significant association between specific dietary elements and lung cancer risk. Increased intake of fiber, fruit, and vitamin C is linked to a notable 9% reduction in risk, particularly for squamous cell carcinoma. Notably, vegetables exhibit a risk reduction for current smokers, while offal, red meat, and processed meat may elevate risk, especially in heavy smokers. Contradictory evidence surrounds dairy products, with fermented dairy inversely correlated. Beer and cider consumption are associated with an increased risk, primarily among current smokers. In contrast, avocados demonstrate a promising link to decreased lung cancer risk. Vitamin K intake shows an inverse relationship, particularly in males and ever smokers. High retinol intake may elevate risk, potentially modifying the effects of tobacco exposure. Nuts consumption is significantly linked to reduced lung cancer risk and overall cancer mortality. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) demonstrate a noteworthy risk reduction for lung cancer, with supplementation improving overall survival in patients with the disease. Palmitic acid, a component of saturated fatty acids, is implicated in promoting lung metastasis, emphasizing the intricate nature of dietary influences on cancer. In summary, while lung cancer is primarily associated with tobacco smoking, this review underscores the multifaceted interplay between diet and lung cancer risk. Further research is crucial to unravel underlying mechanisms and provide definitive evidence on the impact of specific dietary factors, emphasizing the importance of continued exploration in this complex field.

Introduction and purpose: Apples are a widely consumed fruit globally and are known to be a great source of nutrition. Studies have shown that apples contain high levels of antioxidants, dietary fiber, and vitamins that contribute to numerous health benefits. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the impact of apples on human health. State of knowledge: The paper reviews the current literature on the health benefits of apples, focusing on their impact on various health conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity. Additionally, it examines the role of apples in improving intestinal, immune, and cognitive function. The paper also discusses the potential mechanisms by which apples exert their health benefits, such as high levels of flavonoids, polyphenols, and dietary fiber. Summary: In conclusion, the vast body of evidence reviewed in this paper supports the notion that consuming apples regularly can contribute to better health outcomes. They may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, as well as promote healthy gut microbiota and immune function. Despite the controversy surrounding the use of pesticides in apple cultivation, the benefits of consuming apples outweigh the risks. Therefore, it is highly recommended to include apples as part of a balanced and nutritious diet to promote optimal health and wellbeing. As the saying goes, "An apple a day keeps the doctor away".

INTRODUCTION AND AIM OF WORK One of the key factors shaping human health is diet. It serves as the foundation for the functioning of cells, organs, and the entire body. Properly chosen food has an impact, among other things, on the functioning of the immune, digestive, and cardiovascular systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS The objective of this study is to analyze the changes in the functioning of the cardiovascular, digestive, and immune systems through the application of different dietary approaches. For this purpose, an original questionnaire was developed. The questionnaire was distributed via social media (Telegram platform) in August 2023 among the population of Ukraine. RESULTS We collected a total of 94 surveys, with an average participant age of 26 years. A similar number of participants indicated consuming meals 3 times, 4 times, or 5 times a day. These were 23 individuals (24.47%), 25 individuals (26.6%), and 21 individuals (22.3%) respectively. The analysis of correlations revealed a negative correlation between the frequency of meal consumption and the frequency of infections (r = -0.21, p = 0.035). A significant relationship was also observed between body weight and the frequency of meal consumption (r = 0.34, p < 0.001). However, no significant relationship was found between following a special diet and body weight (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The collected results suggest a connection between dietary habits and the frequency of infections as well as body weight. Interestingly, this relationship was related specifically to the frequency of meal consumption and was not linked to the intake of specific food groups. The obtained results highlight the significance of regular meal consumption in maintaining a healthy body weight and reducing the frequency of infections.

INTRODUCTION: Diet is an integral element of every individual's health. Its impact on the functioning of the human body has fascinated scientists for years. One of the diets that alters the mechanism of the body's functioning is the ketogenic diet. The impact of the ketogenic diet on various disorders is still under investigation. It is known to have shown numerous benefits in reducing epileptic seizures, but its impact on other neurological disorders is less known. In this literature review, the efficacy of ketogenic therapies was assessed in Alzheimer's disease. AIM OF STUDY: Review of the current literature (since 2018) on the effects of implementing a ketogenic diet in patients with Alzheimer's disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The review was based on data gathered from the PubMed database using the keywords: 'ketogenic diet in Alzheimer’s disease,' 'ketogenic therapies Alzheimer disease,' and 'ketogenic diet in neurological disease’. SUMMARY: The ketogenic diet enhances the daily functioning of Alzheimer's patients. It significantly improves their cognitive functions, and changes in brain blood flow are visible in imaging studies. The ketogenic diet also positively modulates the gut microbiome in Alzheimer's patients. It represents a promising option in combating cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.

Endometriosis, a chronic inflammatory condition, affects approximately 10% of women in their reproductive years, impacting around 176 million individuals globally. Characterized by endometrium-like tissue outside the uterine cavity, it leads to symptoms like chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and infertility, severely impairing quality of life. This study aims to investigate the role of nutritional interventions in managing endometriosis, highlighting their potential impact and clinical implications.

High salt intake is a risk factor for the development of hypertension, most cardiovascular diseases and their complications.Aim. To study the characteristics of high salt intake in Russian and Moscow populations according to epidemiological studies.Material and methods. Data from representative samples of adult population aged 25-64 years (n=21922, 8372 men and 13550 women) from Russian 13 regions and persons aged >18 years (n=4063, 1662 men and 2401 women) from Moscow were used. A combination of 2 out of 3 items was taken as excess salt intake: daily consumption of meat and sausage products and pickles and/or adding salt to the finished dish. The results are presented as frequencies and odds ratios (OR).Results. The prevalence of high salt intake in the Russian population was 49,3% (53% among men and 47% among women); in the Moscow sample — 49,6% (60,3% for men and 41,9% for women). The habit of adding salt to a finished dish is widespread in the Russian Federation — 40,5% (47% among men and 34,7% among women); among Muscovites it is less pronounced — 25,8% (31,6% among men and 21,7% among women). Positive associations of high salt intake were noted with male sex (OR=1,1), education level (OR=1,5 and OR=1,3 for primary and secondary education, respectively), smoking (OR=1,74), alcohol consumption (OR=1,3, OR=1,4 and OR=1,5 — for moderate, high and very high alcohol consumption, respectively), rural place of residence (OR=1,34), anxiety (OR=1,27), depression (OR=1,36) and abdominal obesity (OR=1,1), and negative — with thyroid disease (OR=0,9), previous cerebral stroke (OR=0,8) and type 2 diabetes (OR=0,87). The prevalence of high salt intake in the all-Russian sample is not associated with income level and age, but was noted among Muscovites.Conclusion. In the Russian population, a high prevalence of high salt intake was revealed, which is more pronounced among smokers, alcohol drinkers, those with primary and secondary education levels, rural residents, as well as those with anxiety and depression.

Data on feeding of walleye pollock Gadus chalcogrammus (3–70 cm long) in the Chukchi Sea in summer-autumn of 2017–2020 are presented. The food base includes zooplankton, benthic invertebrates and fish. The juveniles in the northwestern part of the sea consumed 0.033 t/km2 of prey per day, mainly fish (30.9 %), mysids (20.1 %) and amphipods (13.9 %), whereas the portion of copepods and euphausiids was 5.0–7.6 % of the diet. In the southwestern part of the sea, the juveniles consumption was much higher, as 0.200 t/km2 of prey per day, and included mainly euphausiids and copepods (24.9–51.1%). The adults with length 40–70 cm long dominated in the southwestern Chukchi Sea and consumed on average 13.2 t/km2 of prey per day, shared between fish (42 %), euphausiids (20 %), copepods (6 %), and decapods (11 %). Composition and structure of plankton was different between the main water masses on the shelf occupied the northern and the southern parts of the sea. In the northwestern Chukchi Sea, zooplankton distributed with the mean spatial density of 56.3 t/km2, formed mostly by chaetognaths (35.3 t/km2) and copepods (12.6 t/km2). In the southwestern Chukchi Sea, the mean spatial density of zooplankton was 49.2 t/km2, mostly euphausiids (17.3 t/km2), chaetognaths (15.8 t/km2) and copepods (9.2 t/km2). The total density was close to the level observed in the 2000s, but slight decreasing in biomass of chaetognaths and copepods was observed, mainly due to the recent lack of cold-water species Calanus glacialis, whereas the biomass of euphausiids, in particularly Thysanoessa inermis, had almost doubled. Biomass of the main groups of zooplankton prevailing in the diet in the Chukchi Sea in summer-autumn, as copepods and euphausiids, exceeded daily consumption of these groups by walleye pollock in 6–11 times that may indicate a sufficient food supply for this species. Besides, walleye pollock dwelled at the sea bottom and fed on shrimps, gammarids, bottom polychaetes, echiurids, mollusks, and also bottom fish. Total fullness of the pollock stomachs was in the range of 218–228 ‱ that also suggested successful feeding.

The term "microbiota" refers to the microbial community occupying a specific habitat with defined physical and chemical properties and forming specific ecological niches. The adult intestinal microbiota is diverse. It mainly consists of bacteria of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes types. The link between the gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is being actively discussed. Rapid progress in this field is explained by the development of new generation sequencing methods and the use of sterile gut mice in experiments. More and more data are being published about the influence of microbiota on the development and course of hypertension, coronary heart disease (IHD), myocardial hypertrophy, chronic heart failure (CHF) and atrial fibrillation (AF). Diet therapy, antibacterial drugs, pro- and prebiotics are successfully used as tools to correct the structure of the gut microbiota of the macroorganism. Correction of gut microbiota in an experiment on rats with coronary occlusion demonstrates a significant reduction in necrotic area. A study involving patients suffering from CHF reveals a significant reduction in the level of uric acid, highly sensitive C-reactive protein, and creatinine. In addition to structural and laboratory changes in patients with CVD when modifying the microbiota of the gut, also revealed the effect on the course of arterial hypertension. Correction of gut microbiota has a beneficial effect on the course of AF. We assume that further active study of issues of influence and interaction of gut microbiota and macroorganism may in the foreseeable future make significant adjustments in approaches to treatment of such patients.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a carbohydrate tolerance disorder that results in elevated blood glucose levels and was first recognized during pregnancy. Diabetes is the most common metabolic complication that complicates pregnancy. Therefore, it is important to quickly diagnose and prevent the effects of diabetes, which may arise in the mother and fetus. The occurrence of diabetes during pregnancy is a risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases later in life. Studies have shown a reduction in complications in patients with gestational diabetes after personalized health education in the field of nutrition. All pregnant women should be screened for impaired glucose tolerance as soon as possible after pregnancy is diagnosed. In the risk group, additionally, a 75g OGTT test should be performed on the first visit. Gestational diabetes affects one in ten pregnant women worldwide, and this percentage is increasing day by day. The main goal is to strive, during therapy, to equalize the glycemic value. The aim of this publication is to present the diagnostic process and, most importantly, the treatment of diabetes diagnosed in pregnancy. The publication focuses on gestational diabetes treated with an adapted diet, exercise and lifestyle changes. This publication describes how to create a balanced diet with a low glycemic index and how to choose physical exercise for a patient with gestational diabetes.

Obesity is a complex and pervasive chronic health concern with multifaceted origins in which abnormal or excessive fat accumulation worsens health, increases the risk of long-term medical complications and shortens life expectancy. It is associated with type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cardiovascular disease. More than 603.7 million adults are estimated to be obese. The cause of obesity is a long-term energy imbalance caused by a combination of increased energy intake and decreased energy expenditure. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of modern obesity treatments such as intermittent fasting, semaglutide and surgical interventions. Intermittent fasting involves voluntary periods of restricted or zero caloric intake at specified intervals. However, research results on the effectiveness of this dietary strategy are conflicting. The findings indicate that incorporating physical exercise can further enhance the outcomes of applying this diet. Semaglutide, a GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) analog, has shown efficacy in promoting weight loss among adults and adolescents, along with metabolic and cardiovascular improvements. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is a common bariatric procedure, while Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) is another option. Long-term studies show that both methods effectively promote weight loss. In conclusion, obesity is a multifaceted condition that requires a comprehensive treatment approach. Individualized strategies including dietary changes, pharmaceutical interventions such as semaglutide, and surgical options can together contribute to effective weight management and improved health outcomes.

Introduction and Purpose: Human health is influenced by a variety of factors, such as genetics, environment, lifestyle, and accessibility to healthcare. While some of these factors are beyond the control of the patient, lifestyle, which is considered the primary determinant of a healthy life, strongly relies on individual choices. In this paper, we aim to demonstrate the benefits of adopting a vegetarian diet as a cornerstone for maintaining good health and as a supplementary approach to treating common diseases.State of Knowledge: The vegetarian diet is primarily based on plants and includes products from animals, such as eggs and dairy. However, it excludes all types of meat and any products that require the death of animals. This diet is adopted for various reasons, including religious, socio-economic, or ethical considerations. It is recognized globally and has become a subject of scientific research for numerous scholars. Many studies investigate its influence on human health, and the results are generally positive. The diet is frequently used as a treatment, often in combination with specific pharmaceutical drugs. This approach leads to weight reduction, decreases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, and can have positive therapeutic effects on conditions like gout or chronic kidney disease. Given that some of these diseases have become increasingly problematic for public health systems, a vegetarian diet can help decrease the number of people affected by them.Conclusion: Given that cardiovascular diseases and incidents are the leading causes of death worldwide, adopting a vegetarian diet can assist patients in avoiding them by reducing their LDL levels and decreasing blood pressure. This diet demonstrates a positive therapeutic effect on patients dealing with chronic kidney disease and gout. It aids in weight reduction and helps prevent the development of metabolic syndrome, which has a variety of beneficial effects.

Introduction: Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune disorder that develops as a result of a pathological reaction of the patient's immune system, which consequently destroys the body's own healthy cells and tissues. Genetic, environmental and immunological factors influence its development. The disease may initially be asymptomatic. The exact aetiology of the disease is unknown. The worldwide incidence is approximately 10-12%. Purpose: This paper aims to present the influence of genetic factors, environmental factors, trace elements, and diet on the development and course of Hashimoto's disease based on the current state of knowledge. Conclusions: Hashimoto's disease is a multifactorial disease, but the relevance of all factors presented in the development and progression has not yet been confirmed. To date, a special diet for patients has not been created. Further research is needed to better understand the pathogenesis of the disease in order to help patients control HT. Methods: Data for the article were retrieved using PubMed setting the time descriptors to 2013-2023.

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Objective: to analyze the role of diet in the epidemiological parameters of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus and identify factors that correlate withthe reduction in the severity of the consequences of COVID-19 disease, namely the rate of prevalence (RPr) and infection fatality rate (IFR) in different regions.Material and methods. The information and data required for this study were found in scientific publications and the media available on the Internet, as well as obtained from statistical databases using specific keywords, both for a single tag and in various combinations of them. Statistical samples were managed from sources and facts available on the Internet. Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to understand a statistical relationship between two variables.Results. The relationship between nutritional factors and the impact of the 15-month COVID-19 pandemic in different regions was investigated using various available statistics for five continents and 47 countries. A clear relationship was found between the outcomes of the SARSCoV-2 epidemic (RPr and IFR) and the amount of consumed essential nutrients, with correlations in the negative range r=–0.98 and r=–0.66 for plant proteins and with correlation coefficients r=0.92 for animal proteins. Also, excessive sugar consumption increased the severity of COVID-19 with correlation coefficients in the range of r=0.99–0.72 in the representative samples.Conclusion. Statistical analysis presented that the number of diagnosed patients with SARS-CoV-2 (RPr) and deaths from COVID-19 (IFR) was significantly lower in regions where more plant foods were consumed than animal products. A detailed study of the relationship between the Coronavirus and the host as well as the metabolism of protein and sugar may reveal the diet factors responsible for resistance to the pathogen. Edible plants can contain components responsible for suppressing the replication cycle of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Biochemical investigation of these components would help in the development of etiological oral administrated anti-COVID-9 medicine.

BACKGROUND: The problem of metabolic syndrome is considered a demographic catastrophe. According to WHO experts,«by 2025, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in the world will amount to more than 300 million people, and in the next 25 years it is expected to increase by 50%.» The pathophysiological mechanisms of MS formation and the role of unhealthy diet on the development of intestinal dysbiosis, mitochondrial insufficiency remain unclear.AIM: To study the effect of unhealthy diet on the state of the intestinal microbiota and the development of metabolicmitochondrial insufficiency in the formation of a multi-organ metabolic syndrome, evaluation of ways of correction.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical picture assessment, anthropometric data (body mass index), laboratory results (glucose, cholesterol and fractions) were carried out in patients with MS, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, C-reactive protein, lipid peroxidation indicators: malondialdehyde, diene conjugates, schiff bases, hydroperoxides, catalase, superoxide dismutase, succinate dehydrogenase (ASDH), α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (α-AGFDH). Hemorheological parameters were evaluated by the apparent viscosity of blood, the yield strength, the aggregation coefficient of erythrocytes and platelets. The microbiota and microbiome of the intestine were evaluated by species, strain composition and the level of metabolites-propionic, butyric, acetic acid, lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans. A questionnaire was conducted to study the nature of nutrition.RESULTS: The study included 128 patients with MS and 25 healthy individuals. According to medical outpatient records from anamnesis, questioning of each patient, complaints and clinical picture, 26.2% of patients had type 2 diabetes, 3.74% of men had erectile dysfunction, 7.5% of women had polycystic ovaries, 15.1% had night apnea syndrome, 8.7% hyperuricemic syndrome, 96.5% of patients had metabolic fatty liver steatosis. According to the results of the survey, it was revealed that 99.8% of patients adhered to an unhealthy and unbalanced, high-calorie diet, 46.4% of patients had a low level of physical activity, 48.7% had an average. The revealed disorders of lipid, carbohydrate metabolism, microbiota and intestinal microbiome were associated with increased lipid peroxidation, decreased levels of antioxidant defense enzymes, indicators reflecting mitochondrial function against the background of hemorheological disorders.CONCLUSION: In multi-organ MS, unhealthy diet can be considered as a targeted risk factor triggering pathophysiological mechanisms at the level of the intestinal microbiota, followed by a cascade of metabolic disorders in the form of activation of lipid peroxidation with inhibition of antioxidant defense enzymes, the development of multi-organ mitochondrial insufficiency and the development of latent hemorheological syndrome. The revealed metabolic complex obviously constitutes a multiorgan morphological cluster underlying the development of multi-organ metabolic syndrome. Based on the identified disorders, pathogenetically justified correction of MS should include a balanced diet with mitochondrial protective therapy.

Contemporary school should create favorable conditions for schoolchildren. The aim of the study was to comparatively analyze risk factors related to the educational process in different schools and to develop a new approach to objective assessment of combined exposure to environmental factors and factors related to the educational process and its influence on schoolchildren’s health. The study focused on the following research objects: 1) five different secondary schools, the test ones providing profound educational programs and the reference ones being ordinary secondary schools with the same or lower levels of pollution in environmental objects; 2) quality of components in the school environment (organization of the educational process, quality of meals provided by school, quality of ambient air on a school territory and inside a school, quality of drinking water, socioeconomic conditions); 3) health of 756 schoolchildren. The study was conducted by using sanitary-epidemiological, sanitary-hygienic and sociological methods; clinical and laboratory examinations; chemical analytical tests. Fuzzy logic was applied to estimate combined influence exerted by factors related to the educational process and environmental factors. We established several determinants of negative effects produced by the educational process on schoolchildren’s health. They included elevated intensity and monotony of educational and intellectual loads, shorter breaks between classes and recovery index deficiency. Diet-related factors included excess consumption of fats and carbohydrates, overall caloric contents being too high, protein and micronutrient deficiency. Chemical factors were elevated levels of metals, aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and chlorinated organic compounds in biological media. Risk-inducing factors of schoolchildren, regardless of a school and age, include organization of the educational process (Ipj = 0.45–0.58) and school meals (Ipj = 0.41–0.54); the group potential hazard index for these factors reached its peak values in primary school (Ipj = 0.49–0.58 and Ipj = 0.46–0.54). The maximum value of the integral potential hazard index (Ipdk = 0.41–0.46) caused by combined exposure to factors related to the educational process and environmental factors, regardless of a school type, was detected in senior schoolchildren in school with profound studies of natural sciences (Ipdk = 0.41); the minimum value was detected in a military school (Ipdk = 0.33).

Food safety is a major concern around the world due to toxic metal contamination in food and associated health risks. Vegetables, cereals and baked goods make up a large part of a healthy human diet as vital sources of nutrients, minerals and fiber. Long-term intake of metals with food facilitates their accumulation in the human body. The study aimed to assess health risks for adults and children caused by alimentary intake of chemical elements with local food products. The study was conducted in the Republic of Bashkortostan, which is a territory with a developed agricultural and industrial complex. A total of 524 plant samples were selected and analyzed to identify levels of lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, iron, nickel and aluminum in them by using atomic absorption analysis. Samples included bakery and cereal products sold in the republic and vegetable products from private farms. The article describes the results of hygienic assessment with its focus on contents of essential and toxic elements in locally produced foods. Intake of contaminants with local food products was established based on the data on average food consumption per capita. We determined contributions made by two groups of traditional mass-consumption products to the total exposure that influences health of people living in different districts across the republic. The study established the total hazard quotient of non-carcinogenic effects to be higher than its threshold vale and to equal 3.43 for children and 1.54 for adults. The greatest contributions to the total hazard quotients were made by copper (45 %) and cadmium (30 %). Our as-sessment of carcinogenic risks caused by intake of contaminants with foods revealed that the total health risk as per the median value corresponded to its permissible level.

The article presents the results of studies on the effect of feeding doses of vitamin-herbal flour made of the green mass of R. carthamoides on the growth dynamics and biochemical composition of the blood of young cattle. The studies were carried out in 2022 at the dairy complex of Sokolovo LLC (Perm Krai). The objects of the study were replacement heifers of the Holsteinized Black-and-White breed at the age of 12-15 months. For 92 days, heifers of I and II experimental groups were additionally fed vitamin-herbal flour made of R. carthamoides in the dose of 150 and 300 g per head per day as part of the main diet. The use of nitrogen from the incoming and from the digested one was more in heifers of the I and II experimental groups by 0.74-1.09 %abs. (p < 0.05) and 2.17-3.64% abs. (p < 0.01) compared with the control group. At the age of 15 months, heifers of I and II experimental groups in terms of live weight exceeded the animals of the control group by 2.80 and 18.20 kg (p < 0,001) by asbsolute gain by 4.86 and 11.61% respectively. At the end of the experimental period, in the blood serum of heifers of the II experimental group, where the maximum dose of vitamin-herbal flour was used, the content of total protein increased by 11.43 %, albumin ‒ by 14.01 %, carotene - by 28.57 %, the level of reserve alkalinity ‒ by 18.01 %. In all cases, the difference with the control was confirmed statistically (p < 0.05-0.001). Thus, the studies carried out testify to some bioavailability of vitamin-herbal flour and its positive effect on the physiological state of experimental animals, which consists of the normalization of metabolism and improvement of biochemical parameters of blood, which makes it possible to recommend introducing vitamin-herbal flour made of R. carthamoides into the diets of young cattle at the rate of 300 g per head per day.

The successful development of horse breeding requires the search for new technological solutions, the use of which will improve the quality and reduce the cost of compound feed. At the same time, it is important to breed and maintain horses with high adaptive capacity, capable of withstanding the action of negative environmental factors without reducing their performance. Sport horses require special treatment and an individual approach in the selection of diet and breeding conditions. We investigated the effect of granulated feed containing alfalfa and mineral-vitamin complex. Haemoglobin level in the studied animals amounted to 152.6 g/L, 8.1% higher than in control peers. The 15.1% higher content of erythrocytes in blood in horses of the experimental group may indicate more intensive blood saturation. The analysis of variance revealed a significant and highly probable influence of feed on haemoglobin content, number of erythrocytes and leukocytes in the horses’ blood, the share of influence for which was the greatest and ranged from 56.4 to 66.0%. It was found that the greatest positive correlation was observed between the amount of consumed dried alfalfa and the level of haemoglobin, colour index, number of erythrocytes and leukocytes in the blood of young horses (r=0.32 ± 0.10; 0.26 ± 0; r=0.43 ± 0.25; r=0.41 ± 0.09, respectively). It was also found that horses in the experimental group were more heat tolerant compared to the control group horses indicating their greater adaptability. The experimental horses’ body temperature measured immediately after their walk was 38.2 °C, which was 0.8% lower than in the control group. One hour after the walk, their body temperature was almost the same as at rest (37.9 °C). In horses of the control group during the same period, the body temperature was 38.0 °C, which is 0.4 °C higher than their temperature at rest before the walk. The use in the diets of the studied animals of full-fed pelleted forages allowed raising animals of strong physiques, having more intensive metabolism and more pronounced adaptive and compensatory abilities in comparison with their peers of the control group.

Among the many causes of reproductive dysfunction in female cattle leading to infertility, feeding factors occupy an important place. Moreover, the state of nutrient deficiency nowadays determines the main etiologic factor of decreased reproductive ability of cows and heifers. Literature review shows that feeding cows and heifers is directly related to reproduction. It is shown that the causes of the alimentary form of infertility in female cattle can be various situations, unbalanced daily ration, deficiency or excess of one or more elements and even type of feed. At the same time, nutritional factors can cause infertility in combination with others. The relationship between nutrition and reproductive performance offers significant potential for optimizing reproductive performance in cattle. By manipulating nutrient intake, livestock producers can strive to maintain reproductive performance. Therefore, uncovering and better understanding the complex interactions between feeding and various reproductive processes is important to address the increasing challenges associated with declining fertility in cattle. Numerous reviews indicate that feeding affects reproduction, but the precise mechanisms by which feeding mediates the reproductive process remain largely unclear. The main problem is that the degree of excess, deficiency or imbalance required to alter reproduction is still unclear. The best recommendation is to establish a feeding program for dairy cows that is balanced in all nutrients and meets all known nutrient requirements. However, further research is needed on the role of feed substances in the manifestation of sexual function in cows and heifers. A complete understanding of how feeding affects reproduction may provide an alternative approach.

Uric acid is an independent risk factor for socially important diseases, such as chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease. The review summarizes current data on the impact of nutrition as a presumably modifiable factor into the development of hyperuricemia and gout. The authors describe biochemical mechanisms underlying hyperuricemia and present data on the influence of excessive intake of fructose, purines, and various alcohol-containing drinks on the risk of gout. Favorable impact of vitamin C supplements, coffee, cherry juice, some chemical elements (magnesium, zinc, and copper) on uric acid levels has been shown, as well as the impact of intake of low fat dairy products, polyphenols, food fibers, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the incidence of hyperuricemia. The information presented in the review can be used in clinical practice for preparation of an individualized nutritional plan aimed at normalization of uric acid levels. This would minimize the use of agents affecting the synthesis of uric acid and slow down the progression of chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease.

Background. Subjective food perceptions in various aspects that could impact food choices and diet adherence by the Russian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have not been studied. Aim to assess food perceptions in T2DM patients in the reference group of dairy products and their potential influence on the nutritional structure. Aim: To assess food perceptions in T2DM patients in the reference group of dairy products and their potential influence on the nutritional structure. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study included 300 consecutive out- and in-patients with T2DM (mean age standard deviation, 60,8 10,2 years, duration of diabetes 1 to 35 years). The patients underwent standard clinical and laboratory work-up and filled in the questionnaire on food perceptions of six dairy products (low fat cottage cheese, low fat milk, high fat milk, sour cream, cheese, and sweet cheese curds) in the following five aspects: impact on general health, impact on prevention of cardiovascular diseases, impact on glycemic control, taste and convenience of the use. These perception aspects were compared with the self-reported frequencies of the use of each product, patients demographic and clinical characteristics. Results: The patients considered low fat cottage cheese to be most healthy for their general health, with low fat milk and cheese ranking 2nd (р 0.0001 compared to low fat cottage cheese). Fat milk and sour cream were perceived as unhealthy (р 0.0001 compared to healthy products). Sweet cheese curds were perceived by the patients as the most unhealthy/harmful (р 0.0001 compared with each of the rest products). All other medical aspects of food perceptions (impact on cardiovascular prevention and diabetes control) moderately or strongly correlated between each other and with the perception for general health (Spearman's r from 0.42 to 0.72, all р 0.0001). Taste perceptions of all products, except sour cream, demonstrated moderate correlation with their perception in terms of convenience of the use (Spearman's r from 0.36 to 0.47, all р 0.0001). Male patients perceived low fat milk as more tasty and sour cream as more healthy, than female patients (р = 0.029 and 0.046, respectively). Female patients found sour cream more tasty (р = 0.019), and low fat cottage cheese and cheese as more healthy, than males (р = 0.009 and 0.014, respectively). The frequencies of the product use was associated with medical aspects of their perceptions: patients use to eat/drink low fat milk, low fat cottage cheese and cheese significantly more often, than high fat milk and sweet cheese curds (р 0.0001), whereas sour cream was in an intermediate position as per its frequency of the use. Low fat cottage cheese and cheese ranked first according to the proportion of their consumers (91.3 and 90.7% of the patients, respectively), low fat milk ranked second (82% of the patients), and sour cream third (75%), whereas most patients abstain from the use of fat milk and sweet cheese curds (32 and 32.3% using them, respectively). The frequency of the reference product use was to a significantly lesser extent associated with perceptions of their taste or convenience of the use and was not at all associated with their costs/prices. Conclusions: T2DM patients are able to clearly differentiate the products of the reference group (dairy products) for such aspects, as their impact on their general health, cardiovascular system and glycemic control. In most cases, these attitudes were not associated with their taste perceptions. It is exactly medical aspects of subjective food perceptions that have a higher impact on the nutritional structure (real-life use) than their taste or convenience of the use. This fact may become a favorable background for patient education in the area of rational nutrition and diet; however, patients knowledge on the food nutritional content and on their real impact on the health status need significant improvements. Methods. This cross-sectional study included 300 consecutive out- and in-patients with T2DM (mean age SD, 60,810,2 years, duration of diabetes 1 to 35 years). The patients underwent standard clinical and laboratory work-up and filled in the questionnaire on food perceptions of six dairy products (low fat cottage cheese, low fat milk, high fat milk, sour cream, cheese, and sweet cheese curds) in the following five aspects: impact on general health, impact on prevention of cardiovascular diseases, impact on glycemic control, taste and convenience of the use. These perception aspects were compared with the self-reported frequencies of the use of each product, patients demographic and clinical characteristics. Between-group comparisons were done with Students t-test, Mann-Whitney test (depending on the data distribution etc.), chi-square test, and ANOVA. Any associations between food perceptions and frequencies of the food use were assessed by Spearmans correlations. Results. The patients considered low fat cottage cheese to be most healthy for their general health, with low fat milk and cheese ranking 2nd (р 0.0001 compared to low fat cottage cheese). Fat milk and sour cream were perceived as unhealthy (р 0.0001 compared to healthy products). Sweet cheese curds were perceived by the patients as the most unhealthy/harmful (р0.0001 compared with each of the rest products). All other medical aspects of food perceptions (impact on cardiovascular prevention and diabetes control) moderately or strongly correlated between each other and with the perception for general health (Spearmans r from 0,42 to 0,72, all р 0.0001). Taste perceptions of all products, except sour cream, demonstrated moderate correlation with their perception in terms of convenience of the use (Spearmans r 0,36 to 0.47, all р 0.0001). Male patients perceived low fat milk as more tasty and sour cream as more healthy, than female patients (р = 0,029 and 0,046, respectively). Female patients found sour cream more tasty (р = 0,019), and low fat cottage cheese and cheese as more healthy, than males (р=0,009 and р = 0,014, respectively). The frequencies of the product use was associated with medical aspects of their perceptions: patients use to eat/drink low fat milk, low fat cottage cheese and cheese significantly more often, than high fat milk and sweet cheese curds (р0.0001), whereas sour cream was in an intermediate position as per its frequency of the use. Low fat cottage cheese and cheese ranked first according to the proportion of their consumers (91,3% and 90,7% of the patients, respectively), low fat milk ranked second (82% of the patients), and sour cream third (75%), whereas most patients abstain from the use of fat milk and sweet cheese curds (32% and 32,3% using them, respectively). The frequency of the reference product use was to a significantly lesser extent associated with perceptions of their taste or convenience of the use and was not at all associated with their costs/prices. Conclusions. T2DM patients are able to clearly differentiate the products of the reference group for such aspects, as their impact on their general health, cardiovascular system and glycemic control. In most cases, these attitudes were not associated with their taste perceptions. It is exactly medical aspects of subjective food perceptions that have a higher impact on the nutritional structure (real-life use) than their taste or convenience of the use. This fact may become a favorable background for patient education in the area of rational nutrition and diet; however, patients knowledge on the food nutritional content and on their real impact on the health status need significant improvements.

Despite significant improvements in screening, diagnosis and targeted therapy, cancer remains the second leading cause of death in the world. It is becoming increasingly clear that diet and lifestyle play a significant role in the development and progression of cancer. Thus, various dietary combinations can be proposed to reduce the risk of cancer and to improve the impact of basic therapy. Nutrition is closely linked to cancer. Food carcinogens, macronutrients, micronutrients such as vitamins A, C and D, dietary fiber, modulation of metabolism by diet, dietary supplements and anticancer agents in food affect the development of cancer. This article discusses research on the relationship between nutrition and cancer, as well as current dietary guidelines for reducing the risk of cancer. The aim of the study is to analyze information from the professional literature on the influence of various nutritional regimes in cancer patients. Conclusions. Proper nutrition can prevent the risk of cancer and improve the impact of treatment on the disease. Ketogenic diet is useful in combination with standard therapy on the basis of its ability to enhance the antitumor effects of classical chemotherapy and radiation therapy, its overall good safety and tolerability, as well as improving the quality of life. Mediterranean diet is a protective factor against cancer, due to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the ingredients. Fasting is also a potentially effective strategy for inducing the differential stress resistance of cancer and normal cells as an adjunct to standard treatment. Promising benefits of vitamins in the prevention and treatment of cancer can be achieved through the use of new potent analogues, as well as combinations of vitamins in the early stages of cancer.

The review presents a literature analysis on the life style and diet habits of patients with glaucoma. The issue is relevant due to the flow of versatile information in the media, including the Internet, which offers recommendations that lack evidence and may put patients at risk. The review summarizes recent studies on nutrition that take account the factors of glaucoma pathogenesis, physical activity recommendations, the regimens of sleep and rest, possible effects of simultaneous systemic and local use of β-adrenoblockers, and other life style factors essential for patients with glaucoma.

Schizophrenia is a mental illness that manifests itself in the second or third decade of life with no coherent aspect. The primary pharmacological therapy is antipsychotic medication, which mostly work by suppressing the activity of dopamine. Unluckily, many of schizophrenic patients experience hardship from severe positive or negative symptoms that can not be completely treated with available treatment. Last theory of schizophrenia mechanism contain systemic and central proinflammatory process, in brain glutamatergic neurotransmission and impaired systemic and cerebral energy metabolism. Ketogenic diet is firm controlled high-fat, low protein, low-carbohydrate diet, with lipid to non lipid ratio 4:1. Main mechanism is to cause ketosis. The situation in which ketones bodies are used as a substrate to generate energy in the organism. It could be that a ketogenic diet could help to compensate for the imbalance of GABA levels in schizophrenic brain. The ketogenic diet as an addition to drug treatment, hopefully may offer therapeutic opportunities to better result of the disease concerning symptomatology and preventing the gain of weight, due to some medication side effects or comorbidities.

The proposed study is important and relevant in view of the increasing level of obesity in the world. Preventive interventions are important to reduce long-term health care costs and improve overall population health as health care systems struggle with the financial burden of obesity-related diseases. Hypodynamia and obesity act as predictors of the development of atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome. It is worth noting that the level of vitamin D in blood serum affects the development of the risk factors listed above. Research results demonstrate an inverse relationship between the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in blood serum and the development of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance. As part of a prospective randomized controlled trial, 106 women aged 19 to 68 years (mean age 43.66±5.02 years) who had a BMI of 25 kg/m2 or higher were examined. Measures (weight, body mass index, 25(OH)D) were assessed at the start of the study and every four weeks to monitor development and dietary compliance for 6 months. After six months of individual dietary adjustments, body weight and BMI were significantly reduced. Participants reduced their weight on average by 7.13±0.78 kg and 2.53±0.19 kg/m2 (p

Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) defines obesity as "abnormal or excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses a health risk". It results from the interdependencies between genetic, cultural, and socio-economic factors. The choice of therapy in the treatment of overweight and obesity depends on body mass index (BMI), individual predispositions, comorbidities and weight history. Among the treatment methods stand out, dietary modification, lifestyle changes, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery. Each of these treatments can be used individually or as a combination treatment using knowledge of physiology. The aim of the study is to assess the effectiveness of overweight and obesity treatment using pharmacotherapy and lifestyle modification. Material and Methods: The research material was collected by searching databases with scientific articles about obesity, pharmacotherapy in obesity, the impact of lifestyle modifications, behavioral behavior, and physical activity on the reduction of body fat. The scientific database Pubmed and Web of Science were used. Research articles, systematic reviews and meta-analyses were included. Summary Obesity is an epidemic of the 21st century, bringing with it several negative consequences. Prevention of the disease, quick diagnosis, and implementation of appropriate treatment to reduce unnecessary fat and excess weight are extremely important. Lifestyle change including dietary modification, physical activity and pharmacotherapy are promising treatments for overweight and obesity.

Introduction: Endometriosis is considered a chronic disease, which significantly worsens the quality of life of women suffering from it. So far, the pathogenesis has not been clarified, and therefore no causal treatment has been invented. A number of pharmacological substances are available, however, they are mainly classified as symptomatic treatment. Patients are looking for all kinds of therapies, including alternative ones, e.g. modification of diet and physical activity. Aim of the study: A review of current research on the pathogenesis of endometriosis, recommended forms of treatment, as well as the impact of individual nutrients and physical activity on the development and course of endometriosis. Material and method: The review covers publications published in 2018-2023. The search for publications in the Pubmed electronic database was carried out using the following keywords: endometriosis, treatment, diet, anti-inflammatory diet. Description of the state of knowledge: Most of the analyzed studies indicate the complexity of the pathogenesis of endometriosis, and therefore also the treatment. In addition, the literature has shown that substances such as vitamin D, curcumin, quercetin, resveratrol, polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamins C and E, as well as physical activity, can have a positive impact on the development, severity of symptoms, and the quality of life of patients with endometriosis. Summary: The best forms of diagnosis and pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of endometriosis are sought. A number of medicinal substances are available, but they still do not allow patients to be cured. Studies show that modifying the diet and introducing individual nutrients can also have a positive effect on the course and treatment of endometriosis. It is necessary to conduct further studies evaluating the pathogenesis, methods of treatment of endometriosis, as well as the impact of lifestyle modifications on it.

Introduction: The proper diet plays an extremely important role in the development of the skeletal system from an early age This is one of the few modifiable factors that we can influence by choosing the right food. In the case of osteoporosis, nutrition is not only important during the period of growth, but also for the rest of life, which allows to reduce pathological changes in bones and counteract the effects of reduced bone mineral density such as fractures or death. Purpose of the work: The aim of the study was to answer the question of which nutrients have a significant impact on bone tissue metabolism and minimize the risk of osteoporosis and its consequences, as well as what substances contained in food may be used in the future by medicine for preventive purposes. Summary: Without a doubt, the provision of adequate recommended doses of nutrients with food is crucial for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and its consequences, but it should be remembered that the recommended doses are averaged. As studies show, the absorption of the described substances can vary depending on the food contained in the diet, as well as the age of a person, so the recommended doses of patients should be obtained individually, taking into account dietary preferences and laboratory results. In addition, compounds such as isoflavones, while promising in the prevention of this condition, should not be routinely used as a replacement for estrogen hormone therapy, due to the still small amount of research and their ambiguous results. It is worth remembering that often the diet turns out to be an insufficient preventive measure and should be combined with pharmacotherapy. Materials and methods: Literature review in the database PubMed, Google Scholar, Springer Link, MDPI, using the keywords: Osteoporosis, diet, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, Vitamin K, magnesium, isoflavone.

Invertebrates collected in the Republic of Karelia in 2016 from nests of the pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca (Pallas, 1764) are analyzed and 516 specimens of invertebrates are identified. The vast majority of these invertebrates are Hymenoptera (ants of the genus Camponotus) – 46.6% and various beetles (Coleoptera) – 46.37%. An annotated list of 38 species of beetle from 22 families is presented. The beetle fauna of the studied European pied flycatcher nests is mixed and includes both nidicolous species and free-living species that are not directly related to nest microcenoses. The rare beetles species Melandrya dubia (Schaller, 1783) and Otho sphondyloides (Germar, 1818), were found.

The gray partridge (Perdix perdix L.) is a commercial bird species of the Central Ciscaucasia. In the steppe regions, these birds are found in cultivated gardens, vineyards, green belts along agricultural fields, roads, and railways, etc. The research objective was to study and analyze the diet of the gray partridge in different seasons in the Stavropol Region. The study featured the food spectrum consumed by the gray partridge based on the contents of 42 stomachs and 26 crops of birds caught by hunters and hit by vehicles in various Stavropol biotopes in 2008–2021. Gray partridges are phytophages, which means they feed mostly on plants and, to a lesser extent, on animals. Their autumn and winter diet includes green mass and wheat grains, seeds of cultivated and wild plants, and insect larvae. The gray partridge prefers weedy herbaceous plants: Polygonum aviculare, Echinochloa crus-galli, Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, and Setaria viridis. The data obtained can be used to assess food resources of commercial bird species, in gray partridge conservation projects, and winter feeding of birds.

Complaints of diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms are common among endurance runners. These problems may interfere with athletic activities and be the main cause of underperformance during sports events. It is estimated that this difficulty affects 30 to 90 percent of long-distance runners. The most important pathophysiological factors affecting the occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms are ischemia and mechanical damage to the intestines, as well as the secretion of neuroendocrine substances. The diet before physical exercise is also one of the most significant factors related to the appearance of gastrointestinal symptoms. Avoiding the intake of fat, caffeine, protein, fiber, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and dehydration before performance is one of the suggestions for preventing runner’s diarrhea. There are new recommendations for athletes, such as avoidance of fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) and the intake of multiple transportable carbohydrates. It seems that a short-term gluten free diet has no effect on the performance of athletes but further research is needed. Mechanisms of runner’s diarrhea are still poorly understood, so more research needs to be conducted to improve the recommendations to runners.