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Forensic experts’ primary and additional professional education does not include such a subject as logic. At the same time, knowledge of logic is crucial at all stages of the examination process. Filling this gap, the authors of this article reveal the content of the fundamental laws of logic and demonstrate their role in the cognitive activity of knowledgeable persons who implement their specialized (primarily construction and technical) knowledge in court proceedings. This paper deals successively with such laws of logic as the law of identity, the law of contradiction, the law of the excluded middle, the law of sufficient reason, the law of double negation, Clavius’s law, the law of contraposition, and laws of division (the dichotomy of logic) concerning various investigative and forensic situations. The projection of these laws of logic on the intellectual operations performed by experts will allow, from the authors’ point of view, to give the process of forensic examinations greater clarity and consistency, which, ultimately, should ensure an increase in its efficiency and quality of results. Logically verified approaches to work will also reduce time and financial costs.

The health care system is a state institution that implements the constitutional right of citizens to health and medical care. It is part of the legal framework, and in case of unfavorable outcomes or the consequences of the medical process, law enforcement and judicial authorities may be involved. Sudden and rapid onset death is difficult categories to accurately establish and evaluate. Having sufficient clarity in medical terminology, these categories are not clearly represented in the legal system. Consequently, when the question regards responsibility of the doctor for one or another adverse outcome in case of quick, sudden death, there are a number of qualification difficulties. There is an inconsistency between medical and legal terminologies. Complex approach to the problem analysis contributes to the systematization of knowledge and experience in this field. The article provides an example of legal proceedings in such course of events. We emphasize the need for coordination of medical and legal terminologies.

The subject of the article concerns the assessment of the effectiveness of law. The purpose of the article is to identify indicators that reflect the effectiveness of the law.The methodology of the research includes complex analysis of scientific legal literature, synthesis of ideas as well as formal-legal method of interpretation of legal acts.The main results and scope of their application. More than 2500 existing normative legal acts of the Russian Federation contain various requirements for improving the efficiency of legal regulation. The complexity of the study is caused by the lack of a common understanding of the phenomenon. The effectiveness of the law is often understood by many authors as the ability to influence public relations in a certain direction useful for society; or as the ability to influence positively on social relations at the lowest cost; or as fundamental feasibility, predetermined by common knowledge, clarity and consistency of legal norms; the correspondence between the objectives of the legislator and development of social relations. An indicator of the effectiveness of legislation is a criterion for determining the degree of achievement of the goals and objectives of legal regulation. The indicators that are offered by scientists for assessment the effectiveness of law, has logical defects. These indicators are^ frequency of application of laws that are estimated for the effectiveness (I. Samoshchenko, V. I. Nikitinsky, A. B. Vengerov); measure of conflict regulated by this norm of social relations (V. Lapaeva); proportional ratio of the number of facts of lawful behavior to the number of cases of illegal behavior (T. Geiger and E. Hirsch), etc.Conclusions. The following formula can be proposed to determine the effectiveness of the law: effectiveness = LR2–LR1, where: LR1 - initial legal relations, and LR2 – the state of legal relations on the current date. Effectiveness can be measured in this formula in a number of violations and satisfied claims and complaints. There is no direct connection with the goal of legal regulation in this formula but it is possible, to trace the dynamics of the effectiveness of law with this formula by using statistics data.

The article systematizes the impact of the digital economy development on the following aspects related to financial reporting: the operational information used; preparation and processing of input information for compiling reporting forms; interpretation of financial statements; presentation of output information; processing and use of information that financial statements include. The article analyzes the problem of the relationship between the development of the digital economy and ensuring the qualitative characteristics of financial statements, such as relevance, predictive value, confirming value, materiality, fair representation, completeness, neutrality, comparability, verifiability, timeliness, clarity and being error-free. The article proposed the authors’ vision of the development of approaches to the formation and presentation of financial statements under the influence of increasing digitalization of the economy. The article justifies the possibility of presenting financial reports in a modified digital format using the user menu. This menu allows the users to get additional information on the activities of the organization, the regulatory framework used; calculate the indicators using alternative methods, compute the ratios for economic analysis on the basis of these indicators, make a forecast for the organization’s prospects, interact on-line with those who compile reports.

The aim of the study is computer-aided decision-making support system (DSS) based on statistical data processing for the diagnosis of diseases. The modern pace of life leaves little time for a person to be able to see a doctor, sometimes even when a person falls ill. With regard to medical services, the introduction and dissemination of information technologies are becoming more and more relevant and relevant. A visit to the doctor takes a lot of time. To obtain any information, not to mention the actual examination with the need to communicate with the doctor, in some medical institutions it takes a lot of time, nerves and energy. Today, modern man cannot afford to waste time. With the emergence of various ailments in the human user there is a need for rapid diagnosis of the state of health. The problem here is to recognize the disease in time, prescribe the correct treatment and still force the user to see a doctor, a specialist for examination with the help of special medical technologies, continued diagnosis and subsequent treatment. This paper presents a mathematical model using fuzzy logic, which became the basis for the development of an application program designed to conduct a primary diagnosis of a possible disease. The program issues a recommendation for further treatment to a specialist. Baseline data, on the basis of which the development of the model was carried out, are related to eye diseases. Any discomfort causes inconvenience to the person. Eye disease is considered as a defeat of the organic and physical abilities of a person, sharpness and clarity of vision deteriorate. A person loses the ability to visually analyze the surrounding reality. A huge amount of statistics has been accumulated confirming the negative impact of adverse factors on the human visual organs. The studied statistics are related to the field of medicine, namely eye diseases. This area of research was the basis for consideration. The analysis of the collected data showed that their character is quite diverse and almost all of them have only a linguistic description. Therefore, for their processing it was necessary to choose a mathematical apparatus that would allow for their description, structuring and systematization. To do this, you can use a model based on fuzzy logic. Thus, the subject of research is the analysis of statistical data conducted using elements of fuzzy sets, which will allow to develop a mathematical model for determining the class of the disease. And then, with the help of a direct chain of reasoning, establish a presumptive diagnosis, as a recommendation of a decision support system. This approach to developing a decision support system for diagnosing diseases has not yet been applied. The objectives of the study is to study the diagnosis of diseases as an information process, the analysis of statistical data, description, structuring and systematization of data using elements of fuzzy sets and the development of a mathematical model using the inference rules. The result of the study is information on the determination of the belonging of the ailments (symptoms) to the class of diseases.

Одним из важнейших императивов принципа правовой определенности является его предсказуемость, которая обеспечивается посредством соблюдения ряда критериев «качества закона»: ясность, точность, непротиворечивость и т. д. В работе обосновывается, что все эти критерии являются необходимым, но недостаточным условием предсказуемости закона. Автор вводит понятие «интеллигибельность закона», которое обозначает его качество, позволяющее субъекту права соотносить свои действия с требованиями правовых предписаний. В работе анализируются различные характеристики правовых норм и институтов, влияющие на интеллигибельность закона, One of the most important imperatives of the principle of legal certainty is its predictability, which is ensured through the observance of a number of criteria for the "quality of the law": clarity, accuracy, consistency, etc. The work justifies that all these criteria are necessary, but not sufficient, for the predictability of the law. The author introduces the concept of "intelligibility of the law," which denotes its quality, which allows the subject of law to correlate his actions with the requirements of legal regulations. The work analyzes various characteristics of legal norms and institutions that affect the intelligibility of the law., СОВРЕМЕННОЕ ПРАВО, Выпуск 8 2021, Pages 9-19

The article substantiates the relevance of the development of foreign students’ skills in the use of qualitative adjectives in oral speech. The principles of formation of communicative tasks are defined. Attention is drawn to the difficulties encountered by foreign students in the use of adjectives in speech. It is concluded that the reasons for these difficulties are the lack of knowledge of students about the system of Russian adjectives and the lack of actualized links between lexical and grammatical material and pragmatic categories of “situation” and “intention.” The necessity of methodical presentation of a large number of training tasks in dialogue form is proved. Fragments of the author’s development of a set of tasks that are appropriate to use in working with foreign students are presented. It is concluded that the systematic use of materials in the form of dialogues in pedagogical practice will help to overcome the communicative and psychological difficulties of foreign students studying the vocabulary of the Russian language. The practical significance of the research results is that the presented tasks for the formation of an active vocabulary of adjectives will not only systematize the information about adjectives studied by students, but also form such qualities of speech as accuracy, expressiveness, richness, clarity, diversity. Scientific significance is determined by the principles, the work on the basis of which will help foreign students not to lose motivation to study the Russian language, to increase interest in the development of its wealth; to have a desire to master the visual and expressive possibilities of the Russian language, to realize the aesthetic appeal of speech, which is created by using adjectives.

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of monuments of regional importance restoration by the example of the architectural complex of the Pochinkovskiy state stud farm. The information on the stages of the ensemble formation of the stud farm is presented. The authors pay special attention to the analysis of planning and stylistic features of the production and residential parts of the complex, the characteristics of the infrastructure developed on its territory. Examples of structural transformation of individual structures are given, as a result of which their original functional purpose has changed. It is proved that the architectural ensemble of the Pochinkovsky stud farm played a town-forming role in the structure of the same-named settlement. The authors emphasize the high level of development of Russian architectural thought in the XIX century, in which even provincial production complexes turned into monumental monuments, characterized by functional clarity and regularity of forms in combination with artistic expressiveness and non-standard architectural solutions. The novelty of the study is due to the use of an integrated approach to recreating the original appearance of the historical and architectural monument. The article continues the development of scientific ideas about the role of the stud farm in the process of forming planning and stylistic features in the structure of the settlement of Pochinki.

The debate over the Mexican migrants issue has been intensi ed by Donald Trump’s election. His harsh statements have provoked a discussion on the US policy for Mexico, as well as on the migration regulation in the United States. However, the mass migration of the last quarter of XX - beginning of XXI centuries may be also readily associated with the social and demographic processes developed in Mexico throughout the 20th century. The dynamics of migratory activity followed the demographic changes. The internal causes of the Mexican migration analysis will allow more clarity in understanding contemporary migration interaction between the two neighboring countries.

The article analyzes the results of the discussions about “soft power” held at the conferences of the Altai School of Political Studies in 2017-2018. The author characterizes the study of the historical experience of using the policy of "soft power". Special attention is paid to the question of how justified are attempts to apply the theory formulated by Joseph Nay at the end of the 20th century to remote historical epochs. The author comes to the conclusion that this concept did not initially differ in clarity, and subsequent interpretations blurred its meaning even more. This was manifested, in particular, in attempts to find examples in the distant historical epochs of the use and theoretical substantiation of "soft power". At the same time, “soft power” is often reduced to such well-known phenomena as “flexible policy”, “cultural influence” and “propaganda”. But “soft power” is far from identical to them. If we talk about the "narrow" understanding of "soft power", then it is a phenomenon, conceptually formed only by the end of the 20th century. This phenomenon reflects the specificity of this particular stage of human civilization development: the accumulation of enormous stocks of weapons of mass destruction on the planet, globalization and new information technologies, the increased role of non-state actors in international relations, etc. Considering this, it should be said that it is possible to talk about individual manifestations of the policy of “soft power” in the distant historical epochs; however, in the “narrow” sense, the concept of “soft power” can be more appropriately applied to the realities of modern history., Рассматриваются итоги проведенных в 2017-2018 гг. на конференциях Алтайской школы политических исследований дискуссий о «мягкой силе». Характеризуются отдельные исследования по историческому опыту использования политики «мягкой силы». Особое внимание уделяется вопросу о том, насколько оправданы попытки применения к отдаленным историческим эпохам теории, сформулированной Джозефом Наем в конце XX в. Автор приходит к выводу о том, что данная концепция изначально не отличалась четкостью, а последующие интерпретации еще более размыли ее смысл. Это проявилось, в частности, в попытках найти в далеких исторических эпохах примеры использования и теоретического обоснования «мягкой силы». При этом «мягкую силу» нередко сводят к таким давно известным явлениям, как «гибкая политика», «культурное влияние» и «пропаганда». Но «мягкая сила» им далеко не идентична. Если говорить об «узком» понимании «мягкой силы», то она является феноменом, концептуально оформившимся лишь к концу XX в. Этот феномен отражает специфику именно данного этапа развития человеческой цивилизации: накопление на планете огромных запасов оружия массового поражения, глобализация и новые информационные технологии, возросшая роль негосударственных акторов международных отношений и т.д. Учитывая это, можно говорить об отдельных проявлениях политики «мягкой силы» в далеких исторических эпохах, однако в «узком» смысле концепцию «мягкой силы» уместнее применять к реалиям новейшей истории.

В статье рассматриваются возможности идентификационного автороведческого экспертного исследования текстов посредством автоматической обработки на основе комплексного применения вероятностно-статистических методов. Материалом исследования являются произведения Л. Н. Толстого, Н. В. Гоголя, И. С. Тургенева., The article presents the experience of developing a computerized text authorization model and its adaptation to the needs of identification and diagnostic authoring expertise of Russian texts. The purpose of the study is to demonstrate the possibilities of identification authoring expert examination of texts through automatic text processing based on the integrated application of probabilistic-statistical methods. The article describes one more stage of testing an improved version of the CAT program (computerized text authorization) - an experiment to determine the relative frequencies of the ratio of certain linguistic elements (calculation of correlation coefficients) in several samples of compared texts using a set of different-level parameters - B. N. Golovin's coefficients, supplemented by the text clarity indexes existing in scientific prac-tice and applied field ("Flesch-Kincaid Index", "FOG-Index") and a number of other parameters. The research materials consist of primary databases of texts of Russian classics (works by L. N. Tolstoy, N. V. Gogol, I. S. Turgenev., Политическая лингвистика, Issue № 2 (74), Pages 156-166

The aim of the study is to investigate structure of emotional experiences, relevant manifestations of inspiration creative activities of students. Methods. The proposed methods of mathematical statistics (correlation analysis, factor analysis, multidimensional scaling) are applied. Results and scientific novelty. The use of factor analysis, multidimensional scaling allowed to reveal a consistent set of positive experiences of the students, the relevant experience of inspiration in creative activities. «Operational» rueful feelings dedicated by M. Chiksentmihaji («feeling of full involvement, and dilution in what you do», «feeling of concentration, perfect clarity of purpose, complete control and a feeling of total immersion in a job that does not require special efforts») and experiences of the «spiritual» nature, more appropriate to peaks experiences of A. Maslow («feeling of love for all existing, all life»; «a deep sense of self importance, the inner feeling of approval of self»; «feeling of unity with the whole world»; «acute perception of the beauty of the world of nature, “beautiful instant”»; «feeling of lightness, flowing») are included in this complex in accordance with the study results. The interrelation of degree of expressiveness of the given complex of experiences with inspiration experience is considered. Practical significance. The results of the study show structure of emotional experiences, relevant manifestations of inspiration. Research materials can be useful both to psychologists, and experts in the field of pedagogy of creative activity.

The publication continues the discussion, started by Yu.V. Larina in ≪Education in Search of the Congruity Principle≫ concerning the modern methodology of pedagogical science; and identifies the criteria of the given principle along with the limitations of the post-non-classical approaches to the humanities. Methods: The methodology involves the analysis of existing view points, formalization of characteristics of post-non-classical science, and reflection of pedagogical principle of cultural conformity. Results: The research outcomes demonstrate that the gradual undermining of the fundamental science results in erosion of methodological background. In case of interdisciplinary subjects, a researcher is forced to integrate different methods and techniques, which provokes further disruption of the methodology. Scientific novelty : The author classifies and extrapolates to the humanities sphere the main characteristics of post-non-classical science; and makes a conclusion about the gradual decline of researchers’ training quality due to the lack of methodological clarity, and aggressive forms of science vulgarization leading to spontaneous development of clipping methodology. The practical significance: Implementation of the research findings can activate both theoretical and methodological aspects of teacher’s training and selfeducation.

The article examines the construction of the natural gas pipeline Soyuz with special regard to the international cooperation within the context of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. It pays special attention to the difficulties, which emerged during planning and construction of the pipeline and is based on international secondary literature as well as archive material from Berlin, Warsaw and Moscow. The article concludes that due to a lack of clarity concerning financing and repayment modes, the involved countries did not try to realize comparable large-scale infrastructure projects in the 1980s. Instead, the Soviet Union turned to financially stronger countries in the West., В статье рассматривается проект строительства газопровода «Союз» как результат международного сотрудничества стран в рамках Совета Экономической Взаимопомощи (СЭВ). Особое внимание уделяется анализу сложностей, которые возникли в ходе планирования и строительства газопровода. Для исследования были привлечены вторичные источники информации из разных стран и архивные материалы из Берлина, Варшавы и Москвы. Автор приходит к выводу, что неясность в вопросах, касающихся способов финансирования и оплаты, привела к тому, что в 1980-е гг. страны – участницы СЭВ воздержались от реализации проектов, сопоставимых по масштабу со строительством газопровода. Вместо этого Советский Союз обратился к западным странам с более прочным финансовым положением.

IntroductionAdolescence is a distinct period of psychological development. On the one hand, it is a sensitive period of intellectual development as this is the time when conceptual thinking develops -"formal operational thought" (Piaget, 1969) or "thinking in concepts" (Vygotsky, 1934/1982); such thinking leads to a qualitative leap in the development of the intellectual resources of a child. On the other hand, there is a marked slowdown in intellectual development at this time (as compared with its dynamics in previous stages of ontogenesis) because of the onset of puberty.In research on childhood dysontogenesis a "normative approach" was dominant for many years. In this approach specific signs of psychological activity were seen as "standard," and the corresponding group of children was labeled as the "norm"; adolescents with development deviant to this norm and delayed intellectual development were described as having "deficits." Modern scholars rightly suggest that in the case of dysontogenesis one should speak not of developmental deficits but of developmental differences (Akhtar & Jaswal, 2013; Kapp, Gillespie-Lynch, Sherman, & Hutman, 2013; Norbury & Sparks, 2013).Among the most common forms of dysontogenesis are cerebral palsy (CP), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and delayed intellectual development (DID). Many studies describe detailed features of the intelligence of children and adolescents with these types of deviant developments (Barkley, 1997; Peneda, Ardila, & Rosselli, 1999; Shipitsyna & Mamaychuk, 2001; Sonuga-Barke, Houlberg, & Hall, 1994; Swanson, Castellanos, Murias, LaHoste, & Kennedy, 1998). The interest of our study is that the state of intelligence of adolescent children with deviant developments differs greatly. In particular, adolescents with CP are a very diverse group in the development of intelligence -- they range from having quite good intelligence to having various forms of delayed intellectual development, including manifestations of intellectual disability. The range of symptoms of intellectual disorders in adolescents with ADHD also varies widely, up to signs of intellectual giftedness ("twice exceptional"). There are even broader boundaries of the DID syndrome: this form of dysontogenesis covers children with minimal brain dysfunction, children with learning disabilities (educationally disabled), slow learners, and children who have suffered social and cultural deprivation as a result of poor living conditions. The existence of such an amazing variety of levels of intelligence under the conditions of deviant development is apparently not accidental: it is evidence of the existence of complex compensatory mechanisms.However, there is still no clarity as to which intellectual qualities (abilities) can be regarded as a resource basis for the intellectual development of the atypical child. From our perspective, conceptual and metacognitive abilities can act as resource factors in the development of intelligence in normal adolescence and in the adolescence of children with dysontogenesis.Conceptual abilities are intellectual qualities responsible for the formation and evolution of semantic connections, the use of categories with different grades of generalization, the detection and discovery of implicit connections, and the generation of new ideas. In different studies, conceptual abilities are presented as "the ability to do abstract thinking" (Sattler, 1988), "conceptual intelligence" (Li, 1996), "generative thinking" (Ward & Sifonis, 1997), "thinking in concepts" (Vygotsky,Resource function of conceptual and metacognitive abilities in adolescents...1934/1982), and "semantic, categorial, and generative abilities" (Kholodnaya, 2012).Metacognitive abilities are intellectual qualities responsible for the involuntary and voluntary regulation of intellectual activity. Their main function is to control information processing. …

The contention of this paper is that, at the moment, the concept of CSR lacks a theory to give it clarity and direction in the corporate context, this makes it difficult for managers to know what to do, how far to go, and how to evaluate and account for the results they are achieving in their endeavours to implement CSR policies. To come to grips with the CSR movement we need briefly to consider why the demand for CSR has arisen, how it manifests itself in business practice, and whether it can be understood in theoretical terms so that it could become institutionalised in an accountable way. A candidate theory of CSR is offered: the communitarian theory of corporate purpose is to, within and upholding the rules of ethical business, produce the maximum sustainable value for stakeholders. The measure of this is profits for shareholders and deposits of social and natural capital for other stakeholders.