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This article is the beginning of a reexpresson, and partial revision, of my book Black Light. The questions that I discuss in this article are listed in the below list of sections. In Sections 7, 8, 27, and 28, I discuss my discovery of black light. The theoretical discovery of black light (that is, the thought experimental discovery of black light): The black spatial field in, for example, a “dark” room is actually, I argue, black light; and it is emitted from everything in the spatial field of the room (that is, the relatively empty space, and all objects). If, hypothetically, the black light in the above room was removed, we, when we would look into the spatial field of the room, would be blind, despite that we have the capacity to see. The observational discovery of black light: There is no such thing as a “colorless” visual field for observers: A “colorless” visual field would be a visual field of blindness for observers, despite that they have vision, and that their eyes would be open. The black visual field is not, as is commonly stated, “the absence of photons,” “the absence of visible light,” and the, as such, absence of color: If it were, then it would be “colorless” (that is, not black), and, as such, a visual field of blindness for observers. The experimental confirmation of black light via neurophysics: In Section 28, I demonstrate that particular EEG experimentation that was done on test-subjects in various conditions provides evidence or proof that the black of the black visual field that strikes our retinas is black light.

In the work [7], the classical concepts of thermodynamic entropy are systematized and modern approaches to assessing the tribo-fatigue and mechanothermodynamic entropy of non-additive systems are outlined. In this article, the concept of the analogy of thermodynamics and mechanics of black holes is presented and analyzed, which made it possible to estimate their (thermodynamic) entropy. The insufficiency of this concept is that thermodynamic entropy is a characteristic of energy dissipation, whereas black holes are characterized by the absorption of energy and matter. In this regard, it is proposed to consider the event horizon as a hermodynamic medium, and a black hole as a tribo-fatigue object. And then the “black hole — event horizon” system is presented as a combined mechanothermodynamic non-additive multisystem. Methods for estimating the total (mechanothermodynamic) entropy and its components — tribo-fatigue and thermodynamic entropy in black hole mechanics are presented. With regard to individual (specific) zones and objects of the universe, the well-known theory of Zeldovich is accordingly modified: the universe is a thermodynamic medium with discretely distributed (scattered) dense and/or solid bodies (objects) — stars, galaxies, etc. Behavior of such a system (direct and back effects in the universe) are described. The peculiarity of the action of the medium on the stars and, conversely, the action of the cluster of stars on the interaction between them consists in the fact that it is non-Newtonian: action is not equal to reaction. It is the inequality of action against counteraction, which has radically different mechanisms and consequences (results), or, in other words, the imbalance of the universe that determine its general motion in space–time. The changing set of all states is the evolution of the universe. The analysis of possible strategies for the evolution of mechanothermodynamic systems is carried out on the basis of the fundamental principle: the damageability of everything that exists has no conceivable boundaries. This principle is formulated in mechanothermodynamics and used in philosophy to create a generalized theory of the evolution of the material world.

The efficiency of limiting quantities as a tool for describing physics at various spatio-temporal scales is shown. Due to its universality, limit values allow us to establish relationships between, at first glance, distant from each other's characteristics. The article discusses specific examples of the use of limit values to establish such relationships between quantities at different scales. Based on the principle of reaching the limiting values on the event horizons, a connection was obtained between the Planck values and the values of the Universe. The resulting relation can be attributed to relations of the Dirac type - the coincidence of large numbers that emerged from empirical observations. In the article, the relationships between large numbers of the Dirac type are established proceeding, in a certain sense, from physical principles - the existence of limiting values. It is shown that this ratio is observed throughout the evolution of the Universe. An alternative way of solving the problem of the cosmological constant using limiting values and its relation to the minimum spatial scale is discussed. In addition, a one-parameter family of masses was introduced, including the mass of the Universe, the Planck mass and the mass of the graviton, which also establish relationships between quantities differing by 120 orders of magnitude. It is shown that entropic forces also obey the same universal limiting constraints as ordinary forces. Thus, the existence of limiting values extends to informational limitations in the Universe. It is fundamentally important that on any event horizon, regardless of its scale (i.e., its gravitational radius), the universal value of limit force c4/4G is realized. This allows you to relate the characteristics of the Universe related to various stages of its evolution.

Purpose: Studying the accretion disc structure in the Q2237+0305 gravitationally lensed quasar in optical wavelengths; estimation of parameters of the matter accretion regime onto a central black hole. Design/methodology/approach: Measuring the time delays between the quasar brightness variations in two spectral ranges allows to obtain direct estimates of distances between the quasar’s zones, which radiate in the selected wavelengths (the reverberation mapping method). Findings: New estimates of the time delays between the Q2237+0305 light curves in the R and V spectral bands have been obtained from the observations of 2004, as well as more accurate estimates for the light curves of the 2005 season reported earlier. The time delay value averaged over the two years is ΔtR-V ≈ 6.7 ± 2.4 days in the observer’s coordinate system, or Δt̃R-V ≈ 2.49 ± 0.9 days in the rest frame. With this delay, a distance between the accretion disk annular zones responsible for the radiation in V and R is RR-RV = Δt̃R-V · c ≈ 6.46·1015 sm. This indicates an accretion disk size far exceeding that one predicted by the standard thin accretion disc model by Shakura and Sunyaev. In this work, a suggestion is checked that thus large disk size can be a consequence of a super-critical (super-Eddington) accretion regime considered in the classical work by Shakura and Sunyaev, where the supercritical accretion regime has been shown to results in formation of an extended optically thick scattering envelope on the disk periphery. Conclusions: Analytical expressions for the radius and temperature of such an envelope derived by Shakura and Sunyaev have been used in this work to calculate the RR and RV envelope dimensions in the R and V spectral bands expected from the super-critical accretion regime scenario in the Q2237+0305 quasar. The calculations have been made for three values of the black hole mass covering the whole range of the existing estimates for Q2237+0305, from MВH = 2·108 Mʘ to MВH = 20·108 Mʘ. The accretion rate was assumed to be ṁ = 17. The calculated envelope radii in spectral bands R and V are well consistent with the inter-band time delay value of 2.49 days obtained in the present work from the data of observations. Thus, it can be argued that the black hole in the Q2237+0305 quasar is accreting the matter in a moderately super-critical regime, which results in creating an extended optically thick scattering envelope, and this is just in this envelope that the reverberation responses examined in this work arise. Parameter α for the black hole- (efficiency of the angular momentum transport) is varying within 0.005 0.006 minimal mass, and from 0.029 to 0.033 for the maximal one, while parameter A (ratio of the energy losses in Compton scattering to those in free-free transitions) is within 50 to 100.

Purpose: Studying the spatial structure of the quasar in the Q2237+0305 gravitational lens system in optical spectral range; estimating the central black hole mass. Design/methodology/approach: The method of reverberation mapping has been used that implies measuring of the time delays between the quasar intrinsic brightness variations in different spectral ranges. We used the macroimage light curves of the Q2237+0305 system in spectral bands V (λeff = 547.7 nm) and R (λeff = 634.9 nm) of Johnson–Cousins photometric system. The reverberation mapping method allows to obtain direct estimates of distances between the quasar regions responsible for radiation in the selected spectral bands. Findings: The time delay between the V and R light curves is estimated to be 5.58±1.69 days, which is more than an order of magnitude larger than that predicted by a standard thin accretion disk model by Shakura–Sunyaev. As an explanation, a suggestion is made that the standard accretion disk model is not entirely adequate when describing an actual quasar structure. Conclusions: Such a large time delay means that reverberation responses arise in extended structures located outside the accretion disk. A suggestion that some extended structure capable to efficiently radiate in optical band may exist around the accretion disks has been reported in a number of works dedicated to the microlensing studies and analysis of flux ratio anomalies in gravitationally lensed quasars. Abolmasov and Shakura have shown analytically that a super-Eddington accretion regime may take place for some quasars, which leads to formation of an envelope. The envelope scatters radiation from the disk, thus making the apparent disk size larger. The further development in studying the spatial structure of the Q2237+0305 quasar with the use of reverberation mapping implies involving the data in spectral band I. This will provide two additional spectral bases thus allowing investigation of a wavelength dependence of the corresponding structure dimensions.

Cosmology studies the Universe as a whole, while only the interior of a sphere with radius of about 13.7 billion light years is available for our observation. Therefore, cosmology is overloaded by too strong (fantastic) hypotheses, which, however, are often considered by cosmologists as statements "strictly proven by science”. The purpose of the article is to simplify the cosmological picture of the world following the principle of economy of thought in order to discard fantastic assumptions. To do this, we employ only one hypothesis that can not be called fantastic: the Universe is fractal. From this follows a chain of consequences: (1) the Universe is infinite; (2) its mass density is equal to zero; (3) only our Metagalaxy, having survived the Big Bang, is expanding, not the Universe; (4) our Metagalaxy is a black hole; (5) the process of Metagalaxy’s unfolding started some time ago; (6) the acceleration of cosmic expansion can be explained without the conception of dark energy with its quite fantastic properties; (7) if the Earth is not the center of our Metagalaxy, it is possible to observe spherical asymmetry of acceleration of the cosmic expansion.

New limitation is introduced -- no body can be accelerated to the mass exceeding the mass of a black hole, in addition to the light velocity limitation. Based on this limitation, new formulae for the theory of relativity and extension of classical equations for mass, length, time can be obtained. Charge relativity has been shown. Formulae for charge and gravitation have been extended. The paper considers the extension of the theory of relativity based on the ether theory development, where crypton (strong wave) functions as a discrete element of super-fluid ether, elementary particles are represented as flat whirlpools, gravitation - as varying density of crypton (strong wave) created by flat whirlpools. The charge is presented as a sinusoid tail stretched by a whirlpool, not coiled and created by a dipole offset of the crypton (ether). The energy of particles is presented in the form of transformation of progressive wave energy into rotational whirlpool energy. It is shown that the gravitation of the black hole has flat form. It is shown that spherical form of stellar explosion with further formation of a black hole transforms into conical one. The equation of gravitation can be written as follows: Fgravitation (ρether density)=[GMm]x[1/(ρether density)²]xP(α, β) INSET: 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]