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Time perspective is of key significance in overcoming an identity crisis in adolescence. Re- search using the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) was conducted on a group of 311 adolescents (aged 13–18) in several youth educational centres in south-eastern Poland. The research was designed to identify the significance of time perspective when it comes to levels of depression, stress and loneliness experienced in conditions of institutional rehabil- itation and education. Linear regression analysis demonstrated the following: a positive past focus reduces the intensity of anxiety and depression; a positive past and future focus results in reduced depression, loneliness and stress; the experience of stress combined with depression enhances the significance of time perspective for the feeling of loneliness; and a low level of family loneliness reduces depression.

Prosody, Semantics and Style. On the Hierarchy of Levels of Equivalence in the Translation of Cabaret Songs (Case Study: Polish Versions of Fred Ebb's Money…) The article is a case study and contains a comparative analysis of four variants of the Polish translation of Fred Ebb and John Kander’s song Money… from the musical “Cabaret”. The author of the translation is Wojciech Młynarski, one of the most respected Polish songwriters of the second half of the twentieth century. In the study, an assumption is made that Młynarski, who repeatedly changed versions of his translation, sought to create the most faithful rendition of the songs from the musical for the needs of the Polish stage. His efforts can be observed at four levels of text organization. The translator aimed mainly for sound equivalence, i.e. conformity with the original song in terms of rhythm (word stress), rhyme (consonance) and voice instrumentation and, to a lesser extent, sound imitation. He also cared about pragmatic equivalence by rendering into Polish the original intentions, with particular emphasis on the modes of indirect communication, such as irony and satire. However, other aspects of equivalence remained in the background. Not everywhere the translator managed to keep the cognitive equivalence, i.e. convergence of imagery, by translating scenes and scenarios that were part of cultural knowledge into parallel ones and, more broadly, by trying to evoke similar images in the mind of the reader and listener. His efforts to achieve the effect of broadly understood stylistic equivalence were also noteworthy; only to a small extent they consisted in giving the right stylistic coloring to the individual lexical items which had their English equivalents, and they mainly boiled down to translating stylistic games that did not necessarily cover the same fragments of the song, though were usually based on the same mechanism (a clash between low and high style, absurdity). The analysis shows that the translator adopted tabular rather than linear approach to the original.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease and belongs to the group of systemic connective tissue diseases having an autoimmune basis. The most commonly reported symptoms by patients are pain, swelling and difficulty moving the affected joints. The course of rheumatoid arthritis is different in the elderly, the onset of the disease in the elderly is more severe than in the young, and large proximal joints are primarily involved. Make a diagnosis as soon as possible and start treatment, the greater the chance of delaying disease progression and even remission, which will minimize disability. In the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in the elderly, who often have co-morbidities and often mobility difficulties, the role of physiotherapist and nursing care is extremely important next to medical treatment. The use of kinesitherapy allows you to increase the range of motion of the joints and maintain them in good functional condition. Physiotherapy, on the other hand, has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. This effect is enhanced by properly selected pharmacological treatment, carried out with the help of disease-modifying drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticosteroids and biological drugs.

Introduction: Stress incontinence is a problem increasingly affecting older people. This discomfort has an impact on women as a greater extent. Stress urinary incontinence is described as involuntary leakage of urine during even minor efforts: sneezing, coughing, rapid gait. At the beginning inconspicuous loss of a few drops of urine is often not alarming for women. The problem is significant because women often go to a specialist very late and the reason for this is shame. Many people think that this is an accident of old age and it can’t be stopped. Nothing could be more wrong, it can be dealt with. Material and methods: Articles in the EBSCO database have been analysed using keywords: stress incontinence, problems of old age, physiotherapy in urology, older women. Results: The incidence of stress incontinence in women increases with age. The main reason is muscular weakness, which is caused, among other things by pregnancies and labours. Another reason may be hormonal disorders and genetic predisposition. Statistics show that obese women are more likely to suffer from SUI. The progress of medicine and pharmacology is also increasingly effective in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. First, after finding the problem, conservative treatment is introduced. Treatment is adapted to each patient individually. Age, existing diseases, weight are important factors in the process of treatment. In pharmacology Duloxetine is used. The use of this drug does not completely eliminate the symptoms of stress urinary incontinence. Due to the possibility of side effects i.e. nausea, the drug is used very carefully. In recent years, physiotherapy has been highly valued in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. The most important is kinesitherapy here. Strengthening the pelvic floor muscles brings the most beneficial effects. Active exercises are supported by: electrostimulation, magnetotherapy and vibro-therapy. The final form of SUI treatment is surgical treatment. However, this do not always bring the expected results. In order to increase the effectiveness of therapy for patients with SUI, the interdisciplinary cooperation of the medical team should be used. Treatment of stress urinary incontinence primarily leads to improved quality of life for patients. Conclusions: Urinary incontinence is a social disease. Women struggle with this problem twice as often than men. Stress incontinence accounts for 63% of all forms of urinary incontinence in women in Poland. The incidence of incontinence increases with age. Problems with stress urinary incontinence become a reason for isolation from society. The patients are not aware of the treatment possibilities, which often results in late inclusion of treatment and rehabilitation. There is a wide range of SUI treatment options. Therefore it is necessary to personalise rehabilitation process to best fit to each patient. Keywords: stress incontinence, problems of old age, physiotherapy in urology, older women.

Background: Urinary tract infection is a bacterial infection of the urinary tract or kidneys. The most common affliction affects the elderly. Depending on the age, gender, and comorbidities, there are many factors that cause UTI. Urinary tract infection is a state when pathogens are found in the urinary tract. Diagnostics and treatment of UTI, despite highly developed medicine, are a problem for clinicians, because the beginning of infections are asymptomatic. In the later stages of the infection, symptoms may vary depending on the sex and age of the patient. The most common bacterium that causes UTI is Escherichia coli. However, a large number of men over 60 years of age are caused by Proteus spp. Material and Methods: In this article the most up-to-date literature from the EBSCO and Google Scholar websites has been analyzed. Keyword used: Urinary tract infections, Proteus spp, elderly people. Results: Bacteria of the genus Proteus spp are gram-negative uropathogens belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. They may cause different types of infections within the human body, however the most common of which is urinary tract infection (UTI). Older people are particularly exposed to urinary tract infections due to involutionary changes that begin to dominate in the human body after the age of 60, as well as many diseases and their complications that occur in this age group. In older men more often than women, the pathogen responsible for this disease is Proteus spp. (Male gender slightly over 20% of cases, female gender - about 6%). Conclusions: A relationship between urinary tract infection and the occurrence of other diseases such as diabetes, urolithiasis or obesity can be observed. The risk of infection increases also in hospitalized patients who undergo long-term instrumentation of the urinary tract. During the treatment of urinary tract infections the most important role is pharmacological treatment, i.e. antibiotics. A secondary, though stil very important role fulfills a physiotherapy. Thanks to relaxation and breathing excercises, and pelvic floor muscle training physiotherapists can significantly improve the quality of life of geriatric patients with UTI.

Background: In the live of disabled people sport is very important not only in terms of health, but often becomes a passion that gives the life meaning. For many disabled athletes this passion becomes their profession. Medico-sport classification divides athletes into groups and classes based on the type of the physical and mental dysfunction in order to equalize the odds in a sports competition. Material and methods: Analysis of available literature, articles in the Google Scholar and PubMed database using keywords: disabled, sport, classification, dysfunction. Results: Medical-sport classification distinguishes groups of disability of: sight, hearing, limb dismemberment, paraplegia, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, cerebral palsy and intellectual disability. In the professional sport the athletes classification is done by medical doctors in cooperation with physiotherapists under the supervision of the Central Classification Committee of the “Start” organization, which verifies and approves the athletes membership to a certain group or class. During the athletes World Championships decision about the classification is done by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreations Association (CP – ISRA) and International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation (IWAS). The group/class examination is carried out during the most important sports events like Paralympic Games, World Championships and European Athletics Championships, and remains valid for the next four years. Conclusions: The aim of this classification is to make the athlete’s achievement in a sport competition be a result of the athlete’s physical and psychological training rather than the level of his or hers disability. The subject of grouping and classification of the disabled athletes still remains an open topic for discussion.

Background: Chronic fatigue syndrome is an increasingly frequent disorder characterized by prolonged fatigue and few specific symptoms. He favors prolonged stress and life in a constant hurry. The main symptoms of chronic fatigue include: headache, throat, myalgia, joint pain, short-term memory impairment, sleep disorders, malaise occurring after physical exertion and lasting over 24 hours, and painful lymph nodes. The possibility of chronic fatigue syndrome should be considered in patients with the above symptoms, if they persist for more than 6 months. In this review, we wanted to focus on the possibilities to minimize the symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome through nutritional and dietary intervention. Materials and methods: Analysis of articles in the EBSCO and Google Scholar database using keywords: Chronic Fatique Syndrome, nutritional, dietary interventions, treatment. Results: Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome suffer from chronic fatigue and not specific symptoms, which makes diagnosis difficult. The analysis of articles shows that dietary and nutritional interventions tailored to the patient reduce the feeling of fatigue, which is the main problem among patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Positive effects in the form of alleviation of symptoms have been observed while using, inter alia: polyphenols, L-carnitine, probiotics, CoQ10 and NADH and GAA. Conclusions: Dietary and nutritional intervention has a positive effect on intestinal microflora, intestinal mucosa, oxidative stress and proper functioning of mitochondria, thanks to which it reduces symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome. Individual and appropriate supplementation depending on the etiology of the syndrome can lead to relief of symptoms.

Background: The problem of urinary incontinence is facing an increasing population of people. The problem of incontinence is troublesome for both women and men. Incontinence decreases the quality of sexual life. Men struggling with incontinence often have problems with erection and ejaculation. Materials and methods: Analysis of articles in the EBSCO and Google Scholar database using keywords: sexuality, incontinence, men, Results: Urinary incontinence affects both women and men. There are no specific criteria with which this ailment can be diagnosed. Therefore it is impossible to determine how frequent urinary incontinence actually is. It is estimated that it can affect 4-8% of the population around the World. The problem becomes more and more severe, as the number of affected patients grows each year. The urinary incontinence among men leads to sexual dysfunction, which causes various issues in private, professional and social life of such patients. Sexual dysfunction in male patients can lead to lower quality of life, what has a negative influence on their closest family and friends. Urinary incontinence in male patients can be treated pharmacologically or surgically. Only in case the non-invasive treatment fails, more radical methods are perused. Conclusions: Urinary incontinence more often affects women than men. It is a very embarrassing ailment, nevertheless patients under a proper treatment regain not only psychological but also sexual satisfaction. Urinary incontinence should not be a taboo topic, also among men patients. More research is needed to improve treatment program and support of such patients.

Background: Urinary incontinence is one of the most common problems among older people. The number of men struggling with incontinence is also gradually increasing. The lifestyle of the urinary incontinence, including low physical activity, poor eating habits, and nicotinic have a big influence on the occurrence of urinary incontinence. Urinary incontinence is associated with poor quality of life, social isolation and depression. Material and methods: Analysis of articles in the Google Scholar and PubMed database using keywords: urinary incontinence, risk factors of urinary incontinence, symptoms of urinary incontinence, men, treatment. Results: The incidence of urinary incontinence increases more than five times in men over 65 years of age. The problem may be exacerbated by respiratory, circulatory, muscular and neurological diseases. Men are often ashamed of problems with incontinence and rarely report to the doctor, which causes the problem to get worse and often requires the use of invasive methods of treatment. Conclusions: The incidence of urinary incontinence among men increases with age. Currently, methods that effectively cure urinary incontinence among men are poorly understood, therefore it is necessary to conduct further research among people with this problem. Broader education of the elderly will allow to some extent eliminate risk factors and reduce the number of people struggling with the problem of urinary incontinence.

Introduction First aid plays a key role in saving human life. It not only prevents the deterioration of the victim's health, but also determines survival. Every year, thousands of people die of various injuries, car accidents and other critical situations. This figure could be significantly lower if the accident witnesses provided first aid to the victims. Material and method Diagnostic survey was selected as the research method, and the research tool was an authorial questionnaire, examining the level of students' knowledge about first aid. It was based on the guidelines of the European Resuscitation Council 2015. The questionnaire consisted of 20 closed single-choice questions and only one of the 4 answers was correct. The obtained results were statistically analyzed using STATISTICA 12 software (StatSoft Polska). For the correlation study the χ2 test was used, and the significance level was taken as p

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease and belongs to the group of systemic connective tissue diseases having an autoimmune basis. The most commonly reported symptoms by patients are pain, swelling and difficulty moving the affected joints. The course of rheumatoid arthritis is different in the elderly, the onset of the disease in the elderly is more severe than in the young, and large proximal joints are primarily involved. Make a diagnosis as soon as possible and start treatment, the greater the chance of delaying disease progression and even remission, which will minimize disability. In the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in the elderly, who often have co-morbidities and often mobility difficulties, the role of physiotherapist and nursing care is extremely important next to medical treatment. The use of kinesitherapy allows you to increase the range of motion of the joints and maintain them in good functional condition. Physiotherapy, on the other hand, has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. This effect is enhanced by properly selected pharmacological treatment, carried out with the help of disease-modifying drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticosteroids and biological drugs.

Introduction: Stress incontinence is a problem increasingly affecting older people. This discomfort has an impact on women as a greater extent. Stress urinary incontinence is described as involuntary leakage of urine during even minor efforts: sneezing, coughing, rapid gait. At the beginning inconspicuous loss of a few drops of urine is often not alarming for women. The problem is significant because women often go to a specialist very late and the reason for this is shame. Many people think that this is an accident of old age and it can’t be stopped. Nothing could be more wrong, it can be dealt with. Material and methods: Articles in the EBSCO database have been analysed using keywords: stress incontinence, problems of old age, physiotherapy in urology, older women. Results: The incidence of stress incontinence in women increases with age. The main reason is muscular weakness, which is caused, among other things by pregnancies and labours. Another reason may be hormonal disorders and genetic predisposition. Statistics show that obese women are more likely to suffer from SUI. The progress of medicine and pharmacology is also increasingly effective in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. First, after finding the problem, conservative treatment is introduced. Treatment is adapted to each patient individually. Age, existing diseases, weight are important factors in the process of treatment. In pharmacology Duloxetine is used. The use of this drug does not completely eliminate the symptoms of stress urinary incontinence. Due to the possibility of side effects i.e. nausea, the drug is used very carefully. In recent years, physiotherapy has been highly valued in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. The most important is kinesitherapy here. Strengthening the pelvic floor muscles brings the most beneficial effects. Active exercises are supported by: electrostimulation, magnetotherapy and vibro-therapy. The final form of SUI treatment is surgical treatment. However, this do not always bring the expected results. In order to increase the effectiveness of therapy for patients with SUI, the interdisciplinary cooperation of the medical team should be used. Treatment of stress urinary incontinence primarily leads to improved quality of life for patients. Conclusions: Urinary incontinence is a social disease. Women struggle with this problem twice as often than men. Stress incontinence accounts for 63% of all forms of urinary incontinence in women in Poland. The incidence of incontinence increases with age. Problems with stress urinary incontinence become a reason for isolation from society. The patients are not aware of the treatment possibilities, which often results in late inclusion of treatment and rehabilitation. There is a wide range of SUI treatment options. Therefore it is necessary to personalise rehabilitation process to best fit to each patient. Keywords: stress incontinence, problems of old age, physiotherapy in urology, older women.

Background: Urinary tract infection is a bacterial infection of the urinary tract or kidneys. The most common affliction affects the elderly. Depending on the age, gender, and comorbidities, there are many factors that cause UTI. Urinary tract infection is a state when pathogens are found in the urinary tract. Diagnostics and treatment of UTI, despite highly developed medicine, are a problem for clinicians, because the beginning of infections are asymptomatic. In the later stages of the infection, symptoms may vary depending on the sex and age of the patient. The most common bacterium that causes UTI is Escherichia coli. However, a large number of men over 60 years of age are caused by Proteus spp. Material and Methods: In this article the most up-to-date literature from the EBSCO and Google Scholar websites has been analyzed. Keyword used: Urinary tract infections, Proteus spp, elderly people. Results: Bacteria of the genus Proteus spp are gram-negative uropathogens belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. They may cause different types of infections within the human body, however the most common of which is urinary tract infection (UTI). Older people are particularly exposed to urinary tract infections due to involutionary changes that begin to dominate in the human body after the age of 60, as well as many diseases and their complications that occur in this age group. In older men more often than women, the pathogen responsible for this disease is Proteus spp. (Male gender slightly over 20% of cases, female gender - about 6%). Conclusions: A relationship between urinary tract infection and the occurrence of other diseases such as diabetes, urolithiasis or obesity can be observed. The risk of infection increases also in hospitalized patients who undergo long-term instrumentation of the urinary tract. During the treatment of urinary tract infections the most important role is pharmacological treatment, i.e. antibiotics. A secondary, though stil very important role fulfills a physiotherapy. Thanks to relaxation and breathing excercises, and pelvic floor muscle training physiotherapists can significantly improve the quality of life of geriatric patients with UTI.

The Future will be different. Visions and practices of social modernization after 1918 is the title of a new exhibition in the Zachęta. Once again, the National Film Archive - Audiovisual Institute (FINA), together with the Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe (NAC) are a co-organizers of the exhibition. The Second Republic of Poland is a compelling topic for analysis – both ideologically and politically. Over a short period of time, all modern ideas were focusing and intensifying to an unprecedented extent with a combination of political events, new trends, and the urge for social transformation. WWI and later crisis, became a game changer, accelerating emancipation of previously undervalued and excluded social groups - women, children, workers, or ethnic minorities.'The Future Will Be Different', was a comprehensive exhibition dedicated to the period between the two world wars in Poland. Presented through the prism of modernist design and architecture, film, avant-garde theatre, and photography. The exhibition have shown the most important social and cultural ideas of the era — universal and still relevant today. More than perhaps we would like them to be.

Background: In the live of disabled people sport is very important not only in terms of health, but often becomes a passion that gives the life meaning. For many disabled athletes this passion becomes their profession. Medico-sport classification divides athletes into groups and classes based on the type of the physical and mental dysfunction in order to equalize the odds in a sports competition. Material and methods: Analysis of available literature, articles in the Google Scholar and PubMed database using keywords: disabled, sport, classification, dysfunction. Results: Medical-sport classification distinguishes groups of disability of: sight, hearing, limb dismemberment, paraplegia, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, cerebral palsy and intellectual disability. In the professional sport the athletes classification is done by medical doctors in cooperation with physiotherapists under the supervision of the Central Classification Committee of the “Start” organization, which verifies and approves the athletes membership to a certain group or class. During the athletes World Championships decision about the classification is done by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreations Association (CP – ISRA) and International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation (IWAS). The group/class examination is carried out during the most important sports events like Paralympic Games, World Championships and European Athletics Championships, and remains valid for the next four years. Conclusions: The aim of this classification is to make the athlete’s achievement in a sport competition be a result of the athlete’s physical and psychological training rather than the level of his or hers disability. The subject of grouping and classification of the disabled athletes still remains an open topic for discussion.

Background: The problem of urinary incontinence is facing an increasing population of people. The problem of incontinence is troublesome for both women and men. Incontinence decreases the quality of sexual life. Men struggling with incontinence often have problems with erection and ejaculation. Materials and methods: Analysis of articles in the EBSCO and Google Scholar database using keywords: sexuality, incontinence, men, Results: Urinary incontinence affects both women and men. There are no specific criteria with which this ailment can be diagnosed. Therefore it is impossible to determine how frequent urinary incontinence actually is. It is estimated that it can affect 4-8% of the population around the World. The problem becomes more and more severe, as the number of affected patients grows each year. The urinary incontinence among men leads to sexual dysfunction, which causes various issues in private, professional and social life of such patients. Sexual dysfunction in male patients can lead to lower quality of life, what has a negative influence on their closest family and friends. Urinary incontinence in male patients can be treated pharmacologically or surgically. Only in case the non-invasive treatment fails, more radical methods are perused. Conclusions: Urinary incontinence more often affects women than men. It is a very embarrassing ailment, nevertheless patients under a proper treatment regain not only psychological but also sexual satisfaction. Urinary incontinence should not be a taboo topic, also among men patients. More research is needed to improve treatment program and support of such patients.

Background: Urinary incontinence is one of the most common problems among older people. The number of men struggling with incontinence is also gradually increasing. The lifestyle of the urinary incontinence, including low physical activity, poor eating habits, and nicotinic have a big influence on the occurrence of urinary incontinence. Urinary incontinence is associated with poor quality of life, social isolation and depression. Material and methods: Analysis of articles in the Google Scholar and PubMed database using keywords: urinary incontinence, risk factors of urinary incontinence, symptoms of urinary incontinence, men, treatment. Results: The incidence of urinary incontinence increases more than five times in men over 65 years of age. The problem may be exacerbated by respiratory, circulatory, muscular and neurological diseases. Men are often ashamed of problems with incontinence and rarely report to the doctor, which causes the problem to get worse and often requires the use of invasive methods of treatment. Conclusions: The incidence of urinary incontinence among men increases with age. Currently, methods that effectively cure urinary incontinence among men are poorly understood, therefore it is necessary to conduct further research among people with this problem. Broader education of the elderly will allow to some extent eliminate risk factors and reduce the number of people struggling with the problem of urinary incontinence.

Background: Chronic fatigue syndrome is an increasingly frequent disorder characterized by prolonged fatigue and few specific symptoms. He favors prolonged stress and life in a constant hurry. The main symptoms of chronic fatigue include: headache, throat, myalgia, joint pain, short-term memory impairment, sleep disorders, malaise occurring after physical exertion and lasting over 24 hours, and painful lymph nodes. The possibility of chronic fatigue syndrome should be considered in patients with the above symptoms, if they persist for more than 6 months. In this review, we wanted to focus on the possibilities to minimize the symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome through nutritional and dietary intervention. Materials and methods: Analysis of articles in the EBSCO and Google Scholar database using keywords: Chronic Fatique Syndrome, nutritional, dietary interventions, treatment. Results: Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome suffer from chronic fatigue and not specific symptoms, which makes diagnosis difficult. The analysis of articles shows that dietary and nutritional interventions tailored to the patient reduce the feeling of fatigue, which is the main problem among patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Positive effects in the form of alleviation of symptoms have been observed while using, inter alia: polyphenols, L-carnitine, probiotics, CoQ10 and NADH and GAA. Conclusions: Dietary and nutritional intervention has a positive effect on intestinal microflora, intestinal mucosa, oxidative stress and proper functioning of mitochondria, thanks to which it reduces symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome. Individual and appropriate supplementation depending on the etiology of the syndrome can lead to relief of symptoms.

Introduction First aid plays a key role in saving human life. It not only prevents the deterioration of the victim's health, but also determines survival. Every year, thousands of people die of various injuries, car accidents and other critical situations. This figure could be significantly lower if the accident witnesses provided first aid to the victims. Material and method Diagnostic survey was selected as the research method, and the research tool was an authorial questionnaire, examining the level of students' knowledge about first aid. It was based on the guidelines of the European Resuscitation Council 2015. The questionnaire consisted of 20 closed single-choice questions and only one of the 4 answers was correct. The obtained results were statistically analyzed using STATISTICA 12 software (StatSoft Polska). For the correlation study the χ2 test was used, and the significance level was taken as p